51
|
Abstract
Kennel cough is a multifactorial disease occurring all over the world; however, its epidemiology is still not fully understood. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies monitoring the occurrence of infectious agents responsible for kennel cough have been carried out in Poland. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine which of the four pathogens most frequently isolated in other countries are predominant in north-eastern Poland. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract and tracheal lavage fluids from dogs (n = 40) exhibiting symptoms of this disease were analysed. Canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2 andBordetella bronchisepticawere identified by polymerase chain reaction. At least one of the above-listed infectious agents was found in all dogs. The predominant pathogen within the area under our study, both in mono- and co-infections, was canine herpesvirus (32/40), whereas canine adenovirus type 2 occurred least frequently (4/40). The effectiveness of detection of selected pathogens from both types of study material was also compared. Tracheal lavage fluid was more suitable for the isolation of canine herpes virus, canine parainfluenza virus, andBordetella bronchiseptica. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract were more suitable for the isolation of canine adenovirus type 2.
Collapse
|
52
|
|
53
|
Monteiro FL, Cargnelutti JF, Martins M, Anziliero D, Erhardt MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Detection of respiratory viruses in shelter dogs maintained under varying environmental conditions. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:876-881. [PMID: 27522932 PMCID: PMC5052379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dog shelters in Rio Grande do Sul were investigated for associations between the occurrence of respiratory viruses and shelter environmental conditions. Nasal secretions randomly collected during the cold season were tested via PCR, and this data collection was followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. In shelter #1 (poor sanitary and nutritional conditions, high animal density and constant contact between dogs), 78% (58/74) of the nasal samples were positive, 35% (26/74) of which were in single infections and 44% (32/74) of which were in coinfections. Shelters #2 and #3 had satisfactory sanitary and nutritional conditions, outdoors exercise areas (#2) and animal clustering by groups (#3). In shelter #2, 9% (3/35) of the samples were positive for Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and 6% (2/35) were positive for Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1). In shelter #3, 9% (7/77) of the samples were positive for Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), and 1% (1/77) were positive for Canine distemper virus (CDV). The amplicon sequences (CPIV and CDV nucleoprotein gene; CAdV-2 E3 gene; CaHV-1 glycoprotein B gene) showed 94-100% nucleotide identity with GenBank sequences. Our results demonstrate that CPIV, CAdV-2 and CDV are common in dog shelters and that their frequencies appear to be related with environmental and nutritional conditions. These results indicate the need for control/prevention measures, including vaccination and environmental management, to minimize these infections and improve dog health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mathias Martins
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Deniz Anziliero
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Magnólia Martins Erhardt
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Taha-Abdelaziz K, Bassel LL, Harness ML, Clark ME, Register KB, Caswell JL. Cilia-associated bacteria in fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia of dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:369-76. [PMID: 27178716 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716646806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica frequently causes nonfatal tracheobronchitis, but its role in fatal pneumonia is less recognized. Our study evaluated histologic identification of cilia-associated bacteria as a method for diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. Cases of fatal bronchopneumonia were studied retrospectively, excluding neonates and cases of aspiration pneumonia, minor lung lesions, or autolysis. The study population comprised 36 canine and 31 feline cases of bronchopneumonia. B. bronchiseptica was identified in 8 of 36 canine and 14 of 31 feline cases based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) using serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with pertactin, PCR testing (Fla2/Fla12), and/or bacterial culture data when available. Of these, IHC was positive in 4 canine and 7 feline cases, PCR was positive in 8 canine and 14 feline cases, and B. bronchiseptica was isolated in 2 of 5 canine and 3 of 9 feline cases tested. Examination of histologic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed bronchial cilia-associated bacteria in 4 of 36 canine and 5 of 31 feline cases; these were all positive by IHC and PCR. The presence of cilia-associated bacteria had been noted in the pathology report for only 2 of these 9 cases. Thus, the presence of cilia-associated bacteria seems frequently overlooked by pathologists, but is a diagnostically significant feature of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. A specific diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia is important because it suggests primary or opportunistic bacterial pneumonia rather than aspiration pneumonia, and because of the risk of animal-to-animal transmission of B. bronchiseptica, the availability of vaccines for disease prevention, and the potential zoonotic risk to immunocompromised pet owners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Laura L Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Melanie L Harness
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Karen B Register
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ellis JA, Gow SP, Waldner CL, Shields S, Wappel S, Bowers A, Lacoste S, Xu Z, Ball E. Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines against Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs. Vet J 2016; 212:71-7. [PMID: 27256028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines containing Bb intranasally or orally, or a placebo intranasally. Twenty-one days later, all dogs were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of Bb. Clinical signs, nasal bacterial shedding and immune responses were monitored for 28 days after challenge. Intranasally vaccinated puppies had significantly lower rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing (i.e. were less sick clinically) than control puppies. The distinction between the orally vaccinated puppies and the control puppies was less consistent. The orally vaccinated puppies had less coughing and less retching than the control puppies, but nasal discharge and sneezing did not differ from control animals. Orally vaccinated puppies had higher rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing than the intranasally vaccinated puppies. Although both intranasal and oral Bb vaccines stimulated immune responses associated with disease sparing following Bb infection, the intranasal route of delivery conferred superior clinical outcomes. The observed difference in clinical efficacy suggests the need to question the rationale for the use of currently available orally administered Bb vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Ellis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4.
| | - S P Gow
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - C L Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - S Shields
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - S Wappel
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - A Bowers
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - S Lacoste
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Z Xu
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - E Ball
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Joffe DJ, Lelewski R, Weese JS, Mcgill-Worsley J, Shankel C, Mendonca S, Sager T, Smith M, Poljak Z. Factors associated with development of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) in dogs in 5 Canadian small animal clinics. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:46-51. [PMID: 26740697 PMCID: PMC4677608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between presence of respiratory pathogens and development of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) in dogs in 5 Canadian small animal clinics. In total, 86 dogs were tested using a commercial PCR respiratory panel; 64 dogs were considered as cases and 22 were control dogs matched by veterinary clinic. No control animals (0/22) were positive for canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), whereas 27/64 (42%) CIRDC cases were positive. Furthermore, 81% of case dogs tested positive for Mycoplasma cynos, compared with 73% of control dogs. Canine respiratory corona virus (CRCoV) was detected in no control dogs compared with 9.4% of clinical dogs. No animals were positive for any influenza virus type A present in the diagnostic panel. Presence of CPIV was associated (P < 0.01) with the occurrence of CIRDC after adjustment for demographic factors and presence of CRCoV (P = 0.09).
Collapse
|
57
|
Viitanen SJ, Lappalainen A, Rajamäki MM. Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:544-51. [PMID: 25818209 PMCID: PMC4895503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial pneumonia (BP) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. The pathogenesis of BP in dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of viral co‐infections in dogs with BP and to assess demographic or clinical variables as well as disease severity associated with viral co‐infections. Animals Twenty household dogs with BP caused by opportunistic bacteria and 13 dogs with chronic (>30 days) tracheobronchitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (BBTB). Methods Prospective cross‐sectional observational study. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic and microbiologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage or transtracheal wash fluid. Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus, canine herpes virus, canine influenzavirus, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine pneumovirus, as well as B. bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma spp. were analyzed in respiratory samples using PCR assays. Results CPIV was detected in 7/20 and CRCoV in 1/20 dogs with BP. Respiratory viruses were not detected in dogs with BBTB. There were no significant differences in clinical variables between BP dogs with and without a viral co‐infection. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Respiratory viruses were found frequently in dogs with BP and may therefore play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of BP. Clinical variables and disease severity did not differ between BP dogs with and without viral co‐infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Cattelan N, Dubey P, Arnal L, Yantorno OM, Deora R. Bordetella biofilms: a lifestyle leading to persistent infections. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv108. [PMID: 26586694 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. pertussis are Gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory diseases in animals and humans. The current incidence of whooping cough or pertussis caused by B. pertussis has reached levels not observed since the 1950s. Although pertussis is traditionally known as an acute childhood disease, it has recently resurged in vaccinated adolescents and adults. These individuals often become silent carriers, facilitating bacterial circulation and transmission. Similarly, vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals continue to be carriers of B. bronchiseptica and shed bacteria resulting in disease outbreaks. The persistence mechanisms of these bacteria remain poorly characterized. It has been proposed that adoption of a biofilm lifestyle allows persistent colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract. The history of Bordetella biofilm research is only a decade long and there is no single review article that has exclusively focused on this area. We systematically discuss the role of Bordetella factors in biofilm development in vitro and in the mouse respiratory tract. We further outline the implications of biofilms to bacterial persistence and transmission in humans and for the design of new acellular pertussis vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cattelan
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Laura Arnal
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Osvaldo M Yantorno
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kapil S. Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1)–related disease in older puppies and CHV-1 shedding in the vagina of adult pregnant dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:758-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large breeding kennel of Bulldogs ( n = 57) experienced several Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1)–related diseases in older puppies (9 weeks of age) in Arkansas. CHV-1 has been repeatedly confirmed in the kennel in several animals for 3 years (January 2012–February 2015) using various virology tests. I was able to detect a partial sequence of CHV DNA (~120 bp) in archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks after 3 years of storage. CHV-1 is persistently circulating in this kennel in spite of high serum antibody titers in the adult dogs. The dogs were negative for canine brucellosis antibodies based on Brucella canis rapid card test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapil
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK
| |
Collapse
|