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Yao L, Wang J, He J, Huang L, Gao W. Endophytes, biotransforming microorganisms, and engineering microbial factories for triterpenoid saponins production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:249-272. [PMID: 33472430 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are structurally diverse secondary metabolites. They are the main active ingredient of many medicinal plants and have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Traditional production of triterpenoid saponins, directly extracted from cultivated plants, cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of pharmaceutical industry. Microorganisms with triterpenoid saponins production ability (especially Agrobacterium genus) and biotransformation ability, such as fungal species in Armillaria and Aspergillus genera and bacterial species in Bacillus and Intestinal microflora, represent a valuable source of active metabolites. With the development of synthetic biology, engineering microorganisms acquired more potential in terms of triterpenoid saponins production. This review focusses on potential mechanisms and the high yield strategies of microorganisms with inherent production or biotransformation ability of triterpenoid saponins. Advances in the engineering of microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Escherichia coli, for the biosynthesis triterpenoid saponins de novo have also been reported. Strategies to increase the yield of triterpenoid saponins in engineering microorganisms are summarized following four aspects, that is, introduction of high efficient gene, optimization of enzyme activity, enhancement of metabolic flux to target compounds, and optimization of fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions for improving the yield of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in engineering microorganisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Cheng J, Chen J, Liu X, Li X, Zhang W, Dai Z, Lu L, Zhou X, Cai J, Zhang X, Jiang H, Ma Y. The origin and evolution of the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway in yam. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100079. [PMID: 33511341 PMCID: PMC7816074 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin, mainly produced by Dioscorea species, is a traditional precursor of most hormonal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. The mechanisms that underlie the origin and evolution of diosgenin biosynthesis in plants remain unclear. After sequencing the whole genome of Dioscorea zingiberensis, we revealed the evolutionary trajectory of the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway in Dioscorea and demonstrated the de novo biosynthesis of diosgenin in a yeast cell factory. First, we found that P450 gene duplication and neo-functionalization, driven by positive selection, played important roles in the origin of the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, we found that the enrichment of diosgenin in the yam lineage was regulated by CpG islands, which evolved to regulate gene expression in the diosgenin pathway and balance the carbon flux between the biosynthesis of diosgenin and starch. Finally, by integrating genes from plants, animals, and yeast, we heterologously synthesized diosgenin to 10 mg/l in genetically-engineered yeast. Our study not only reveals the origin and evolutionary mechanisms of the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway in Dioscorea, but also introduces an alternative approach for the production of diosgenin through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Research Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China
| | - Zhubo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Research Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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53
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Zha WL, Zi JC. Advances in biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:90-97. [PMID: 36117763 PMCID: PMC9476758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood essential oil has been widely used not only as natural medicines but also in perfumery and food industries, with sesquiterpenoids as its major components including (Z)- α-santalol and (Z)-β-santalol and so on. The mature heartwoods of Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum spicatum are the major plant resources for extracting sandalwood essential oil, which have been overexploited. Synthetic biology approaches have been successfully applied to produce natural products on large scale. In this review, we summarize biosynthetic enzymes of santalenes and santalols, including various santalene synthases (STSs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), and then highlight the advances of biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols in heterologous hosts, especially metabolic engineering strategies for constructing santalene- and santalol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-long Zha
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-chen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding author.
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Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Yang J. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 114:1-35. [PMID: 33934850 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, as the largest group of chemicals in the domains of life, constitute more than 50,000 members. These compounds consist of different numbers of isoprene units (C5H8), by which they are typically classified into hemiterpenoids (C5), monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), diterpenoids (C20), triterpenoids (C30), and tetraterpenoids (C40). In recent years, isoprenoids have been employed as food additives, in the pharmaceutical industry, as advanced biofuels, and so on. To realize the sufficient and efficient production of valuable isoprenoids on an industrial scale, fermentation using engineered microorganisms is a promising strategy compared to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Due to the advantages of mature genetic manipulation, robustness and applicability to industrial bioprocesses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an attractive microbial host for biochemical production, including that of various isoprenoids. In this review, we summarized the advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae over several decades, including synthetic pathway engineering, microbial host engineering, and central carbon pathway engineering. Furthermore, the challenges and corresponding strategies towards improving isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae were also summarized. Finally, suggestions and directions for isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jintian Zhang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Gao Q, Wang L, Zhang M, Wei Y, Lin W. Recent Advances on Feasible Strategies for Monoterpenoid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:609800. [PMID: 33335897 PMCID: PMC7736617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.609800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large diverse group of natural products which play important roles in plant metabolic activities. Monoterpenoids are the main components of plant essential oils and the active components of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Some monoterpenoids are widely used in medicine, cosmetics and other industries, and they are mainly obtained by plant biomass extraction methods. These plant extraction methods have some problems, such as low efficiency, unstable quality, and high cost. Moreover, the monoterpenoid production from plant cannot satisfy the growing monoterpenoids demand. The development of metabolic engineering, protein engineering and synthetic biology provides an opportunity to produce large amounts of monoterpenoids eco-friendly using microbial cell factories. This mini-review covers current monoterpenoids production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The monoterpenoids biosynthetic pathways, engineering of key monoterpenoids biosynthetic enzymes, and current monoterpenoids production using S. cerevisiae were summarized. In the future, metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae may provide one possible green and sustainable strategy for monoterpenoids supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Luan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maosen Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
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Yin H, Hu T, Zhuang Y, Liu T. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-level production of gastrodin from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:218. [PMID: 33243241 PMCID: PMC7690157 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural phenolic glycoside gastrodin is the major bioactive ingredient in the well-known Chinese herb Tianma and is widely used as a neuroprotective medicine in the clinic. Microbial production from sustainable resources is a promising method to replace plant extraction and chemical synthesis which were currently used in industrial gastrodin production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered as an attractive host to produce natural plant products used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. In this work, we intended to explore the potential of S. cerevisiae as the host for high-level production of gastrodin from glucose. RESULTS Here, we first identified the plant-derived glucosyltransferase AsUGT to convert 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to gastrodin with high catalytic efficiency in yeast. Then, we engineered de novo production of gastrodin by overexpressing codon-optimized AsUGTsyn, the carboxylic acid reductase gene CARsyn from Nocardia species, the phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene PPTcg-1syn from Corynebacterium glutamicum, the chorismate pyruvate-lyase gene UbiCsyn from Escherichia coli, and the mutant ARO4K229L. Finally, we achieved an improved product titer by a chromosomal multiple-copy integration strategy and enhancement of metabolic flux toward the aglycon 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The best optimized strain produced 2.1 g/L gastrodin in mineral medium with glucose as the sole carbon source by flask fermentation, which was 175 times higher than that of the original gastrodin-producing strain. CONCLUSIONS The de novo high-level production of gastrodin was first achieved. Instead of chemical synthesis or plants extraction, our work provides an alternative strategy for the industrial production of gastrodin by microbial fermentation from a sustainable resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tiandong Hu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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57
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Guan R, Wang M, Guan Z, Jin CY, Lin W, Ji XJ, Wei Y. Metabolic Engineering for Glycyrrhetinic Acid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:588255. [PMID: 33330420 PMCID: PMC7710550 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.588255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of the main bioactive components of licorice, and it is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine due to its hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral functions. Currently, GA is mainly extracted from the roots of cultivated licorice. However, licorice only contains low amounts of GA, and the amount of licorice that can be planted is limited. GA supplies are therefore limited and cannot meet the demands of growing markets. GA has a complex chemical structure, and its chemical synthesis is difficult, therefore, new strategies to produce large amounts of GA are needed. The development of metabolic engineering and emerging synthetic biology provide the opportunity to produce GA using microbial cell factories. In this review, current advances in the metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for GA biosynthesis and various metabolic engineering strategies that can improve GA production are summarized. Furthermore, the advances and challenges of yeast GA production are also discussed. In summary, GA biosynthesis using metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae serves as one possible strategy for sustainable GA supply and reasonable use of traditional Chinese medical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Guan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences (Zhongjing School), Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hu Z, Li H, Weng Y, Li P, Zhang C, Xiao D. Improve the production of D-limonene by regulating the mevalonate pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic beverage fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:1083-1097. [PMID: 33191463 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
D-Limonene, a cyclized monoterpene, possesses citrus-like olfactory property and multi-physiological functions, which can be used as a bioactive compound and flavor to improve the overall quality of alcoholic beverages. In our previous study, we established an orthogonal pathway of D-limonene synthesis by introducing neryl diphosphate synthase 1 (tNDPS1) and D-limonene synthase (tLS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To further increase D-limonene formation, the metabolic flux of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway was enhanced by overexpressing the key genes tHMGR1, ERG12, IDI1, and IDI1WWW, respectively, or co-overexpressing. The results showed that strengthening the MVA pathway significantly improved D-limonene production, while the best strain yielded 62.31 mg/L D-limonene by co-expressing tHMGR1, ERG12, and IDI1WWW genes in alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, we also studied the effect of enhancing the MVA pathway on the growth and fermentation of engineered yeasts during alcoholic beverage fermentation. Besides, to further resolve the problem of yeast growth inhibition, we separately investigated transporter proteins of the high-yielding D-limonene yeasts and the parental strain under the stress of different D-limonene concentration, suggesting that the transporters of Aus1p, Pdr18p, Pdr5p, Pdr3p, Pdr11p, Pdr15p, Tpo1p, and Ste6p might play a more critical role in alleviating cytotoxicity and improving the tolerance to D-limonene. Finally, we verified the functions of three transporter proteins, finding that the transporter of Aus1p failed to transport D-limonene, and the others (Pdr5p and Pdr15p) could improve the tolerance of yeast to D-limonene. This study provided a valuable platform for other monoterpenes' biosynthesis in yeast during alcoholic beverage fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Hu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan Li
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Weng
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Li H, Gao S, Zhang S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Effects of metabolic pathway gene copy numbers on the biosynthesis of (2S)-naringenin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:119-127. [PMID: 33186660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have notable biological activities and have been widely used in the medicinal and chemical industries. However, single-copy integration of heterologous pathway genes limits the production of flavonoids. In this work, we designed and constructed single-step integration of multiple flavonoid (2S)-naringenin biosynthetic pathway genes in S. cerevisiae. The efficiency of the naringenin metabolic pathway gene integration into the rDNA site reached 93.7%. Subsequently, we used a high titer p-coumaric acid strain as a chassis, which eliminated feedback inhibition of tyrosine and downregulated the competitive pathway. The results indicated that increasing the supply of p-coumaric acid was effective for naringenin production. We additionally optimized the amount of donor DNA. The optimum strain produced 149.8 mg/L of (2S)-naringenin. The multi-copy integration of flavonoid pathway genes effectively improved (2S)-naringenin production in S. cerevisiae. We further analyzed the copy numbers and expression levels of essential genes (4CL and CHS) in the (2S)-naringenin metabolic pathway by qPCR. Higher copy numbers of the (2S)-naringenin metabolic pathway genes were associated with greater 4CL and CHS transcription, and the efficiency of naringenin production was higher. Therefore, multi-copy integration of genes in the (2S)-naringenin metabolic pathway was imperative in rewiring p-coumaric acid flux to enhance flavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Yu Y, Rasool A, Liu H, Lv B, Chang P, Song H, Wang Y, Li C. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high yield production of α-amyrin via synergistic remodeling of α-amyrin synthase and expanding the storage pool. Metab Eng 2020; 62:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hoff B, Plassmeier J, Blankschien M, Letzel A, Kourtz L, Schröder H, Koch W, Zelder O. Unlocking Nature's Biosynthetic Power—Metabolic Engineering for the Fermentative Production of Chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Hoff
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Jens Plassmeier
- Biomaterials Conagen, Inc. 15 DeAngelo Drive 01730 Bedford, MA USA
| | - Matthew Blankschien
- James R. Randall Research Center ADM 1001 North Brush College Road 62521 Decatur, Il USA
| | - Anne‐Catrin Letzel
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Lauralynn Kourtz
- R&D Allied Microbiota 1345 Ave of Americas 10105 New York, NY USA
| | - Hartwig Schröder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Walter Koch
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Oskar Zelder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
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62
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Guo H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Enzymes and Pathways for Improved Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2214-2227. [PMID: 32786348 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many biological activities. The heterologous production of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully implemented by introducing various triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. By engineering related enzymes as well as through yeast metabolism, the yield of various triterpenoids is significantly improved from the milligram per liter scale to the gram per liter scale. This achievement demonstrates that engineering critical enzymes is considered a potential strategy to overcome the main hurdles of the industrial application of these potent natural products. Here, we review strategies for designing enzymes to improve the yield of triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae in terms of three main aspects: 1, elevating the supply of the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene; 2, optimizing triterpenoid-involved reactions; and 3, lowering the competition of the native sterol pathway. Then, we provide challenges and prospects for further enhancing triterpenoid production in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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63
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Lu X, Zhang LN, Du JF, Zheng XY, Li HJ, Li P, Xin GZ, Jiang Y. Comparative analysis and natural evolution of squalene epoxidase in three Fritillaria species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:705-718. [PMID: 32577984 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fritillariae Bulbus are the most commonly used antitussive and edible herbs in China. Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS and UPLC-QQQ-MS, the validated MRM-based non-targeted quantitative method was applied to determinate the contents of 48 Fritillaria alkaloids (FAs) in three Fritillaria species (F. thunbergii Miq., F. unibracteata and F. ussuriensis). The RNA-Seq results showed that gene transcript levels have different expression patterns in three Fritillaria species. Based on transcriptome data, the full-length cDNA sequences of squalene epoxidase gene were cloned and characterized. Natural evolution of squalene epoxidase genes resulted in four mutations (C236R, M489L, G510A and K517R) in three Fritillaria species. Molecular docking analysis showed that the 236 residue is located inside the pocket and the binding center while other three residues are located on the surface of the protein. Functional verification indicated the mutations of SQE (C236R) could effectively increase the activity of SQE and obtain higher yield of 2,3-oxidosqualene in recombinant yeast. And the mutations of SQE (M489L and G510A), which increased the hydrophobicity of the protein surface, could also enhance the activity of SQE. This study provides major insights into the metabolites differentiation of FAs biosynthesis, and a firm foundation for the quality control and metabolic engineering of Fritillariae bulbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Fa Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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64
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Geraldi A. Advances in the Production of Minor Ginsenosides Using Microorganisms and Their Enzymes. BIO INTEGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Minor ginsenodes are of great interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities such as their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, immunomodulator, and anti-inflammatory effects. The miniscule amount of minor ginsenosides in ginseng plants has driven
the development of their mass production methods. Among the various production methods for minor ginsenosides, the utilization of microorganisms and their enzymes are considered as highly specific, safe, and environmentally friendly. In this review, various minor ginsenosides production strategies,
namely utilizing microorganisms and recombinant microbial enzymes, for biotransforming major ginsenosides into minor ginsenoside, as well as constructing synthetic minor ginsenosides production pathways in yeast cell factories, are described and discussed. Furthermore, the present challenges
and future research direction for producing minor ginsenosides using those approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almando Geraldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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65
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Li D, Wu Y, Wei P, Gao X, Li M, Zhang C, Zhou Z, Lu W. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for heterologous oleanolic acid production. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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66
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Elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathway of the main triterpene glycosylation products of Panax notoginseng using a synthetic biology platform. Metab Eng 2020; 61:131-140. [PMID: 32454222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated glycosylation is a widespread modification of plant natural products (PNPs), which exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, and are of great pharmaceutical, ecological and agricultural significance. However, functional annotation is available for less than 2% of the family 1 UGTs, which currently has 20,000 members that are known to glycosylate several classes of PNPs. This low percentage illustrates the difficulty of experimental study and accurate prediction of their function. Here, a synthetic biology platform for elucidating the UGT-mediated glycosylation process of PNPs was established, including glycosyltransferases dependent on UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose. This platform is based on reconstructing the specific PNPs biosynthetic pathways in dedicated microbial yeast chassis by the simple method of plug-and-play. Five UGT enzymes were identified as responsible for the biosynthesis of the main glycosylation products of triterpenes in Panax notoginseng, including a novel UDP-xylose dependent glycosyltransferase enzyme for notoginsenoside R1 biosynthesis. Additionally, we constructed a yeast cell factory that yields >1 g/L of ginsenoside compound K. This platform for functional gene identification and strain engineering can serve as the basis for creating alternative sources of important natural products and thereby protecting natural plant resources.
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67
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de Bruijn WJC, Levisson M, Beekwilder J, van Berkel WJH, Vincken JP. Plant Aromatic Prenyltransferases: Tools for Microbial Cell Factories. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:917-934. [PMID: 32299631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, prenylation of aromatic compounds, such as (iso)flavonoids and stilbenoids, by membrane-bound prenyltransferases (PTs), is an essential step in the biosynthesis of many bioactive compounds. Prenylated aromatic compounds have various health-beneficial properties that are interesting for industrial applications, but their exploitation is limited due to their low abundance in nature. Harnessing plant aromatic PTs for prenylation in microbial cell factories may be a sustainable and economically viable alternative. Limitations in prenylated aromatic compound production have been identified, including availability of prenyl donor substrate. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about plant aromatic PTs and discuss promising strategies towards the optimized production of prenylated aromatic compounds by microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Levisson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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68
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Li WN, Fan DD. Biocatalytic strategies for the production of ginsenosides using glycosidase: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3807-3823. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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69
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Ma W, Zhao L, Ma Y, Li Y, Qin S, He B. Oriented efficient biosynthesis of rare ginsenoside Rh2 from PPD by compiling UGT-Yjic mutant with sucrose synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:853-859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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An T, Zha W, Zi J. Biotechnological production of betulinic acid and derivatives and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3339-3348. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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71
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Chu LL, Montecillo JAV, Bae H. Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:139. [PMID: 32158753 PMCID: PMC7052115 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species. Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives. However, owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis, ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources. In recent years, an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. In this review, various metabolic engineering strategies, including heterologous gene expression, balancing, and increasing metabolic flux, and enzyme engineering, have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production. Furthermore, the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented. Finally, the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
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72
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Tu L, Su P, Zhang Z, Gao L, Wang J, Hu T, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Tong Y, Lu Y, Yang J, Xu C, Jia M, Peters RJ, Huang L, Gao W. Genome of Tripterygium wilfordii and identification of cytochrome P450 involved in triptolide biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:971. [PMID: 32080175 PMCID: PMC7033203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a trace natural product of Tripterygium wilfordii. It has antitumor activities, particularly against pancreatic cancer cells. Identification of genes and elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway leading to triptolide are the prerequisite for heterologous bioproduction. Here, we report a reference-grade genome of T. wilfordii with a contig N50 of 4.36 Mb. We show that copy numbers of triptolide biosynthetic pathway genes are impacted by a recent whole-genome triplication event. We further integrate genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data to map a gene-to-metabolite network. This leads to the identification of a cytochrome P450 (CYP728B70) that can catalyze oxidation of a methyl to the acid moiety of dehydroabietic acid in triptolide biosynthesis. We think the genomic resource and the candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal triptolide biosynthetic pathway and consequently the heterologous bioproduction. Tripterygium wilfordii is a medical plant that can produce antitumor activity compound triptolide. Here, the authors assemble its genome and identify a cytochrome P450 that can catalyze oxidation of a methyl to the acid moiety of dehydroabietic acid in triptolide biosynthesis by integrating multi-omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | | | - Linhui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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73
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Li T, Liu GS, Zhou W, Jiang M, Ren YH, Tao XY, Liu M, Zhao M, Wang FQ, Gao B, Wei DZ. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae To Overproduce Squalene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2132-2138. [PMID: 31989819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squalene has wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Engineering microbes to produce squalene is a promising alternative for traditional production approaches. In this study, squalene production was enhanced to 978.24 mg/L through stepwise overexpression of the enzymes that catalyze acetyl-CoA to squalene. Subsequently, to increase the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and alleviate the high dependence on NADPH, the HMG-CoA reductase (NADH-HMGR) from Silicibacter pomeroyi, highly specific for NADH, was introduced, which increased squalene production to 1086.31 mg/L. Native ethanol dehydrogenase ADH2 and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ADA from Dickeya zeae were further overexpressed, which enhanced the capability to utilize ethanol for squalene synthesis and endowed the engineered strain with greater adaptability to high ethanol concentrations. Finally, a remarkable squalene production of 9472 mg/L was obtained from ethanol via carbon source-controlled fed-batch fermentation. This study will greatly accelerate the process of developing microbial cell factories for squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Guo-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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74
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Yang S, Cao X, Yu W, Li S, Zhou YJ. Efficient targeted mutation of genomic essential genes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3037-3047. [PMID: 32043190 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted gene mutation by allelic replacement is important for functional genomic analysis and metabolic engineering. However, it is challenging in mutating the essential genes with the traditional method by using a selection marker, since the first step of essential gene knockout will result in a lethal phenotype. Here, we developed a two-end selection marker (Two-ESM) method for site-directed mutation of essential genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the aid of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. With this method, single and double mutations of the essential gene ERG20 (encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase) in S. cerevisiae were successfully constructed with high efficiencies of 100%. In addition, the Two-ESM method significantly improved the mutation efficiency and simplified the genetic manipulation procedure compared with traditional methods. The genome integration and mutation efficiencies were further improved by dynamic regulation of mutant gene expression and optimization of the integration modules. This Two-ESM method will facilitate the construction of genomic mutations of essential genes for functional genomic analysis and metabolic flux regulation in yeasts. KEY POINTS: • A Two-ESM strategy achieves mutations of essential genes with high efficiency of 100%. • The optimized three-module method improves the integration efficiency by more than three times. • This method will facilitate the functional genomic analysis and metabolic flux regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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75
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Chen J, Fan F, Qu G, Tang J, Xi Y, Bi C, Sun Z, Zhang X. Identification of Absidia orchidis steroid 11β-hydroxylation system and its application in engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for one-step biotransformation to produce hydrocortisone. Metab Eng 2020; 57:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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76
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Kim JE, Jang IS, Son SH, Ko YJ, Cho BK, Kim SC, Lee JY. Tailoring the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endoplasmic reticulum for functional assembly of terpene synthesis pathway. Metab Eng 2019; 56:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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77
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Present status of Catharanthus roseus monoterpenoid indole alkaloids engineering in homo- and hetero-logous systems. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 42:11-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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78
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Moser S, Leitner E, Plocek TJ, Vanhessche K, Pichler H. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of (+)-ambrein. Yeast 2019; 37:163-172. [PMID: 31606910 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid (+)-ambrein is the major component of ambergris, a coprolite of the sperm whale that can only be rarely found on shores. Upon oxidative degradation of (+)-ambrein, several fragrance molecules are formed, amongst them (-)-ambrox, one of the highest valued compounds in the perfume industry. In order to generate a Saccharomyces cerevisiae whole-cell biocatalyst for the production of (+)-ambrein, intracellular supply of the squalene was enhanced by overexpression of two central enzymes in the mevalonate and sterol biosynthesis pathway, namely the N-terminally truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (tHMG) and the squalene synthase (ERG9). In addition, another key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, squalene epoxidase (ERG1) was inhibited by an experimentally defined amount of the inhibitor terbinafine in order to reduce flux of squalene towards ergosterol biosynthesis while retaining sufficient activity to maintain cell viability and growth. Heterologous expression of a promiscuous variant of Bacillus megaterium tetraprenyl-β-curcumene cyclase (BmeTC-D373C), which has been shown to be able to catalyse the conversion of squalene to 3-deoxyachillol and then further to (+)-ambrein resulted in production of these triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae for the first time. Triterpenoid yields are comparable with the best microbial production chassis described in literature so far, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Consequently, we discuss similarities and differences of these two yeast species when applied for whole-cell (+)-ambrein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- NAWI Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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79
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Huang Y, Li D, Wang J, Cai Y, Dai Z, Jiang D, Liu C. GuUGT, a glycosyltransferase from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, exhibits glycyrrhetinic acid 3- and 30-O-glycosylation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191121. [PMID: 31824719 PMCID: PMC6837211 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a well-known herbal medicine that contains triterpenoid saponins as the predominant bioactive components, and these compounds include glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-glycoside derivatives. Although two genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that glycosylate these derivates have been functionally characterized in G. uralensis, the mechanisms of glycosylation by other UGTs remain unknown. Based on the available transcriptome data, we isolated a UGT with expression in the roots of G. uralensis. This UGT gene possibly encodes a glucosyltransferase that glycosylates GA derivatives at the 3-OH site. Biochemical analyses revealed that the recombinant UGT enzyme could transfer a glucosyl moiety to the free 3-OH or 30-COOH groups of GA. Furthermore, engineered yeast harbouring genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for GA-glycoside derivates produced GA-3-O-β-D-glucoside, implying that the enzyme has GA 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vivo. Our results could provide a frame for understand the function of the UGT gene family, and also is important for further studies of triterpenoids biosynthesis in G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
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80
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Zheng X, Li P, Lu X. Research advances in cytochrome P450-catalysed pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4619-4630. [PMID: 31037306 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, the biggest class of plant secondary metabolites, have a wide range of significant physiological roles, while many of them are important natural drugs. Biosynthesis of pharmaceutical terpenoids in plants is a fairly complex process, most of which involves cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases. CYP450 enzymes are versatile biocatalysts that play critical roles in terpenoid skeleton modification and structural diversity. Therefore, the discovery and identification of CYP450 genes is significant for elucidating the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes the progress and cloning strategies relating to CYP450s in pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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81
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Sun L, Kwak S, Jin YS. Vitamin A Production by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Xylose via Two-Phase in Situ Extraction. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2131-2140. [PMID: 31374167 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential human micronutrient and plays critical roles in vision, reproduction, immune system, and skin health. Current industrial methods for the production of vitamin A rely on chemical synthesis from petroleum-derived substrates, such as acetone and acetylene. Here, we developed a biotechnological method for production of vitamin A from an abundant and nonedible sugar. Specifically, we engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce vitamin A from xylose-the second most abundant sugar in plant cell wall hydrolysates-by introducing a β-carotene biosynthetic pathway, and a gene coding for β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCMO) into a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae. The resulting yeast strain produced vitamin A from xylose at a titer 4-fold higher than from glucose. When a two-phase in situ extraction strategy with dodecane or olive oil as an extractive agent was employed, vitamin A production improved additional 2-fold. Furthermore, a xylose fed-batch fermentation with dodecane in situ extraction achieved a final titer of 3350 mg/L vitamin A, which consisted of retinal (2094 mg/L) and retinol (1256 mg/L). These results suggest that potential limiting factors of vitamin A production in yeast, such as insufficient supply of isoprenoid precursors, and limited intracellular storage capacity, can be effectively addressed by using xylose as a carbon source, and two-phase in situ extraction. The engineered S. cerevisiae and fermentation strategies described in this study might contribute to sustainable and economic production of vitamin A, and vitamin A-enriched bioproducts from renewable biomass.
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82
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Kwak S, Yun EJ, Lane S, Oh EJ, Kim KH, Jin YS. Redirection of the Glycolytic Flux Enhances Isoprenoid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900173. [PMID: 31466140 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient supply of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is a prerequisite of the overproduction of isoprenoids and related bioproducts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although S. cerevisiae highly depends on the oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway to produce NADPH, its metabolic flux toward the oxidative PP pathway is limited due to the rigid glycolysis flux. To maximize NADPH supply for the isoprenoid production in yeast, upper glycolytic metabolic fluxes are reduced by introducing mutations into phosphofructokinase (PFK) along with overexpression of ZWF1 encoding glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase. The PFK mutations (Pfk1 S724D and Pfk2 S718D) result in less glycerol production and more accumulation of G6P, which is a gateway metabolite toward the oxidative PP pathway. When combined with the PFK mutations, overexpression of ZWF1 caused substantial increases of [NADPH]/[NADP+ ] ratios whereas the effect of ZWF1 overexpression alone in the wild-type strain is not noticeable. Also, the introduction of ZWF1 overexpression and the PFK mutations into engineered yeast overexpressing acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ERG10), truncated HMG-CoA reductase isozyme 1 (tHMG1), and amorphadiene synthase (ADS) leads to a titer of 497 mg L-1 of amorphadiene (3.7-fold over the parental strain). These results suggest that perturbation of upper glycolytic fluxes, in addition to ZWF1 overexpression, is necessary for efficient NADPH supply through the oxidative PP pathway and enhanced production of isoprenoids by engineered S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephan Lane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Joong Oh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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83
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Chen J, Tang J, Xi Y, Dai Z, Bi C, Chen X, Fan F, Zhang X. Production of 14α-hydroxysteroids by a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae biocatalyst expressing of a fungal steroid 14α-hydroxylation system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8363-8374. [PMID: 31414163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 14α-hydroxysteroids have specific anti-gonadotropic and carcinolytic biological activities and can be produced by microbial biotransformation. The steroid 11β-/14α-hydroxylase P-450lun from Cochliobolus lunatus is the only fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme identified to date with steroid C14 hydroxylation ability. Previous work has mainly revealed the 11β-hydroxylation activity of the P-450lun towards cortexolone (RSS) substrate; however, the potential steroid 14α-hydroxylation activity of this enzyme, especially for androstenedione (AD) substrate, has not yet conducted in-depth testing. In this work, we further tested the steroid 14α-hydroxylation activity of the P-450lun towards RSS and AD in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae system. We demonstrated that P-450lun functions as the specific 14α-hydroxylase towards the AD substrate (regiospecificity > 99%); however, it showed a poor C14-hydroxylation regiospecificity (around 40%) for the RSS substrate. In addition, through transcriptome analysis combined with gene functional characterizations, we also identified and cloned the gene for the P-450lun-associated redox partner CPRlun. Finally, through codon optimization, knockout of genes for the side reactions related enzymes GCY1 and YPR1, and increasing copies of the P-450lun and CPRlun, we developed a recombinant S. cerevisiae biocatalyst based on the C. lunatus steroid 14α-hydroxylation system to produce 14α-hydroxysteroids. Initial production of 14α-OH-AD (150 mg/L day productivity, 99% regioisomeric purity, and 60% w/w yield) and 14α-OH-RSS (64 mg/L day productivity, 40% regioisomeric purity, and 26% w/w yield) were separately achieved in shake flasks; these results represent the highest level of 14α-hydroxysteroid production in the current yeast system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jinlei Tang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yongyan Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhubo Dai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Feiyu Fan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Ave, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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84
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kim SH, Pandey A. Tailoring of microbes for the production of high value plant-derived compounds: From pathway engineering to fermentative production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:140262. [PMID: 31404685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant natural products have been an attracting platform for the isolation of various active drugs and other bioactives. However large-scale extraction of these compounds is affected by the difficulty in mass cultivation of these plants and absence of strategies for successful extraction. Even though, synthesis by chemical method is an alternative method; it is less efficient as their chemical structure is highly complex which involve enantio-selectivity. Thus an alternate bio-system for heterologous production of plant natural products using microbes has emerged. Advent of various omics, synthetic and metabolic engineering strategies revolutionised the field of heterologous plant metabolite production. In this context, various engineering methods taken to synthesise plant natural products are described with an additional focus to fermentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | | | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Sang Hyoun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, India.
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85
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Huang J, Zha W, An T, Dong H, Huang Y, Wang D, Yu R, Duan L, Zhang X, Peters RJ, Dai Z, Zi J. Identification of RoCYP01 (CYP716A155) enables construction of engineered yeast for high-yield production of betulinic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7029-7039. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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86
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Moser S, Pichler H. Identifying and engineering the ideal microbial terpenoid production host. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5501-5516. [PMID: 31129740 PMCID: PMC6597603 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 70,000 different terpenoid structures are known so far; many of them offer highly interesting applications as pharmaceuticals, flavors and fragrances, or biofuels. Extraction of these compounds from their natural sources or chemical synthesis is-in many cases-technically challenging with low or moderate yields while wasting valuable resources. Microbial production of terpenoids offers a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative starting from simple carbon sources and, frequently, safeguards high product specificity. Here, we provide an overview on employing recombinant bacteria and yeasts for heterologous de novo production of terpenoids. Currently, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the two best-established production hosts for terpenoids. An increasing number of studies have been successful in engineering alternative microorganisms for terpenoid biosynthesis, which we intend to highlight in this review. Moreover, we discuss the specific engineering challenges as well as recent advances for microbial production of different classes of terpenoids. Rationalizing the current stages of development for different terpenoid production hosts as well as future prospects shall provide a valuable decision basis for the selection and engineering of the cell factory(ies) for industrial production of terpenoid target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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87
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Wang C, Su X, Sun M, Zhang M, Wu J, Xing J, Wang Y, Xue J, Liu X, Sun W, Chen S. Efficient production of glycyrrhetinic acid in metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae via an integrated strategy. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:95. [PMID: 31138208 PMCID: PMC6540369 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the most important ingredient in licorice due to its outstanding anti-inflammatory activity and wide application in the medicine and cosmetics industries. Contemporary industrial production of GA by acid hydrolysis of glycyrrhizin which was extracted from Glycyrrhiza plants, is not environment-friendly and devastates farmland since the Glycyrrhiza rhizomes grow up to 10 m underground. Results In this study, GA was produced through metabolically engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing the entire heterogeneous biosynthetic pathway of GA. Codon optimized CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, combined with β-AS (β-amyrin synthase encoding gene) and the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana were introduced into S. cerevisiae. The resulting strain (Y1) produced 2.5 mg/L of β-amyrin and 14 μg/L of GA. The cytochrome b5 from G. uralensis (GuCYB5) was identified and the introduction of this novel GuCYB5 increased the efficiency of GA production by eightfold. The joint utilization of the GuCYB5 gene along with 10 known MVA pathway genes from S. cerevisiae were overexpressed in a stable chromosome integration to achieve higher GA production. Using the combined strategy, GA concentration improved by 40-fold during batch fermentation. The production was further improved to 8.78 mg/L in fed-batch fermentation, which was increased by a factor of nearly 630. Conclusions This study first investigated the influence of carbon flux in the upstream module and the introduction of a newly identified GuCYB5 on GA production. The newly identified GuCYB5 was highly effective in improving GA production. An integrated strategy including enzyme discovery, pathway optimization, and fusion protein construction was provided in improving GA production, achieving a 630 fold increase in GA production. The metabolically engineered yeast cell factories provide an alternative approach to glycyrrhetinic acid production, replacing the traditional method of plant extraction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1138-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyao Su
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science, Huai Bei Normal University, Huaibei, 23500, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science, Huai Bei Normal University, Huaibei, 23500, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., Wangjingbei Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jianmin Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xue
- School of Life Science, Huai Bei Normal University, Huaibei, 23500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
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88
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Wu Y, Xu S, Gao X, Li M, Li D, Lu W. Enhanced protopanaxadiol production from xylose by engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:83. [PMID: 31103047 PMCID: PMC6525355 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As renewable biomass, lignocellulose remains one of the major choices for most countries in tackling global energy shortage and environment pollution. Efficient utilization of xylose, an important monosaccharide in lignocellulose, is essential for the production of high-value compounds, such as ethanol, lipids, and isoprenoids. Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a kind of isoprenoids, has important medical values and great market potential. Results The engineered protopanaxadiol-producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain, which can use xylose as the sole carbon source, was constructed by introducing xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) from Scheffersomyces stipitis, overexpressing endogenous xylulose kinase (ylXKS) and heterologous PPD synthetic modules, and then 18.18 mg/L of PPD was obtained. Metabolic engineering strategies such as regulating cofactor balance, enhancing precursor flux, and improving xylose metabolism rate via XR (K270R/N272D) mutation, the overexpression of tHMG1/ERG9/ERG20 and transaldolase (TAL)/transketolase (TKL)/xylose transporter (TX), were implemented to enhance PPD production. The final Y14 strain exhibited the greatest PPD titer from xylose by fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L fermenter, reaching 300.63 mg/L [yield, 2.505 mg/g (sugar); productivity, 2.505 mg/L/h], which was significantly higher than the titer of glucose fermentation [titer, 167.17 mg/L; yield, 1.194 mg/g (sugar); productivity, 1.548 mg/L/h]. Conclusion The results showed that xylose was more suitable for PPD synthesis than glucose due to the enhanced carbon flux towards acetyl-CoA, the precursor for PPD biosynthetic pathway. This is the first report to produce PPD in Y. lipolytica with xylose as the sole carbon source, which developed a promising strategy for the efficient production of high-value triterpenoid compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1136-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dashuai Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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89
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Jin CC, Zhang JL, Song H, Cao YX. Boosting the biosynthesis of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids in Yarrowia lipolytica via multimodular metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:77. [PMID: 31053076 PMCID: PMC6498500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoid and a potential antiviral and antitumor drug, but the amount of betulinic acid in plants is low and cannot meet the demand for this compound. Yarrowia lipolytica, as an oleaginous yeast, is a promising microbial cell factory for the production of highly hydrophobic compounds due to the ability of this organism to accumulate large amounts of lipids that can store hydrophobic products and supply sufficient precursors for terpene synthesis. However, engineering for the heterologous production of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids has not developed as systematically as that for the production of other terpenoids, thus the production of betulinic acid in microbes remains unsatisfactory. RESULTS In this study, we applied a multimodular strategy to systematically improve the biosynthesis of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids in Y. lipolytica by engineering four functional modules, namely, the heterogenous CYP/CPR, MVA, acetyl-CoA generation, and redox cofactor supply modules. First, by screening 25 combinations of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs), each of which originated from 5 different sources, we selected two optimal betulinic acid-producing strains. Then, ERG1, ERG9, and HMG1 in the MVA module were overexpressed in the two strains, which dramatically increased betulinic acid production and resulted in a strain (YLJCC56) that exhibited the highest betulinic acid yield of 51.87 ± 2.77 mg/L. Then, we engineered the redox cofactor supply module by introducing NADPH- or NADH-generating enzymes and the acetyl-CoA generation module by directly overexpressing acetyl-CoA synthases or reinforcing the β-oxidation pathway, which further increased the total triterpenoid yield (the sum of the betulin, betulinic acid, betulinic aldehyde yields). Finally, we engineered these modules in combination, and the total triterpenoid yield reached 204.89 ± 11.56 mg/L (composed of 65.44% betulin, 23.71% betulinic acid and 10.85% betulinic aldehyde) in shake flask cultures. CONCLUSIONS Here, we systematically engineered Y. lipolytica and achieved, to the best of our knowledge, the highest betulinic acid and total triterpenoid yields reported in microbes. Our study provides a suitable reference for studies on heterologous exploitation of P450 enzymes and manipulation of triterpenoid production in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Jin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Jin-Lai Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Ying-Xiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
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90
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Gwak YS, Han JY, Choi YE. Production of ginsenoside aglycone (protopanaxatriol) and male sterility of transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing three Panax ginseng genes: PgDDS, CYP716A47, and CYP716A53v2. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:261-271. [PMID: 30976164 PMCID: PMC6437448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an aglycone of ginsenosides, which has high medicinal values. Production of PPT from natural ginseng plants requires artificial deglycosylation procedures of ginsenosides via enzymatic or physicochemical treatments. Metabolic engineering could be an efficient technology for production of ginsenoside sapogenin. For PPT biosynthesis in Panax ginseng, damarenediol-II synthase (PgDDS) and two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are essentially required. Methods Transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing P. ginseng PgDDS, CYP716A47, and CYP716A53v2 was constructed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Results Expression of the three introduced genes in transgenic tobacco lines was confirmed by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analysis of liquid chromatography showed three new peaks, dammarenediol-II (DD), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and PPT, in leaves of transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco (line 6) contained 2.8 μg/g dry weight (DW), 7.3 μg/g DW, and 11.6 μg/g DW of PPT, PPD, and DD in leaves, respectively. Production of PPT was achieved via cell suspension culture and was highly affected by auxin treatment. The content of PPT in cell suspension was increased 37.25-fold compared with that of leaves of the transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco was not able to set seeds because of microspore degeneration in anthers. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that cells of phloem tissue situated in the center of the anther showed an abnormally condensed nuclei and degenerated mitochondria. Conclusion We successfully achieved the production of PPT in transgenic tobacco. The possible factors deriving male sterility in transgenic tobacco are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shin Gwak
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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91
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Chua NK, Hart-Smith G, Brown AJ. Non-canonical ubiquitination of the cholesterol-regulated degron of squalene monooxygenase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8134-8147. [PMID: 30940729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene monooxygenase (SM) is a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. The region comprising the first 100 amino acids, termed SM N100, represents the shortest cholesterol-responsive degron and enables SM to sense excess cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Cholesterol accelerates the ubiquitination of SM by membrane-associated ring-CH type finger 6 (MARCH6), a key E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in ER-associated degradation. However, the ubiquitination site required for cholesterol regulation of SM N100 is unknown. Here, we used SM N100 fused to GFP as a model degron to recapitulate cholesterol-mediated SM degradation and show that neither SM lysine residues nor the N terminus impart instability. Instead, we discovered four serines (Ser-59, Ser-61, Ser-83, and Ser-87) that are critical for cholesterol-accelerated degradation, with MS analysis confirming Ser-83 as a ubiquitination site. Notably, these two clusters of closely spaced serine residues are located in disordered domains flanking a 12-amino acid-long amphipathic helix (residues Gln-62-Leu-73) that together confer cholesterol responsiveness. In summary, our findings reveal the degron architecture of SM N100, introducing the role of non-canonical ubiquitination sites and deepening our molecular understanding of how SM is degraded in response to cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee Kiat Chua
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gene Hart-Smith
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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92
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Stepwise increase in the production of 13R-manoyl oxide through metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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93
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Ding M, Chen B, Ji X, Zhou J, Wang H, Tian X, Feng X, Yue H, Zhou Y, Wang H, Wu J, Yang P, Jiang Y, Mao X, Xiao G, Zhong C, Xiao W, Li B, Qin L, Cheng J, Yao M, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Yu L, Chen T, Dong X, Jia X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen K, Wu J, Zhu C, Zhuang W, Xu S, Jiao P, Zhang L, Song H, Yang S, Xiong Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Su H, Fu W, Huang Y, Li C, Zhao ZK, Sun Y, Chen GQ, Zhao X, Huang H, Zheng Y, Yang L, Su Z, Ma G, Ying H, Chen J, Tan T, Yuan Y. Biochemical engineering in China. REV CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chinese biochemical engineering is committed to supporting the chemical and food industries, to advance science and technology frontiers, and to meet major demands of Chinese society and national economic development. This paper reviews the development of biochemical engineering, strategic deployment of these technologies by the government, industrial demand, research progress, and breakthroughs in key technologies in China. Furthermore, the outlook for future developments in biochemical engineering in China is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ding
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Biqiang Chen
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Shanghai Information Center of Life Sciences (SICLS), Shanghai Institute of Biology Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xudong Feng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Biology Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xuming Mao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Bingzhi Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lei Qin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Jingsheng Cheng
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Hong Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Linling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xiaoqiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jinglan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Tianjin Ltd. of BoyaLife Inc. , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Shanghai Information Center of Life Sciences (SICLS), Shanghai Institute of Biology Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , China
| | - Yongquan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Weiping Fu
- China National Center of Biotechnology Development , Beijing , China
| | - Yingming Huang
- China National Center of Biotechnology Development , Beijing , China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Zongbao K. Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Center of Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Biology Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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Li D, Wu Y, Zhang C, Sun J, Zhou Z, Lu W. Production of Triterpene Ginsenoside Compound K in the Non-conventional Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2581-2588. [PMID: 30757901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is a rare, tetracyclic, triterpenoid compound with important medical properties, such as antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, an efficient biosynthetic pathway of CK was constructed in metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica for the first time, and the engineered strain, YL-CK0, produced 5.1 mg/L CK. The production of CK was further increased by 5.96-fold to 30.4 mg/L with overexpression of key genes in the MVA pathway and fusion of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (PPDS) and NADPH-P450 reductase. Finally, 161.8 mg/L CK production was achieved by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L fermenter using the strain YL-MVA-CK. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on heterologous CK synthesis with the highest titer in Y. lipolytica. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing high-value triterpenoid compounds using Y. lipolytica as a platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenyu Lu
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
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95
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Jiang S, Yu H, Xiang Y, Liu D, Qu Y, Cui X, Ge F. Oleanane-Type Saponins Biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng via Transformation of β-Amyrin Synthase Gene from Panax japonicus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1982-1989. [PMID: 30742432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oleanane-type saponins considered as the main medicinal ingredients in Panax japonicus are not found in Panax notoginseng. β-Amyrin synthase (βAS) was recognized as the first key enzyme in the biosynthetic branch of oleanane-type saponins. In this study, βAS gene from P. japonicus ( PjβAS) was transferred into P. notoginseng cells. Along with PjβAS expression in the transgenic cells, the expression levels of several key enzyme genes related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis and the content of P. notoginseng saponins were also increased. Two oleanane-type saponins, chikusetsusaponin IV and chikusetsusaponin IVa, contained in P. japonicus were first discovered in transgenic P. notoginseng cells. This study successfully constructed a biosynthetic pathway of oleanane-type saponins in P. notoginseng by introducing just one gene into the species. On the basis of this discovery and previous studies, the common biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins in Panax genus may be unified to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yilin Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Sen Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Life Science , Yunnan University , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology , Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650031 , China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
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96
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Tang QY, Chen G, Song WL, Fan W, Wei KH, He SM, Zhang GH, Tang JR, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang SC. Transcriptome analysis of Panax zingiberensis identifies genes encoding oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of oleanane-type ginsenosides. PLANTA 2019; 249:393-406. [PMID: 30219960 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT) genes synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides were discovered. The four recombinant proteins of OAGT were able to transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid that yields oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide. Ginsenosides are the primary active components in the genus Panax, and great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms underlying dammarane-type ginsenoside biosynthesis. However, there is limited information on oleanane-type ginsenosides. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that oleanane-type ginsenosides (particularly ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin IV and IVa) are the abundant ginsenosides in Panax zingiberensis, an extremely endangered Panax species in southwest China. These ginsenosides are derived from oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide, which may be formed from oleanolic acid catalyzed by an unknown oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT). Transcriptomic analysis of leaves, stems, main roots, and fibrous roots of P. zingiberensis was performed, and a total of 46,098 unigenes were obtained, including all the identified homologous genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. The most upstream genes were highly expressed in the leaves, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase genes were highly expressed in the roots. This finding indicated that the precursors of ginsenosides are mainly synthesized in the leaves and transported to different parts for the formation of particular ginsenosides. For the first time, enzyme activity assay characterized four genes (three from P. zingiberensis and one from P. japonicus var. major, another Panax species with oleanane-type ginsenosides) encoding OAGT, which particularly transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid to form oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide. Taken together, our study provides valuable genetic information for P. zingiberensis and the genes responsible for synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wan-Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kun-Hua Wei
- Guangxi Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Si-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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97
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Wang P, Wei W, Ye W, Li X, Zhao W, Yang C, Li C, Yan X, Zhou Z. Synthesizing ginsenoside Rh2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory at high-efficiency. Cell Discov 2019; 5:5. [PMID: 30652026 PMCID: PMC6331602 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology approach has been frequently applied to produce plant rare bioactive compounds in microbial cell factories by fermentation. However, to reach an ideal manufactural efficiency, it is necessary to optimize the microbial cell factories systemically by boosting sufficient carbon flux to the precursor synthesis and tuning the expression level and efficiency of key bioparts related to the synthetic pathway. We previously developed a yeast cell factory to produce ginsenoside Rh2 from glucose. However, the ginsenoside Rh2 yield was too low for commercialization due to the low supply of the ginsenoside aglycone protopanaxadiol (PPD) and poor performance of the key UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) (biopart UGTPg45) in the final step of the biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we constructed a PPD-producing chassis via modular engineering of the mevalonic acid pathway and optimization of P450 expression levels. The new yeast chassis could produce 529.0 mg/L of PPD in shake flasks and 11.02 g/L in 10 L fed-batch fermentation. Based on this high PPD-producing chassis, we established a series of cell factories to produce ginsenoside Rh2, which we optimized by improving the C3–OH glycosylation efficiency. We increased the copy number of UGTPg45, and engineered its promoter to increase expression levels. In addition, we screened for more efficient and compatible UGT bioparts from other plant species and mutants originating from the direct evolution of UGTPg45. Combining all engineered strategies, we built a yeast cell factory with the greatest ginsenoside Rh2 production reported to date, 179.3 mg/L in shake flasks and 2.25 g/L in 10 L fed-batch fermentation. The results set up a successful example for improving yeast cell factories to produce plant rare natural products, especially the glycosylated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Wei
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Ye
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenfang Zhao
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chengshuai Yang
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chaojing Li
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xing Yan
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
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98
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Identification of a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the C-2α hydroxylation of pentacyclic triterpenoids and its application in yeast cell factories. Metab Eng 2019; 51:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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99
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Zhao F, Bai P, Nan W, Li D, Zhang C, Lu C, Qi H, Lu W. A modular engineering strategy for high‐level production of protopanaxadiol from ethanol by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Zhao
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Peng Bai
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Weihua Nan
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Dashuai Li
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Chunzhe Lu
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Haishan Qi
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- Dept. of Biological EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of System BioengineeringTianjin University, Ministry of Education Tianjin P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin University, SynBio Res Platform Tianjin P.R. China
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100
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Qiao J, Luo Z, Cui S, Zhao H, Tang Q, Mo C, Ma X, Ding Z. Modification of isoprene synthesis to enable production of curcurbitadienol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:147-157. [PMID: 30535727 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids such as mogrosides and cucurbitacins that are present in the plants of Cucurbitaceae are widely used in Asian traditional medicine. Cucurbitadienol is the skeleton of cucurbitane-type triterpenoids. As an alternative production strategy, we developed baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial host for the eventual transformation of cucurbitadienol. The synthetic pathway of cucurbitadienol was constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing the cucurbitadienol synthase gene from different plants, resulting in 7.80 mg cucurbitadienol from 1 L of fermentation broth. Improving supplies of isoprenoid precursors was then investigated for increasing cucurbitadienol production. Cucurbitadienol production increased to 21.47 mg/L through the overexpression of a global regulatory factor (UPC2) gene of triterpenoid synthase. In addition, knockout of the ERG7 gene increased cucurbitadienol production from 21.47 to 61.80 mg/L. Finally, fed-batch fermentation was performed, and 63.00 mg/L cucurbitadienol was produced. This work is an important step towards the total biosynthesis of valuable cucurbitane-type triterpenoids and demonstrates the potential for developing a sustainable and secure yeast biomanufacturing platform for triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengrong Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qi Tang
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative and Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Changming Mo
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zimian Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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