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Wang Z, Olumi AF. Diabetes, growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor pathways and association to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:261-71. [PMID: 21536370 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes significantly increases the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The major endocrine aberration in connection with the metabolic syndrome is hyperinsulinemia. Insulin is an independent risk factor and a promoter of BPH. Insulin resistance may change the risk of BPH through several biological pathways. Hyperinsulinemia stimulates the liver to produce more insulin-like growth factor (IGF), another mitogen and an anti-apoptotic agent which binds insulin receptor/IGF receptor and stimulates prostate growth. The levels of IGFs and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in prostate tissue and in blood are associated with BPH risk, with the regulation of circulating androgen and growth hormone. Stromal-epithelial interactions play a critical role in the development and growth of the prostate gland and BPH. Previously, we have shown that the expression of c-Jun in the fibroblastic stroma can promote secretion of IGF-I, which stimulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation through activating specific target genes. Here, we will review the epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular findings which have evaluated the relation between diabetes and development of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Building 7E, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although age, genetics, and sex steroid hormones play prominent roles in the cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), recent epidemiological studies suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors also contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Lifestyle and metabolic factors associated with significantly increased risks of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms include obesity, diabetes, and meat and fat consumption. Factors associated with decreased risks include physical activity, moderate alcohol intake, and vegetable consumption. Factors for which no clear risk patterns have emerged include lipids and smoking. Randomized clinical trials of lifestyle alterations - such as weight loss, exercise, and diet - for the prevention or treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms have yet to be performed. SUMMARY Lifestyle factors present a novel opportunity for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. Although clinical trials of lifestyle modifications have not yet been undertaken, promotion of healthy lifestyle alternatives within the context of standard benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms treatment algorithms is potentially beneficial.
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Tewari R, Prabhat P, Natu S, Dalela D, Goel A, Goel M, Tandon P. Association of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with the metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components – ‘a growing dilemma’. JOURNAL OF MENS HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Parsons JK. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2010; 5:212-218. [PMID: 21475707 PMCID: PMC3061630 DOI: 10.1007/s11884-010-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has evolved considerably during the past several years. The term LUTS describes a distinct phenotype and allows for a broad epidemiologic description of urinary symptoms at a population level. Although it is becoming the preferred term for studying urinary symptoms in populations, LUTS remains interconnected with BPH in the literature. The incidence and prevalence of BPH and LUTS are increasing rapidly as the US population ages. BPH and LUTS are associated with serious medical morbidities, an increased risk of falls, depression, diminished health-related quality of life, and billions of dollars in annual health care costs. Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and LUTS, recent insights at the population level have revealed that modifiable risk factors are likely key components as well. Serum dihydrotestosterone, obesity, elevated fasting glucose, diabetes, fat and red meat intake, and inflammation increase the risk; vegetables, regular alcohol consumption, exercise, and NSAIDs decrease the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kellogg Parsons
- In care of Leslie Parker, Division of Urology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive #8897, San Diego, CA 92103-8897 USA
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Vikram A, Jena G, Ramarao P. Insulin-resistance and benign prostatic hyperplasia: The connection. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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St Sauver JL, Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Girman CJ, Nehra A, Roger VL, Lieber MM. Statin use and decreased risk of benign prostatic enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2010; 107:443-50. [PMID: 20804476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether statin use is associated with a decreased risk of developing benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 2447 men, 40-79 years of age, residing in Olmsted County, MN, USA, in 1990, and followed these men biennially through 2007. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between statin use and new onset of moderate/severe LUTS (American Urological Association Symptom Index score >7), a decreased maximum urinary flow rate (<12 mL/s) or BPE (prostate volume >30 mL). RESULTS Statin use was inversely associated with new onset of LUTS (Hazard ratio (HR) 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-0.49), a decreased maximum flow rate (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.34-0.82) and BPE (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.23-0.69) after adjustment for baseline age and body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, smoking, alcohol use, activity level and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory use. The longest duration of statin use was associated with the lowest risk of developing each outcome (all tests for trend: P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this study, statin use was associated with a 6.5- to 7-year delay in the new onset of moderate/severe LUTS or BPE. While men typically take statin medications to prevent coronary heart disease events and related outcomes, these data suggest that men who use statins may also receive urologic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L St Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Departments of Urology and Health Sciences Research and Cardiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Kim GW, Doo SW, Yang WJ, Song YS. Effects of obesity on prostate volume and lower urinary tract symptoms in korean men. Korean J Urol 2010; 51:344-7. [PMID: 20495698 PMCID: PMC2873889 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2010.51.5.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the effects of obesity on prostate volume (PV) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in Korean men. Materials and Methods From December 2007 to 2009, a total of 10,383 ostensibly healthy Korean men aged ≥50 years visited our health promotion center for a routine check-up. Among them, 872 men who wanted a prostate evaluation were enrolled in this study. All men underwent detailed clinical evaluations with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences, were determined. A blood sample was obtained for serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement. Thereafter, a digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound were performed. Results In total, 465 men with moderate to severe LUTS (IPSS≥8 points) were included in this prospective study. The participants' mean age was 57.2 years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only waist circumference was a significant factor in predicting PV besides age and serum PSA. The univariate analysis showed no statistically significant relations between any of the obesity-related parameters and LUTS. The PV was also not correlated with LUTS. Conclusions Central obesity is the more important predictor of PV than overall obesity. There are no significant relations between obesity-related parameters and LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Song M, Doo SW, Yang WJ, Song YS, Kim Y. Serum prostate-specific antigen is better correlated to body surface area than body mass index in a population of healthy Korean men. Int J Urol 2010; 17:580-3. [PMID: 20370844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the larger vascular volume among obese men causes a dilution effect, decreasing the concentration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, plasma volume is proportional to body surface area (BSA) rather than to body mass index (BMI). We determined whether serum PSA level is better correlated to BSA than BMI in a population of ostensibly healthy Korean men. Data from 2604 men who visited our health promotion center were evaluated. All men underwent anthropometric measurements, digital rectal examination, serum PSA determination, and transrectal ultrasound examination. The correlation between serum PSA and other parameters was statistically analyzed. The mean age was 49.9 years and the mean serum PSA level was 1.14 ng/mL. The multivariate analysis revealed that the serum PSA was positively correlated with age, prostate volume, and negatively correlated with BSA only and not with BMI. In addition, BSA, rather than BMI, was the significant factor in predicting the prostate volume. Our results suggest that men with larger BSA (rather than BMI), have larger prostate volumes, and lower serum PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a very common condition in older men, affecting up to 80% of men aged >or= 80 years in the United States. It typically leads to lower urinary tract symptoms, which often require medical management. The exact cause of BPH is unknown, and the only 2 established factors associated with BPH are age and the presence of androgens. Although the presence of testosterone is required for the development of BPH, testosterone is not thought to be the underlying factor causing BPH because testosterone levels decrease in older men. Recent studies have reported that BPH is associated with elevations in plasma estradiol/testosterone ratio, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Daily aerobic exercise can reduce all of these plasma factors, particularly when combined with a low-fat, high-fiber diet consisting of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. In cell culture studies, this type of lifestyle regimen has recently been shown to reduce the growth of serum-stimulated prostate epithelial cells and the growth of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Barnard
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a global public health challenge. During the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the United States. In 2007, only one state had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. In this growing epidemic of national concern is an emerging relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and obesity. BPH is the most common neoplastic condition afflicting men and constitutes a major factor impacting the health of the American male. Associations among obesity, physical inactivity, and BPH/LUTS resulting from epidemiological studies have not been explored via clinical trial methodology. A review of the available data appears to support a strong independent relationship between obesity and BPH/LUTS. This review also indicates that gene expression within the prostate varies with prostate size and can be affected by lifestyle modifications. Future studies may lead to office detection of a patient's particular polymorphisms, which may help guide individual treatment and lifestyle modifications that are more likely to succeed.
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Editorial Comment. J Urol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neuhouser ML, Schenk J, Song YJ, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Pollak M, Penson DF, Thompson IM, Kristal AR. Insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and risk of benign prostate hyperplasia in the prostate cancer prevention trial. Prostate 2008; 68:1477-86. [PMID: 18618736 PMCID: PMC2564287 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether peptides involved in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, [insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) and its major binding protein (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3)], predicted risk of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS We conducted a nested-case-control study in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT). Cases (n = 727) were men with surgical or medical treatment for BPH; two or more IPSS scores >14; or two scores of at least five points over baseline one of which was >or=12. Controls (n = 727) were frequency matched by age to cases, reported no BPH treatment, and no IPSS score >8. Cases and controls remained on the PCPT placebo and were followed closely until their 7-year PCPT anniversary. Baseline serum was analyzed for IGFI and IGFBP3. Unconditional logistic regression and polytomous regression estimated the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for BPH risk. RESULTS IGFBP3 was inversely and the IGFI:IGFBP3 ratio was positively associated with BPH risk, but findings were statistically significant only for men with severe symptoms (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.40-0.90 for the fifth vs. first quintile of IGFBP3, P-trend = 0.01). Associations did not differ by age (<65 or >or=65 years), and there was a suggestion that the IGFI:IGFBP3 - BPH risk association may be stronger among overweight men. CONCLUSIONS A high IGFI:IGFBP3 ratio was associated with increased BPH risk, and high serum IGFBP3 was associated with decreased BPH risk among men with severe symptoms. These results confirm findings from other recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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65
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Laven BA, Orsini N, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Gerber GS, Wolk A. Birth weight, abdominal obesity and the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms in a population based study of Swedish men. J Urol 2008; 179:1891-5; discussion 1895-6. [PMID: 18353377 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower urinary tract symptoms and obesity are prominent health problems. Low birth weight increases the adult risk of adiposity and insulin resistance, which may increase sympathetic activity and potentially lower urinary tract symptoms. Results of obesity and lower urinary tract symptoms studies are conflicting, and low birth weight and lower urinary tract symptoms relationships have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study examines lower urinary tract symptoms, body measures, activity, birth weight and lifestyle data collected by questionnaire from 1997 to 1998. Overall 27,858 men were analyzed and odds ratios calculated after excluding those with cancer, cerebrovascular accident, diabetes and incomplete information. RESULTS After adjustment for age, activity level, smoking, alcohol, coffee intake and body mass index, a significant positive association was seen between abdominal obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) and moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms. The risks of moderate to severe and severe lower urinary tract symptoms were 22% (95% CI 1.09-1.37) and 28% (95% CI 1.01-1.63) higher, respectively, for the top vs the lowest abdominal obesity quartile. The risk of nocturia (twice or more per night) was 1.16 (95% CI 1.02-1.33) in men in the top compared to the bottom waist-to-hip ratio quartile. Men with low birth weight (less than 2,500 gm) had a 61% (95% CI 1.12-2.30) higher risk of severe lower urinary tract symptoms compared to men with normal birth weight (2,500 to 3,999 gm). Men in the top waist-to-hip ratio quartile who had low birth weight had twice the risk of severe lower urinary tract symptoms (95% CI 1.29-3.02) compared to men with normal birth weight and in the lowest waist-to-hip ratio quartile. CONCLUSIONS Low birth weight and abdominal adiposity are associated with increased risk of moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms in adults. Further investigations are needed to determine if decreases in obesity can ameliorate lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Laven
- Section of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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66
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Physical activity, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lower urinary tract symptoms. Eur Urol 2008; 53:1228-35. [PMID: 18358592 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While some studies have indicated that physical activity may protect against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), others have not. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of physical activity with BPH and LUTS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Systematic review and meta-analysis using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and abstracts from the Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association. We selected observational studies that provided empirical data and analyzed abstracted data with random effects models. MEASUREMENTS BPH, LUTS, and physical activity levels. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Eleven (n=43 083 men) studies met selection criteria. Eight studies observed inverse, 2 studies null, and 1 study equivocal associations of physical activity with BPH or LUTS. Eight studies (n=35675) were eligible for pooled analyses. We stratified physical activity levels into light, moderate, and vigorous categories, with a sedentary category for reference. Compared to the sedentary group, the pooled odds ratios for BPH or LUTS were 0.70 (95% CI 0.44-1.13, p=0.14), 0.74 (95% CI 0.60-0.92, p=0.005), and 0.74 (95% CI 0.59-0.92, p=0.006) for men engaging in light, moderate, and heavy physical activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity reduces the risks of BPH and LUTS. These findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating that the BPH/LUTS complex is associated with modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease and suggest that increased physical activity may prevent or attenuate these conditions.
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Jang TH, Son JH, Kim JI, Jang SH. Metabolic Syndrome and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Study Focused on the Correlation between Metabolic Syndrome Factors and Prostate Volume and Prostate-specific Antigen. Korean J Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2008.49.11.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taek Hwan Jang
- Department of Urology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Son
- Department of Urology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- Department of Urology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seok Heun Jang
- Department of Urology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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68
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Kim YD, Yang WJ, Song YS, Park YH. Correlation between Prostate Volume and Metabolic or Anthropometric Factors in Male Visitors to a Health Promotion Center. Korean J Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2008.49.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Dong Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jae Yang
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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69
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Koo KC, Cho KS, Kang EM, Kwon SW, Hong SJ. The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Prostate Volume in Men Over Sixties who Underwent Prostate Health Check-up. Korean J Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2008.49.9.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Chul Koo
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Su Cho
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Min Kang
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Department of Urology, Pochon Cha University, Pochon, Korea
- Prostate Health Council Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joon Hong
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parsons JK, Bergstrom J, Barrett-Connor E. Lipids, lipoproteins and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia in community-dwelling men. BJU Int 2007; 101:313-8. [PMID: 18005202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of serum lipids and lipoproteins with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in community-dwelling men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This analysis was conducted within the Rancho Bernardo Study, a prospective, community-based cohort study. BPH was defined as a history of prostate surgery for other than cancer, or a medical diagnosis of BPH. Logistic regression modelling, with adjustments for age and stratification by diabetes diagnosis, was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of BPH associated with fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and the triglyceride to HDL ratio. RESULTS Among 531 eligible participants, 259 (48%) reported BPH and 272 (52%) reported no BPH. Men with BPH, with a mean (range) age of 75.8 (76.1-80.1) years, were older than men without BPH , at 72.7 (72.4-74.0) years. There were no significant associations of total cholesterol (P trend, 0.52), HDL cholesterol (0.56), triglycerides (0.30), or triglyceride to HDL ratio (0.13) with the risk of BPH. In a subset analysis in men with diabetes, those in the highest tertile (>133 mg/dL) of LDL cholesterol, compared with those in the lowest tertile (<110 mg/dL), were four times more likely to have BPH (odds ratio 4.00, 95% confidence interval 1.27-12.63, P trend 0.02). These results were not explained by the use of statins. CONCLUSIONS In these community-dwelling men, higher serum LDL was associated with a greater risk of BPH among diabetics. These data suggest that diabetic men with increased LDL cholesterol are at greater risk of BPH. This observation is consistent with the concept that cardiac risk factors are involved with the pathogenesis of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kellogg Parsons
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 21287, USA.
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71
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer in men and the incidence increases with age. It is known to develop slowly but may also take an aggressive course. No conclusions have been made on the cause of prostate cancer and there is no diagnostic factor that can be used for screening purposes. Studies indicate that metabolic syndrome is associated with prostate cancer. Metabolic syndrome components are hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and obesity. A systematic literature search for studies on metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance and prostate cancer was performed using the OVID database manager searching the Medline and EMBASE databases. Seven studies were included, of which five were prospective cohorts and two were case-control studies. Most other studies were reviews. Four studies showed a positive association, one showed a negative association and one showed no association. One study, using two different analyses for metabolic syndrome, showed a positive association, or none, depending on the criteria used for defining metabolic syndrome. The results indicate that metabolic syndrome can be used to identify men at risk of prostate cancer. The definition of the metabolic syndrome must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lund Håheim
- a Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, PO Box 7400, St Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway.
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Fitzgerald MP, Link CL, Litman HJ, Travison TG, McKinlay JB. Beyond the lower urinary tract: the association of urologic and sexual symptoms with common illnesses. Eur Urol 2007; 52:407-15. [PMID: 17382458 PMCID: PMC2396456 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to being prevalent and bothersome, urologic and sexual symptoms may be related to chronic medical illnesses. We investigate the relationship between ten urologic and sexual symptoms and four major illnesses (type II diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, and depression). METHODS We analyzed data from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey, a community-based epidemiologic study of urologic symptoms and risk factors. BACH used a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design to recruit 5,506 adults aged 30-79 (2301 men, 3205 women; 1770 black, 1877 Hispanic, and 1859 white). RESULTS In bivariate analyses, most urologic and sexual symptoms were associated with type II diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, and depression. However, in multivariate models adjusting for all four illnesses, gender, race/ethnicity, age, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, and body mass index there were fewer significant associations. We found that all urologic symptoms were significantly related to at least one illness, with depression increasing the odds of all urologic and sexual symptoms studied. CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract specialists should consider factors outside the urinary tract that may be contributing to urologic symptoms. It remains unknown whether treatment of medical and psychological illnesses can result in meaningful improvement in urologic symptoms, or conversely, whether urinary tract symptoms can provide valuable insight into an individual's overall health status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol L. Link
- New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA 02472
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Kwon NS, Jo MK, Park K. The Relationship between the Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: a Hospital-Based Study from a Health Screening Population. Korean J Urol 2007. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2007.48.10.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Sung Kwon
- Department of Urology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Ki Jo
- Department of Urology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwanjin Park
- Department of Urology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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