51
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LI S, GUAN H, QIAN Z, SUN Y, GAO C, LI G, YANG Y, PIAO F, HU S. Taurine inhibits 2,5-hexanedione-induced oxidative stress and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:108-118. [PMID: 27840369 PMCID: PMC5383408 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,5-hexanedione (HD) is the ultimate neurotoxic metabolite of hexane, causing the progression of nerve diseases in human. It was reported that HD induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Taurine has been shown to be a potent antioxidant. In the present study, we investigated the protection of taurine against HD-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed the decreased viability and increased apoptosis in HD-exposed PC12 cells. HD also induced the disturbance of Bax and Bcl-2 expression, the loss of MMP, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation in PC12 cells. Moreover, HD resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and a decline in the activities of superoxidedismutase and catalase in PC12 cells. However, taurine pretreatment ameliorated the increased apoptosis and the alterations in key regulators of mitochondria-dependent pathway in PC12 exposed to HD. The increased ROS level and the decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes in HD group were attenuated by taurine. These results indicate that pretreatment of taurine may, at least partly, prevent HD-induced apoptosis via inhibiting mitochondria-dependent pathway. It is also suggested that the potential of taurine against HD-induced apoptosis may benefit from its anti-oxidative property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue LI
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Huai GUAN
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No. 210 Hospital of PLA, China
| | - Zhiqiang QIAN
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Yijie SUN
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Chenxue GAO
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Guixin LI
- Clinical laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Yi YANG
- Department of neurosurgery, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, China
| | - Fengyuan PIAO
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Shuhai HU
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, China
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52
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Roohbakhsh A, Shirani K, Karimi G. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: The role of autophagy? Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260:163-167. [PMID: 27746146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly potent and addictive drug with major medical, psychiatric, cognitive, socioeconomic, and legal consequences. It is well absorbed following different routes of administration and distributed throughout the body. METH is known as psychomotor stimulant with potent physiological outcomes on peripheral and central nervous systems, resulting in physical and psychological disorders. Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated catabolic pathway which is critical for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and regulating cell growth. The mechanism of autophagy has attracted considerable attention in the last few years because of its recognition as a vital arbiter of death/survival decisions in cells and as a critical defense mechanism in undesirable physiological conditions. The purpose of the current article was to review available evidence to find a relationship between METH toxicity and mechanisms associated with autophagy in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurocognitive Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kobra Shirani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurocognitive Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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53
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Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5855-5867. [PMID: 27660273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that clears invasive microorganisms has made it an important cellular defense mechanism in a variety of clinical situations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy is extensively involved in the pathology of HIV-1. To ensure survival of the virus, HIV-1 viral proteins modulate and utilize the autophagy pathway so that biosynthesis of the virus is maximized. At the same time, the abuse of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and alcohol is thought to be a significant risk factor for the acquirement and progression of HIV-1. During drug-induced toxicity, autophagic activity has been proved to be altered in various cell types. Here, we review the current literature on the interaction between autophagy, HIV-1, and drug abuse and discuss the complex role of autophagy during HIV-1 pathogenesis in co-exposure to illicit drugs.
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54
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Jiang H, Du J, Na Z, Hao W, Yu S, Zhao M. Decreased Expression of Plasma MicroRNA in Patients with Methamphetamine (MA) Use Disorder. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:542-8. [PMID: 27108111 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research have revealed that circulating miRNAs may offer noninvasive biomarkers for human disease, offering the prospect for earlier diagnosis, and improved precision of diagnoses. The diagnoses of drug use disorders is still mainly based on subjective report and no objective biomarkers available. Many animal and cell studies found that miRNAs were involved in substance use disorders, including alcohol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine use disorders. However, no study on circulating miRNAs for drug use disorders so far. We investigated the differential expression of plasma miRNAs in 124 patients with methamphetamine (MA) use disorders. Based on the preliminary results from microarray screen, plasma expression of 6 candidate miRNAs were measured by Quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We found that the expression of miR181a, miR15b, miR- let-7e, miR- let-7d in plasma were decreased compared to normal controls. The expression of the altered miRNAs were negative correlated with drug use frequencies in past months. Our findings suggested that miR-181a, miR-15b, miR-let-7e and miR-let-7d may play a potential role in the pathology of MA use disorder, and could serve as a potential peripheral biomarker for MA use disorder when confirmed by future studies. Further study are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism modulated by miRNAs and explore potential novel intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong Na
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wanping Rd., Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
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55
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Cao L, Walker MP, Vaidya NK, Fu M, Kumar S, Kumar A. Cocaine-Mediated Autophagy in Astrocytes Involves Sigma 1 Receptor, PI3K, mTOR, Atg5/7, Beclin-1 and Induces Type II Programed Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4417-30. [PMID: 26243186 PMCID: PMC4744147 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a commonly used drug of abuse, has been shown to cause neuropathological dysfunction and damage in the human brain. However, the role of autophagy in this process is not defined. Autophagy, generally protective in nature, can also be destructive leading to autophagic cell death. This study was designed to investigate whether cocaine induces autophagy in the cells of CNS origin. We employed astrocyte, the most abundant cell in the CNS, to define the effects of cocaine on autophagy. We measured levels of the autophagic marker protein LC3II in SVGA astrocytes after exposure with cocaine. The results showed that cocaine caused an increase in LC3II level in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the peak observed at 1 mM cocaine after 6-h exposure. This result was also confirmed by detecting LC3II in SVGA astrocytes using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Next, we sought to explore the mechanism by which cocaine induces the autophagic response. We found that cocaine-induced autophagy was mediated by sigma 1 receptor, and autophagy signaling proteins p-mTOR, Atg5, Atg7, and p-Bcl-2/Beclin-1 were also involved, and this was confirmed by using selective inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition, we found that chronic treatment with cocaine resulted in cell death, which is caspase-3 independent and can be ameliorated by autophagy inhibitor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that cocaine induces autophagy in astrocytes and is associated with autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mary P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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56
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Blomgren K, Kroemer G. Autophagy in acute brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:467-84. [PMID: 27256553 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism that ensures the lysosomal degradation of old, supernumerary or ectopic cytoplasmic entities. Most eukaryotic cells, including neurons, rely on proficient autophagic responses for the maintenance of homeostasis in response to stress. Accordingly, autophagy mediates neuroprotective effects following some forms of acute brain damage, including methamphetamine intoxication, spinal cord injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage. In some other circumstances, however, the autophagic machinery precipitates a peculiar form of cell death (known as autosis) that contributes to the aetiology of other types of acute brain damage, such as neonatal asphyxia. Here, we dissect the context-specific impact of autophagy on non-infectious acute brain injury, emphasizing the possible therapeutic application of pharmacological activators and inhibitors of this catabolic process for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
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57
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Liao TY, Tzeng WY, Wu HH, Cherng CG, Wang CY, Hu SSJ, Yu L. Rottlerin impairs the formation and maintenance of psychostimulant-supported memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1455-65. [PMID: 26960698 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Since brain proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are involved in the establishment and maintenance of psychostimulant memory, we sought to determine if systemic treatment with rottlerin, a natural compound affecting all these proteins, may modulate stimulant-supported memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulant-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was used in modeling stimulant-supported memory. RESULTS Three cocaine (10 mg/kg; COC) or three methamphetamine (1 mg/kg; MA) conditioning trials reliably established the drug-induced CPP in male C57BL/6 mice. An intra-peritoneal rottlerin injection (5 mg/kg) at least 24 h prior to the first COC or first MA conditioning trial prevented the establishment of CPP. Following the establishment of the COC- or MA-induced CPP, saline conditioning trial was used to extinguish the CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal (i.p.)) administered 20 h prior to the first saline conditioning trial diminished subsequent drug- and stressor-primed reinstatement of the extinguished CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a fast-onset and long-lasting increase in hippocampal BDNF levels. However, treatment with a BDNF tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor antagonist, K252a (5 μg/kg), did not affect rottlerin's suppressing effect on COC-induced CPP and treatment with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (10 mg/kg x 6, 7,8-DHF), a selective TrkB agonist, prior to each conditioning trial did not affect COC-induced CPP. CONCLUSION These results suggest that systemic rottlerin treatment may impair the formation of COC- and MA-supported memory. Importantly, such a treatment may advance our understanding of the underlying mechanism through which extinction training resulted in the "forgetting" of the COC- and MA-supported memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien You Liao
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Hua Wu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chianfang G Cherng
- Department of Health Psychology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Yi Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sherry S-J Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC.
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58
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Chen R, Wang B, Chen L, Cai D, Li B, Chen C, Huang E, Liu C, Lin Z, Xie WB, Wang H. DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) mediates methamphetamine-induced autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 295:1-11. [PMID: 26825372 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an amphetamine-like psychostimulant that is commonly abused. Previous studies have shown that METH can induce damages to the nervous system and recent studies suggest that METH can also cause adverse and potentially lethal effects on the cardiovascular system. Recently, we demonstrated that DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) regulates METH-induced neurotoxicity. However, the role of DDIT4 in METH-induced cardiotoxicity remains unknown. We hypothesized that DDIT4 may mediate METH-induced autophagy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. To test the hypothesis, we examined DDIT4 protein expression in cardiomyocytes and in heart tissues of rats exposed to METH with Western blotting. We also determined the effects on METH-induced autophagy and apoptosis after silencing DDIT4 expression with synthetic siRNA with or without pretreatment of a mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in cardiomyocytes using Western blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy and TUNEL staining. Our results showed that METH exposure increased DDIT4 expression and decreased phosphorylation of mTOR that was accompanied with increased autophagy and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. These effects were normalized after silencing DDIT4. On the other hand, rapamycin promoted METH-induced autophagy and apoptosis in DDIT4 knockdown cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that DDIT4 mediates METH-induced autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunpeng Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxiang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Enping Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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59
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Zhang Y, Huang R, Zhang Y, Yi H, Bai Y, Chao J, Yao H. IL-17 induces MIP-1α expression in primary mouse astrocytes via TRPC channel. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:33-42. [PMID: 26782821 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated IL-17-mediated induction of MIP-1α through its binding to the cognate IL-17RA and MIP-1α was involved in astrocyte activation. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel was involved in astrocyte activation, however, whether TRPC channel regulates MIP-1α expression in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains largely unknown. In this study we identify the essential role of TRPC channel in IL-17-mediated MIP-1α expression and astrocyte activation. Moreover, treatment of astrocytes with IL-17 activated MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways with downstream NF-κB pathways. Interestingly, the TRPC blocker-SKF96365 (10 μM) and Norgestimate (10 μM) significantly inhibited the increased expression of MIP-1α via suppression of IL-17-mediated ERK, p38 and JNK MAPKs and PI3K/Akt pathway activation, thereby underscoring the role of TRPC channel in this process. Together these data underpin the role of TRPC channel as a novel target that regulates MIP-1α expression and cell activation-mediated by IL-17 with implications for therapeutic intervention for reversal of neuroinflammation inflicted by IL-17. Understanding the regulation of MIP-1α expression may provide insights into the development of potential therapeutic targets for neuroinflammation associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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60
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Huang YN, Yang LY, Wang JY, Lai CC, Chiu CT, Wang JY. L-Ascorbate Protects Against Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity of Cortical Cells via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:125-136. [PMID: 26732595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH)-induced cell death contributes to the pathogenesis of neurotoxicity; however, the relative roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy remain unclear. L-Ascorbate, also called vitamin (Vit.) C, confers partial protection against METH neurotoxicity via induction of heme oxygenase-1. We further investigated the role of Vit. C in METH-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in cortical cells. Exposure to lower concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1 mM) of METH had insignificant effects on ROS production, whereas cells exposed to 5 mM METH exhibited ROS production in a time-dependent manner. We confirmed METH-induced apoptosis (by nuclear morphology revealed by Hoechst 33258 staining and Western blot showing the protein levels of pro-caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3) and autophagy (by Western blot showing the protein levels of Belin-1 and conversion of microtubule-associated light chain (LC)3-I to LC3-II and autophagosome staining by monodansylcadaverine). The apoptosis as revealed by cleaved caspase-3 expression marked an increase at 18 h after METH exposure while both autophagic markers, Beclin 1 and LC3-II, marked an increase in cells exposed to METH for 6 and 24 h, respectively. Treating cells with Vit. C 30 min before METH exposure time-dependently attenuated the production of ROS. Vitamin C also attenuated METH-induced Beclin 1 and LC3-II expression and METH toxicity. Treatment of cells with Vit. C before METH exposure attenuated the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and reduced the number of METH-induced apoptotic cells. We suggest that the protective effect of Vit. C against METH toxicity might be through attenuation of ROS production, autophagy, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ni Huang
- Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Lai
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tsai Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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61
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Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in the Nucleus Accumbens Regulates Behavioral Effects of Cocaine. J Neurosci 2016; 35:12890-902. [PMID: 26377474 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0246-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent evidence suggests that histone modifications play a role in the behavioral effects of cocaine in rodent models. Histone arginine is known to be methylated by protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs). Evidence shows that PRMT1 contributes to >90% of cellular PRMT activity, which regulates histone H4 arginine 3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a). Though histone arginine methylation represents a chemical modification that is relatively stable compared with other histone alterations, it is less well studied in the setting of addiction. Here, we demonstrate that repeated noncontingent cocaine injections increase PRMT1 activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of C57BL/6 mice. We, subsequently, identify a selective inhibitor of PRMT1, SKLB-639, and show that systemic injections of the drug decrease cocaine-induced conditioned place preference to levels observed with genetic knockdown of PRMT1. NAc-specific downregulation of PRMT1 leads to hypomethylation of H4R3me2a, and hypoacetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and 14. We also found that H4R3me2a is upregulated in NAc after repeated cocaine administration, and that H4R3me2a upregulation in turn controls the expression of Cdk5 and CaMKII. Additionally, the suppression of PRMT1 in NAc with lentiviral-short hairpin PMRT1 decreases levels of CaMKII and Cdk5 in the cocaine-treated group, demonstrating that PRMT1 affects the ability of cocaine to induce CaMKII and Cdk5 in NAc. Notably, increased H4R3me2a by repeated cocaine injections is relatively long-lived, as increased expression was observed for up to 7 d after the last cocaine injection. These results show the role of PRMT1 in the behavioral effects of cocaine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work demonstrated that repeated cocaine injections led to an increase of protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT1) in nucleus accumbens (NAc). We then identified a selective inhibitor of PRMT1 (SKLB-639), which inhibited cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Additionally, genetic downregulation of PRMT1 in NAc also attenuated cocaine-caused CPP and locomotion activity, which was associated with decreased expression of histone H4 arginine 3 asymmetric demethylation (H4R3me2a) and hypoacetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and 14 (acH3K9/K14). This study also showed that H4R3me2a controlled transcriptions of Cdk5 and CaMKII, and that PRMT1 negatively affected the ability of cocaine to induce CaMKII and Cdk5 in NAc. Notably, increased H4R3me2a by repeated cocaine injection was relatively long-lived as increased expression was observed up to 7 d after withdrawal from cocaine. Together, this study suggests that PRMT1 inhibition may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for cocaine addiction.
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Zhang Y, Zhu T, Zhang X, Chao J, Hu G, Yao H. Role of high-mobility group box 1 in methamphetamine-induced activation and migration of astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:156. [PMID: 26337661 PMCID: PMC4559295 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence has indicated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in cell activation and migration. Our previous study demonstrated that methamphetamine mediates activation of astrocytes via sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R). However, the elements downstream of σ-1R in this process remain poorly understood. Thus, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved in astrocyte activation and migration induced by methamphetamine. Methods The expression of HMGB1, σ-1R, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was examined by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. The phosphorylation of cell signaling pathways was detected by western blot, and cell migration was examined using a wound-healing assay in rat C6 astroglia-like cells transfected with lentivirus containing red fluorescent protein (LV-RFP) as well as in primary human astrocytes. The role of HMGB1 in astrocyte activation and migration was validated using a siRNA approach. Results Exposure of C6 cells to methamphetamine increased the expression of HMGB1 via the activation of σ-1R, Src, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase, and downstream NF-κB p65 pathways. Moreover, methamphetamine treatment resulted in increased cell activation and migration in C6 cells and primary human astrocytes. Knockdown of HMGB1 in astrocytes transfected with HMGB1 siRNA attenuated the increased cell activation and migration induced by methamphetamine, thereby implicating the role of HMGB1 in the activation and migration of C6 cells and primary human astrocytes. Conclusions This study demonstrated that methamphetamine-mediated activation and migration of astrocytes involved HMGB1 up-regulation through an autocrine mechanism. Targeting HMGB1 could provide insights into the development of a potential therapeutic approach for alleviation of cell activation and migration of astrocytes induced by methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tiebing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Lithium protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:368-73. [PMID: 26271595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is neurotoxic, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Long-lasting exposure to MA causes psychosis and increases the risk of Parkinson's disease. Lithium (Li) is a known mood stabilizer and has neuroprotective effects. Previous studies suggest that MA exposure decreases the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β pathway in vivo, whereas Li facilitates the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β pathway. Moreover, GSK3β and mTOR are implicated in the locomotor sensitization induced by psychostimulants and mTOR plays a critical role in MA induced toxicity. However, the effect of MA on Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway has not been fully investigated in vitro. Here, we found that MA exposure significantly dephosphorylated Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway in PC12 cells. In addition, Li remarkably attenuated the dephosphorylation effect of MA exposure on Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, Li showed obvious protective effects against MA toxicity and LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) suppressed the protective effects of Li. Together, MA exposure dephosphorylates Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway in vitro, while lithium protects against MA-induced neurotoxicity via phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway.
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Rutin, A Natural Flavonoid Protects PC12 Cells Against Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1945-53. [PMID: 26255195 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals induced neural damage is implicated in CNS diseases and rutin isolated form Lonicera japonica are reported to have neuroprotective activity. Previously, we confirmed that rutin exerted neuroprotective effect against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced cell death in PC12 cells. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of rutin is still not fully uncovered. Here, we found that rutin significantly decreased SNP-induced reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells. Rutin reversed the declined GSH/GSSG ratio and mitochondrial membrane potential induced by SNP. Moreover, rutin activated both the protein Akt/mTOR and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways and the neuroprotective effects of rutin were blocked by either the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059. In summary, these results demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of rutin might be through activating both the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Our findings support that rutin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNS diseases related to NO neurotoxicity.
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Neonatal taurine and alanine modulate anxiety-like behavior and decelerate cortical spreading depression in rats previously suckled under different litter sizes. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2437-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garbarino VR, Orr ME, Rodriguez KA, Buffenstein R. Mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance in the brain: Lessons learned from hypoxia tolerant extremophilic vertebrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:8-16. [PMID: 25841340 PMCID: PMC4843805 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging has had tremendous impact in research involving aging and age-associated diseases including those that affect the nervous system. With over half a century of accrued data showing both strong support for and against this theory, there is a need to critically evaluate the data acquired from common biomedical research models, and to also diversify the species used in studies involving this proximate theory. One approach is to follow Orgel's second axiom that "evolution is smarter than we are" and judiciously choose species that may have evolved to live with chronic or seasonal oxidative stressors. Vertebrates that have naturally evolved to live under extreme conditions (e.g., anoxia or hypoxia), as well as those that undergo daily or seasonal torpor encounter both decreased oxygen availability and subsequent reoxygenation, with concomitant increased oxidative stress. Due to its high metabolic activity, the brain may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Here, we focus on oxidative stress responses in the brains of certain mouse models as well as extremophilic vertebrates. Exploring the naturally evolved biological tools utilized to cope with seasonal or environmentally variable oxygen availability may yield key information pertinent for how to deal with oxidative stress and thereby mitigate its propagation of age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Garbarino
- Department of Physiology, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
| | - Miranda E Orr
- Department of Physiology, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
| | - Karl A Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Department of Physiology, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
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Huang W, Xie WB, Qiao D, Qiu P, Huang E, Li B, Chen C, Liu C, Wang Q, Lin Z, Wang H. Caspase-11 plays an essential role in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neuron apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:68-79. [PMID: 25631491 PMCID: PMC4833032 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an extremely addictive stimulant drug that is widely used with high potential of abuse. Previous studies have shown that METH exposure damages the nervous system, especially dopaminergic neurons. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of METH-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. We hypothesized that caspase-11 is involved in METH-induced neuronal apoptosis. We tested our hypothesis by examining the change of caspase-11 protein expression in dopaminergic neurons (PC12 and SH-SY5Y) and in the midbrain of rats exposed to METH with Western blotting. We also determined the effects of blocking caspase-11 expression with wedelolactone (a specific inhibitor of caspase-11) or siRNA on METH-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells using Annexin V and TUNEL staining. Furthermore, we observed the protein expression changes of the apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), after silencing the caspase-11 expression in rat midbrain by injecting LV-shcasp11 lentivirus using a stereotaxic positioning system. Results showed that METH exposure increased caspase-11 expression both in vitro and in vivo, with the effects in vitro being dose- and time-dependent. Inhibition of caspase-11 expression with either wedelolactone or siRNAs reduced the number of METH-induced apoptotic cells. In addition, blocking caspase-11 expression inhibited METH-induced activation of caspase-3 and PARP in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that caspase-11/caspase-3 signal pathway is involved in METH-induced neurotoxicity. These results indicate that caspase-11 plays an essential role in METH-induced neuronal apoptosis and may be a potential gene target for therapeutics in METH-caused neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Huang
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Dongfang Qiao
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Pingming Qiu
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Enping Huang
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Bing Li
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Chuanxiang Chen
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Chao Liu
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Qi Wang
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Huijun Wang
- *Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China and Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, Feio-Azevedo R, Teixeira-Gomes A, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F. Mitochondria: key players in the neurotoxic effects of amphetamines. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1695-725. [PMID: 25743372 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamines are a class of psychotropic drugs with high abuse potential, as a result of their stimulant, euphoric, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Although most amphetamines are synthetic drugs, of which methamphetamine, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") represent well-recognized examples, the use of natural related compounds, namely cathinone and ephedrine, has been part of the history of humankind for thousands of years. Resulting from their amphiphilic nature, these drugs can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and elicit their well-known psychotropic effects. In the field of amphetamines' research, there is a general consensus that mitochondrial-dependent pathways can provide a major understanding concerning pathological processes underlying the neurotoxicity of these drugs. These events include alterations on tricarboxylic acid cycle's enzymes functioning, inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain's complexes, perturbations of mitochondrial clearance mechanisms, interference with mitochondrial dynamics, as well as oxidative modifications in mitochondrial macromolecules. Additionally, other studies indicate that amphetamines-induced neuronal toxicity is closely regulated by B cell lymphoma 2 superfamily of proteins with consequent activation of caspase-mediated downstream cell death pathway. Understanding the molecular mechanisms at mitochondrial level involved in amphetamines' neurotoxicity can help in defining target pathways or molecules mediating these effects, as well as in developing putative therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat the acute- or long-lasting neuropsychiatric complications seen in human abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Capela
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS (Unidade de Investigação UFP em energia, Ambiente e Saúde), CEBIMED (Centro de Estudos em Biomedicina), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Feio-Azevedo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armanda Teixeira-Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang Y, Lv X, Bai Y, Zhu X, Wu X, Chao J, Duan M, Buch S, Chen L, Yao H. Involvement of sigma-1 receptor in astrocyte activation induced by methamphetamine via up-regulation of its own expression. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:29. [PMID: 25889537 PMCID: PMC4340104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been documented that methamphetamine induces astrocyte activation, the mechanism(s) underlying this effect remain poorly understood. We thus sought to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in methamphetamine-mediated activation of astrocytes with a focus on the role of sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R) in this process. METHODS The expression of σ-1R and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was examined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining; phosphorylation of cell signaling pathways was detected by Western blot analysis. Immunoprecipitation was used to determine the interaction between σ-1R and p-Src. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed to discern the binding of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) with the promoter of σ-1R. The role of σ-1R in astrocyte activation was further validated in σ-1R knockout (KO) mice by Western blot combined with immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Exposure of primary rat astrocytes to methamphetamine increased the expression of σ-1R via the activation of Src, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase, and downstream CREB pathways. Subsequently, CREB translocated into nucleus and interacted with the promoter of σ-1R resulting in increased expression of σ-1R with a concomitant increase in expression of GFAP. This effect was inhibited in cells treated with the σ-1R antagonist-BD1047, thereby implicating the role of σ-1R in the activation of astrocytes. In vivo relevance of these findings was further corroborated in σ-1R KO mice that were administered methamphetamine. In the methamphetamine administered mice, there was a failure of the drug to induce activation of astrocytes, an effect that was evident in wild-type (WT) mice exposed to methamphetamine. CONCLUSIONS The study presented herein demonstrates that methamphetamine-mediated activation of astrocytes involved up-regulation of σ-1R through a positive-feedback mechanism. Understanding the regulation of σ-1R expression could provide insights into the development of potential therapeutic strategies for astrocyte activation induced by methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Xuan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ming Duan
- Virosis Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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Pitaksalee R, Sanvarinda Y, Sinchai T, Sanvarinda P, Thampithak A, Jantaratnotai N, Jariyawat S, Tuchinda P, Govitrapong P, Sanvarinda P. Autophagy Inhibition by Caffeine Increases Toxicity of Methamphetamine in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2015; 27:421-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Leung KP, Qu YH, Qiao DF, Xie WB, Li DR, Xu JT, Wang HJ, Yue X. Critical role of insulin‑like growth factor binding protein‑5 in methamphetamine‑induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2306-12. [PMID: 25230843 PMCID: PMC4214346 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly abused amphetamine-like psychostimulant. At present, the mechanisms underlying MA-induced cardiotoxicity are poorly understood. The cardiotoxic effects have yet not been clearly elucidated with respect to the apoptotic pathway. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP5) is important for cell growth control and the induction of apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether IGFBP5 is involved in MA-induced apoptosis as a novel target. MA-induced apoptosis was observed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) in a concentration-dependent manner using a terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, MA was demonstrated to induce concentration-dependent increases in the expression of IGFBP5. Silencing IGFBP5 with small interfering RNA significantly reduced apoptosis and suppressed the expression of caspase-3 in NRVMs following treatment with MA. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provided the first evidence suggesting that IGFBP5 is a potential therapeutic target in MA-induced apoptosis in vitro, providing a foundation for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Pui Leung
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hong Qu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Fang Qiao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ri Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yue
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Lambert IH, Jensen JV, Pedersen PA. mTOR ensures increased release and reduced uptake of the organic osmolyte taurine under hypoosmotic conditions in mouse fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1028-40. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00005.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that modulates translation in response to growth factors and alterations in nutrient availability following hypoxia and DNA damage. Here we demonstrate that mTOR activity in Ehrlich Lettré ascites (ELA) cells is transiently increased within minutes following osmotic cell swelling and that inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatase (PTEN) counteracts the upstream phosphatidylinositol kinase and potentiates mTOR activity. PTEN inhibition concomitantly potentiates swelling-induced taurine release via the volume-sensitive transporter for organic osmolytes and anion channels (VSOAC) and enhances swelling-induced inhibition of taurine uptake via the taurine-specific transporter (TauT). Chronic osmotic stress, i.e., exposure to hypotonic or hypertonic media for 24 h, reduces and increases mTOR activity in ELA cells, respectively. Using rapamycin, we demonstrate that mTOR inhibition is accompanied by reduction in TauT activity and increase in VSOAC activity in cells expressing high (NIH3T3 fibroblasts) or low (ELA) amounts of mTOR protein. The effect of mTOR inhibition on TauT activity reflects reduced TauT mRNA, TauT protein abundance, and an overall reduction in protein synthesis, whereas the effect on VSOAC is mimicked by catalase inhibition and correlates with reduced catalase mRNA abundance. Hence, mTOR activity favors loss of taurine following hypoosmotic cell swelling, i.e., release via VSOAC and uptake via TauT during acute hypotonic exposure is potentiated and reduced, respectively, by phosphorylation involving mTOR and/or the kinases upstream to mTOR. Decrease in TauT activity during chronic hypotonic exposure, on the other hand, involves reduction in expression/activity of TauT and enzymes in antioxidative defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Henry Lambert
- Department of Biology, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jane Vendelbo Jensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Per Amstrup Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stacchiotti A, Rovetta F, Ferroni M, Corsetti G, Lavazza A, Sberveglieri G, Aleo MF. Taurine rescues cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in vitro: a morphological study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:840951. [PMID: 24955211 PMCID: PMC4053152 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CisPt) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug whose side effects include muscle weakness and cachexia. Here we analysed CisPt-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes by a multidisciplinary morphological approach, focusing on the onset and progression of autophagy, a protective cellular process that, when excessively activated, may trigger protein hypercatabolism and atrophy in skeletal muscle. To visualize autophagy we used confocal and transmission electron microscopy at different times of treatment and doses of CisPt. Moreover we evaluated the effects of taurine, a cytoprotective beta-amino acid able to counteract oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in different tissues and organs. Our microscopic results indicate that autophagy occurs very early in 50 μM CisPt challenged myotubes (4 h-8 h) before overt atrophy but it persists even at 24 h, when several autophagic vesicles, damaged mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic blebbings engulf the sarcoplasm. Differently, 25 mM taurine pretreatment rescues the majority of myotubes size upon 50 μM CisPt at 24 h. Taurine appears to counteract atrophy by restoring regular microtubular apparatus and mitochondria and reducing the overload and the localization of autophagolysosomes. Such a promising taurine action in preventing atrophy needs further molecular and biochemical studies to best define its impact on muscle homeostasis and the maintenance of an adequate skeletal mass in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rovetta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferroni
- Department of Information Engineering, CNR-IDASC Sensor Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Valotti 9, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sberveglieri
- Department of Information Engineering, CNR-IDASC Sensor Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Valotti 9, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Aleo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Xu L, Zhang S, Fan H, Zhong Z, Li X, Jin X, Chang Q. ClC-3 chloride channel in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3047-54. [PMID: 25206625 PMCID: PMC4146203 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.32.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-production of nitric oxide is pathogenic for neuronal apoptosis around the ischemic area fol-lowing ischemic brain injury. In this study, an apoptotic model in rat hippocampal neurons was tablished by 0.5 mmol/L 3-morpholinosyndnomine (SIN-1), a nitric oxide donor. The models were then cultured with 0.1 mmol/L of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS; the chloride channel blocker) for 18 hours. Neuronal survival was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and apoptosis was assayed by Hoechst 33342-labeled neuronal DNA fluorescence staining. Western blot analysis and immunoche-nescence staining were applied to determine the changes of activated caspase-3 and CIC-3 channel proteins. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of CIC-3. The results showed that SIN-1 reduced the neuronal survival rate, induced neuronal apoptosis, and promoted ClC-3 chloride channel protein and mRNA expression in the apoptotic neurons. DIDS reversed the effect of SIN-1. Our findings indicate that the increased activities of the ClC-3 chloride channel may be involved in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
- First Hospital of Putian City, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongling Fan
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhichao Zhong
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jin
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Quanzhong Chang
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
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Yang X, Liu Y, Liu C, Xie W, Huang E, Huang W, Wang J, Chen L, Wang H, Qiu P, Xu J, Zhang F, Wang H. Inhibition of ROCK2 expression protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Brain Res 2013; 1533:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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