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Ball SG, Shuttleworth CA, Kielty CM. Vascular endothelial growth factor can signal through platelet-derived growth factor receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:489-500. [PMID: 17470632 PMCID: PMC2064818 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200608093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is a crucial stimulator of vascular cell migration and proliferation. Using bone marrow-derived human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that did not express VEGF receptors, we provide evidence that VEGF-A can stimulate platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), thereby regulating MSC migration and proliferation. VEGF-A binds to both PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta and induces tyrosine phosphorylation that, when inhibited, results in attenuation of VEGF-A-induced MSC migration and proliferation. This mechanism was also shown to mediate human dermal fibroblast (HDF) migration. VEGF-A/PDGFR signaling has the potential to regulate vascular cell recruitment and proliferation during tissue regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Ball
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering and 2Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
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Roskoski R. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 62:179-213. [PMID: 17324579 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Revised: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are ordinarily quiescent in adult humans and divide less than once per decade. When tumors reach a size of about 0.2-2.0mm in diameter, they become hypoxic and limited in size in the absence of angiogenesis. There are about 30 endogenous pro-angiogenic factors and about 30 endogenous anti-angiogenic factors. In order to increase in size, tumors undergo an angiogenic switch where the action of pro-angiogenic factors predominates, resulting in angiogenesis and tumor progression. One mechanism for driving angiogenesis results from the increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) following up-regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor. The human VEGF family consists of VEGF (VEGF-A), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and placental growth factor (PlGF). The VEGF family of receptors consists of three protein-tyrosine kinases and two non-protein kinase receptors (neuropilin-1 and -2). Owing to the importance of angiogenesis in tumor progression, inhibition of VEGF signaling represents an attractive cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116A, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years the bone marrow has become recognized as a potential source of cells for non-haematopoietic wound healing, in some instances demonstrating surprising plasticity in providing new epithelial cells. On the other hand, the contribution of bone marrow derived cells to fibrosis and blood vessel formation is more widely acknowledged. Tumour stroma has a vital role to play in determining cancer growth and spread, and there is a growing realization that the bone marrow has a significant input into this desmoplastic response. This review focuses on the contribution of bone marrow cells to tumour stroma, highlighting the bone marrow as a potential new portal through which to direct anti-tumour therapies.
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Hou HY, Wang YS, Xu JF, Wang YC, Liu JP. The dynamic conduct of bone marrow-derived cells in the choroidal neovascularization microenvironment. Curr Eye Res 2007; 31:1051-61. [PMID: 17169844 DOI: 10.1080/02713680601100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the most frequent causes of severe and progressive vision loss. Prior studies have shown that bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) play an important role in CNV, indicating that BMCs can be a potential target for inhibiting the development of CNV. It could be helpful for our understanding of CNV to study the dynamic conduct of BMCs in the CNV microenvironment. METHODS Green fluorescent protein (gfp) chimeric mice were developed by transplanting bone marrow cells from gfp+/+ transgenic mice to adult C57BL/6J mice. The chimeric mice underwent laser rupture of Bruch's membrane to induce CNV and were killed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after laser injury. The eyes were enucleated and processed for immunofluorescence to detect markers for vascular smooth muscle cells (alpha smooth muscle actin, alpha SMA), endothelial cells (CD31), or macrophages (F4/80) on gfp+ cells. All sections were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Large number of gfp-labeled cells appeared in the lesions and integrated into CNV. Gfp+ cells, which were immunoreactive for alpha SMA, CD31, or F4/80, can be detected through the whole study. The constituent ratio of those three cell-types in total gfp+ cells in CNV altered as CNV developed. The maximal ratios of CD31-labeled cells and F4/80-labeled cells presented at 2 week, while the ratio of alpha SMA-labeled cells upgraded continuously. CONCLUSIONS BMCs underwent a serial of changes in position and expression during the progression of CNV. Those changes may result from the interaction between BMCs and the CNV microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Abstract
During the course of an entire lifespan, tissue repair and regeneration is made possible by the presence of adult stem cells. Stem cell expansion, maintenance, and differentiation must be tightly controlled to assure longevity. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are greatly solicited given the daily high blood cell turnover. Moreover, several bone marrow-derived cells including HSC, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) also significantly contribute to peripheral tissue repair and regeneration, including tumor formation. Therefore, factors influencing bone marrow-derived cell proliferation and functions are likely to have a broad impact. Aging has been identified as one of these factors. One hypothesis is that aging directly affects stem cells as a consequence of exhaustive proliferation. Alternatively, it is also possible that aging indirectly affects stem cells by acting on their microenvironment. Cellular senescence is believed to have evolved as a tumor suppressor mechanism capable of arresting growth to reduce risk of malignancy. In opposition to apoptosis, senescent cells accumulate in tissues. Recent evidence suggests their accumulation contributes to the phenotype of aging. Senescence can be activated by both telomere-dependent and telomere-independent pathways. Genetic alteration, genome-wide DNA damage, and oxidative stress are inducers of senescence and have recently been identified as occurring in bone marrow-derived cells. Below is a review of the link between cellular senescence, aging, and bone marrow-derived cells, and the possible consequences aging may have on bone marrow trans plantation procedures and emerging marrow-derived cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beauséjour
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal & Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Aghi M, Cohen KS, Klein RJ, Scadden DT, Chiocca EA. Tumor stromal-derived factor-1 recruits vascular progenitors to mitotic neovasculature, where microenvironment influences their differentiated phenotypes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9054-64. [PMID: 16982747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying tumor vasculogenesis, the homing and engraftment of bone marrow-derived vascular progenitors, remain undefined. We hypothesized that tumor cell-secreted factors regulate vasculogenesis. We studied vasculogenic and nonvasculogenic intracranial murine gliomas. A PCR screen identified stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by vasculogenic glioma cells and spontaneously arising vasculogenic tumors in NF1+/-:Trp53+/- mice, but not by nonvasculogenic glioma cells. Enforced SDF-1, not VEGF, expression in nonvasculogenic cells caused vasculogenesis. Combined SDF-1 and VEGF expression augmented vasculogenesis over SDF-1 expression alone. Blocking SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 reduced short-term homing and long-term engraftment of vascular progenitors. Implanting tumor cells secreting SDF-1 was therefore necessary and sufficient to incorporate marrow-derived precursors into tumor endothelium. SDF-1 seemed to exert these effects by acting locally intratumorally and did not cause an efflux of marrow-derived progenitors into circulation. Tumor microenvironment determined additional fates of marrow-derived cells. Hypoxia, observed with ectopic s.c. murine tumors at levels approximating that of intracranial human glioblastoma, interacted with tumor-secreted SDF-1 to expand engrafted vascular progenitor differentiated phenotypes to include pericytes as well as endothelium. In contrast, less hypoxic orthotopic intracranial murine gliomas contained only marrow-derived endothelium without marrow-derived pericytes. Furthermore, we found that vasculogenesis is significant for tumors because it generates endothelium with a higher mitotic index than endothelium derived from local sources. Although CXCR4 blockade selectively targeted endothelium generated by vasculogenesis, completely inhibiting vessel formation may require combination therapy targeting locally derived and marrow-derived endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Aghi
- Program in Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Adult bone marrow is a rich reservoir of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. Mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells to injured or ischemic tissue or tumors endorse the initiation and maintenance of angiogenic processes in the adult by incorporating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) into the developing vasculature and by recruiting accessory hematopoietic cells. Recent data have now revealed that the origin of bone marrow-derived vascular cells is not restricted to endothelial cells but also includes pericytes--the perivascular support cells. Several laboratories have now reported the existence of pericyte progenitor cells, and these cells, like EPC, can be mobilized and recruited to the remodeling vasculature under ischemic conditions and in tumors. This review focuses on pericytes in vessel formation and on recent discoveries about their bone marrow origin in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Lamagna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-0520, USA
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De Palma M, Naldini L. Role of haematopoietic cells and endothelial progenitors in tumour angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:159-66. [PMID: 16857321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells include haematopoietic cell lineages and the recently described endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). It has been recently emphasised that these marrow-derived cells contribute to tumour angiogenesis, and different mechanisms have been proposed that account for this activity. Whereas haematopoietic cells may promote tumour angiogenesis through the release of proangiogenic factors or by creating permissive conditions in the tumour microenvironment that favour the growth of locally derived blood vessels ("paracrine" role), endothelial progenitors are thought to directly incorporate into nascent blood vessels as bona fide endothelial cells ("building block" role). The relative contribution of these distinct pathways to tumour angiogenesis is the subject of intense investigation and debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Palma
- Angiogenesis and Tumour Targeting Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Coleman TR, Westenfelder C, Tögel FE, Yang Y, Hu Z, Swenson L, Leuvenink HGD, Ploeg RJ, d’Uscio LV, Katusic ZS, Ghezzi P, Zanetti A, Kaushansky K, Fox NE, Cerami A, Brines M. Cytoprotective doses of erythropoietin or carbamylated erythropoietin have markedly different procoagulant and vasoactive activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5965-70. [PMID: 16585502 PMCID: PMC1458681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601377103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is receiving increasing attention as a potential therapy for prevention of injury and restoration of function in nonhematopoietic tissues. However, the minimum effective dose required to mimic and augment these normal paracrine functions of erythropoietin (EPO) in some organs (e.g., the brain) is higher than for treatment of anemia. Notably, a dose-dependent risk of adverse effects has been associated with rhEPO administration, especially in high-risk groups, including polycythemia-hyperviscosity syndrome, hypertension, and vascular thrombosis. Of note, several clinical trials employing relatively high dosages of rhEPO in oncology patients were recently halted after an increase in mortality and morbidity, primarily because of thrombotic events. We recently identified a heteromeric EPO receptor complex that mediates tissue protection and is distinct from the homodimeric receptor responsible for the support of erythropoiesis. Moreover, we developed receptor-selective ligands that provide tools to assess which receptor isoform mediates which biological consequence of rhEPO therapy. Here, we demonstrate that rhEPO administration in the rat increases systemic blood pressure, reduces regional renal blood flow, and increases platelet counts and procoagulant activities. In contrast, carbamylated rhEPO, a heteromeric receptor-specific ligand that is fully tissue protective, increases renal blood flow, promotes sodium excretion, reduces injury-induced elevation in procoagulant activity, and does not effect platelet production. These preclinical findings suggest that nonerythropoietic tissue-protective ligands, which appear to elicit fewer adverse effects, may be especially useful in clinical settings for tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Coleman
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
| | - Christof Westenfelder
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Florian E. Tögel
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Ying Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Zhuma Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - LeAnne Swenson
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | | | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- University of Groningen, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pietro Ghezzi
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- **Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Cerami
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
| | - Michael Brines
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
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