51
|
Naguib D, El-Gohary AH, Roellig D, Mohamed AA, Arafat N, Wang Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in children in Egypt. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:403. [PMID: 29996903 PMCID: PMC6042380 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis into humans varies according to species/genotypes of the pathogens. Although infections with both parasites are recorded in Egypt, few data are available on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis genotypes. The present study assessed the occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egyptian children. METHODS In the present study, 585 fecal specimens were collected from children eight years old and younger in three provinces (El-Dakahlia, El-Gharbia and Damietta) during March 2015 to April 2016. PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene and sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene were used to detect and subtype Cryptosporidium spp., respectively, whereas PCR and sequence analyses of the triose phosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes were used to detect and genotype Giardia duodenalis. RESULTS The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 1.4% and 11.3%, respectively. The Cryptosporidium species identified included C. hominis and C. parvum, each with three subtype families. The C. hominis subtypes were IbA6G3 (n = 2), IdA17 (n = 1), IdA24 (n = 1) and IfA14G1R5 (n = 1), while C. parvum subtypes were IIdA20G1 (n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 (n = 1), and IIcA5G3a (n = 1). The G. duodenalis identified included both assemblages A (n = 31) and B (n = 34). All G. duodenalis assemblage A belonged to the anthroponotic sub-assemblage AII, while a high genetic heterogeneity was seen within assemblage B. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study are useful in our understanding of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egypt and the potential importance of anthroponotic transmission in the epidemiology of both pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Naguib
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Adel H. El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Amro A. Mohamed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Nagah Arafat
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Utaaker KS, Chaudhary S, Bajwa RS, Robertson LJ. Prevalence and zoonotic potential of intestinal protozoans in bovines in Northern India. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:92-97. [PMID: 31014895 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovines, and especially cattle, have a dual position of appreciation in India, being both important in the food industry as providers of dairy products, and, culturally, being considered as holy creatures that must not be harmed, killed or eaten. This status means that cattle have a paradoxical existence in India; as they are worshipped and protected, they are able to roam freely among humans, but they are also often left to fend for themselves. The water buffalo represents a significant contributor to the Indian agricultural economy as well as general social development, and are in this way somehow replacing the indigenous cattle. The vast numbers of roaming cattle without clear owners are difficult to look after in terms of veterinary healthcare and appropriate interventions when necessary, and have no regular supply of food. This article describes an investigation of the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in bovines either roaming the streets or being kept in animal holdings in and around Chandigarh, a city in Northern India, and addresses the zoonotic potential of these protozoan parasites shed from bovines living in close contact with humans. 294 animals of all ages were sampled, and the majority of the positive samples were found from calves. The overall prevalence of Giardia was 8.2% and Cryptosporidium was 2.4%. Non-zoonotic assemblages were predominantly found in the case of the Giardia - positive samples, and in the case of Cryptosporidium, as well as non-zoonotic genotypes, zoonotic subgroups previously described from infected human infections in this area, were identified, indicating that there may be sharing of intestinal parasites in these settings, where cattle live in close contact with humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Selstad Utaaker
- Parasitology Lab, Department for Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 16002, India; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Strategic research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | | | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology Lab, Department for Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Majeed QAH, El-Azazy OME, Abdou NEMI, Al-Aal ZA, El-Kabbany AI, Tahrani LMA, AlAzemi MS, Wang Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Epidemiological observations on cryptosporidiosis and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in Kuwait. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1631-1636. [PMID: 29594423 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiological analysis of cryptosporidiosis in Middle Eastern countries suggests that small ruminants could play a major role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. to humans, with a dominance of Cryptosporidium parvum, especially its IId subtypes. However, little information is available on the epidemiology and risk factors of cryptosporidiosis as well the distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and subtypes in small ruminants in this area, including Kuwait. In the present study, 47 farms from several areas in Kuwait were visited once during October 2014 to September 2015 to collect data on risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Fecal samples from 334 sheep and 222 goats were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts by Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZN) and antigens by enzymatic immunoassay (EIA). The Cryptosporidium prevalence was higher when samples were examined by EIA than ZN (11.4 and 7.2% in sheep and goats by EIA, compared with 4.2 and 3.6% by ZN, respectively). Young age (less than 3 months) and closed housing system are risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection. A correlation between fecal consistency and the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed; non-formed fecal samples were often found positive. Molecular characterization of 30 ovine and caprine samples using PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene revealed the presence of C. parvum in 23 samples, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in five samples, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi in two samples. Sequence analysis of C. parvum at the 60 KDa glycoprotein gene locus identified two subtypes, IIaA15G2R1 and IIdA20G1, with the latter being more common (in 2 and 20 successfully subtyped samples, respectively). Only one subtype of C. ubiquitum (XIIa) was recorded. Cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants apparently poses public health problem in Kuwait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qais A H Majeed
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Osama M E El-Azazy
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Nadra-Elwgoud M I Abdou
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zein A Al-Aal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira I El-Kabbany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Laila M A Tahrani
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maha S AlAzemi
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Azeez SS, Alsakee HM. Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital, Erbil, Iraq. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2017. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v26i3.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Watery diarrhea is the most common medical problem among infants and young children, caused by different microbial etiology including Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus, which are usually misdiagnosed in conventional stool test. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of Cryptosporidium and rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in Erbil as well as evaluate the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination procedure applied in Erbil.Methods: Fecal specimens were collected from 400 children (boys and girls), aged one month to five years old, who attended Raparin Pediatrics Hospital in Erbil complaining from diarrhea, between January to August 2014. Modified Ziehl Neelsen technique and nested PCR were used for detection of cryptosporidiosis while rotavirus infection was detected by rapid CerTest.Results: Rate of detection of cryptosporidiosis was remarkably higher using PCR than Ziehl-Neelsen stain (0% versus 6%), and the infection was slightly higher among boys (6.25% vs 5.55%) and children ≤2 years (11.7%). The peak of infection reached during spring season (March and April) (9.5%). The detection rate of rotavirus was 32.0%, which was slightly higher among males (34.4% vs 30.0%) and in children between one to three years old (39.3%). The highest detection rate (38.6%) was recorded during winter season (January and February). The infection was significantly higher among non-vaccinated children (65.9% vs 14.1%; p<0.05).Conclusion: The incidence of cryptosporidiosis is declining. However, rotavirus gastroenteritis was relatively high among young children in Erbil. Rotateq vaccine significantly reduced the incidence of rotavirus infection.
Collapse
|
55
|
Tao W, Li Y, Yang H, Song M, Lu Y, Li W. Widespread Occurrence of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes in Dairy Cattle from Northeast China: Public Health Concerns. J Parasitol 2017; 104:10-17. [PMID: 29088547 DOI: 10.1645/17-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine cryptosporidiosis constitutes a threat to the livestock industry and public health worldwide. In the present study we investigated dairy cattle of all ages in northeast China for the prevalence and genetic traits of Cryptosporidium. Nested polymerase chain reaction of the small subunit rRNA gene was used to identify Cryptosporidium species or genotype. The parasite was detected in 130 of 537 (24.2%) animals sampled from the cities of Harbin (35.2%, 69/196) and Qiqihar (32.1%, 61/190). Cryptosporidium parvum (87/130) was identified as the dominant species by sequence analysis followed by Cryptosporidium bovis (28/130), Cryptosporidium ryanae (5/130), Cryptosporidium andersoni (2/130), Cryptosporidium suis-like genotype (2/130), and mixed C. ryanae/ C. bovis (1/130). Subtyping of C. parvum isolates was based on the DNA polymorphisms of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. Subtyping of the C. parvum isolates recognized subtypes IIdA15G1 (24/87) in Harbin and IIdA20G1 (48/87) in Qiqihar. A diversity of Cryptosporidium species/genotype and subtypes was identified in cattle from northeast China. Widespread occurrence of human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes is of public health significance. This is the first study reporting C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 in China. The findings improve the epidemiological knowledge of bovine cryptosporidiosis in China, highlighting the importance of ongoing Cryptosporidium surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:1-12. [PMID: 29122606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness, the majority of which is caused by enteric infectious agents, costs global economies billions of dollars each year. The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is particularly suited to foodborne transmission and is responsible for >8 million cases of foodborne illness annually. Procedures have been developed for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh produce and molecular diagnostic assays have been widely used in case linkages and infection source tracking, especially during outbreak investigations. The integrated use of advanced diagnostic techniques with conventional epidemiological studies is essential to improve our understanding of the occurrence, source and epidemiology of foodborne cryptosporidiosis. The implementation of food safety management tools such as Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) in industrialised nations and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in developing countries is central for prevention and control and foodborne cryptosporidiosis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium isolated from diarrheic calves in the Sudan. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2971-2979. [PMID: 28900722 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common protozoan infection causing morbidity and mortality in young cattle and may be zoonotically transmitted to humans. So far, there is no data available on the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the Sudan. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify, and genotype Cryptosporidium oocysts sampled from diarrheic calves housed at different farms in three different municipalities in Khartoum State (Khartoum, Khartoum North, Omdurman). A total of 149 fecal samples were evaluated microscopically for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and 87 (58.3%) samples tested positive. Positive and negative samples were further analyzed by nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA region. Positive samples were subjected to restriction enzyme analysis of PCR amplicons (PCR-RFLP). Nested PCR identified Cryptosporidium DNA in 53 samples (35.5%); restriction digestion of the PCR products revealed the presence of C. parvum (73.5%), C. ryanae (13.2%), C. andersoni (7.5%), and C. bovis (1.8%). Species distribution was clearly related to age with C. parvum being the predominant species in dysenteric pre-weaned calves. Sequencing of three genes (SSU rRNA, COWP, and GP60) for three C. parvum isolates originating from the three different municipalities showed that all belong to C. parvum subtype family IId. Based on data obtained by GP60, sequencing the two C. parvum isolates from Khartoum and Omdurman represent subtype IIdA18G1, whereas oocysts isolated in Khartoum North belong to subtype IIdA19G1. The observed genotypes are zoonotic and thus C. parvum in calves is potentially a health risk to humans in Khartoum State, Sudan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported attempt to characterize Cryptosporidium isolated from cattle in the Sudan.
Collapse
|
58
|
Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Conan A, O’Reilly CE, Ogola E, Ochieng JB, Blackstock AJ, Omore R, Ochieng L, Moke F, Parsons MB, Xiao L, Roellig D, Farag TH, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Mintz ED, Breiman RF, Cleaveland S, Knobel DL. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005795. [PMID: 28783751 PMCID: PMC5559092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease remains among the leading causes of global mortality in children younger than 5 years. Exposure to domestic animals may be a risk factor for diarrheal disease. The objectives of this study were to identify animal-related exposures associated with cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children in rural western Kenya, and to identify the major zoonotic enteric pathogens present in domestic animals residing in the homesteads of case and control children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of case and control children (n = 73 pairs matched on age, sex and location) with reported animal presence at home enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in western Kenya, and analysed these for an association with MSD. We identified potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens in pooled fecal specimens collected from domestic animals resident at children's homesteads. Variables that were associated with decreased risk of MSD were washing hands after animal contact (matched odds ratio [MOR] = 0.2; 95% CI 0.08-0.7), and presence of adult sheep that were not confined in a pen overnight (MOR = 0.1; 0.02-0.5). Variables that were associated with increased risk of MSD were increasing number of sheep owned (MOR = 1.2; 1.0-1.5), frequent observation of fresh rodent excreta (feces/urine) outside the house (MOR = 7.5; 1.5-37.2), and participation of the child in providing water to chickens (MOR = 3.8; 1.2-12.2). Of 691 pooled specimens collected from 2,174 domestic animals, 159 pools (23%) tested positive for one or more potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or rotavirus). We did not find any association between the presence of particular pathogens in household animals, and MSD in children. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Public health agencies should continue to promote frequent hand washing, including after animal contact, to reduce the risk of MSD. Future studies should address specific causal relations of MSD with sheep and chicken husbandry practices, and with the presence of rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ciara E. O’Reilly
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Ogola
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - J. Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linus Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fenny Moke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- Division of Global Health and Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tamer H. Farag
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- International Emerging Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darryn L. Knobel
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Boughattas S, Behnke JM, Al-Ansari K, Sharma A, Abu-Alainin W, Al-Thani A, Abu-Madi MA. Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:343. [PMID: 28824878 PMCID: PMC5539595 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric diarrhea is a common cause of death among children under 5 years of age. In the current study, we investigated the frequency of intestinal parasites among 580 pediatric patients with chronic diarrhea. Parasitic protozoa (all species combined) were detected by molecular tools in 22.9% of the children and the most common parasite was Cryptosporidium spp. (15.1%). Blastocystis hominis was detected in 4.7%, Dientamoeba fragilis in 4%, Giardia duodenalis in 1.7%, and Entamoeba histolytica in 0.17%. Protozoan infections were observed among all regional groups, but prevalence was highest among Qatari subjects and during the winter season. Typing of Cryptosporidium spp. revealed a predominance of Cryptosporidium parvum in 92% of cases with mostly the IIdA20G1 subtype. Subtypes IIdA19G2, IIdA18G2, IIdA18G1, IIdA17G1, IIdA16G1, and IIdA14G1 were also detected. For Cryptosporidium hominis, IbA10G2 and IbA9G3 subtypes were identified. This study provides supplementary information for implementing prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden of these pediatric protozoan infections. Further analyses are required to better understand the local epidemiology and transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Qatar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University ParkNottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Al-Ansari
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Paediatric Emergency CenterDoha, Qatar
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abu-Alainin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical CorporationDoha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Thani
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Marawan A Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Helmy YA, El-Adawy H, Abdelwhab EM. A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030033. [PMID: 28754024 PMCID: PMC5617990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41511 Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 335516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Nolan MJ, Unger M, Yeap YT, Rogers E, Millet I, Harman K, Fox M, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Blake DP. Molecular characterisation of protist parasites in human-habituated mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), humans and livestock, from Bwindi impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:340. [PMID: 28720110 PMCID: PMC5516388 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over 60 % of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, and there is growing evidence of the zooanthroponotic transmission of diseases from humans to livestock and wildlife species, with major implications for public health, economics, and conservation. Zooanthroponoses are of relevance to critically endangered species; amongst these is the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) of Uganda. Here, we assess the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Entamoeba infecting mountain gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, using molecular methods. We also assess the occurrence of these parasites in humans and livestock species living in overlapping/adjacent geographical regions. Results Diagnostic PCR detected Cryptosporidium parvum in one sample from a mountain gorilla (IIdA23G2) and one from a goat (based on SSU). Cryptosporidium was not detected in humans or cattle. Cyclospora was not detected in any of the samples analysed. Giardia was identified in three human and two cattle samples, which were linked to assemblage A, B and E of G. duodenalis. Sequences defined as belonging to the genus Entamoeba were identified in all host groups. Of the 86 sequence types characterised, one, seven and two have been recorded previously to represent genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba, respectively, from humans, other mammals, and water sources globally. Conclusions This study provides a snapshot of the occurrence and genetic make-up of selected protists in mammals in and around BINP. The genetic analyses indicated that 54.6% of the 203 samples analysed contained parasites that matched species, genotypes, or genetic assemblages found globally. Seventy-six new sequence records were identified here for the first time. As nothing is known about the zoonotic/zooanthroponotic potential of the corresponding parasites, future work should focus on wider epidemiological investigations together with continued surveillance of all parasites in humans, other mammals, the environment, and water in this highly impoverished area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2283-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Melisa Unger
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Yuen-Ting Yeap
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Emma Rogers
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Ilary Millet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mark Fox
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
- Conservation through Public Health, Plot 3 Mapera Lane, Uringi Crescent, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Helmy YA, Krücken J, Abdelwhab ESM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Hafez HM. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in turkeys and chickens in Germany reveals evidence for previously undetected parasite species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177150. [PMID: 28575116 PMCID: PMC5456029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 256 fecal specimens were randomly collected from farmed poultry in Germany and screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR and further characterized by direct automated DNA sequencing. Using a nested PCR amplifying approximately 830 bp 18S rDNA fragment, 7.03% (n = 18) of the samples were Cryptosporidium-positive. In detail, Cryptosporidium was detected in 9.3% (8/86) of turkeys, 5.7% (9/158) of broilers and 8.3% (1/12) of layers. After DNA sequencing, Cryptosporidium parvum the most frequently observed species was identified in 5.1% (13/256) of all poultry species, including 8.1% (7/86) of turkeys, 3.2% (5/158) of broilers and 8.3% (1/12) of layers. Cryptosporidium baileyi was detected in 1.3% (2/256) of the broilers only. Three novel unclassified Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 1.2% (1/86) of turkeys and 1.3% (2/158) of broilers. The infection rate was high in 13-20 week old turkeys, 1-6 weeks old broilers and >20 weeks old layers but differences between age groups were not significant. This is the first study in Germany uses molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in poultry. The results indicate that Cryptosporidium parasites are common among broilers and turkeys in Germany. Considering the large size of the poultry industry, the large amount of poultry meat that is consumed and the fact that C. parvum is also the most common Cryptosporidium parasite in humans, poultry might also be a source of human infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - El-Sayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Squire SA, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:195. [PMID: 28427454 PMCID: PMC5397716 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving "One Health" initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Afriyie Squire
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Animal Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Marshak A, Young H, Bontrager EN, Boyd EM. The Relationship Between Acute Malnutrition, Hygiene Practices, Water and Livestock, and Their Program Implications in Eastern Chad. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 38:115-127. [PMID: 27932595 DOI: 10.1177/0379572116681682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of acute malnutrition are complex and time and geography variant and need to be better understood in order to both design more effective nutrition programs and evaluate them. The findings reported here are part of an evaluation of a 4-year multisectoral nutrition program led by Concern Worldwide in the Sila Region of eastern Chad. OBJECTIVE To present evidence and learning about the relationships between acute malnutrition and potential drivers in Sila, Chad. METHODS Quantitative household-level data from a clustered randomized control trial were collected in November/December 2014. The survey was complemented with water quality testing and qualitative data collected in February and March 2013 and 2014. RESULTS Households who reported not regularly cleaning the container used for transporting water for household consumption were almost twice as likely to have a malnourished child. Households living in villages with larger concentrations of cattle and having more livestock sharing the same water source as for human consumption were significantly more likely to have a malnourished child. However, cleaning the water container mediated the negative impact of living in a village with a large cattle concentration on wasting. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that hygiene practices and livestock water management are correlated with acute malnutrition in Sila, Chad. These findings provide a hypothesis for a possible pathogen driving acute malnutrition rates- Cryptosporidium-as part of a complex water chain, whereby the source of infection may be mitigated by hygiene behaviors with important implications for humanitarian programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Marshak
- 1 Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Somerville, MA, USA.,2 Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Young
- 1 Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Somerville, MA, USA.,2 Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Erin M Boyd
- 2 Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,3 United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Klous G, Huss A, Heederik DJ, Coutinho RA. Human-livestock contacts and their relationship to transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of literature. One Health 2016; 2:65-76. [PMID: 28616478 PMCID: PMC5462650 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-organisms transmitted from vertebrate animals - including livestock - to humans account for an estimated 60% of human pathogens. Micro-organisms can be transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, via conjunctiva or physical contact. Close contact with animals is crucial for transmission. The role of intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans for disease transmission is poorly understood. In this systematic review we aimed to summarise current knowledge regarding patterns of human-livestock contacts and their role in micro-organism transmission. METHODS We included peer-reviewed publications published between 1996 and 2014 in our systematic review if they reported on human-livestock contacts, human cases of livestock-related zoonotic diseases or serological epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in human samples. We extracted any information pertaining the type and intensity of human-livestock contacts and associated zoonoses. RESULTS 1522 papers were identified, 75 were included: 7 reported on incidental zoonoses after brief animal-human contacts (e.g. farm visits), 10 on environmental exposures and 15 on zoonoses in developing countries where backyard livestock keeping is still customary. 43 studies reported zoonotic risks in different occupations. Occupations at risk included veterinarians, culling personnel, slaughterhouse workers and farmers. For culling personnel, more hours exposed to livestock resulted in more frequent occurrence of transmission. Slaughterhouse workers in contact with live animals were more often positive for zoonotic micro-organisms compared to co-workers only exposed to carcasses. Overall, little information was available about the actual mode of micro-organism transmission. CONCLUSIONS Little is known about the intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans that result in micro-organism transmission. Studies performed in occupational settings provide some, but limited evidence of exposure response-like relationships for livestock-human contact and micro-organism transmission. Better understanding of contact patterns driving micro-organism transmission from animals to humans is needed to provide options for prevention and thus deserves more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Klous
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J.J. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Coutinho
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Serological detection and epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt. Acta Trop 2016; 162:206-211. [PMID: 27377768 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum are intracellular protozoan parasites that are distributed worldwide and of major economical concern in cattle industry. N. caninum can cause abortion storms and high culling rates, whereas C. parvum has zoonotic implications and can cause diarrhea in calves. There are currently no data on the prevalence of neosporosis and cryptosporidiosis in humans or animals in southern Egypt. Prevalence of these two infections was determined in a sample of cattle from two different areas in southern Egypt, Sohag and Qena, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total 301 cattle were sampled, of which 18.9% were positive for N. caninum, 35.9% were positive for C. parvum and 10.0% were positive for both. Geographical location and breeding system were considered as potential risk factors for C. parvum infection. A higher prevalence of infection was identified on small scale farms, compared with larger, intensive systems, with a prevalence of 50.2% compared with 37.8%, respectively. Animals in Sohag had a significantly higher prevalence compared with Qena, with a seroprevalence of 46.1% compared with 31.6%, respectively. In brief, marked seroprevalence recorded in this study indicates a high incidence of N. caninum and C. parvum infections in cattle, and this necessitates the application of more effective strategies for combating these types of infections on farms in Egypt.
Collapse
|
68
|
Aldeyarbi HM, Abu El-Ezz NMT, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis: the African perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13811-13821. [PMID: 27126869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present overview discusses the findings of cryptosporidiosis research conducted in Africa and highlights the currently available information on Cryptosporidium epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution on the African continent, particularly among vulnerable populations, including children. It also emphasizes the burden of cryptosporidiosis, which is underestimated due to the presence of many silent asymptomatic carriers.Cryptosporidiosis is recognized as one of the leading causes of childhood diarrhea in African countries. It has dramatic adverse effects on child growth and development and causes increased mortality on a continent where HIV, poverty, and lack of sanitation and infrastructure increase the risk of cryptosporidial waterborne infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hebatalla M Aldeyarbi
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Nadia M T Abu El-Ezz
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Thousand Talents Plan of the Chinese Government, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
First genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves, broiler chickens and children in Syria by PCR-RFLP analysis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
70
|
Jian F, Liu A, Wang R, Zhang S, Qi M, Zhao W, Shi Y, Wang J, Wei J, Zhang L, Xiao L. Common occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in horses and donkeys. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:261-6. [PMID: 27264727 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive genetic variation is observed within the genus Cryptosporidium and the distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in humans and animals appears to vary by geography and host species. To better understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys, we characterized five horse-derived and 82 donkey-derived Cryptosporidium isolates from five provinces or autonomous regions (Sichuan, Gansu, Henan, Inner Mongolia and Shandong) in China at the species/genotype and subtype levels. Three Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified based on the analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, including Cryptosporidium parvum (n=22), the Cryptosporidium horse genotype (n=4), and Cryptosporidium hominis (n=61). The identification of C. hominis was confirmed by sequence analysis of the HSP70 and actin genes. Subtyping using sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene identified 21 C. parvum isolates as subtype IIdA19G1, the four horse genotype isolates as subtypes VIaA15G4 (n=2) and VIaA11G3 (n=2), and the 61 C. hominis isolates as IkA16G1 (n=59) and IkA16 (n=2). The common finding of C. hominis reaffirms the heterogeneity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys and is possibly a reflection of endemic transmission of C. hominis in these animals. Data of the study suggest that horses and donkeys as companion animals may potentially transmit Cryptosporidium infections to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yadong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jiujian Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Abu Samra N, Jori F, Cacciò SM, Frean J, Poonsamy B, Thompson PN. Cryptosporidium genotypes in children and calves living at the wildlife or livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 83:a1024. [PMID: 27247067 PMCID: PMC6238718 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection is one of the most common causes of parasitic diarrhoea worldwide in cattle and humans. In developing countries, human cryptosporidiosis is most prevalent during early childhood and links between zoonotic infection and animal related activities have been demonstrated. This study investigated the prevalence and species/genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium among children (< 5 years) and calves (< 6 months) living in a rural farming area adjacent to the Kruger National Park in South Africa, where interactions between humans and wild and domestic animals are known to occur. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8/143 stool samples of children recruited within the hospital system (5.6%; 95% CI 2.4%, 10.7%) and in 2/352 faecal samples of calves (0.6%; 95% CI 0.1%, 2.0%) using the modified Ziehl–Neelsen (MZN) staining technique. Microscopy positive samples from children were further analysed by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene and identified as Cryptosporidium hominis (3/4) and Cryptosporidium meleagridis (1/4). Regardless of the microscopy outcome, randomly selected samples (n = 36) from calves 0–4 months of age were amplified and sequenced at the 18S rRNA gene using nested PCR. Two calves tested positive (5.6%; 95% CI 1.7%, 18.7%), and revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium bovis. The detection of only two zoonotic species (C. parvum in one calf and C. meleagridis in one child) suggests that zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is not currently widespread in our study area; however, the potential exists for amplification of transmission in an immunocompromised population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abu Samra
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Epidemiology and public health significance of Cryptosporidium isolated from cattle, buffaloes, and humans in Egypt. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2439-48. [PMID: 27044415 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were investigated in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. A total of 610 animal fecal samples (480 from cattle and 130 from buffaloes) beside 290 stool samples from humans were collected in the period between January and December 2014. Based on the microscopic examination, the overall estimated prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle, buffaloes, and humans was 10.2, 12.3, and 19 %, respectively. The highest detection rates were in calves less than 2 months of age (17.1 %) and diarrheic animals (13.0 %). Likewise in humans, the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium was in infants (31.3 %) and diarrheic individuals (21.1 %). The gender distribution in humans denoted that Cryptosporidium was reported more frequently in males (21.7 %) than females (14.5 %). Based on the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and gp60 genes were successfully amplified in 36 out of 50 samples subjected to genotyping. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the COWP fragments revealed that Cryptosporidium parvum was the only species detected in cattle (12 isolates) and buffaloes (4 isolates), while in humans, the detected species were Cryptosporidium hominis (15 isolates) and C. parvum (5 isolates). Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified the subtype IIdA20G1 within C. parvum isolated from both animals and humans. The common occurrence of zoonotic subtypes of C. parvum in cattle and buffaloes highlights the potential role of these animals as significant reservoirs of infection to humans. Also, the presence of C. hominis and C. parvum in humans indicates that both anthroponotic and zoonotic pathways are expected.
Collapse
|
73
|
Odeniran PO, Ademola IO. Zoonotic Parasites of Wildlife in Africa: A Review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3957/056.046.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah O. Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Osman M, El Safadi D, Cian A, Benamrouz S, Nourrisson C, Poirier P, Pereira B, Razakandrainibe R, Pinon A, Lambert C, Wawrzyniak I, Dabboussi F, Delbac F, Favennec L, Hamze M, Viscogliosi E, Certad G. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Protozoan Infections with Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystis and Dientamoeba among Schoolchildren in Tripoli, Lebanon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004496. [PMID: 26974335 PMCID: PMC4790957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal protozoan infections are confirmed as major causes of diarrhea, particularly in children, and represent a significant, but often neglected, threat to public health. No recent data were available in Lebanon concerning the molecular epidemiology of protozoan infections in children, a vulnerable population at high risk of infection. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of intestinal pathogenic protozoa, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a general pediatric population including both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. After obtaining informed consent from the parents or legal guardians, stool samples were collected in January 2013 from 249 children in 2 schools in Tripoli, Lebanon. Information obtained from a standard questionnaire included demographic characteristics, current symptoms, socioeconomic status, source of drinking water, and personal hygiene habits. After fecal examination by both microscopy and molecular tools, the overall prevalence of parasitic infections was recorded as 85%. Blastocystis spp. presented the highest infection rate (63%), followed by Dientamoeba fragilis (60.6%), Giardia duodenalis (28.5%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (10.4%). PCR was also performed to identify species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, subtypes of Blastocystis, and assemblages of Giardia. Statistical analysis using a logistic regression model showed that contact with family members presenting gastrointestinal disorders was the primary risk factor for transmission of these protozoa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study performed in Lebanon reporting the prevalence and the clinical and molecular epidemiological data associated with intestinal protozoan infections among schoolchildren in Tripoli. A high prevalence of protozoan parasites was found, with Blastocystis spp. being the most predominant protozoans. Although only 50% of children reported digestive symptoms, asymptomatic infection was observed, and these children may act as unidentified carriers. This survey provides necessary information for designing prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden of these protozoan infections, especially in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Universitè Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santè et Environnement (LMSE), Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dima El Safadi
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Universitè Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santè et Environnement (LMSE), Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amandine Cian
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Facultè Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Universitè Catholique de Lille, Universitè de Lille, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biodiversitè, Lille, France
| | - Céline Nourrisson
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal-Université d'Auvergne-CNRS, UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel-Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal-Université d'Auvergne-CNRS, UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel-Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- EA 3800, Université de Rouen & Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Anthony Pinon
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Unité de Sécurité Microbiologique, Lille, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal-Université d'Auvergne-CNRS, UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Universitè Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santè et Environnement (LMSE), Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frederic Delbac
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal-Université d'Auvergne-CNRS, UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- EA 3800, Université de Rouen & Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Universitè Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santè et Environnement (LMSE), Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Institute Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunitè de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université de Lille, Biologie et Diversitè des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Département de la Recherche Médicale, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Faculté de Médecine et Maïeutique, Université Catholique de Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Zahedi A, Phasey J, Boland T, Ryan U. First report of Cryptosporidium species in farmed and wild buffalo from the Northern Territory, Australia. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1349-53. [PMID: 26758449 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Northern Territory in Australia was conducted. Fecal samples were collected from adult farmed (n = 50) and wild buffalo (n = 50) and screened using an 18S quantitative PCR (qPCR). Positives were typed by sequence analysis of 18S nested PCR products. The qPCR prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in farmed and wild buffalo was 30 and 12 %, respectively. Sequence analysis identified two species: C. parvum and C. bovis, with C. parvum accounting for ~80 % of positives typed from the farmed buffalo fecal samples compared to 50 % for wild buffalo. Subtyping at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) locus identified C. parvum subtypes IIdA19G1 (n = 4) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1) in the farmed buffalo and IIaA18G3R1 (n = 2) in the wild buffalo. The presence of C. parvum, which commonly infects humans, suggests that water buffaloes may contribute to contamination of rivers and waterways with human infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts, and further research on the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in buffalo populations in Australia is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zahedi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jordan Phasey
- Indigenous Essential Services, Power and Water Corporation, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Tony Boland
- Tropical Water Solutions Pty. Ltd., Woolner, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Sim S, Yu JR, Lee YH, Lee JS, Jeong HG, Mohamed AAWS, Hong ST. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:745-7. [PMID: 26797443 PMCID: PMC4725242 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium , a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seobo Sim
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029', Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029', Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Lee
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Korea
| | - Hoo-Gn Jeong
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
Collapse
|
78
|
Eassa SM, El-Wahab EWA, Lotfi SE, El Masry SA, Shatat HZ, Kotkat AM. Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Infection Among Municipality Solid-Waste Workers in an Egyptian Community. J Parasitol 2015; 102:214-21. [PMID: 26606452 DOI: 10.1645/15-782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-waste management is associated with several health hazards, particularly parasitic infection. The objective of the study was to determine the association between risk factors and the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections (potentially pathogenic) among municipal waste collectors in Alexandria, Egypt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the main municipality company in Alexandria. A total of 346 municipality solid-waste workers (MSWWs) was interviewed using an in-depth questionnaire. The type of parasitic infections among waste handlers was determined using formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. About half of the workers were infected with parasites. The profile of parasitic infection revealed 12 parasitic species. These were comprised of the following helminths: Schistosoma mansoni (13.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%), and Hymenolepis nana ova (0.6%). Among protozoa were pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica (3.2%), Giardia intestinalis (2.9%), nonpathogenic protozoa such as Entamoeba coli (1.7%), and potentially pathogenic or opportunistic ones as Cryptosporidium (23.4%), Microsporidia (20.25%), Cyclospora (2.0%), Blastocystis hominis (1.7%), and Cystoisospora belli (1.2%). About 1.4% of MSWWs have pediculosis and phthiriasis in their scalp and eyelashes respectively. Risk factors for infection were associated with direct exposure to solid fecal waste (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.0) and occupational activities that allowed for direct exposure to solid fecal waste (OR = 2.3, CI = 1.4-4.0). Logistic regression model has revealed that educational level and residence were the factors that contribute to parasitic infection among MSWWs (P < 0.05). MSWWs are at high risk of acquiring parasitic infections. Data of the present study highlighted the need for greater biomonitoring of MSWWs and the improvement of environmental conditions and health care in such marginalized communities to prevent parasitic infection and associated morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa M Eassa
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ekram W Abd El-Wahab
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sameh E Lotfi
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A El Masry
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan Z Shatat
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira M Kotkat
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Road, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Molecular seasonal, age and gender distributions of Cryptosporidium in diarrhoeic Egyptians: distinct endemicity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2447-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
80
|
Awadallah MAI, Salem LMA. Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocara canis infection. Vet World 2015; 8:946-57. [PMID: 27047182 PMCID: PMC4774761 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.946-957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This work aimed to study the role played by dogs in transmitting zoonotic enteric parasites to humans in Egypt and to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of such infection in dogs. Serodiagnosis of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among human beings as well as analyzing risk factors predispose to Toxocara canis infection in human beings are another objectives of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS From June to December 2013, a total of 130 fecal samples from 4 dog populations (Military, nomadic and domiciled dogs from rural and high standard districts) and 150 stool samples of 6 occupational groups were examined for the presence of enteric parasitic infection. Moreover, 150 serum samples were collected from humans from whom stool samples were collected and examined for the presence of anti-T. canis antibodies. RESULTS Enteric parasites were detected in 30% of fecal samples from 4 dog populations in Egypt. High infectivity had been reported in nomadic dogs (63.33%) (Crude odds ratios [COR]=67.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]=8.09-560.8, p<0.000), followed by domiciled dogs from rural areas (40%) (COR=26, 95% CI=3.14-215.54, p=0.003), domiciled dogs from high standard areas (23.33%) (COR=11.87, 95% CI=1.37-102.69, p=0.025) and military dogs (2.5%). Twelve species of enteric parasites were identified, Ancylostomatidae (6.15%), T. canis and Cryptosporidium spp. (5.38%, each), Heterophyes spp. (3.85%), Toxocara leonina and Blastocystis spp. (3.07%), Taenidae eggs (2.31%), Hymenolepis diminuta (1.54%) and Entamoeba canis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Paragonimus spp. (0.77%, each). Univariate logestic regression revealed significant association of age (COR=4.73, 95% CI=2.13-10.53, p<0.000), gender (COR=2.63, 95% CI=1.22-5.68, p<0.014), housing system (COR=5.10, 95% CI=2.04-12.75), p<0.000) with enteric parasitic infection in dogs. However, breeds (COR=6.91, 95% CI=0.88-54.52, p=0.067) and type of feeding (COR ranged from 3.5 to 7.62, p>0.05) did not seem to have a significant association among the examined dogs. Enteric parasitic infection was reported in 31/150 human stools (20.67%). Students were the most affected groups (37.14%), followed by nomadic people (24%), house wives (20%), house guarders and military workers (12%, each), and employees (10%). The identified parasites were Cryptosporidium spp. (9.33%), Ascaris lumbercoides (3.33%), Heterophyes spp. and Ancylostoma spp. (2.66%, each) and Paragonimus spp. and Hymenolepis nana (1.33%, each). Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected in 36/150 (24%) serum samples investigated. Toxocara IgG antibodies were more prevalent in males (26.66%) than females (20%). Seroprevalence was highest (17/35, 48.57%) in 7-15 years old (COR=6.93, 95% CI=1.75-27.43, p=0.006). Seroprevalence values for T. canis antibodies were higher in those; raising dogs (29.85%), eating raw vegetables (25.21%) and not washing hands before meals (25.45%). T. canis antibodies were detected in 25% of those contacted with soil compared to 30% of those did not. Students were mostly affected (34.29%), followed by nomadic people (32%), house guarders (28%), housewives (20%), military workers (13%), and employees (10%). CONCLUSION Detection of enteric parasites in dogs and humans in Egypt substantiates the role posed by dogs in transmitting zoonotic parasites to humans and knock an alarm for common sources of infection for humans and dogs. Common sources may be infected fish or contaminated vegetables that are consumed by dogs or humans or even infected rodents that may contaminate their feed. This pilot study necessitate the need for similar studies and tracing such infection in fish, vegetables, rodent that may be responsible for infecting humans and dogs in order to understand the epidemiology of zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted from dogs to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maysa A I Awadallah
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Lobna M A Salem
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Qi M, Cai J, Wang R, Li J, Jian F, Huang J, Zhou H, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis from yaks in the central western region of China. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:108. [PMID: 25994330 PMCID: PMC4438589 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important causes of diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and there is an increased interest in the role of animals in the mechanical transmission of these protozoa. To examine the role of yaks in this process, we examined the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in yaks in western China. RESULTS A total of 545 fecal specimens were collected from yaks from nine different counties in the central western region of China. The prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 4.0 % (22/545) and 6.0 % (16/545), respectively. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were also detected in four specimens. The prevalence of both protozoa differed significantly between some age groups, with higher rates of infection in animals < 1 year old. Sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the Cryptosporidium isolates identified the species as C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 6), C. ryanae (n = 3), and C. ubiquitum (n = 1). Genotyping based on 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene from five C. parvum isolates identified all as IId with three isolates identified as IIdA15G1, one as IIdA18G1, and one as IIdA19G1. One C. ubiquitum isolate was identified as subtype VIIa. Amongst the G. duodenalis isolates, 16 were identified as assemblage E at the SSU rRNA gene. Four novel glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) subtypes and two triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) subtypes were found amongst the G. duodenalis assemblage E isolates. CONCLUSIONS The presence of C. parvum subtype IIdA15G1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1 isolates further confirms the dominance of the C. parvum IId subtypes in China. These findings also indicate that yaks may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, and this is the first report of G. duodenalis in yaks. The data presented here provides the basis for further genotyping or subtyping studies of G. duodenalis in yaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining, 810016, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Osman M, El Safadi D, Benamrouz S, Guyot K, Dei-Cas E, Aliouat EM, Creusy C, Mallat H, Hamze M, Dabboussi F, Viscogliosi E, Certad G. Initial data on the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Lebanon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125129. [PMID: 25950832 PMCID: PMC4423932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. represent a major public health problem worldwide and infect the gastrointestinal tract of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. The prevalence of these parasites varies by geographic region, and no data are currently available in Lebanon. To promote an understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosisin this country, the main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence Cryptosporidium in symptomatic hospitalized patients, and to analyze the genetic diversity of the corresponding isolates. Fecal specimens were collected in four hospitals in North Lebanon from 163 patients (77 males and 86 females, ranging in age from 1 to 88 years, with a mean age of 22 years) presenting gastrointestinal disorders during the period July to December 2013. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection obtained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and/or nested PCR was 11%, and children <5 years old showed a higher rate of Cryptosporidium spp. The PCR products of the 15 positive samples were successfully sequenced. Among them, 10 isolates (66.7%) were identified as C. hominis, while the remaining 5 (33.3%) were identified as C. parvum. After analysis of the gp60 locus, C. hominis IdA19, a rare subtype, was found to be predominant. Two C. parvum subtypes were found: IIaA15G1R1 and IIaA15G2R1. The molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates is an important step in improving our understanding of the epidemiology and transmission of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Dima El Safadi
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Sadia Benamrouz
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Faculté Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biodiversité, Lille, France
| | - Karine Guyot
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille & Faculté de Médicine de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - El Moukhtar Aliouat
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université Lille Nord de France, Département de Parasitologie—Mycologie, Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l’Université Catholique de Lille, 59020 Lille, France
| | - Hassan Mallat
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologies et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL), UMR CNRS 8204, Inserm U1019, Université Lille Nord de France, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDPEE), Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abeywardena H, Jex AR, Gasser RB. A perspective on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with an emphasis on bovines and recent epidemiological findings. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:243-301. [PMID: 25911369 PMCID: PMC7103119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two common aetiological agents of infectious enteritis in humans and animals worldwide. These parasitic protists are usually transmitted by the faecal-oral route, following the ingestion of infective stages (oocysts or cysts). An essential component of the control of these parasitic infections, from a public health perspective, is an understanding of the sources and routes of transmission in different geographical regions. Bovines are considered potential sources of infection for humans, because species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infecting humans have also been isolated from cattle in molecular parasitological studies. However, species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia of bovids, and the extent of zoonotic transmission in different geographical regions in the world, are still relatively poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to (1) provide a brief background on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, (2) review some key aspects of the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in animals, with an emphasis on bovines, (3) summarize research of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from cattle and water buffaloes in parts of Australasia and Sri Lanka, considering public health aspects and (4) provide a perspective on future avenues of study. Recent studies reinforce that bovines harbour Cryptosporidium and Giardia that likely pose a human health risk and highlight the need for future investigations of the biology, population genetics and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cattle, water buffaloes and other ruminants in different geographical regions, the fate and transport of infective stages following their release into the environment, as well as for improved strategies for the control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, guided by molecular epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshanie Abeywardena
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
85
|
Genotyping and subtyping of Giardia and Cryptosporidium isolates from commensal rodents in China. Parasitology 2015; 142:800-6. [PMID: 25579244 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two important zoonotic intestinal parasites responsible for diarrhoea in humans and other animals worldwide. Rodents, as reservoirs or carriers of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, are abundant and globally widespread. In the present study, we collected 232 fecal specimens from commensal rodents captured in animal farms and farm neighbourhoods in China. We collected 33 Asian house rats, 168 brown rats and 31 house mice. 6.0% (14/232) and 8.2% (19/232) of these rodents were microscopy-positive for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively. All 14 Giardia isolates were identified as Giardia duodenalis assemblage G at a minimum of one or maximum of three gene loci (tpi, gdh and bg). By small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequencing, Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 12) and Cryptosporidium muris (n = 7) were identified. The gp60 gene encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein was successfully amplified and sequenced in nine C. parvum isolates, all of which belonged to the IIdA15G1 subtype. Observation of the same IIdA15G1 subtype in humans (previously) and in rodents (here) suggests that rodents infected with Cryptosporidium have the potential to transmit cryptosporidiosis to humans.
Collapse
|
86
|
Mi R, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhou P, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Zhu W, Chen Z. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in goats across four provincial level areas in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111164. [PMID: 25343501 PMCID: PMC4208816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the prevalence, species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in goats from Guangdong Province, Hubei Province, Shandong Province, and Shanghai City of China. Six hundred and four fecal samples were collected from twelve goat farms, and the overall infection rate was 11.4% (69/604). Goats infected with Cryptosporidium were found in eleven farms across four provincial areas, and the infection rate ranged from 2.9% (1/35) to 25.0% (9/36). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified. Cryptosporidium xiaoi (45/69, 65.2%) was the dominant species, followed by C. parvum (14/69, 20.3%) and C.ubiquitum (10/69, 14.5%). The infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was varied with host age and goat kids were more susceptible to be infected than adult goats. Subtyping C.parvum and C.ubiquitum positive samples revealed C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1 and C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa were the most common subtypes. Other C. parvum subtypes were detected as well, such as IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA17G2R1. All of these subtypes have also been detected in humans, suggesting goats may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. This was the first report of C. parvum subtypes IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1 and IIaA17G2R1 infecting in goats and the first molecular identification of C.parvum and its subtypes in Chinese goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Lvxiang Town Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Jinshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Tengzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technology Service Center, Tengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal-borne Food Safety Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Mahfouz ME, Mira N, Amer S. Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in farm animals in Egypt. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1569-75. [PMID: 25649937 PMCID: PMC4300370 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium in buffalo, dairy cattle and sheep in different farms at Kafr El Sheikh Province, Egypt. Rectal fecal samples, including 466 samples from buffalo, 1697 from cattle and 120 from sheep, were collected from different ages and screened by modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. All studied farms were positives with an overall prevalence of 1.29% in buffalo (4.17% in claves versus 0.48% in adults), 7.07% in cattle (6.90% in calves versus 10.20% and 6.10% in heifers and adults, respectively) and 2.50% in sheep (4.40% in lambs versus 1.30% in adults). PCR-RFLP analyses of small-subunit rRNA genes from positive specimens revealed the occurrence of C. parvum and C. ryanae in buffalo; C. parvum, C. ryanae, C. bovis and C. andersoni in cattle and only C. xiaoi in sheep. Genotypes distribution showed that C. ryanae was the dominant species (60.0%) followed by C. parvum (40.0%) in buffalo calves. Meanwhile, in cattle calves, C. parvum was the commonest species (74.23%) followed by C. ryanae (16.10%) and C. bovis (9.70%). Subtyping of C. parvum based on sequence analysis of the polymorphic 60 kDa glycoprotein gene locus showed the presence of subtypes IIdA20G1 and IIaA15G1R1 in both buffalo and cattle calves, addressing the potential role of calves in zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdy Elsayed Mahfouz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 2014; 141:1667-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
Collapse
|
89
|
Frequencies and spatial distributions of Cryptosporidium in livestock animals and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1208-18. [PMID: 25084317 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal samples from 804 cattle and buffaloes and 165 diarrhoeal children of Ismailia province were investigated by an immunochromatographic screening test and PCR to determine prevalences and distributions of Cryptosporidium spp. Results were analysed statistically for clustering of animal and human cases. Cryptosporidium herd prevalence was 73·3% and individual animal prevalence 32·3%. C. parvum was the dominant species in animals (65·7%). Young calves watered with canal or underground water were at particular risk of infection. Detection rates were higher when calves showed diarrhoea, fever and dehydration. Human Cryptosporidium prevalence was 49·1%. C. hominis dominated in humans (60·5%), followed by C. parvum (38·3%). Living in villages, drinking underground water and having contact with animals were risk factors. Cluster analysis revealed differences in the distribution of infections between animals and humans and suggests different transmission dynamics.
Collapse
|
90
|
Helmy YA, Klotz C, Wilking H, Krücken J, Nöckler K, Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Zessin KH, Aebischer T. Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in ruminant livestock and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt: insights by genetic characterization. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:321. [PMID: 25015671 PMCID: PMC4230635 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a common flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine of a wide range of vertebrate hosts. This study aimed to determine whether tracing of G. duodenalis isolates by current genetic typing tools is possible using an exemplary set of samples from infected cattle, buffalo and children from the Ismailia province, Egypt. Method A total of 804 fecal samples from ruminant animals was collected from 191 herds and 165 samples from diarrheal children below the age of 10 years. Parasites were detected in these samples using the copro-antigen RIDA®QUICK test and by real-time PCR. Samples were then genetically characterized based on the triosephosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes. Results The prevalence of G. duodenalis was 53% in ruminants and 21% in symptomatic children and infection was not positively correlated with diarrheal symptoms. Sequence typing analysis confirmed predominance of B-type sequences (>67%) in humans and E-type sequences (>81%) in ruminants over A-type sequences. For 39 samples the complete sequence information of the three marker gene fragments could be derived. Integration of the concatenated sequence information of the three marker gene fragments with the spatial data of the respective sample revealed that identical or near identical (only up to 1 out of 1358 bp different) concatenated sequencing types were spatially related in 4 out of 5 cases. Conclusion The risk of zoonotic infection emanating from ruminants even in high prevalence areas is negligible. Genetic characterization indicated a predominant anthropogenic cycle of infection within the pediatric population studied. Integration of sequence typing data with information on geographic origins of samples allows parasite sub-population tracing using current typing tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41511 Ismailia, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Zhao W, Wang R, Zhang W, Liu A, Cao J, Shen Y, Yang F, Zhang L. MLST subtypes and population genetic structure of Cryptosporidium andersoni from dairy cattle and beef cattle in northeastern China's Heilongjiang Province. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102006. [PMID: 24999982 PMCID: PMC4084942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoir host of C. andersoni, which shows a predominance in yearlings and adults of cattle. To understand the subtypes of C. andersoni and the population genetic structure in Heilongjiang Province, fecal specimens were collected from 420 dairy cattle and 405 beef cattle at the age of 12-14 months in eight cattle farms in five areas within this province and were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy after Sheather's sugar flotation technique. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 19.15% (158/825) and all the Cryptosporidium isolates were identified as C. andersoni by the SSU rRNA gene nested PCR-RFLP using SspI, VspI and MboII restriction enzymes. A total of 50 C. andersoni isolates were randomly selected and sequenced to confirm the RFLP results before they were subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). Four, one, two and one haplotypes were obtained at the four loci, respectively. The MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 showed an absolute predominance and a wide distribution among the six MLST subtypes obtained in the investigated areas. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed the presence of a clonal population genetic structure of C. andersoni in cattle, suggesting the absence of recombination among lineages. The finding of a clonal population genetic structure indicated that the prevalence of C. andersoni in cattle in Heilongjiang Province is not attributed to the introduction of cattle. Thus, prevention and control strategies should be focused on making stricter measures to avoid the occurrence of cross-transmission and re-infection between cattle individuals. These molecular data will also be helpful to explore the source attribution of infection/contamination of C. andersoni and to elucidate its transmission dynamics in Heilongjiang Province, even in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Blanco MA, Montoya A, Iborra A, Fuentes I. Identification of Cryptosporidium subtype isolates from HIV-seropositive patients in Equatorial Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:594-6. [PMID: 24996820 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. are enteric parasites that infect humans and animals. In immunocompromised patients infection can be fatal. This study was conducted to identify sub-populations of Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum isolates from HIV-seropositive patients in Equatorial Guinea. METHODS In a previous study conducted in Equatorial Guinea, faecal samples from 171 HIV patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were analyzed. Of these, 13 and 17 were positive for C. hominis and C. parvum, respectively. The isolates were characterized using gp60 gene analysis. RESULTS The gp60 gene could only be detected in 57% (17/30) of cases (10 C. parvum and 7 C. hominis). Three C. hominis (Ia, Ib and Id) and two C. parvum (IIc and IIe) subtype families were detected, including several subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The study identified a high diversity of Cryptosporidium subtypes, suggesting that anthroponotic transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV-seropositive patients in Equatorial Guinea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Blanco
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Iborra
- Centro de Referencia para el Control de Endemias (Guinea Ecuatorial) - Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zambrano LD, Levy K, Menezes NP, Freeman MC. Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:313-25. [PMID: 24812065 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. However, this risk has received little attention to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. We performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and applied pre-determined quality criteria. Where possible, we carried out meta-analysis of specific animal-pathogen pairs. We found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to domestic food-producing animals and diarrheal illness across a range of animal exposures and enteric pathogens. Out of 29 studies included in the review, 20 (69.0%) reported a positive association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea. Domestic exposure to poultry revealed a substantial association with human campylobacteriosis (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.90-3.93). Our results suggest that domestic poultry and livestock exposures are associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Failure to ascertain the microbial cause of disease may mask this effect. Exposure to domestic animals should be considered a risk factor for human diarrheal illness and additional studies may identify potential mitigation strategies to address this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Zambrano
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, CNR 2027, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, CNR 2027, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Neia P Menezes
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, CNR 2027, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, CNR 2027, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Infections with multiple Cryptosporidium species and new genetic variants in young dairy calves on a farm located within a drinking water catchment area in New Zealand. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:287-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
95
|
Valenzuela O, González-Díaz M, Garibay-Escobar A, Burgara-Estrella A, Cano M, Durazo M, Bernal RM, Hernandez J, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in children from Mexico. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96128. [PMID: 24755606 PMCID: PMC3996000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium spp. In immunocompetent individuals, it usually causes an acute and self-limited diarrhea; in infants, infection with Cryptosporidium spp. can cause malnutrition and growth retardation, and declined cognitive ability. In this study, we described for the first time the distribution of C. parvum and C. hominis subtypes in 12 children in Mexico by sequence characterization of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene of Cryptosporidium. Altogether, 7 subtypes belonging to 4 subtype families of C. hominis (Ia, Ib, Id and Ie) and 1 subtype family of C. parvum (IIa) were detected, including IaA14R3, IaA15R3, IbA10G2, IdA17, IeA11G3T3, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G1R1. The frequency of the subtype families and subtypes in the samples analyzed in this study differed from what was observed in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana González-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Alexel Burgara-Estrella
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Manuel Cano
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - María Durazo
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Rosa M. Bernal
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Jesús Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Koinari M, Lymbery AJ, Ryan UM. Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats from Papua New Guinea. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:134-7. [PMID: 24703974 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of Cryptosporidium are extensively recognised as pathogens of domesticated livestock and poultry, companion animals, wildlife, and are a threat to public health. Little is known of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans, domesticated animals or wildlife in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The aim of the present study was to screen sheep and goats for Cryptosporidium using molecular tools. A total of 504 faecal samples were collected from sheep (n=276) and goats (n=228) in village, government and institutional farms in PNG. Samples were screened by nested PCR and genotyped at the 18S rRNA and at the 60kDa glycoprotein (gp60) loci. The overall prevalences were 2.2% for sheep (6/278) and 4.4% (10/228) for goats. The species/genotypes identified were Cryptosporidium hominis (subtype IdA15G1) in goats (n=6), Cryptosporidium parvum (subtypes IIaA15G2R1and IIaA19G4R1) in sheep (n=4) and in goats (n=2), Cryptosporidium andersoni (n=1) and Cryptosporidium scrofarum (n=1) in sheep, Cryptosporidium xiao (n=1) and Cryptosporidium rat genotype II (n=1) in goats. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium spp. identified in sheep and goats in PNG. Identification of Cryptosporidium in livestock warrants better care of farm animals to avoid contamination and illness in vulnerable population. The detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in livestock suggests these animals may serve as reservoirs for human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koinari
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - A J Lymbery
- Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - U M Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Youssef AI, Uga S. Review of parasitic zoonoses in egypt. Trop Med Health 2014; 42:3-14. [PMID: 24808742 PMCID: PMC3965843 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2013-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive picture of the zoonotic parasitic diseases in Egypt, with particular reference to their relative prevalence among humans, animal reservoirs of infection, and sources of human infection. A review of the available literature indicates that many parasitic zoonoses are endemic in Egypt. Intestinal infections of parasitic zoonoses are widespread and are the leading cause of diarrhea, particularly among children and residents of rural areas. Some parasitic zoonoses are confined to specific geographic areas in Egypt, such as cutaneous leishmaniasis and zoonotic babesiosis in the Sinai. Other areas have a past history of a certain parasitic zoonoses, such as visceral leishmaniasis in the El-Agamy area in Alexandria. As a result of the implementation of control programs, a marked decrease in the prevalence of other zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis has been observed. Animal reservoirs of parasitic zoonoses have been identified in Egypt, especially in rodents, stray dogs and cats, as well as vectors, typically mosquitoes and ticks, which constitute potential risks for disease transmission. Prevention and control programs against sources and reservoirs of zoonoses should be planned by public health and veterinary officers based on reliable information from systematic surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Youssef
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Ethology, and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shoji Uga
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Aniesona AT, Bamaiyi PH. Retrospective study of cryptosporidiosis among diarrhoeic children in the arid region of north-eastern Nigeria. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:420-6. [PMID: 24245998 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts among diarrhoeic children (n = 650), aged between 0 and 15 years, living in Maiduguri metropolis (n = 220), Bama local government area (n = 278) and Gwoza local government area (n = 152). Stool samples were concentrated using the ethyl acetate sedimentation method. Data of stool samples with Cryptosporidium oocysts from patients within the specified age groups were collected and analysed. The overall prevalence was 42.9%. The prevalence was higher in Maiduguri metropolis 45.0%, which is an urban area as compared to Gwoza and Bama combined together 41.8% which are rural areas but not statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P > 0.05; OR = 1.14; CI = 0.82, 1.58). According to age, the prevalence in age group A (0-10 years) was higher (46.8%) as compared to age group B (11 < 15 years), which was 20.8%, and this was statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05; OR = 3.34; CI = 1.98, 5.61). According to gender, males showed a higher prevalence (52.5%) compared with females (47.5%), but this was not statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P > 0.05; OR = 1.13; CI = 0.82, 1.53). Seasonal prevalence showed that hot dry months of March and April were higher compared with other months. Our findings indicate the presence of the pathogen in children in Borno State, Nigeria, with higher odds of the infection in younger children, and dry months may be more associated with the infection. Control and preventive measures should be taken to protect younger children from the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Aniesona
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Helmy YA, Krücken J, Nöckler K, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Zessin KH. Comparison between two commercially available serological tests and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium in animals and diarrhoeic children. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:211-6. [PMID: 24221885 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For the detection of Cryptosporidium species in 804 animals and 165 diarrhoeic children (<10 years) in Egypt, two copro-antigen tests, the RIDASCREEN® Cryptosporidium test [enzyme immunoassay (EIA)] and the RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia Combi [immuno-chromatographic test (ICT)] as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 15.0, 19.5 and 32.3% in animals and 2.4, 6.7 and 49.1% in children using EIA, ICT and PCR, respectively.Using PCR as reference method, animal samples sensitivity (Se) of the EIA was 46.5% when questionable samples were considered positive, whereas specificity (Sp) was 100%. Se of the ICT was 60.4% while Sp was 100%. Positive predictive values (PPVs) for both EIA and ICT test were 100%, and negative predictive values (NPVs) for EIA were 79.7 and 84.1% for ICT. For the children samples, the Se of EIA was 5%, Sp was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 52.2%, while the Se of ICT was 13.6%, Sp was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 54.6%.The Kappa score of agreement between PCR and ICT was 67.4%, 54.1% between PCR and EIA and 84.4% between ICT and EIA. Until the second serial dilution of the EIA and ICT test, 9 × 10(3) oocysts/μl of Cryptosporidia was detected, whereas in PCR, they were detected until the sixth serial dilution. Copro-antigen tests were easy to perform and less time-consuming but less sensitive compared to PCR. They obviously are best applicable for screening and epidemiological studies of large numbers of subjects, for batch specimen processing and in isolated or rural areas where reliable tests like PCR are unfeasible. When in children, a single stool sample is used for the diagnosis of clinical cases; better results can be obtained when non-standardized PCR due low specificity is coupled with copro-antigen tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Department Panel Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Amer S, Zidan S, Adamu H, Ye J, Roellig D, Xiao L, Feng Y. Prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Nile River delta provinces, Egypt. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|