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Hendriksen E, van Bergeijk D, Oosting RS, Redegeld FA. Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:119-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Coles JA, Myburgh E, Brewer JM, McMenamin PG. Where are we? The anatomy of the murine cortical meninges revisited for intravital imaging, immunology, and clearance of waste from the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:107-148. [PMID: 28552391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress is being made in understanding the roles of the cerebral meninges in the maintenance of normal brain function, in immune surveillance, and as a site of disease. Most basic research on the meninges and the neural brain is now done on mice, major attractions being the availability of reporter mice with fluorescent cells, and of a huge range of antibodies useful for immunocytochemistry and the characterization of isolated cells. In addition, two-photon microscopy through the unperforated calvaria allows intravital imaging of the undisturbed meninges with sub-micron resolution. The anatomy of the dorsal meninges of the mouse (and, indeed, of all mammals) differs considerably from that shown in many published diagrams: over cortical convexities, the outer layer, the dura, is usually thicker than the inner layer, the leptomeninx, and both layers are richly vascularized and innervated, and communicate with the lymphatic system. A membrane barrier separates them and, in disease, inflammation can be localized to one layer or the other, so experimentalists must be able to identify the compartment they are studying. Here, we present current knowledge of the functional anatomy of the meninges, particularly as it appears in intravital imaging, and review their role as a gateway between the brain, blood, and lymphatics, drawing on information that is scattered among works on different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Coles
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davis Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - James M Brewer
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davis Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 10 Chancellor's Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:145-155. [PMID: 28092661 PMCID: PMC6960010 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1140] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The diverse collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, collectively called the gut microbiota, profoundly influences many aspects of host physiology, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection and immune system development. Studies investigating the gut-brain axis demonstrate a critical role for the gut microbiota in orchestrating brain development and behavior, and the immune system is emerging as an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes modulate the maturation and function of tissue-resident immune cells in the CNS. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the gut microbiota and immune system are implicated in the etiopathogenesis or manifestation of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, depression and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the role of CNS-resident and peripheral immune pathways in microbiota-gut-brain communication during health and neurological disease.
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Li N, Zhang X, Dong H, Hu Y, Qian Y. Bidirectional relationship of mast cells-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:60-69. [PMID: 28082194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been hypothesized to be mediated by surgery-induced neuroinflammation, which is also a key element in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and neuropsychiatric disorders. There is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammation resulting from activation of the innate immune system cells in the periphery can impact central nervous system behaviors, such as cognitive performance. Mast cells (MCs), as the"first responders" in the CNS, can initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. In addition, MCs and their secreted mediators modulate inflammatory processes in multiple CNS pathologies and can thereby either contribute to neurological damage or confer neuroprotection. Neuroinflammation has been considered to be linked to neurovascular dysfunction in several neurological disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the bidirectional relationship of MCs-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD, providing a new and unique therapeutic target for the adjuvant treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China.
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55
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Neupane SP. Neuroimmune Interface in the Comorbidity between Alcohol Use Disorder and Major Depression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:655. [PMID: 28082989 PMCID: PMC5186784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional communication links operate between the brain and the body. Afferent immune-to-brain signals are capable of inducing changes in mood and behavior. Chronic heavy alcohol drinking, typical of alcohol use disorder (AUD), is one such factor that provokes an immune response in the periphery that, by means of circulatory cytokines and other neuroimmune mediators, ultimately causes alterations in the brain function. Alcohol can also directly impact the immune functions of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Several lines of research have established the contribution of specific inflammatory mediators in the development and progression of depressive illness. Much of the available evidence in this field stems from cross-sectional data on the immune interactions between isolated AUD and major depression (MD). Given their heterogeneity as disease entities with overlapping symptoms and shared neuroimmune correlates, it is no surprise that systemic and CNS inflammation could be a critical determinant of the frequent comorbidity between AUD and MD. This review presents a summary and analysis of the extant literature on neuroimmune interface in the AUD–MD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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57
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Khatami M. Is cancer a severe delayed hypersensitivity reaction and histamine a blueprint? Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:35. [PMID: 27558401 PMCID: PMC4996813 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity and accumulation of multiple context-dependent signaling pathways of long-standing inflammation (antigen-load or oxidative stress) are the results of decreased/altered regulation of immunity and loss of control switch mechanisms that we defined as Yin and Yang of acute inflammation or immune surveillance. Chronic inflammation is initiated by immune disruptors-induced progressive changes in physiology and function of susceptible host tissues that lead to increased immune suppression and multistep disease processes including carcinogenesis. The interrelated multiple hypotheses that are presented for the first time in this article are extension of author's earlier series of 'accidental' discoveries on the role of inflammation in developmental stages of immune dysfunction toward tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Detailed analyses of data on chronic diseases suggest that nearly all age-associated illnesses, generally categorized as 'mild' (e.g., increased allergies), 'moderate' (e.g., hypertension, colitis, gastritis, pancreatitis, emphysema) or 'severe' (e.g., accelerated neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases or site-specific cancers and metastasis) are variations of hypersensitivity responses of tissues that are manifested as different diseases in immune-responsive or immune-privileged tissues. Continuous release/presence of low level histamine (subclinical) in circulation could contribute to sustained oxidative stress and induction of 'mild' or 'moderate' or 'severe' (immune tsunami) immune disorders in susceptible tissues. Site-specific cancers are proposed to be 'severe' (irreversible) forms of cumulative delayed hypersensitivity responses that would induce immunological chaos in favor of tissue growth in target tissues. Shared or special features of growth from fetus development into adulthood and aging processes and carcinogenesis are briefly compared with regard to energy requirements of highly complex function of Yin and Yang. Features of Yang (growth-promoting) arm of acute inflammation during fetus and cancer growth will be compared for consuming low energy from glycolysis (Warburg effect). Growth of fetus and cancer cells under hypoxic conditions and impaired mitochondrial energy requirements of tissues including metabolism of essential branched amino acids (e.g., val, leu, isoleu) will be compared for proposing a working model for future systematic research on cancer biology, prevention and therapy. Presentation of a working model provides insightful clues into bioenergetics that are required for fetus growth (absence of external threat and lack of high energy-demands of Yin events and parasite-like survival in host), normal growth in adulthood (balance in Yin and Yang processes) or disease processes and carcinogenesis (loss of balance in Yin-Yang). Future studies require focusing on dynamics and promotion of natural/inherent balance between Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) of effective immunity that develop after birth. Lawless growth of cancerous cells and loss of cell contact inhibition could partially be due to impaired mitochondria (mitophagy) that influence metabolism of branched chain amino acids for biosynthesis of structural proteins. The author invites interested scientists with diverse expertise to provide comments, confirm, dispute and question and/or expand and collaborate on many components of the proposed working model with the goal to better understand cancer biology for future designs of cost-effective research and clinical trials and prevention of cancer. Initial events during oxidative stress-induced damages to DNA/RNA repair mechanisms and inappropriate expression of inflammatory mediators are potentially correctable, preventable or druggable, if future studies were to focus on systematic understanding of early altered immune response dynamics toward multistep chronic diseases and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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58
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A Personalized Approach in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: The Current Status of Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101725. [PMID: 27763513 PMCID: PMC5085756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the term of progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), we considered a combined population of persons with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). These forms of MS cannot be challenged with efficacy by the licensed therapy. In the last years, several measures of risk estimation were developed for predicting clinical course in MS, but none is specific for the PMS forms. Personalized medicine is a therapeutic approach, based on identifying what might be the best therapy for an individual patient, taking into account the risk profile. We need to achieve more accurate estimates of useful predictors in PMS, including unconventional and qualitative markers which are not yet currently available or practicable routine diagnostics. The evaluation of an individual patient is based on the profile of disease activity.Within the neurology field, PMS is one of the fastest-moving going into the future.
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Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7049-E7058. [PMID: 27663735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604992113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We had reported elevated serum levels of the peptide neurotensin (NT) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we show that NT stimulates primary human microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, and the immortalized cell line of human microglia-SV40. NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression and release (P < 0.001) of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and CCL5 from human microglia. NT also stimulates proliferation (P < 0.05) of microglia-SV40. Microglia express only the receptor 3 (NTR3)/sortilin and not the NTR1 or NTR2. The use of siRNA to target sortilin reduces (P < 0.001) the NT-stimulated cytokine and chemokine gene expression and release from human microglia. Stimulation with NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression of sortilin (P < 0.0001) and causes the receptor to be translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface, and to be secreted extracellularly. Our findings also show increased levels of sortilin (P < 0.0001) in the serum from children with ASD (n = 36), compared with healthy controls (n = 20). NT stimulation of microglia-SV40 causes activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling kinase, as shown by phosphorylation of its substrates and inhibition of these responses by drugs that prevent mTOR activation. NT-stimulated responses are inhibited by the flavonoid methoxyluteolin (0.1-1 μM). The data provide a link between sortilin and the pathological findings of microglia and inflammation of the brain in ASD. Thus, inhibition of this pathway using methoxyluteolin could provide an effective treatment of ASD.
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60
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Moretti R, Chhor V, Bettati D, Banino E, De Lucia S, Le Charpentier T, Lebon S, Schwendimann L, Pansiot J, Rasika S, Degos V, Titomanlio L, Gressens P, Fleiss B. Contribution of mast cells to injury mechanisms in a mouse model of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1546-1560. [PMID: 27614029 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive and behavioral deficits caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the immature brain are more severe and persistent than injuries to the adult brain. Understanding this developmental sensitivity is critical because children under 4 years of age of sustain TBI more frequently than any other age group. One of the first events after TBI is the infiltration and degranulation of mast cells (MCs) in the brain, releasing a range of immunomodulatory substances; inhibition of these cells is neuroprotective in other types of neonatal brain injury. This study investigates for the first time the role of MCs in mediating injury in a P7 mouse model of pediatric contusion-induced TBI. We show that various neural cell types express histamine receptors and that histamine exacerbates excitotoxic cell death in primary cultured neurons. Cromoglycate, an inhibitor of MC degranulation, altered the inflammatory phenotype of microglia activated by TBI, reversing several changes but accentuating others, when administered before TBI. However, without regard to the time of cromoglycate administration, inhibiting MC degranulation did not affect cell loss, as evaluated by ventricular dilatation or cleaved caspase-3 labeling, or the density of activated microglia, neurons, or myelin. In double-heterozygous cKit mutant mice lacking MCs, this overall lack of effect was confirmed. These results suggest that the role of MCs in this model of pediatric TBI is restricted to subtle effects and that they are unlikely to be viable neurotherapeutic targets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Moretti
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Università degli studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Vibol Chhor
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Donatella Bettati
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Università degli studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elena Banino
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Università degli studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Silvana De Lucia
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Università degli studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Tifenn Le Charpentier
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lebon
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Leslie Schwendimann
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Degos
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France.,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,PremUP, Paris, France. .,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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61
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Patel AB, Doyle R. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e844. [PMID: 27351598 PMCID: PMC4931610 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect as many as 1 in 45 children and are characterized by deficits in sociability and communication, as well as stereotypic movements. Many children also show severe anxiety. The lack of distinct pathogenesis and reliable biomarkers hampers the development of effective treatments. As a result, most children with ASD are prescribed psychopharmacologic agents that do not address the core symptoms of ASD. Autoantibodies against brain epitopes in mothers of children with ASD and many such children strongly correlate with allergic symptoms and indicate an aberrant immune response, as well as disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong statistical correlation between risk for ASD and either maternal or infantile atopic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, food allergies and food intolerance, all of which involve activation of mast cells (MCs). These unique tissue immune cells are located perivascularly in all tissues, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, which regulate emotions. MC-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators increase BBB permeability. Expression of the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6, 1 L-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is increased in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum of some patients with ASD, while NF-kB is activated in brain samples and stimulated peripheral blood immune cells of other patients; however, these molecules are not specific. Instead the peptide neurotensin is uniquely elevated in the serum of children with ASD, as is corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus under stress. Both peptides trigger MC to release IL-6 and TNF, which in turn, stimulate microglia proliferation and activation, leading to disruption of neuronal connectivity. MC-derived IL-6 and TGFβ induce maturation of Th17 cells and MCs also secrete IL-17, which is increased in ASD. Serum IL-6 and TNF may define an ASD subgroup that benefits most from treatment with the natural flavonoid luteolin. Atopic diseases may create a phenotype susceptible to ASD and formulations targeting focal inflammation of the brain could have great promise in the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A B Patel
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Doyle
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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62
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Shirani A, Okuda DT, Stüve O. Therapeutic Advances and Future Prospects in Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:58-69. [PMID: 26729332 PMCID: PMC4720678 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying effective therapies for the treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly relevant priority and one of the greatest challenges for the global MS community. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in progression of the disease, novel trial designs, drug repurposing strategies, and new models of collaboration may assist in identifying effective therapies. In this review, we discuss various therapies under study in phase II or III trials, including antioxidants (idebenone); tyrosine kinase inhibitors (masitinib); sphingosine receptor modulators (siponimod); monoclonal antibodies (anti-leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing neurite outgrowth inhibitor receptor-interacting protein-1, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, intrathecal rituximab); hematopoetic stem cell therapy; statins and other possible neuroprotective agents (amiloride, riluzole, fluoxetine, oxcarbazepine); lithium; phosphodiesterase inhibitors (ibudilast); hormone-based therapies (adrenocorticotrophic hormone and erythropoietin); T-cell receptor peptide vaccine (NeuroVax); autologous T-cell immunotherapy (Tcelna); MIS416 (a microparticulate immune response modifier); dopamine antagonists (domperidone); and nutritional supplements, including lipoic acid, biotin, and sunphenon epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea extract). Given ongoing and planned clinical trial initiatives, and the largest ever focus of the global research community on progressive MS, future prospects for developing targeted therapeutics aimed at reducing disability in progressive forms of MS appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Shirani
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Darin T Okuda
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75216, USA.
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63
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Zhang S, Dong H, Zhang X, Li N, Sun J, Qian Y. Cerebral mast cells contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction by promoting blood brain barrier disruption. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:158-66. [PMID: 26554724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trauma induced neuroinflammation plays a key role in the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly specialized endothelial layer, is exquisitely sensitive to inflammatory insults, which can result in numerous neurocognitive syndromes. While brain mast cells are the "first responder" in the injury, the functional interactions between mast cells and the BBB remain poorly understood. Our results demonstrate that tibial fracture surgery can induce cognitive impairment relating to an inflammatory response and destabilization of the BBB. Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn)--which acts as a mast cell stabilizer--inhibited this effect. Specifically, cromolyn resulted in ameliorated cognitive ability, decrease of inflammatory cytokines and increase of BBB stability. Taken together, these results suggest that activated mast cells contributed to central nervous system inflammation and cognitive dysfunction by promoting BBB disruption, and interactions between mast cells and the BBB could constitute a new and unique therapeutic target for POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC. Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:170. [PMID: 26377554 PMCID: PMC4573939 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research focus in neuro-oncology has shifted in the last decades towards the exploration of tumor infiltration by a variety of immune cells and their products. T cells, macrophages, B cells, and mast cells (MCs) have been identified. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) for the presence of MCs in meningiomas using the terms meningioma, inflammation and mast cells. Results MCs have been detected in various tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), such as gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, hemangioblastomas, and meningiomas as well as metastatic brain tumors. MCs were present in as many as 90 % of all high-grade meningiomas mainly found in the perivascular areas of the tumor. A correlation between peritumoral edema and MCs was found. Interpretation Accumulation of MCs in meningiomas could contribute to the aggressiveness of tumors and to brain inflammation that may be involved in the pathogenesis of additional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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