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Hu KL, Zhao H, Chang HM, Yu Y, Qiao J. Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin Receptor System in the Ovary. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:365. [PMID: 29354093 PMCID: PMC5758547 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are critical for initiating puberty and regulating ovulation in sexually mature females via the central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Recent studies have shown that kisspeptin and its receptor kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) are expressed in the mammalian ovary. Convincing evidence indicates that kisspeptins can activate a wide variety of signals via its binding to KISS1R. Experimental data gathered recently suggest a putative role of kisspeptin signaling in the direct control of ovarian function, including follicular development, oocyte maturation, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. Dysregulation or naturally occurring mutations of the kisspeptin/KISS1R system may negatively affect the ovarian function, leading to reproductive pathology or female infertility. A comprehensive understanding of the expression, actions, and underlying molecular mechanisms of this system in the human ovary is essential for novel approaches to therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in reproductive diseases and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongcui Zhao, ; Yang Yu,
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongcui Zhao, ; Yang Yu,
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lee KR, Lee JS, Lee S, Son YK, Kim GR, Sim YC, Song JE, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Polysaccharide isolated from the liquid culture broth of Inonotus obliquus suppresses invasion of B16-F10 melanoma cells via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4429-4435. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhu H, Qin H, Li DM, Liu J, Zhao Q. Effect of PPM1H on malignant phenotype of human pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2926-2934. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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54
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Xi S, Peng Y, Minuk GY, Shi M, Fu B, Yang J, Li Q, Gong Y, Yue L, Li L, Guo J, Peng Y, Wang Y. The combination effects of Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu on promoting apoptosis of transplanted H22 hepatocellular carcinoma in mice receiving chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:1-12. [PMID: 27235019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu Powder (SLBZP) is a classic traditional Chinese medical formula that has been used for several decades in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Whether SLBZP is best employed as single agent or adjunctive therapy has yet to be determined as does the mechanism whereby SLBZP exerts its anti-tumor effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of SLBZP alone and in combination with Cytoxan (CTX) on tumor growth, malignant cell apoptosis and Akt/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-КB) signaling in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receiving chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four adult mice developed HCC following subcutaneous inoculation with H22 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Seven days later, all received chemotherapy with CTX (200mg/kg) once. Mice were then randomized into eight study groups (N=8/group). Three groups were treated with different concentrations of SLBZP alone (6.00, 3.00, 1.5g/kg), three with SLBZP (6.00, 3.00, 1.5g/kg) plus CTX (20mg/kg), one with CTX (20mg/kg) alone (positive control), and one with physiologic saline (untreated, negative control). All groups were treated for 14 days. Tumor size, histology and serum or tissue levels and/or mRNA expression of PDGF-BB, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2, NF-КB, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2); B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL); X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), Survivin, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Caspase-7, Akt and phosphorylated Akt expression were documented at the end of treatment. RESULTS Compared to untreated negative controls, tumor sizes were decreased in the CTX alone, SLBZP (M)+CTX and SLBZP (H)+CTX groups (-52%,-53% and -58% respectively). Tumor cell density was decreased in all treated groups but most apparent in the SLBZP (H)+CTX group. Electron microscopic evidence of apoptosis was also most apparent in this group. Serum and/or tissue levels and expression of PDGF-BB, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2, their downstream signaling proteins and anti-apoptotic markers were lowest and pro-apoptotic markers highest in SLBZP (H)+CTX treated mice. CONCLUSIONS In this chemotherapy-induced animal model of HCC, SLBZP was most efficacious as adjunctive therapy and appears to act by inhibiting tumor growth promoters and anti-apoptotic proteins while enhancing pro-apoptotic proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/ultrastructure
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure
- Male
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerald Y Minuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Biqian Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuewen Gong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lifeng Yue
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Peng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
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Sharma T, Radosevich JA, Pachori G, Mandal CC. A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:25-40. [PMID: 26769216 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast microcalcification is a potential diagnostic indicator for non-palpable breast cancers. Microcalcification type I (calcium oxalate) is restricted to benign tissue, whereas type II (calcium hydroxyapatite) occurs both in benign as well as in malignant lesions. Microcalcification is a pathological complication of the mammary gland. Over the past few decades, much attention has been paid to exploit this property, which forms the basis for advances in diagnostic procedures and imaging techniques. The mechanism of its formation is still poorly understood. Hence, in this paper, we have attempted to address the molecular mechanism of microcalcification in breast cancer. The central theme of this communication is "how a subpopulation of heterogeneous breast tumor cells attains an osteoblast-like phenotype, and what activities drive the process of pathophysiological microcalcification, especially at the invasive or infiltrating front of breast tumors". The role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) along with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in manipulating this pathological process has been highlighted. Therefore, this review offers a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the development of microcalcification in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - James A Radosevich
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Geeta Pachori
- Department of Pathology, J.L.N Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305001, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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Hatzold J, Beleggia F, Herzig H, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Bloch W, Wollnik B, Hammerschmidt M. Tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes via dual non-cell-autonomous functions of a Na,K-ATPase beta subunit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27240166 PMCID: PMC4973367 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying tumor suppression are incompletely understood. Here, we identify cooperative non-cell-autonomous functions of a single gene that together provide a novel mechanism of tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes of zebrafish embryos. A loss-of-function mutation in atp1b1a, encoding the beta subunit of a Na,K-ATPase pump, causes edema and epidermal malignancy. Strikingly, basal cell carcinogenesis only occurs when Atp1b1a function is compromised in both the overlying periderm (resulting in compromised epithelial polarity and adhesiveness) and in kidney and heart (resulting in hypotonic stress). Blockade of the ensuing PI3K-AKT-mTORC1-NFκB-MMP9 pathway activation in basal cells, as well as systemic isotonicity, prevents malignant transformation. Our results identify hypotonic stress as a (previously unrecognized) contributor to tumor development and establish a novel paradigm of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hatzold
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Herzig
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lin YW, Lee LM, Lee WJ, Chu CY, Tan P, Yang YC, Chen WY, Yang SF, Hsiao M, Chien MH. Melatonin inhibits MMP-9 transactivation and renal cell carcinoma metastasis by suppressing Akt-MAPKs pathway and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:277-90. [PMID: 26732239 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal of all urological malignancies because of its potent metastasis potential. Melatonin exerts multiple tumor-suppressing activities through antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-angiogenic actions and has been tested in clinical trials. However, the antimetastastic effect of melatonin and its underlying mechanism in RCC are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that melatonin at the pharmacologic concentration (0.5-2 mm) considerably reduced the migration and invasion of RCC cells (Caki-1 and Achn). Furthermore, we found that melatonin suppressed metastasis of Caki-1 cells in spontaneous and experimental metastasis animal models. Mechanistic investigations revealed that melatonin transcriptionally inhibited MMP-9 by reducing p65- and p52-DNA-binding activities. Moreover, the Akt-mediated JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were involved in melatonin-regulated MMP-9 transactivation and cell motility. Clinical samples revealed an inverse correlation between melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) and MMP-9 expression in normal kidney and RCC tissues. In addition, a higher survival rate was found in MTNR1A(high) /MMP-9(low) patients than in MTNR1A(low) /MMP-9(high) patients. Overall, our results provide new insights into the role of melatonin-induced molecular regulation in suppressing RCC metastasis and suggest that melatonin has potential therapeutic applications for metastastic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Lee
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng Tan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang G, Liu G, Ye Y, Fu Y, Zhang X. Upregulation of miR-34a by diallyl disulfide suppresses invasion and induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2661-2667. [PMID: 27073535 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) exerts anticarcinogenic activity in various types of cancer. However, the mechanism underlying its anticarcinogenic activity remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism of the anticarcinogenic activity of DADS in gastric cancer (GC). The expression levels of microRNA (miR)-34a in GC and normal tissues were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression of miR-34a was also measured using RT-qPCR in SGC-7901 cells following treatment with DADS. In addition, the effect of DADS on the invasion capability of SGC-7901 cells was observed in the presence of miR-34a or anti-miR-34a using a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, in identical conditions, the apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells was observed using flow cytometry. Finally, the present study investigated the effects of DADS and miR-34a on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in vitro. The level of miR-34a in GC tissues was reduced compared with that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). Treatment with DADS upregulated miR-34a expression in SGC-7901 cells (P<0.05). In the Matrigel invasion assay, DADS inhibited the invasive capability of SGC-7901 cells (P<0.05 vs. control), which was improved by overexpression of miR-34a (P<0.01 vs. control) but reduced by downregulation of miR-34a (P<0.05 vs. DADS treatment group). Furthermore, DADS induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells (P<0.05 vs. control); and DADS and miR-34a synergistically enhanced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells (P<0.01 vs. control). In addition, DADS and miR-34a inhibited the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-PI3K and p-Akt (P<0.05 vs. control). By contrast, downregulation of miR-34a alleviated the decrease in p-PI3K and p-Akt expression induced by DADS (P<0.05 vs. DADS treatment group). Cell viability was reduced with increasing concentrations of DADS, however, DADS did not affect cell viability following inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, DADS suppresses invasion and induces apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells by upregulation of miR-34a, via inhibition of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiefu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Wu LA, Wang F, Donly KJ, Baker A, Wan C, Luo D, MacDougall M, Chen S. Establishment of Immortalized BMP2/4 Double Knock-Out Osteoblastic Cells Is Essential for Study of Osteoblast Growth, Differentiation, and Osteogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1189-98. [PMID: 26595646 PMCID: PMC4784166 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/4) are essential for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis. Generation of a BMP2/4 dual knock‐out (ko/ko) osteoblastic cell line is a valuable asset for studying effects of BMP2/4 on skeletal development. In this study, our goal was to create immortalized mouse deleted BMP2/4 osteoblasts by infecting adenoviruses with Cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein genes into immortalized murine floxed BMP2/4 osteoblasts. Transduced BMP2/4ko/ko cells were verified by green immunofluorescence and PCR. BMP2/4ko/ko osteoblasts exhibited small size, slow cell proliferation rate and cell growth was arrested in G1 and G2 phases. Expression of bone‐relate genes was reduced in the BMP2/4ko/ko cells, resulting in delay of cell differentiation and mineralization. Importantly, extracellular matrix remodeling was impaired in the BMP2/4ko/ko osteoblasts as reflected by decreased Mmp‐2 and Mmp‐9 expressions. Cell differentiation and mineralization were rescued by exogenous BMP2 and/or BMP4. Therefore, we for the first time described establishment of an immortalized deleted BMP2/4 osteoblast line useful for study of mechanisms in regulating osteoblast lineages. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1189–1198, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-An Wu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi-an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Basic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kevin J Donly
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrew Baker
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chunyan Wan
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Daoshu Luo
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Department of Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
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Tantai JC, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Heterophyllin B inhibits the adhesion and invasion of ECA-109 human esophageal carcinoma cells by targeting PI3K/AKT/β-catenin signaling. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1097-104. [PMID: 26647768 PMCID: PMC4732845 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to measure the effect of heterophyllin B (HB) on the adhesion and invasion of ECA-109 human esophageal carcinoma cells, and examine the possible mechanism involved. A Cell Counting kit 8 assay was performed to determine the cell viability. Cell adhesion and invasion were determined following treatment of the ECA-109 cells with HB (0, 10, 25 and 50 µM) for 24 h. The levels of phosphorylated (p-)ATK and p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and the protein levels of β-catenin were measured using western blot analysis. The mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, snail, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. HB (10, 25 and 50 µM) significantly suppressed the adhesion and invasion of the ECA-109 human esophageal carcinoma cells in a dose-dependant manner. The expression levels of p-ATK, p-PI3K and β-catenin were markedly decreased. The expression of E-cadherin was promoted, whereas the expression levels of snail, vimentin, MMP 2 and MMP 9 were decreased significantly in the ECA-109 cells treated with HB. In addition, HB inhibited the adhesion and invasion induced by PI3K activating peptide in the ECA-109 cells, and the protein expression levels were also adjusted. These results suggested that HB effectively suppressed the adhesion and invasion of the human esophageal carcinoma cells by mediating the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin pathways and regulating the expression levels of adhesion- and invasion-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Cheng Tantai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Literature review. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and malignancy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The use of rhBMP-2 in spine surgery has been the topic of much debate as studies assessing the association between rhBMP-2 and malignancy have come to conflicting conclusions. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed-National Library of Medicine/National Institute of Health databases. Only non-clinical studies directly addressing BMP-2 and cancer were included. Articles were categorized by study type (animal, in vitro cell line/human/animal), primary malignancy, cancer attributes, and whether BMP-2 was pro-malignancy or not. RESULTS A total of 4,131 articles were reviewed. Of those, 515 articles made reference to both BMP-2 and cancer, 99 of which were found to directly examine the role of BMP-2 in cancer. Seventy-five studies were in vitro and 24 were animal studies. Forty-three studies concluded that BMP-2 enhanced cancer function, whereas 18 studies found that BMP-2 suppressed malignancy. Thirty-six studies did not examine whether BMP-2 enhanced or suppressed cancer function. Fifteen studies demonstrated BMP-2 dose dependence (9 enhancement, 6 suppression) and one study demonstrated no dose dependence. Nine studies demonstrated BMP-2 time dependence (6 enhancement, 3 suppression). However, no study demonstrated that BMP-2 caused cancer de novo. CONCLUSION Currently, conflicting data exist with regard to the effect of exogenous BMP-2 on cancer. The majority of studies addressed the role of BMP-2 in prostate (17%), breast (17%), and lung (15%) cancers. Most were in vitro studies (75%) and examined cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential (37%). Of 99 studies, there was no demonstration of BMP-2 causing cancer de novo. However, 43% of studies suggested that BMP-2 enhances tumor function, motivating more definitive research on the topic that also includes clinically meaningful dose- and time-dependence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
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YUAN SHUANGXUE, WANG DONGXU, WU QIUXIANG, REN CHUNMEI, LI YANG, CHEN QIANZHAO, ZENG YUHUA, SHAO YING, YANG JUNQIN, BAI YAN, ZHANG PU, YU YU, WU KE, SUN WENJUAN, HE BAICHENG. BMP9/p38 MAPK is essential for the antiproliferative effect of resveratrol on human colon cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:939-47. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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BMP10 inhibited the growth and migration of gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3025-31. [PMID: 26419594 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (BMP10), a novel member of BMP family, has been identified as an important regulator for angiogenesis. Dysregulation of BMP has been observed in several cancer types. However, its roles in gastric cancer (GC) remain unknown. In this study, the expression of BMP10 was found to be down-regulated in GC samples. Forced expression of BMP10 in GC cells inhibited its growth and migration, while knocking down the expression of BMP10 in GC cells promoted cell growth, migration, and metastasis. BMP10 was shown to negatively regulated beta-catenin/TCF signaling by up-regulating Axin protein level. Taken together, the present study revealed the suppressive function of BMP10 in gastric cancer.
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Chang L, Zhao D, Liu HB, Wang QS, Zhang P, Li CL, Du WZ, Wang HJ, Liu X, Zhang ZR, Jiang CL. Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling enhances cell migration and invasion by induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT signaling pathway in glioblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6702-10. [PMID: 26299938 PMCID: PMC4626128 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant hedgehog signaling contributes to the development of various malignancies, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, the potential mechanism of hedgehog signaling in GBM migration and invasion has remained to be elucidated. The present study showed that enhanced hedgehog signaling by recombinant human sonic hedgehog N-terminal peptide (rhSHH) promoted the adhesion, invasion and migration of GBM cells, accompanied by increases in mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. However, inhibition of hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine suppressed the adhesion, invasion and migration of GBM cells, accompanied by decreases in mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and -9. Furthermore, it was found that MMP-2- and MMP-9-neutralizing antibodies or GAM6001 reversed the inductive effects of rhSHH on cell migration and invasion. In addition, enhanced hedgehog signaling by rhSHH increased AKT phosphorylation, whereas blockade of hedgehog signaling decreased AKT phosphorylations. Further experiments showed that LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), decreased rhSHH-induced upregulation of MMP-2 and -9. Finally, the protein expression of glioblastoma-associated oncogene 1 was positively correlated with levels of phosphorylated AKT as well as protein expressions of MMP-2 and -9 in GBM tissue samples. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the hedgehog pathway regulates GBM-cell migration and invasion by increasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 production via the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zhong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Xu W, Yang Z, Lu N. A new role for the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:317-24. [PMID: 26241004 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1016686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is not only a sign of disease severity but also a major factor causing treatment failure and cancer-related death. Therefore, studies on the molecular mechanisms of tumor metastasis are critical for the development of treatments and for the improvement of survival. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an orderly, polygenic biological process that plays an important role in tumor cell invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The complex, multi-step process of EMT involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. Specifically, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can affect the EMT in a variety of ways to influence tumor aggressiveness. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms related to the EMT can provide a theoretical basis for the early prediction of tumor progression as well as targeted therapy.
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Key Words
- CK, cytokeratin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PKC, protein kinase C
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- YB-1, Y-box binding protein-1
- anti-cancer therapy
- bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix protein
- extracellular matrix
- transcription factors
- tumor aggressiveness
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University ; Nanchang , Jiangxi , China
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Kim BR, Oh SC, Lee DH, Kim JL, Lee SY, Kang MH, Lee SI, Kang S, Joung SY, Min BW. BMP-2 induces motility and invasiveness by promoting colon cancer stemness through STAT3 activation. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9475-86. [PMID: 26124007 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been involved in metastatic progression and tumorigenesis of many cancer types. However, it remains unclear how BMP-2 contributes to the initiation and development of these cancers. Here, we investigated the role of BMP-2 in colon cancer stem cell (CSC) development from colon cancer cells. We also determined the effects of BMP-2 on CSC development and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and SW620. We found that BMP-2 enhanced sphere formation of colon cancer cells without serum. Also, BMP-2-induced spheres displayed up-regulation of stemness markers (CD133+ and EpCAM+) and increased drug resistance, hallmarks of CSCs. Importantly, expression of EMT activators p-Smad1/5 and Snail and N-cadherin was increased in the spheres' cells, indicating that BMP-2 signaling might result in CSC self-renewal and EMT. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in HCT-116 cells reversed BMP-2-induced EMT and stem cell formation. Taken together, our results suggest that the BMP-2 induced STAT3-mediated induction of colon cancer cell metastasis requires an EMT and/or changes in CSC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Lim Kim
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Young Lee
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kang
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Il Lee
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kang
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yup Joung
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Wook Min
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea.
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Hauff K, Zambarda C, Dietrich M, Halbig M, Grab AL, Medda R, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Matrix-Immobilized BMP-2 on Microcontact Printed Fibronectin as an in vitro Tool to Study BMP-Mediated Signaling and Cell Migration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:62. [PMID: 26029690 PMCID: PMC4426815 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, growth factors (GFs) such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) exert important functions in several tissues by regulating signaling for cell differentiation and migration. In vivo, the extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides support for adherent cells, but also acts as reservoir of GFs. Several constituents of the ECM provide adhesive cues, which serve as binding sites for cell trans-membrane receptors, such as integrins. In conveying adhesion-mediated signaling to the intracellular compartment, integrins do not function alone but rather crosstalk and cooperate with other receptors, such as GF receptors. Here, we present a strategy for the immobilization of BMP-2 onto cellular fibronectin (cFN), a key protein of the ECM, to investigate GF-mediated signaling and migration. Following biotinylation, BMP-2 was linked to biotinylated cFN using NeutrAvidin as cross-linker. Characterization with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the efficient immobilization of BMP-2 on cFN over a period of 24 h. To validate the bioactivity of matrix-immobilized BMP-2 (iBMP-2), we investigated short- and long-term responses of C2C12 myoblasts, which are an established in vitro model for BMP-2 signaling, in comparison to soluble BMP-2 (sBMP-2) or in absence of GFs. Similarly to sBMP-2, iBMP-2 triggered Smad 1/5 phosphorylation and translocation of the complex to the nucleus, corresponding to the activation of BMP-mediated Smad-dependent pathway. Additionally, successful suppression of myotube formation was observed after 6 days in sBMP-2 and iBMP-2. We next implemented this approach in the fabrication of cFN micropatterned stripes by soft lithography. These stripes allowed cell-surface interaction only on the patterned cFN, since the surface in between was passivated, thus serving as platform for studies on directed cell migration. During a 10-h observation time, the migratory behavior, especially the cells' net displacement, was increased in presence of BMP-2. As such, this versatile tool retains the bioactivity of GFs and allows the presentation of ECM adhesive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hauff
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany ; Applied Chemistry, University of Reutlingen , Reutlingen , Germany
| | - Chiara Zambarda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Miriam Dietrich
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maria Halbig
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Anna Luise Grab
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Rebecca Medda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany
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Kuzaka B, Janiak M, Włodarski KH, Radziszewski P, Włodarski PK. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -7 in urinary bladder cancer predicts time to tumor recurrence. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:378-84. [PMID: 25995755 PMCID: PMC4424243 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.46796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary bladder cancer patients who have undergone transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) are at risk of recurrence. This study aims to correlate the level of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression with urothelial carcinoma invasiveness, TNM stage and time to recurrence after TURBT. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 33 specimens of healthy transitional epithelium and 42 of urothelial carcinoma, BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Patients who underwent TURBT were followed up for 1 year. RESULTS BMP2 and BMP7 were downregulated in infiltrating urothelial carcinoma, the relative expression being 0.76 (p = 0.04) and 0.28 (p = 0.025) respectively, while BMP4 was downregulated in non-invasive tumors. High expression of BMP2 and BMP7 correlated with prolonged time to recurrence (log-rank: p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Low expression of BMP2 and BMP7 is associated with shorter time to recurrence. The BMP expression levels are not indicative of tumor stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolesław Kuzaka
- Department of General, Oncologic and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Janiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof H Włodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziszewski
- Department of General, Oncologic and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Shihab PK, Al-Roub A, Al-Ghanim M, Al-Mass A, Behbehani K, Ahmad R. TLR2 and AP-1/NF-kappaB are involved in the regulation of MMP-9 elicited by heat killed Listeria monocytogenes in human monocytic THP-1 cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:32. [PMID: 25931987 PMCID: PMC4415258 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMP-9 is crucial for a normal immune response, but excessive release of this enzyme leads to severe tissue damage. Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen causing listerosis, meningitis and sepsis. Heat killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM) activates immune system and leads production of cytokines and chemokines. However, nothing is known about the involvement of HKLM in MMP-9 regulation. Therefore we investigated the role of HKLM in the regulation of MMP-9 gene expression in THP-1 cells. METHODS Commercially available heat killed Listeria monocytogenes was used in this study. HKLM-induced MMP-9 expression was assessed with quantitative real-time qPCR and ELISA. Action of HKLM in different signaling pathways were studied by using THP-1-XBlue™ cells (THP-1-cells with NF-κB/AP-1 reporter construct), THP-1-XBlue™-defMyD cells (MyD88(-/-) THP-1 cells), anti-TLR2 mAb and pharmacological inhibitors. Phospho and total proteins were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Increased MMP-9 production (mRNA: 395-Fold; Protein: 8141 pg/ml; P < 0.05) was observed in HKLM stimulated THP-1 cells as compared to the un-stimulated THP-1 cells. This production of MMP-9 was completely abrogated by anti-TLR2 blocking mAb (P = 0.0024). Furthermore, THP-1-XBlue™-defMyD cells were unable to produce MMP-9 in response to HKLM. HKLM- induced activation of NF-kappaB/AP-1 was also observed in THP-1-XBlue™ Cells. In addition, inhibitors of JNK (SP600125), MEK/ERK (U0126; PD98056), p38 MAPK (SB203580) and NF-kappaB (BAY 11-7085, Triptolide and Resveratrol) significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) HKLM-stimulated MMP-9 expression. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HKLM activates TLR2 and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways, leading to up-regulation of MMP-9 production in THP-1 cells. Thus, MMP-9 could be an appropriate therapeutic target to stop severe tissue damage caused by infection or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthiyaveetil Kochumon Shihab
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Areej Al-Roub
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Moneera Al-Ghanim
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Anfal Al-Mass
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology & Innovative Cell therapy Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
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Laulan NB, St-Pierre Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibit metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in cancer cells. Oncoscience 2015; 2:309-16. [PMID: 25897433 PMCID: PMC4394136 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a central role in the progression of the cancer. While a large number of studies have contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for upregulating MMP-9 gene expression in normal and cancer cells, our knowledge on the signals that suppress MMP-9 expression is much more limited. Here, we report that EGF and BMP-4 cooperate to inhibit MMP-9 expression in cancer cells. Treatment with EGF reduces the expression of MMP-9 at both mRNA while augmenting BMP-4 expression. Interestingly, recombinant BMP-4 suppressed constitutive and PMA-induced MMP-9 expression in both fibrosarcoma and breast cancer cells. Addition of gremlin a natural inhibitor of BMP-4, inhibited the suppression of MMP-9 by EGF. The suppression of MMP-9 by BMP-4 likely occurs at the transcriptional level since BMP-4 suppressed MMP-9 mRNA expression and activation of a reporter vector encoding the human MMP-9 promoter. The suppressive effect of BMP-4 occurs via Smad1/5/8 and is specific since BMP-4 did not inhibit MMP-2 while BMP-2 was ineffective in suppressing MMP-9. Taken together, these results are consistent with a new paradigm for the role of EGF and BMPs in controlling MMP gene expression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bibens Laulan
- INRS-Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut-Armand-Frappier, Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut-Armand-Frappier, Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
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The Role of BMP Signaling and NF-κB Signaling on Osteoblastic Differentiation, Cancer Development, and Vascular Diseases—Is the Activation of NF-κB a Friend or Foe of BMP Function? BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN 2015; 99:145-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chen JC, Yang ST, Lin CY, Hsu CJ, Tsai CH, Su JL, Tang CH. BMP-7 enhances cell migration and αvβ3 integrin expression via a c-Src-dependent pathway in human chondrosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112636. [PMID: 25390068 PMCID: PMC4229252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, which is originally identified based on its ability to induce cartilage and bone formation. In recent years, BMP-7 is also defined as a potent promoter of cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. However, there is little knowledge of the role of BMP-7 and its cellular function in chondrosarcoma cells. In the present study, we investigated the biological impact of BMP-7 on cell motility using transwell assay. In addition, the intracellular signaling pathways were also investigated by pharmacological and genetic approaches. Our results demonstrated that treatment with exogenous BMP-7 markedly increased cell migration by activating c-Src/PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the transactivation of αvβ3 integrin expression. Indeed, abrogation of signaling activation, by chemical inhibition or expression of a kinase dead form of the protein attenuated BMP-7-induced expression of integrin αvβ3 and cell migration. These findings may provide a useful tool for diagnostic/prognostic purposes and even therapeutically in late-stage chondrosarcoma as an anti-metastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JLS); (C. Tang)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JLS); (C. Tang)
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Zhu YD, Liu YQ, Qian YY, Zhang H, Li GQ, Yang L. Extracts of Celastrus orbiculatus exhibit anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Chin J Integr Med 2014. [PMID: 25382615 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of Celastrus orbiculatus (COE) on growth, invasion and migration of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells and to explore the possible mechanism. METHODS The effect of COE on cell viability, apoptosis, adhesion, invasion and migration were studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric, cell adhesion and transwell assay, respectively. The activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were determined by gelatin zymography, Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Meanwhile, effects of COE on the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serine threonine kinase (Akt), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were investigated with Western blot analysis. RESULTS COE inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of MGC-803 cells in a dose-dependent manner. When treated with low-toxic (below 80 μg/mL) doses of COE, cell adhesion, invasion and migration were markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the gelatinolytic activity and expression of MMP-9 were also remarkably suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, upstream signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and NF-κB, were suppressed by COE. Additionally, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002, in treating MGC-803 cells potently suppressed cell invasion and migration as well as expression of MMP-9. Similarly, the combined treatment with COE and LY294002 showed a synergistic effect compared with the treatment with COE or LY294002 alone in MGC-803 cells. CONCLUSIONS COE inhibits invasion and migration of MGC-803 cells by reducing MMP-9 expression. It also inhibit PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, which may offer a novel approach for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
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FENG DAN, YE XIAOFEI, ZHU ZHENXIN, WEI ZIRAN, CAI QINGPING, WANG YAJIE. Comparative transcriptome analysis between metastatic and non-metastatic gastric cancer reveals potential biomarkers. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:386-92. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lee KR, Lee JS, Song JE, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Inonotus obliquus-derived polysaccharide inhibits the migration and invasion of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells via suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2533-40. [PMID: 25270791 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus (PFIO) are known to possess various pharmacological properties including antitumor activity. However, the anti-metastatic effect and its underlying mechanistic signaling pathway involved these polysaccharides in human non-small cell lung carcinoma remain unknown. The present study therefore aimed to determine the anti-metastatic potential and signaling pathways of PFIO in the highly metastatic A549 cells. We found that PFIO suppressed the migration and invasive ability of A549 cells while decreasing the expression levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, PFIO decreased the phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) as well as the expression level of COX-2, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in A549 cells. These results suggested that PFIO could suppress the invasion and migration of human lung carcinoma by reducing the expression levels and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Rim Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jin Ha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eock Kee Hong
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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76
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Yang X, Li D, Cheng S, Fan K, Sheng L, Zhang J, Feng B, Xu Z. The correlation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11091-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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77
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. The Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling in Gastric Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1441-63. [PMID: 25003395 PMCID: PMC4190549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the key signaling pathways induced by various receptor-tyrosine kinases. Accumulating evidence shows that this pathway is an important promoter of cell growth, metabolism, survival, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Genetic alterations in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in gastric carcinoma have often been demonstrated. Many kinds of molecular targeting therapies are currently undergoing clinical testing in patients with solid tumors. However, with the exception of the ErbB2-targeting antibody, targeting agents, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, have not been approved for treatment of patients with gastric carcinoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma and the possible therapeutic targets for gastric carcinoma. Improved knowledge of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in gastric carcinoma will be useful in understanding the mechanisms of tumor development and for identifying ideal targets of anticancer therapy for gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Matsuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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BMP9 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of HER2-positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells through ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96816. [PMID: 24805814 PMCID: PMC4013047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of TGF-β superfamily, is reported to inhibit the growth and migration of prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. However, little is known about the effect of on the biological behaviors of HER2-positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BMP9 on the proliferation and metastasis of SK-BR-3 cells with BMP9 over-expression or BMP9 down-regulated expression. Results indicated that exogenously expressed BMP9 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of SK-BR-3 cells while decreased endogenous BMP9 expression in SK-BR-3 cells promoted the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In SK-BR-3 cells with BMP9 over-expression, the phosphorylation of HER2, ERK1/2 and AKT was markedly suppressed and the HER2 expression decreased at both mRNA and protein levels, while opposite results were observed in SK-BR-3 cells with BMP9 knock down. When the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT was inhibited by PD98059 and LY294002, respectively, the decreased proliferation and invasion induced by BMP9 knock down were eliminated. These findings suggest that BMP9 can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of SK-BR-3 cells via inactivating ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Thus, BMP9 may serve as a useful agent in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer.
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Xi XL, Jiang BJ, Yu JW. Cancer stem cell-related signaling pathways in development of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:494-500. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i4.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a subset of cancer cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacity. They play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis and are involved in resistance to chemotherapy. Numerous studies indicate that stem cell-related signaling pathways (such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, PI3K, and BMP) are activated in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Inhibition of tumor self-renewal-related signaling pathways can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. In this paper we will review the roles of these cancer stem cell-related signaling pathways in gastric cancer.
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80
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Mechanical regulation of cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy: Roles of bone morphogenetic protein receptor, Smad1/5, and p38 MAPK. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3124-3133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hou J, Lü AL, Liu BW, Xing YJ, Da J, Hou ZL, Ai SY. Combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA is advantageous in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1291-9. [PMID: 23881855 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has a crucial role in the development of cardiogenesis, and is used in inducing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. We have examined a combination of BMP-2 and 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) in inducing these differentiation effects. BMMSCs were collected and purified from bone marrow of 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by density-gradient centrifugation and differential attachment. The fourth passage subculture of BMMSCs, selected by cytometry for purity and identification, was divided into four groups: a control group, BMP-2 treated, 5-AZA treated, and a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA treatment. Expression of cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) and Connexin 43 (CX-43) in BMMSCs after induction were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Flow cytometry analysis was used for differentiation rates and apoptosis of induced BMMSCs, through the expression of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) and Annexin V-FITC & PI kit, respectively. BMP-2 can ameliorate apoptosis of BMMSCs caused by 5-AZA and promote the differentiation of BMMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Thus a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA can significantly improve the cardiac differentiation with fewer cell damage effects, making it a safe and effective method of induction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Arisawa T, Tahara T, Shiroeda H, Yamada K, Nomura T, Yamada H, Hayashi R, Matsunaga K, Otsuka T, Nakamura M, Shimasaki T, Toshikuni N, Kawada N, Shibata T. Functional promoter polymorphisms of NFKB1 influence susceptibility to the diffuse type of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:3013-9. [PMID: 24101096 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report an association between gastric cancer and polymorphisms in NFKB1 (rs28362941 and rs78696119). We employed the PCR-SSCP method to detect gene polymorphisms in 479 gastric cancer cases and 880 controls. The rs28362941 del/del homozygote was significantly associated with gastric cancer development; in particular it was closely associated with diffuse type gastric cancer. The rs78696119 GG homozygote was also associated with the diffuse type of gastric cancer. In young subjects, both polymorphisms were significantly associated with the development of gastric cancer. In addition, both polymorphisms were related to tumor progression such as tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. The inflammatory cell infiltration into non-cancerous gastric mucosa was greater in the subjects with the rs28362491 del/del or rs78696119 GG genotype when compared to those with the other genotypes. In conclusion, functional polymorphisms of NFKB1 are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer; in particular they are closely associated with the development of diffuse type of gastric cancer via severe gastric inflammation. These polymorphisms also appear to be associated with gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Arisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-029, Japan
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Ampuja M, Jokimäki R, Juuti-Uusitalo K, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo EL, Kallioniemi A. BMP4 inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells in 3D environment. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:429. [PMID: 24053318 PMCID: PMC3848934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of proteins. BMPs regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and motility, and have also been reported to be involved in cancer pathogenesis. We have previously shown that BMP4 reduces breast cancer cell proliferation through G1 cell cycle arrest and simultaneously induces migration in a subset of these cell lines. Here we examined the effects of BMP4 in a more physiological environment, in a 3D culture system. Methods We used two different 3D culture systems; Matrigel, a basement membrane extract from mouse sarcoma cells, and a synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel. AlamarBlue reagent was used for cell proliferation measurements and immunofluorescence was used to determine cell polarity. Expression of cell cycle regulators was examined by Western blot and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression by qRT-PCR. Results The MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells formed round acini with correct apicobasal localization of α6 integrin in Matrigel whereas irregular structures were seen in PEG gel. The two 3D matrices also supported dissimilar morphology for the breast cancer cells. In PEG gel, BMP4 inhibited the growth of MCF-10A and the three breast cancer cell lines examined, thus closely resembling the 2D culture conditions, but in Matrigel, no growth inhibition was observed in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-361 cells. Furthermore, BMP4 induced the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 both in 2D and 3D culture, thereby partly explaining the growth arrest. Interestingly, MDA-MB-231 cells formed large branching, stellate structures in response to BMP4 treatment in Matrigel, suggestive of increased cell migration or invasion. This effect was reversed by Batimastat, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, and subsequent analyses showed BMP4 to induce the expression of MMP3 and MMP14, that are thus likely to be responsible for the stellate phenotype. Conclusions Taken together, our results show that Matrigel provides a more physiological environment for breast epithelial cells than PEG gel. Moreover, BMP4 partly recapitulates in 3D culture the growth suppressive abilities previously seen in 2D culture and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Ampuja
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland.
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84
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Mesfin A, Buchowski JM, Zebala LP, Bakhsh WR, Aronson AB, Fogelson JL, Hershman S, Kim HJ, Ahmad A, Bridwell KH. High-dose rhBMP-2 for adults: major and minor complications: a study of 502 spine cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:1546-53. [PMID: 24005194 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has increased considerably since its introduction in 2002. The complications associated with high-dose rhBMP-2 (≥ 40 mg) are unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine outcomes and medical and surgical complications associated with high-dose rhBMP-2 at short-term and long-term follow-up evaluations. METHODS Five hundred and two consecutive adult patients who had received high-dose rhBMP-2 as a part of spinal surgery from 2002 to 2009 at one institution were enrolled. Data were entered prospectively and studied and analyzed retrospectively. Surgical procedures in the thoracic and lumbar spine were included. Major and minor complications were documented intraoperatively, perioperatively, and at the latest follow-up examination. Complications potentially associated with rhBMP-2 use were evaluated for correlation with rhBMP-2 dose. Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) outcome measures were obtained before and after surgery. RESULTS On average, 115 mg (range, 40 to 351 mg) of rhBMP-2 was used. The average age of the patients (410 women and ninety-two men) at the time of the index procedure was 52.4 years (range, eighteen to eighty years). There were 265 primary and 237 revision procedures, and 261 patients had interbody fusion. An average of 11.5 vertebrae were instrumented. The average duration of follow-up was forty-two months (range, fourteen to ninety-two months). The diagnoses included idiopathic scoliosis (41%), degenerative scoliosis (31%), fixed sagittal imbalance (18%), and other diagnoses (10%). The rate of intraoperative complications was 8.2%. The rate of perioperative major surgical complications was 11.6%. The rate of perioperative major medical complications was 11.6%. Minor medical complications occurred in 18.9% of the cases, and minor surgical complications occurred in 2.6%. Logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation did not identify a significant correlation between rhBMP-2 dosage and radiculopathy (r = -0.006), seroma (r = -0.003), or cancer (r = -0.05). Significant improvements in the ODI score (from a mean of 41 points to a mean of 26 points; p < 0.001) and the SRS total score (from a mean of 3.0 points to a mean of 3.7 points; p < 0.001) were noted at the latest follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of which we are aware that examines complications associated with high-dose rhBMP-2. Major surgical complications occurred in 11.6% of patients, and 11.6% experienced major medical complications. There was a cancer prevalence of 3.4%, but no correlation between increasing rhBMP-2 dosage and cancer, radiculopathy (seen in 1% of the patients), or seroma (seen in 0.6%) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Mesfin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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85
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Gremlin-1 associates with fibrillin microfibrils in vivo and regulates mesothelioma cell survival through transcription factor slug. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e66. [PMID: 23978876 PMCID: PMC3759128 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a form of cancer that is highly resistant to conventional cancer therapy for which no major therapeutic advances have been introduced. Here, we identify gremlin-1, a known bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor crucial for embryonic development, as a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma. We found high expression levels of gremlin-1 in the mesothelioma tumor tissue, as well as in primary mesothelioma cells cultured from pleural effusion samples. Downregulation of gremlin-1 expression by siRNA-mediated silencing in a mesothelioma cell line inhibited cell proliferation. This was associated with downregulation of the transcription factor slug as well as mesenchymal proteins linked to cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further, resistance to paclitaxel-induced cell death was associated with high gremlin-1 and slug expression. Treatment of gremlin-1-silenced mesothelioma cells with paclitaxel or pemetrexed resulted in efficient loss of cell survival. Finally, our data suggest that concomitant upregulation of fibrillin-2 in mesothelioma provides a mechanism for extracellular localization of gremlin-1 to the tumor microenvironment. This was supported by the demonstration of interactions between gremlin-1, and fibrillin-1 and -2 peptides as well as by colocalization of gremlin-1 to fibrillin microfibrils in cells and tumor tissue samples. Our data suggest that gremlin-1 is also a potential target for overcoming drug resistance in mesothelioma.
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86
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Stepanenko AA, Vassetzky YS, Kavsan VM. Antagonistic functional duality of cancer genes. Gene 2013; 529:199-207. [PMID: 23933273 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer evolution is a stochastic process both at the genome and gene levels. Most of tumors contain multiple genetic subclones, evolving in either succession or in parallel, either in a linear or branching manner, with heterogeneous genome and gene alterations, extensively rewired signaling networks, and addicted to multiple oncogenes easily switching with each other during cancer progression and medical intervention. Hundreds of discovered cancer genes are classified according to whether they function in a dominant (oncogenes) or recessive (tumor suppressor genes) manner in a cancer cell. However, there are many cancer "gene-chameleons", which behave distinctly in opposite way in the different experimental settings showing antagonistic duality. In contrast to the widely accepted view that mutant NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases 1/2 (IDH1/2) and associated metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (R)-enantiomer are intrinsically "the drivers" of tumourigenesis, mutant IDH1/2 inhibited, promoted or had no effect on cell proliferation, growth and tumorigenicity in diverse experiments. Similar behavior was evidenced for dozens of cancer genes. Gene function is dependent on genetic network, which is defined by the genome context. The overall changes in karyotype can result in alterations of the role and function of the same genes and pathways. The diverse cell lines and tumor samples have been used in experiments for proving gene tumor promoting/suppressive activity. They all display heterogeneous individual karyotypes and disturbed signaling networks. Consequently, the effect and function of gene under investigation can be opposite and versatile in cells with different genomes that may explain antagonistic duality of cancer genes and the cell type- or the cellular genetic/context-dependent response to the same protein. Antagonistic duality of cancer genes might contribute to failure of chemotherapy. Instructive examples of unexpected activity of cancer genes and "paradoxical" effects of different anticancer drugs depending on the cellular genetic context/signaling network are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stepanenko
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
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87
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Lv Z, Yang D, Li J, Hu M, Luo M, Zhan X, Song P, Liu C, Bai H, Li B, Yang Y, Chen Y, Shi Q, Weng Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 overexpression reduces osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cells 2013; 36:119-26. [PMID: 23807047 PMCID: PMC3887952 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to promote tumor migration and invasion. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β family expressed in a variety of human carcinoma cell lines. The role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), the most powerful osteogenic factor, in osteosarcoma (OS) progression has not been fully clarified. The expression of BMP9 and its receptors in OS cell lines was analyzed by RT-PCR. We found that BMP9 and its receptors were expressed in OS cell lines. We further investigated the influence of BMP9 on the biological behaviors of OS cells. BMP9 overexpression in the OS cell lines 143B and MG63 inhibited in vitro cell migration and invasion. We further investigated the expression of a panel of cancer-related genes and found that BMP9 overexpression increased the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 proteins, increased the expression of ID1, and reduced the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in OS cells. BMP9 silencing induced the opposite effects. We also found that BMP9 may not affect the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis to regulate the invasiveness and metastatic capacity of OS cells. Interestingly, CXCR4 was expressed in both 143B and MG63 cells, while CXCL12 was only detected in MG63 cells. Taken together, we hypothesize that BMP9 inhibits the migration and invasiveness of OS cells through a Smad-dependent pathway by downregulating the expression and activity of MMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Song
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Baolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,
People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. Its prevalence is still on the rise in the developing countries due to the ageing population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a new insight into the interpretation of tumor initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer, as well as the development of new strategies for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the progress of biomarkers and signaling pathways of CSCs, the complex crosstalk networks between the microenvironment and CSCs, and the development of therapeutic approaches against CSCs, predominantly focusing on GC.
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Huo W, Li ZM, Zhu XM, Bao YM, An LJ. MDA-7/IL-24 suppresses tumor adhesion and invasive potential in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:986-92. [PMID: 23722307 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (MDA-7)/interleukin‑24 (IL-24) has been considered as a tumor-suppressor gene, which suppresses the growth and induces the apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect and mechanisms of MDA-7/IL-24 regarding the inhibition of metastasis of HepG2 and BEL-7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro. We established MDA-7/IL-24-overexpressing HepG2 and BEL-7402 cell lines and found that MDA-7/IL-24 overexpression inhibited tumor cell adhesion and invasion, and induced G2/M arrest in tumor cells. To explore its mechanism of action, western blotting and real-time-PCR assay were used to investigate the expression of E-cadherin, CD44, ICAM-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, CyclinB, Twist, survivin, p-ERK and p-Akt. ELISA assay was used to measure the secretion of TGF-β, and a reporter gene assay was used to detected the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and AP-1 in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells. The results showed that MDA-7/IL-24 overexpression decreased the expression of CD44, ICAM-1, MMP-2/-9, CyclinB, Twist, survivin, TGF-β and p-Akt, transcriptional activity of NF-κB, and increased the expression of E-cadherin and p-ERK and transcriptional activity of AP-1 in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells. Our results revealed that MDA-7/IL-24 mediated the inhibition of adhesion and invasion in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells by suppressing metastasis-related gene expression. Thus, MDA-7/IL-24 may be used as a novel cancer-suppressor gene for the therapy of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, PR China
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90
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Li H, Mo J, Jia G, Liu C, Luan Z, Guan Y. Activation of Wnt signaling inhibits the pro-apoptotic role of Notch in gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1751-6. [PMID: 23563575 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt signaling play critical roles in the regulation of development and diseases. Several studies have previously reported that Notch may be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various types of human cancer. In this study, we report that activation of Notch1 inhibits the proliferation of BGC-823 gastric cancer cells. However, the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway promotes the growth of BGC-823 cells. Furthermore, the combinational activation of the two signaling pathways promotes the proliferation of BGC-823 cells. These data suggest that the activation of Wnt signaling overcomes the pro-apoptotic role of Notch in BGC-823 gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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91
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Han ME, Oh SO. Gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:8-18. [PMID: 23560232 PMCID: PMC3615616 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric epithelium is continuously regenerated by gastric stem cells, which give rise to various kinds of daughter cells, including parietal cells, chief cells, surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells need delicate regulation to maintain the normal physiology of the stomach. Recently, it was hypothesized that cancer stem cells drive the cancer growth and metastasis. In contrast to conventional clonal evolution hypothesis, only cancer stem cells can initiate tumor formation, self-renew, and differentiate into various kinds of daughter cells. Because gastric cancer can originate from gastric stem cells and their self-renewal mechanism can be used by gastric cancer stem cells, we review here how critical signaling pathways, including hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, may regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. In addition, the precancerous change of the gastric epithelium and the status of isolating gastric cancer stem cells from patients are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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92
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Co-evolution of breast-to-brain metastasis and neural progenitor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:753-68. [PMID: 23456474 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain colonization by metastatic tumor cells offers a unique opportunity to investigate microenvironmental influences on the neoplastic process. The bi-directional interplay of breast cancer cells (mesodermal origin) and brain cells (neuroectodermal origin) is poorly understood and rarely investigated. In our patients undergoing neurosurgical resection of breast-to-brain metastases, specimens from the tumor/brain interface exhibited increased active gliosis as previously described. In addition, our histological characterization revealed infiltration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) both outside and inside the tumor margin, leading us to investigate the cellular and molecular interactions between NPCs and metastases. Since signaling by the TGF-β superfamily is involved in both developmental neurobiology and breast cancer pathogenesis, we examined the role of these proteins in the context of brain metastases. The brain-metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231Br (231Br) expressed BMP-2 at significantly higher levels compared to its matched primary breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (231). Co-culturing was used to examine bi-directional cellular effects and the relevance of BMP-2 overexpression. When co-cultured with NPCs, 231 (primary) tumor cells failed to proliferate over 15 days. However, 231Br (brain metastatic) tumor cells co-cultured with NPCs escaped growth inhibition after day 5 and proliferated, occurring in parallel with NPC differentiation into astrocytes. Using shRNA and gene knock-in, we then demonstrated BMP-2 secreted by 231Br cells mediated NPC differentiation into astrocytes and concomitant tumor cell proliferation in vitro. In xenografts, overexpression of BMP-2 in primary breast cancer cells significantly enhanced their ability to engraft and colonize the brain, thereby creating a metastatic phenotype. Conversely, BMP-2 knockdown in metastatic breast cancer cells significantly diminished engraftment and colonization. The results suggest metastatic tumor cells create a permissive neural niche by steering NPC differentiation toward astrocytes through paracrine BMP-2 signaling.
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93
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Yoon J, Cho SJ, Ko YS, Park J, Shin DH, Hwang IC, Han SY, Nam SY, Kim MA, Chang MS, Lee HS, Kim WH, Lee BL. A synergistic interaction between transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:29. [PMID: 23402362 PMCID: PMC3583822 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been implicated in gastric cancer metastasis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of the interaction between NF-κB and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in controlling metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells. Methods Immunohistochemistry for NF-κB p65 (RelA), phospho-Tyr705-STAT3 (pSTAT3), or matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was performed on tissue array slides containing 255 gastric carcinoma specimens. NF-κB inhibition in SNU-638 and MKN1 gastric cancer cell lines were performed by transduction with a retroviral vector containing NF-κB repressor mutant of IκBα, and STAT3 was silenced by RNA interference. We also did luciferase reporter assay, double immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. Cell migration and invasion were determined by wound-healing assay and invasion assay, respectively. Results NF-κB and STAT3 were constitutively activated and were positively correlated (P = 0.038) in gastric cancer tissue specimens. In cell culture experiments, NF-κB inhibition reduced STAT3 expression and activation, whereas STAT3 silencing did not affect NF-κB activation. Moreover, both NF-κB inhibition and STAT3 silencing decreased gastric cancer cell migration and invasion in a synergistic manner. In addition, both NF-κB activation and STAT3 activation were positively correlated with MMP9 in gastric cancer tissues (P = 0.001 and P = 0.022, respectively), decreased E-cadherin expression and increased Snail and MMP9 expressions in cultured cells. Conclusion NF-κB and STAT3 are positively associated and synergistically contribute to the metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells. Thus, dual use of NF-κB and STAT3 inhibitors may enhance the efficacy of the anti-metastatic treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
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94
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP2) on breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231 cells) growth. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are expressed in a variety of human carcinoma cell lines and are known to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. However, their roles in tumor progression have not been fully clarified. In addition, there is no in vivo study regarding the inhibitory effect of BMP2 on breast cancer cell proliferation. METHOD Cell proliferation was determined by BrdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry. BMP2 signal transduction pathways were estimated on Western blot. Fifteen animals were divided into 2 groups; 1 (control = 5) was breast cancer cells alone, while the other (experiment = 5) was rhBMP2 + breast cancer cells. Cancer cells were injected into 2 sites (subcutaneous and femur) of nude mice with or without BMP2. Tumor size was determined by direct measurements for subcutaneous tumor formation and by femur radiographs. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS RhBMP2 inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. Inhibition was associated with changes in both the Smad and Wnt signaling pathways and was ultimately mediated through effects on various cell cycle proteins. Furthermore, rhBMP2 inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells injected both subcutaneously and intrafemorally. CONCLUSION In this model using human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, rhBMP2 has no stimulatory effect of tumor growth. Therefore, we can provide the basic science data to support the utilization in the management of patients with spine tumor in the future.
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95
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Yang JJ, Cho LY, Ko KP, Ma SH, Shin A, Choi BY, Han DS, Song KS, Kim YS, Chang SH, Shin HR, Kang D, Yoo KY, Park SK. Interaction effects between genes involved in the AKT signaling pathway and phytoestrogens in gastric carcinogenesis: a nested case-control study from the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1617-26. [PMID: 23042672 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To investigate whether genes involved in AKT/nuclear factor kappa B signaling and/or gene-environment interactions between the genes and phytoestrogens may be susceptible factors for gastric cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS The representative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified during the primary analysis (screening a total of 622 SNPs within ± 5 kbp of the 51 target gene locations) were further investigated in 317 matched case-control sets. The summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for gastric cancer were calculated. Interaction effects between the SNPs and phytoestrogen biomarkers (genistein, daidzein, equol, and enterolactone) were computed. CDK1 rs4145643, FAS rs6586161, and FAS rs1468063 in the AKT signaling pathway presented significant genetic effects on gastric cancer (OR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.99) for CDK1 rs4145643; OR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03-1.58) for FAS rs6586161; OR = 1.29 (95% CI: 1.03-1.56) for FAS rs1468063; Cochran Q statistics > 0.10). Risk alleles of FAS rs6586161, FAS rs1468063, MAP3K1 rs16886448, and MAP3K1 rs252902 showed significant interaction effects with enterolactone (p(interaction) < 0.05). CONCLUSION CDK1 and FAS genes involved in AKT signaling and influenced by anti-carcinogenic property of phytoestrogens can play a role as susceptible genetic factors in gastric carcinogenesis. FAS and MAP3K1 genes significantly interact with enterolactone, thereby modifying the individual's risk for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jeong Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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96
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Wang XY, Chen ZH, Zhang RY, Liu SQ, Mei Z, Yu YY, Zhang X, Xia Q, Ding YM. Construction of a eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1-BMP-2 and its effect on cell migration. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:356-63. [PMID: 22556173 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to play an important role in bone and cartilage development. Recent research has shown that BMPs may induce tumorigenesis and promote tumor to spread, but the molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory function of BMP-2 in the migration of COS-7 cells and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human BMP-2 genetic fragment was amplified and introduced into the pEGFP-C1 vector. After being confirmed by XhoI and BamHI digestion analyses and DNA sequencing, the recombinant pEGFP-C1-BMP-2 plasmid was transfected into COS-7 cells. The influence of BMP-2 on cell migration and cofilin activity was detected by cell scratch assay and Western blotting. RESULTS The recombinant pEGFP-C1-BMP-2 was effectively expressed in COS-7 cells. An increased phosphorylation of both LIMK1 and cofilin and an enhancement of cell migration were observed in cells with overexpression of BMP-2. CONCLUSIONS A recombinant pEGFP-C1-BMP-2 vector was successfully constructed and overexpression of BMP-2 regulated the activities of the downstream molecules of the Rho GTPase signaling pathway, which might contribute to the enhancement of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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97
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Zhao Y, Song T, Wang W, Wang J, He J, Wu N, Tang M, He B, Luo J. P38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs act in opposition to regulate BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43383. [PMID: 22912865 PMCID: PMC3422272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated that BMP9 is highly capable of inducing osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, the precise molecular mechanism involved remains to be fully elucidated. In this current study, we explore the possible involvement and detail effects of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs on BMP9-indcued osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPCs). We find that BMP9 simultaneously stimulates the activation of p38 and ERK1/2 in MPCs. BMP9-induced early osteogenic marker, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and late osteogenic markers, such as matrix mineralization and osteocalcin (OC) are inhibited by p38 inhibitor SB203580, whereas enhanced by ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. BMP9-induced activation of Runx2 and Smads signaling are reduced by SB203580, and yet increased by PD98059 in MPCs. The in vitro effects of inhibitors are reproduced with adenoviruses expressing siRNA targeted p38 and ERK1/2, respectively. Using mouse calvarial organ culture and subcutaneous MPCs implantation, we find that inhibition of p38 activity leads to significant decrease in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, however, blockage of ERK1/2 results in effective increase in BMP9-indcued osteogenic differentiation in vivo. Together, our results reveal that p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs are activated in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MPCs. What is most noteworthy, however, is that p38 and ERK1/2 act in opposition to regulate BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanwen He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baicheng He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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98
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Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is a main cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the knowledge that Helicobacter pylori constitutes the main cause of gastric cancer, the mechanisms for gastric carcinogenesis are still elucidated. Cancer development and progression depend on the balance between cell survival and death signals. Common cell survival signaling pathways are activated by carcinogens as well as by inflammatory cytokines, which contribute substantially to tumorigenesis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is a major cell survival signal. Recent studies with cell culture systems and animal models have certified the links between NF-κB and gastric carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibition of NF-κB activation can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of the NF-κB pathway in gastric cancer development as well as in modulating NF-κB for gastric cancer prevention and therapy.
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100
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Zhang ZW, Tang GH, Zhao Q, Liu CY, Wu YJ, He XS. Significance of expression of AKT, p27 Kip1 and cyclin E in gastric carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2233-2240. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i21.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of AKT, p27Kip1 and cyclin E proteins in gastric carcinoma and to explore their significance in tumor development and progression.
METHODS: Biopsy and surgical specimens were collected in the Xiangtan City First People's Hospital and Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China from January 2008 to January 2010, including 14 cases of normal gastric mucosa, 10 cases of atypical hyperplasia, 94 cases of gastric cancer, 49 cases of cancer-adjacent tissue and 35 cases of metastatic cancer. Tissue array technology was used to detect the phosphorylation of AKT and p27Kip1 proteins and the expression of cyclin E by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared to normal gastric mucosa, cancer-adjacent tissue and atypical hyperplasia, the positive rates of AKT phosphorylation and cyclin E overexpression were significantly higher (AKT: 85.1%, 85.7% vs 14.3%, 26.5%, 30.0%; Cyclin E: 85.1%, 82.9% vs 14.3%, 34.7%, 20.0%, all P < 0.01) and that of p27Kip1 phosphorylation was significantly lower (22.3%, 17.1% vs 71.4%, 44.9%, 40.0%, all P < 0.01) in primary cancer and metastatic carcinoma. Compared to normal gastric mucosa, the positive rate of AKT phosphorylation was significantly higher in atypical hyperplasia (P = 0.26).
CONCLUSION: The phosphorylation of AKT and p27Kip1 and expression of cyclin E protein are possibly related to the development and progression of gastric carcinoma.
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