51
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Ma XN, Liu XY, Yang YF, Xiao FJ, Li QF, Yan J, Zhang QW, Wang LS, Li XY, Wang H. Regulation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by Spred2 and correlative studies on its mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:803-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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52
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Ishizaki T, Tamiya T, Taniguchi K, Morita R, Kato R, Okamoto F, Saeki K, Nomura M, Nojima Y, Yoshimura A. miR126 positively regulates mast cell proliferation and cytokine production through suppressing Spred1. Genes Cells 2011; 16:803-14. [PMID: 21668589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein known as Spred1 (Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology-1 domain-containing protein) has been identified as a negative regulator of growth factor-induced ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Spred1 has also been implicated as the target of microRNA-126 (miR126), a miRNA located within the Egfl7 gene, and is involved in the regulation of vessel development through its role in regulating VEGF signaling. In this study, we examined the role of miR126 and Spred1 in the hematopoietic system, as miR126 has been shown to be overexpressed in leukemic cells. miR126 levels were down-regulated during mast cell differentiation from bone marrow cells, whereas Spred1 expression was inversely up-regulated. Overexpression of miR126 suppressed Spred1 expression and enhanced ERK activity in primary bone marrow cells and MC9 mast cells, which were associated with elevated FcεRI-mediated cytokine production. To confirm the effect of Spred1 reduction in vivo, we generated hematopoietic cell-specific Spred1-conditional knockout mice. These mice showed increased numbers of mast cells, and Spred1-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells were highly activated by cross-linking of Fcε-R stimulation as well as by IL-3 and SCF stimulation. These results suggest that Spred1 negatively regulates mast cell activation, which is modulated by miR126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Ishizaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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García-Domínguez CA, Martínez N, Gragera T, Pérez-Rodríguez A, Retana D, León G, Sánchez A, Oliva JL, Pérez-Sala D, Rojas JM. Sprouty2 and Spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the ERK pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16787. [PMID: 21364986 PMCID: PMC3043057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty and Spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. In considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on ERK activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate Ras proteins. We therefore found that ectopic overexpression in HeLa cells of human Sprouty2, or human Spred1 or 2, inhibits ERK1/2 and Elk-1 activation triggered by the cyclopentenone prostanoids PGA1 and 15d-PGJ2. Furthermore, we found that in HT cells that do not express Sprouty2 due to hypermethylation of its gene-promoter, PGA1-provoked ERK activation was more intense and sustained compared to other hematopoietic cell lines with unaltered Sprouty2 expression. Cyclopentenone prostanoids did not induce Sprouty2 tyrosine phosphorylation, in agreement with its incapability to activate tyrosine-kinase receptors. However, Sprouty2 Y55F, which acts as a defective mutant upon tyrosine-kinase receptor stimulation, did not inhibit cyclopentenone prostanoids-elicited ERK pathway activation. In addition, Sprouty2 did not affect the Ras-GTP levels promoted by cyclopentenone prostanoids. These results unveil both common and differential features in the activation of Ras-dependent pathways by cyclopentenone prostanoids and growth factors. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that Sprouty and Spred proteins are negative regulators of the ERK/Elk-1 pathway activation induced not only by growth-factors, but also by reactive lipidic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota A. García-Domínguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gragera
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Pérez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Retana
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Oliva
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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54
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Ullrich M, Bundschu K, Benz PM, Abesser M, Freudinger R, Fischer T, Ullrich J, Renné T, Walter U, Schuh K. Identification of SPRED2 (sprouty-related protein with EVH1 domain 2) as a negative regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9477-88. [PMID: 21199868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty-related proteins with EVH1 (enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology 1) domain (SPREDs) are inhibitors of MAPK signaling. To elucidate SPRED2 in vivo function, we characterized body homeostasis in SPRED2(-/-) mice. They showed a doubled daily water uptake, induced by elevated serum osmolality, originating from increased blood salt load. Accordingly, serum aldosterone was doubled, accompanied by augmented adrenal aldosterone synthase (AS) expression. Surprisingly, serum vasopressin (AVP) was unaltered, and, as evidenced by halved angiotensin II (Ang II) levels, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was down-regulated. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was significantly elevated in SPRED2(-/-) mice, together with its secretagogue corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its downstream target corticosterone. ERK phosphorylation in brains was augmented, and hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels were elevated, both contributing to the increased CRH release. Our data were supported by CRH promoter reporter assays in hypothalamic mHypoE-44 cells, revealing a SPRED-dependent inhibition of Ets (ERK/E-twenty-six)-dependent transcription. Furthermore, SPRED suppressed CRH production in these cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that SPRED2 deficiency leads to an increased MAPK signaling, which results in an augmented CRH promoter activity. The subsequent CRH overproduction causes an up-regulation of downstream hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormone secretion. This constitutes a possible trigger for the observed compulsive grooming in SPRED2(-/-) mice and may, together with hyperplasia of aldosterone-producing cells, contribute to the hyperaldosteronism and homeostatic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ullrich
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 9, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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55
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Li D, Jackson RA, Yusoff P, Guy GR. Direct association of Sprouty-related protein with an EVH1 domain (SPRED) 1 or SPRED2 with DYRK1A modifies substrate/kinase interactions. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35374-85. [PMID: 20736167 PMCID: PMC2975161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian SPRED (Sprouty-related protein with an EVH1 domain) proteins include a family of three members, SPRED1-3. Currently, little is known about their biochemistry. The best described, SPRED1, has been shown to inhibit the Ras/ERK pathway downstream of Ras. All three SPREDs have a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) that has high homology to the CRD of the Sprouty family of proteins, several of which are also Ras/ERK inhibitors. In the belief that binding partners would clarify SPRED function, we assayed for their associated proteins. Here, we describe the direct and endogenous interaction of SPRED1 and SPRED2 with the novel kinase, DYRK1A. DYRK1A has become the subject of recent research focus as it plays a central role in Caenorhabditis elegans oocyte maturation and egg activation, and there is strong evidence that it could be involved in Down syndrome in humans. Both SPRED1 and SPRED2 inhibit the ability of DYRK1A to phosphorylate its substrates, Tau and STAT3. This inhibition occurs via an interaction of the CRD of the SPREDs with the kinase domain of DYRK1A. DYRK1A substrates must bind to the kinase to enable phosphorylation, and SPRED proteins compete for the same binding site to modify this process. Our accumulated evidence indicates that the SPRED proteins are likely physiological modifiers of DYRK1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
| | - Rebecca A. Jackson
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
| | - Permeen Yusoff
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
| | - Graeme R. Guy
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
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56
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Tuduce IL, Schuh K, Bundschu K. Spred2 expression during mouse development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:3072-85. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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57
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Spred2 is involved in imatinib-induced cytotoxicity in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:637-42. [PMID: 20153728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spreds, a recently established class of negative regulators of the Ras-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, are involved in hematogenesises, allergic disorders and tumourigenesis. However, their role in hematologic neoplasms is largely unknown. Possible effects of Spreds on other signal pathways closely related to Ras-ERK have been poorly investigated. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of Spred2 on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. In addition to inhibiting the well-established Ras-ERK cascade, adenovirus-mediated Spred2 over-expression inhibits constitutive and stem cell factor (SCF)-stimulated sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1) and Mcl-1 expression, as well as inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in CML cells. In K562 cells and primary CML cells, imatinib induces endogenous Spred2 expression. Spred2 silencing by stable RNA interference partly protects K562 cells against imatinib-induced apoptosis. Together, these data implicate Spred2 in imatinib-induced cytotoxicity in CML cells, possibly by inhibiting the Ras-ERK cascade and the pro-survival signaling molecules SPHK1 and Mcl-1. These findings reveal potential targets for selective therapy of CML.
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58
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Phoenix TN, Temple S. Spred1, a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK-ERK, is enriched in CNS germinal zones, dampens NSC proliferation, and maintains ventricular zone structure. Genes Dev 2010; 24:45-56. [PMID: 20047999 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1839510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have great potential for self-renewal, which must be tightly regulated to generate appropriate cell numbers during development and to prevent tumor formation. The Ras-MAPK-ERK pathway affects mitogen-stimulated proliferation, and negative regulators are likely to be important for keeping self-renewal in check. Sprouty-related protein with an EVH1 domain (Spred1) is a recently discovered negative Ras-MAPK-ERK regulator linked to a neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1)-like human syndrome; however, its role in CNS development has not been explored. We show that Spred1 is highly enriched in CNS germinal zones during neurogenesis. Spred1 knockdown increases NSC self-renewal and progenitor proliferation cell-autonomously, and overexpression causes premature differentiation. Surprisingly, Spred1 knockdown in vivo in the embryonic mouse forebrain frequently resulted in periventricular heterotopia, developmental abnormalities often associated with mutations in genes in the vesicular trafficking pathway that cause disruption of germinal zones and impair cell migration. In cortical progenitor cells, Spred1 localizes within distinct vesicles, indicating a potential role in transport. Spred1 knockdown gradually leads to disruption of the apical ventricular zone and loss of radial glia alignment. This impairs late neuronal migration, resulting in the formation of periventricular masses. Thus, Spred1 is critical for normal cortical development, as it modulates progenitor self-renewal/proliferation and helps maintain the integrity and organization of germinal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Phoenix
- New York Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA
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59
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Covington HE, Vialou V, Nestler EJ. From synapse to nucleus: novel targets for treating depression. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:683-93. [PMID: 20018197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The need for newer compounds to treat depression is an ever-growing concern due to the enormous societal and financial ramifications of this disorder. Here, we review some of the candidate systems that could potentially be involved in depression, or an inherent resistance to depression termed resilience, and the numerous protein targets for these systems. A substantial body of literature provides strong evidence that neurotrophic factors, glutamate receptors, hypothalamic feeding peptides, nuclear hormone receptors, and epigenetic mechanisms, among others, will make for interesting targets when examining depressive behavior or resilience in preclinical models, and eventually clinical trials. Although some of these targets for depression already appear promising, new waves of more selective compounds for any molecular system should promote a better understanding of this complex disease and perhaps improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert E Covington
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY 10029, USA
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60
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Mardakheh FK, Yekezare M, Machesky LM, Heath JK. Spred2 interaction with the late endosomal protein NBR1 down-regulates fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 187:265-77. [PMID: 19822672 PMCID: PMC2768835 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200905118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neighbor of BRCA1 (NBR1) suppresses growth factor responses by redirecting activated receptors to lysosomes for degradation. The potential for modulation of growth factor signaling by endocytic trafficking of receptors is well recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined the regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling by Sprouty related with EVH1 (Ena/VASP homology 1) domain (Spred), a family of signaling inhibitors with proposed tumor-suppressive functions. The inhibitory activity of Spreds has been linked to their N-terminal EVH1 domain, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, we identify a novel late endosomal protein that directly binds to the EVH1 domain of Spred2. Neighbor of BRCA1 (NBR1) is a highly conserved multidomain protein that interacts and colocalizes with Spred2 in vivo. Attenuation of FGF signaling by Spred2 is dependent on the interaction with NBR1 and is achieved by redirecting the trafficking of activated receptors to the lysosomal degradation pathway. Our findings suggest a critical function for NBR1 in the regulation of receptor trafficking and provide a mechanism for down-regulation of signaling by Spred2 via NBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz K Mardakheh
- Cancer Research UK Growth Factor Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
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61
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Taniguchi K, Ishizaki T, Ayada T, Sugiyama Y, Wakabayashi Y, Sekiya T, Nakagawa R, Yoshimura A. Sprouty4 deficiency potentiates Ras-independent angiogenic signals and tumor growth. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1648-54. [PMID: 19493272 PMCID: PMC11158288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins have been shown to negatively regulate a variety of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways and are considered to be tumor suppressor proteins. The pathophysiological functions of Sproutys in vivo remain to be investigated. In this study, we examined the physiological function of Sprouty4 as an angiogenic regulator, using Sprouty4 knockout (KO) mice and cells. We found that transplanted tumor cells grow much faster in Sprouty4 KO mice than in wild type (WT) mice, which we associate with enhanced neovascularization in the tumors transplanted into Sprouty4 KO mice. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability in vivo were enhanced in Sprouty4 KO mice compared with WT mice. Ex vivo angiogenesis, which we induced by VEGF-A, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), was also enhanced in the aortas of Sprouty4 KO mice. We demonstrated that Sprouty4 suppresses Ras-independent VEGF-A and S1P signaling, while it does not affect Ras-dependent VEGF-C signaling. These data indicate that Sprouty4 selectively suppresses Ras-independent angiogenic factor signals and is an important negative regulator of pathophysiological angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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62
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Taniguchi K, Sasaki KI, Watari K, Yasukawa H, Imaizumi T, Ayada T, Okamoto F, Ishizaki T, Kato R, Kohno RI, Kimura H, Sato Y, Ono M, Yonemitsu Y, Yoshimura A. Suppression of Sproutys has a therapeutic effect for a mouse model of ischemia by enhancing angiogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5467. [PMID: 19424491 PMCID: PMC2674940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins (Sproutys) inhibit receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and control various aspects of branching morphogenesis. In this study, we examined the physiological function of Sproutys in angiogenesis, using gene targeting and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown strategies. Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 double knockout (KO) (DKO) mice were embryonic-lethal around E12.5 due to cardiovascular defects. The number of peripheral blood vessels, but not that of lymphatic vessels, was increased in Sprouty4 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Sprouty4 KO mice were more resistant to hind limb ischemia and soft tissue ischemia than WT mice were, because Sprouty4 deficiency causes accelerated neovascularization. Moreover, suppression of Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 expression in vivo by shRNA targeting accelerated angiogenesis and has a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. These data suggest that Sproutys are physiologically important negative regulators of angiogenesis in vivo and novel therapeutic targets for treating peripheral ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kousuke Watari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasukawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toranoshin Ayada
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Okamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Ishizaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ri-ichiro Kohno
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonemitsu
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Gene Therapy, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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63
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Abstract
Germline mutations in SPRED1, a negative regulator of Ras, have been described in a neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-like syndrome (NFLS) that included learning difficulties in some affected individuals. NFLS belongs to the group of phenotypically overlapping neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes that are all caused by germ line mutations in genes of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and that present with some degree of learning difficulties or mental retardation. We investigated hippocampus-dependent learning and memory as well as synaptic plasticity in Spred1(-/-) mice, an animal model of this newly discovered human syndrome. Spred1(-/-) mice show decreased learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze and visual-discrimination T-maze, but normal basic neuromotor and sensory abilities. Electrophysiological recordings on brain slices from these animals identified defects in short- and long-term synaptic hippocampal plasticity, including a disequilibrium between long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression in CA1 region. Biochemical analysis, 4 h after LTP induction, demonstrated increased ERK-phosphorylation in Spred1(-/-) slices compared with those of wild-type littermates. This indicates that deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic plasticity induced by SPRED1 deficiency are related to hyperactivation of the Ras/ERK pathway.
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64
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Sprouty4 negatively regulates protein kinase C activation by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate hydrolysis. Oncogene 2009; 28:1076-88. [PMID: 19137008 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sproutys have been shown to negatively regulate growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and suggested to be an anti-oncogene. However, molecular mechanism of the suppression has not yet been clarified completely. Sprouty4 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-induced ERK activation, but not VEGF-C-induced ERK activation. It has been shown that VEGF-A-mediated ERK activation is strongly dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), whereas that by VEGF-C is dependent on Ras. This suggests that Sprouty4 inhibits the PKC pathway more specifically than the Ras pathway. In this study, we confirmed that Sprouty4 suppressed various signals downstream of PKC, such as phosphorylation of MARCKS and protein kinase D (PKD), as well as PKC-dependent nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Furthermore, Sprouty4 suppressed upstream signals of PKC, such as Ca(2+) mobilization, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP(2)) breakdown and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) production in response to VEGF-A. Those effects were dependent on the C-terminal cysteine-rich region, but not on the N-terminal region of Sprouty4, which is critical for the suppression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-mediated ERK activation. Sprouty4 overexpression or deletion of the Sprouty4 gene did not affect phospholipase C (PLC) gamma-1 activation, which is an enzyme that catalyzes PIP(2) hydrolysis. Moreover, Sprouty4 inhibited not only VEGF-A-mediated PIP(2) hydrolysis but also inhibited the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced PIP(2) breakdown that is catalyzed by PLC beta/epsilon activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Taken together, Sprouty4 has broader suppression activity for various stimuli than previously thought; it may function as an inhibitor for various types of PLC-dependent signaling as well as for ERK activation.
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65
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66
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Peterson FC, Volkman BF. Diversity of polyproline recognition by EVH1 domains. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:833-46. [PMID: 19273103 DOI: 10.2741/3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enabled/VASP Homology-1 (EVH1) domains function primarily as interaction modules that link signaling proteins by binding to proline-rich sequences. EVH1 domains are ~115 residues in length and adopt the pleckstrin homology (PH) fold. Four different protein families contain EVH1 domains: Ena/VASP, Homer, WASP and SPRED. Except for the SPRED domains, for which no binding partners are known, EVH1 domains use a conserved hydrophobic cleft to bind a four-residue motif containing 2-4 prolines. Conserved aromatic residues, including an invariant tryptophan, create a wedge-shaped groove on the EVH1 surface that matches the triangular profile of a polyproline type II helix. Hydrophobic residues adjacent to the polyproline motif dock into complementary sites on the EVH1 domain to enhance ligand binding specificity. Pseudosymmetry in the polyproline type II helix allows peptide ligands to bind in either of two N-to-C terminal orientations, depending on interactions between sequences flanking the prolines and the EVH1 domain. EVH1 domains also recognize non-proline motifs, as illustrated by the structure of an EVH1:LIM3 complex and the extended EVH1 ligands of the verprolin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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67
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Abstract
Diverse cellular processes are regulated by tyrosyl phosphorylation, which is controlled by protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). De-regulated tyrosyl phosphorylation, evoked by gain-of-function mutations and/or over-expression of PTKs, contributes to the pathogenesis of many cancers and other human diseases. PTPs, because they oppose the action of PTKs, had been considered to be prime suspects for potential tumor suppressor genes. Surprisingly, few, if any, tumor suppressor PTPs have been identified. However, the Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase Shp2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a bona fide proto-oncogene. Germline mutations in PTPN11 cause Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes, whereas somatic PTPN11 mutations occur in several types of hematologic malignancies, most notably juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and, more rarely, in solid tumors. Shp2 also is an essential component in several other oncogene signaling pathways. Elucidation of the events underlying Shp2-evoked transformation may provide new insights into oncogenic mechanisms and novel targets for anti-cancer therapy.
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68
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Wu HW, Li HF, Guo J. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate diphosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src family tyrosine kinases and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2007; 23:107-12. [PMID: 17592533 PMCID: PMC5550594 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) can be activated by calcium signals. In this study, we investigated whether calcium-dependent kinases were involved in ERKs cascade activation after global cerebral ischemia. METHODS Cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion, and the calcium-dependent proteins were detected by immunoblot. RESULTS Lethal-simulated ischemia significantly resulted in ERKs activation in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner, accompanying with differential upregulation of Src kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activities. With the inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinases or CaMKII by administration of PP2 or KN62, the phosphorylation of ERKs was impaired dramatically during post-ischemia recovery. However, ischemic challenge also repressed ERKs activity when Src kinase was excessively activated. CONCLUSION Src family tyrosine kinases and CaMKII might be involved in the activation of ERKs mediated by NMDA receptor in response to acute ischemic stimuli in vivo, but the intense activation of Src kinase resulted from ischemia may play a reverse role in the ERKs cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Wu
- Morphological Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Jingsu Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
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69
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Taniguchi K, Kohno RI, Ayada T, Kato R, Ichiyama K, Morisada T, Oike Y, Yonemitsu Y, Maehara Y, Yoshimura A. Spreds are essential for embryonic lymphangiogenesis by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4541-50. [PMID: 17438136 PMCID: PMC1900061 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01600-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spred/Sprouty family proteins negatively regulate growth factor-induced ERK activation. Although the individual physiological roles of Spred-1 and Spred-2 have been investigated using gene-disrupted mice, the overlapping functions of Spred-1 and Spred-2 have not been clarified. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of both Spred-1 and Spred-2 resulted in embryonic lethality at embryonic days 12.5 to 15.5 with marked subcutaneous hemorrhage, edema, and dilated lymphatic vessels filled with erythrocytes. This phenotype resembled that of Syk(-/-) and SLP-76(-/-) mice with defects in the separation of lymphatic vessels from blood vessels. The number of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels and lymphatic endothelial cells increased markedly in Spred-1/2-deficient embryos compared with WT embryos, while the number of blood vessels was not different. Ex vivo colony assay revealed that Spred-1/2 suppressed lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and/or differentiation. In cultured cells, the overexpression of Spred-1 or Spred-2 strongly suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3-mediated ERK activation, while Spred-1/2-deficient cells were extremely sensitive to VEGFR-3 signaling. These data suggest that Spreds play an important role in lymphatic vessel development by negatively regulating VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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70
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Abstract
Spreds form a new protein family with an N-terminal Enabled/VASP homology 1 domain (EVH1), a central c-Kit binding domain (KBD) and a C-terminal Sprouty-related domain (SPR). They are able to inhibit the Ras-ERK signalling pathway after various mitogenic stimulations. In mice, Spred proteins are identified as regulators of bone morphogenesis, hematopoietic processes, allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. They inhibit cell motility and metastasis and have a high potential as tumor markers and suppressors of carcinogenesis. Moreover, in vertebrates, XtSpreds help together with XtSprouty proteins to coordinate gastrulation and mesoderm specification. Here, we give an overview of this new field and summarize the domain functions, binding partners, expression patterns and the cellular localizations, regulations and functions of Spred proteins and try to give perspectives for future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bundschu
- Abteilung Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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71
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Lock P, I STT, Straffon AFL, Schieb H, Hovens CM, Stylli SS. Spred-2 steady-state levels are regulated by phosphorylation and Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:1018-23. [PMID: 17094949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spred proteins modulate growth factor receptor signaling by inhibiting the Ras-MAPK cascade. Here, we show that Spred-1, Spred-2, and Spred-3 are ubiquitinated in HEK293T cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or pervanadate. Spred-2 tyrosines Y228 and/or Y231 in the Kit binding domain were identified as putative phosphorylation site(s) critical for Spred-2 ubiquitination. Depletion of Cbl and Cbl-b E3 ubiquitin ligases by RNA interference, or overexpression of a Cbl dominant inhibitory mutant (Cbl-N), inhibited Spred-2 ubiquitination, while conversely, wild type Cbl enhanced Spred-2 ubiquitination. Interaction of Spred-2 with Cbl-N was detectable by co-immunoprecipitation and required the Cbl SH2 domain and Spred-2 Y228 and Y231 residues. Studies on endogenous Spred-2 in ME4405 melanoma cells showed that pervanadate induced Spred-2 ubiquitination and a marked reduction in Spred-2 steady-state levels that was partially blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132. These results suggest a role for Spred-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination in controlling Spred-2 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lock
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia.
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72
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Abstract
Sprouty-related proteins with an EVH1 domain (Spreds) belong to a new protein family harboring a conserved N-terminal EVH1 domain, which is related to the VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) EVH1 domain (Enabled/VASP homology 1 domain) and a C-terminal Sprouty-related domain, typical for Sprouty proteins. Spreds were, like Sproutys, initially discovered as inhibitors of the Ras/MAPK pathway, and the SPR (Sprouty-related) domains of both protein families seem to be very important for many protein interactions and cellular processes. VASP was initially characterized as a proline-rich substrate of protein kinases A and G in human platelets and later shown to be a scaffold protein, regulating both signal transduction pathways and the actin filament system. The VASP-EVH1 domain is known to bind specifically to a FP(4) binding motif, which is, for example, present in the focal adhesion proteins vinculin and zyxin. In this review we give a structural and functional overview on these three protein families and ask whether nature plays a modular protein domain puzzle with stable exchangeable elements or if these closely related domains have various functions when pasted in a different protein context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bundschu
- Abteilung Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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73
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Nonami A, Taketomi T, Kimura A, Saeki K, Takaki H, Sanada T, Taniguchi K, Harada M, Kato R, Yoshimura A. The Sprouty-related protein, Spred-1, localizes in a lipid raft/caveola and inhibits ERK activation in collaboration with caveolin-1. Genes Cells 2006; 10:887-95. [PMID: 16115197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been suggested to function as a negative regulator of mitogen-stimulated proliferation and the Ras-p42/44 ERK (MAP kinase) pathway in a variety of cell types. However, the molecular basis of this suppression has not been clarified. Spred/Sprouty family proteins are also negative regulators of the ERK pathway by interacting with Raf-1. The Spred/Sprouty family proteins contain a cysteine-rich (CR) domain at the C-terminus, which is thought to be palmitoylated like Cav-1 and necessary for membrane anchoring. In this study, we demonstrated that Spred-1 localized in cholesterol-rich membrane raft/caveola fractions and interacted with Cav-1. To clarify the biological effect of Cav-1/Spred-1 interaction, we used hematopoietic cells that lacked expression of caveolins but expressed Spred-1. Forced expression of Cav-1 suppressed SCF- and IL-3-induced proliferation and ERK activation. Furthermore, forced expression of exogenous Spred-1 in Cav-1-expressing cells further suppressed proliferation and ERK activation. These data suggest that Spred-1 inhibits ERK activation in collaboration with Cav-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nonami
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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74
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Yoshida T, Hisamoto T, Akiba J, Koga H, Nakamura K, Tokunaga Y, Hanada S, Kumemura H, Maeyama M, Harada M, Ogata H, Yano H, Kojiro M, Ueno T, Yoshimura A, Sata M. Spreds, inhibitors of the Ras/ERK signal transduction, are dysregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma and linked to the malignant phenotype of tumors. Oncogene 2006; 25:6056-66. [PMID: 16652141 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf-1/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been shown to be involved in the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of dysregulation of ERK activation is poorly understood. Recently, we identified Sprouty-related protein with Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 domain (Spred) as a physiological inhibitor of the Ras/Raf-1/ERK pathway. In this study, we found that the expression levels of Spred-1 and -2 in human HCC tissue were frequently decreased, comparing with those in adjacent non-tumorous tissue. Moreover, Spred expression levels in HCC tissue were inversely correlated with the incidence of tumor invasion and metastasis. Forced expression of Spred-1 inhibited HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, which was associated with reduced ERK activation. Spred-1 overexpression also reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2, which play important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. In addition, Spred-1 inhibited growth factor-mediated HCC cell motility. These data indicate that the reduction of Spred expression in HCC is one of the causes of the acquisition of malignant features. Thus, Spred could be not only a novel prognostic factor but also a new therapeutic target for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, and Center of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, Kurume, Japan.
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75
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King JAJ, Corcoran NM, D'Abaco GM, Straffon AF, Smith CT, Poon CLC, Buchert M, I S, Hall NE, Lock P, Hovens CM. Eve-3: a liver enriched suppressor of Ras/MAPK signaling. J Hepatol 2006; 44:758-67. [PMID: 16478641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The developed liver is able to tightly control cellular proliferation, rapidly switching from quiescence to growth in response to specific stimuli. This suggests that growth inhibitors may be involved in the control of liver growth. We analyzed the role of the Spred-family of growth inhibitors in the liver. METHODS We screened human EST databases for Spred-related sequences. Clones were isolated, sequenced, epitope-tagged and expressed. Subcellular localization of clones were determined and their effects on cellular signaling pathways analysed using specific antibodies. Cell cycle progression assays and protein interaction studies were initiated. Organ distribution of transcripts and their expression throughout liver development and in primary hepatocytes were recorded. RESULTS We have identified a new, liver-restricted protein, Eve-3, containing a single Ena Vasp homology (EVH1) domain that can potently block activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway. Eve-3 is specific in inhibiting the Ras/MAPK pathway. Eve-3 can block serum-mediated cell cycle progression and its expression is highly regulated during liver development. CONCLUSIONS The liver is the only organ that can regulate its growth and mass. Eve-3 may act as an inhibitor of proliferation pathways in the mature liver and be involved in modulating the unique regenerative capacity of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A J King
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, Vic. 3050, Australia
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76
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Bundschu K, Gattenlöhner S, Knobeloch KP, Walter U, Schuh K. Tissue-specific Spred-2 promoter activity characterized by a gene trap approach. Gene Expr Patterns 2005; 6:247-55. [PMID: 16378760 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spreds (Sprouty-related proteins with an Ena/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 domain) are a new protein family inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Different RNA and protein studies already revealed an almost ubiquitous Spred-2 expression pattern. But until now, only few data were available on the in situ Spred-2 promoter activity. Here, we show a detailed in situ analysis of a mouse strain with a trapped Spred-2 gene, bringing a beta-galactosidase and neomycin fusion gene (beta-geo) under the control of the endogenous Spred-2 promoter. This allowed us to monitor Spred-2 promoter activity in practically every organ and their corresponding sub-compartments. X-Gal staining of newborn and adult mice revealed a nearly congruent Spred-2 promoter activity pattern. Our detailed data provide information for further studies of the still enigmatic physiological functions of Spred-2 in various organs by identifying the tissues with strong Spred-2 promoter activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Line
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Galactosides/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indoles/metabolism
- Introns
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bundschu
- Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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77
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King J, Straffon A, D'Abaco G, Poon C, I S, Smith C, Buchert M, Corcoran N, Hall N, Callus B, Sarcevic B, Martin D, Lock P, Hovens C. Distinct requirements for the Sprouty domain for functional activity of Spred proteins. Biochem J 2005; 388:445-54. [PMID: 15683364 PMCID: PMC1138951 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty and Spred {Sprouty-related EVH1 [Ena/VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) homology 1] domain} proteins have been identified as antagonists of growth factor signalling pathways. We show here that Spred-1 and Spred-2 appear to have distinct mechanisms whereby they induce their effects, as the Sprouty domain of Spred-1 is not required to block MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation, while that of Spred-2 is required. Similarly, deletion of the C-terminal Sprouty domain of Spred-1 does not affect cell-cycle progression of G(0)-synchronized cells through to S-phase following growth factor stimulation, while the Sprouty domain is required for Spred-2 function. We also demonstrate that the inhibitory function of Spred proteins is restricted to the Ras/MAPK pathway, that tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for this function, and that the Sprouty domain mediates heterodimer formation of Spred proteins. Growth-factor-mediated activation of the small GTPases, Ras and Rap1, was able to be regulated by Spred-1 and Spred-2, without affecting receptor activation. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for different functional roles of the Sprouty domain within the Spred family of proteins, suggesting that Spred proteins may use different mechanisms to induce inhibition of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. J. King
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew F. L. Straffon
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Giovanna M. D'Abaco
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Carole L. C. Poon
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stacey T. T. I
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Craig M. Smith
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Niall M. Corcoran
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Nathan E. Hall
- †Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Bernard A. Callus
- ‡Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Boris Sarcevic
- §Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Martin
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Hovens
- *Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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78
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Bundschu K, Knobeloch KP, Ullrich M, Schinke T, Amling M, Engelhardt CM, Renné T, Walter U, Schuh K. Gene Disruption of Spred-2 Causes Dwarfism. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28572-80. [PMID: 15946934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)-mediated signaling pathway on bone growth has been demonstrated by various genetic approaches. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), several gain-of-function mutations in the FGFR3, and constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK1) in chondrocytes have been shown to cause dwarfism in mice by activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. To investigate the previously reported inhibitory role of Spred in the FGFR3/MAPK pathway, we generated mice with a trapped Spred-2 gene. Here we show that lack of functional Spred-2 protein in mice caused a dwarf phenotype, similar to achondroplasia, the most common form of human dwarfism. Spred-2(-/-) mice showed reduced growth and body weight, they had a shorter tibia length, and showed narrower growth plates as compared with wild-type mice. We detected promoter activity and protein expression of Spred-2 in chondrocytes, suggesting an important function of Spred-2 in chondrocytes and bone development. Stimulation of chondrocytes with different FGF concentrations showed earlier and augmented ERK phosphorylation in Spred-2(-/-) chondrocytes in comparison to Spred-2(+/+) chondrocytes. Our observations suggest a model in which loss of Spred-2 inhibits bone growth by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation through up-regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bundschu
- Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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79
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Warburton D, Bellusci S, De Langhe S, Del Moral PM, Fleury V, Mailleux A, Tefft D, Unbekandt M, Wang K, Shi W. Molecular mechanisms of early lung specification and branching morphogenesis. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:26R-37R. [PMID: 15817505 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000159570.01327.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The "hard wiring" encoded within the genome that determines the emergence of the laryngotracheal groove and subsequently early lung branching morphogenesis is mediated by finely regulated, interactive growth factor signaling mechanisms that determine the automaticity of branching, interbranch length, stereotypy of branching, left-right asymmetry, and finally gas diffusion surface area. The extracellular matrix is an important regulator as well as a target for growth factor signaling in lung branching morphogenesis and alveolarization. Coordination not only of epithelial but also endothelial branching morphogenesis determines bronchial branching and the eventual alveolar-capillary interface. Improved prospects for lung protection, repair, regeneration, and engineering will depend on more detailed understanding of these processes. Herein, we concisely review the functionally integrated morphogenetic signaling network comprising the critical bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, Sonic hedgehog, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Wnt signaling pathways that specify and drive early embryonic lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Warburton
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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80
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Sivak JM, Petersen LF, Amaya E. FGF Signal Interpretation Is Directed by Sprouty and Spred Proteins during Mesoderm Formation. Dev Cell 2005; 8:689-701. [PMID: 15866160 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate gastrulation requires coordination of mesoderm specification with morphogenetic movements. While both of these processes require FGF signaling, it is not known how mesoderm specification and cell movements are coordinated during gastrulation. The related Sprouty and Spred protein families are recently discovered regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. We identified two genes for each family in Xenopus tropicalis: Xtsprouty1, Xtsprouty2, Xtspred1, and Xtspred2. In gain- and loss-of-function experiments we show that XtSprouty and XtSpred proteins modulate different signaling pathways downstream of the FGF receptor (FGFR), and consequently different developmental processes. Notably, XtSproutys inhibit morphogenesis and Ca(2+) and PKCdelta signaling, leaving MAPK activation and mesoderm specification intact. In contrast, XtSpreds inhibit MAPK activation and mesoderm specification, with little effect on Ca(2+) or PKCdelta signaling. These differences, combined with the timing of their developmental expression, suggest a mechanism to switch FGFR signal interpretation to coordinate mesoderm formation and cell movements during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sivak
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge
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81
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Harmer NJ, Sivak JM, Amaya E, Blundell TL. 1.15 A crystal structure of the X. tropicalis Spred1 EVH1 domain suggests a fourth distinct peptide-binding mechanism within the EVH1 family. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1161-6. [PMID: 15710406 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recently described Spred protein family has been implicated in the modulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. We report the crystal structure of the Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 (EVH1) domain from Xenopus tropicalis Spred1, solved to 1.15 A resolution. This structure confirms that the Spred EVH1 adopts the pleckstrin-homology fold, with a similar secondary structure to Enabled. A translation of one of the peptide-binding groove beta-strands narrows this groove, whilst one end of the groove shows structural flexibility. We propose that Spred1 will bind peptides that are less proline-rich than other EVH1 domains, with conformational changes indicating an induced fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Harmer
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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82
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Inoue H, Kato R, Fukuyama S, Nonami A, Taniguchi K, Matsumoto K, Nakano T, Tsuda M, Matsumura M, Kubo M, Ishikawa F, Moon BG, Takatsu K, Nakanishi Y, Yoshimura A. Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:73-82. [PMID: 15630138 PMCID: PMC2212755 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, play a critical role in allergic asthma. These cytokines transmit signals through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and the Ras–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Although the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins have been shown to regulate the STAT pathway, the mechanism regulating the ERK pathway has not been clarified. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1–domain-containing protein (Spred)-1 has recently been identified as a negative regulator of growth factor–mediated, Ras-dependent ERK activation. Here, using Spred-1–deficient mice, we demonstrated that Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness, without affecting helper T cell differentiation. Biochemical assays indicate that Spred-1 suppresses IL-5–dependent cell proliferation and ERK activation. These data indicate that Spred-1 negatively controls eosinophil numbers and functions by modulating IL-5 signaling in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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83
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Asan E, Drenckhahn D. News and views in Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122:593-621. [PMID: 15614519 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in histochemical methodology and ingenious applications of novel and improved methods continue to confirm the standing of morphological means and approaches in research efforts, and contribute significantly to increasing our knowledge about structures and functions in all areas of the life sciences from cell biology to pathology. Reports published during recent months documenting this progress are summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Asan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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84
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Engelhardt CM, Bundschu K, Messerschmitt M, Renné T, Walter U, Reinhard M, Schuh K. Expression and subcellular localization of Spred proteins in mouse and human tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122:527-38. [PMID: 15580519 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spred-1 and Spred-2 (Sprouty-related protein with an EVH1 domain) are recently described members of the EVH1 (Ena/VASP-homology domain 1) family. Both Spred-1 and Spred-2 are membrane-associated substrates of receptor tyrosine kinases and they act as negative regulators of the Ras pathway upon growth factor stimulation. Since the Spred family members seem to exert overlapping molecular functions, the isotype-specific function of each member remains enigmatic. To date, no comprehensive expression profiling of Spred proteins has been shown. Therefore, we compared mRNA and protein expression patterns of Spred-1 and Spred-2 systematically in mouse organs. Furthermore, we focused on the tissue-specific expression of Spred-2 in adult human tissues, the subcellular localization, and the potential role of Spred-2 in the organism. Our studies show that expression patterns of Spred-1 and Spred-2 differ markedly among various tissues and cell types. In mouse, Spred-1 and Spred-2 were found to be expressed predominantly in brain, whereas Spred-2 was found to be more widely expressed in various adult tissues than Spred-1. In humans, Spred-2 was found to be strongly expressed in glandular epithelia and, at the subcellular level, its immunoreactivity was associated with secretory vesicles. Using confocal microscopy we found Spred-2 to be strongly colocalized with Rab11 and, to a lesser extent, with Rab5a GTPase, an observation that was not made for Spred-1. We conclude that the two members of the recently discovered Spred protein family, Spred-1 and Spred-2, show a highly specific expression pattern in various tissues reflecting a specific physiological role for the individual Spred isoforms in these tissues. Furthermore, it becomes most likely that Spred-2 is involved in the regulation of secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Engelhardt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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85
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Nonami A, Kato R, Taniguchi K, Yoshiga D, Taketomi T, Fukuyama S, Harada M, Sasaki A, Yoshimura A. Spred-1 negatively regulates interleukin-3-mediated ERK/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation in hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52543-51. [PMID: 15465815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405189200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty/Spred family proteins have been identified as negative regulators of growth factor-induced ERK/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. However, it has not been clarified whether these proteins regulate cytokine-induced ERK activity. We found that Spred-1 is highly expressed in interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent hematopoietic cell lines and bone marrow-derived mast cells. To investigate the roles of Spred-1 in hematopoiesis, we expressed wild-type Spred-1 and a dominant negative form of Spred-1, DeltaC-Spred, in IL-3- and stem cell factor (SCF)-dependent cell lines as well as hematopoietic progenitor cells from mouse bone marrow by retrovirus gene transfer. In IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells expressing c-kit, forced expression of Spred-1 resulted in a reduced proliferation rate and ERK activation in response to not only SCF but also IL-3. In contrast, DeltaC-Spred augmented IL-3-induced cell proliferation and ERK activation. Wild-type Spred-1 inhibited colony formation of bone marrow cells in the presence of cytokines, whereas DeltaC-Spred-1 expression enhanced colony formation. Augmentation of ERK activation and proliferation in response to IL-3 was also observed in Spred-1-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells. These data suggest that Spred-1 negatively regulates hematopoiesis by suppressing not only SCF-induced but also IL-3-induced ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nonami
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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86
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Torii S, Kusakabe M, Yamamoto T, Maekawa M, Nishida E. Sef is a spatial regulator for Ras/MAP kinase signaling. Dev Cell 2004; 7:33-44. [PMID: 15239952 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of the Ras/ERK MAP kinase signaling pathway is among the key mechanisms for regulating a wide variety of cellular processes. In this study, we report that human Sef (hSef), a recently identified inhibitor whose action mechanism has not been fully defined, acts as a molecular switch for ERK signaling by specifically blocking ERK nuclear translocation without inhibiting its activity in the cytoplasm. Thus, hSef binds to activated forms of MEK, inhibits the dissociation of the MEK-ERK complex, and blocks nuclear translocation of activated ERK. Consequently, hSef inhibits phosphorylation and activation of the nuclear ERK substrate Elk-1, while it does not affect phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic ERK substrate RSK2. Downregulation of endogenous hSef by hSef siRNA enhances the stimulus-induced ERK nuclear translocation and the activity of Elk-1. These results thus demonstrate that hSef acts as a spatial regulator for ERK signaling by targeting ERK to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Torii
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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87
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Miyoshi K, Wakioka T, Nishinakamura H, Kamio M, Yang L, Inoue M, Hasegawa M, Yonemitsu Y, Komiya S, Yoshimura A. The Sprouty-related protein, Spred, inhibits cell motility, metastasis, and Rho-mediated actin reorganization. Oncogene 2004; 23:5567-76. [PMID: 15184877 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty and the Sprouty-related protein, Spred (Sprouty-related Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 (EVH1) domain-containing protein), inhibit Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling induced by a variety of growth factors. Since Sprouty proteins have been shown to inhibit not only ERK activation but also cell migration, we postulated that Spreds also inhibit cellular migration. Using stably highly metastatic LM8 cells infected with the Spred1-Sendai virus vector, we demonstrated that Spred1 inhibits the metastasis of LM8 cells in nude mice. Spred1 overexpression also inhibited migration of cells in vitro in response to chemokines, CCL19 and CCL21. We also found that Spred1 overexpression dissolved actin-stress fibers. Both EVH1 domain and C-terminal Sprouty-related domain were required for actin reassembly. Spred1 and Spred2 suppressed constitutively activated RhoA (V14RhoA)-induced stress fiber formation and serum response factor activation. Spred1 bound to activated RhoA, but not cdc42 and Rac. Spred1 also inhibited chemokine-induced RhoA activation and active RhoA-induced Rho-kinase activation. These data suggest that Spreds are key regulators of RhoA-mediated cell motility and signal transduction. Furthermore, our study suggests that the induction of Spreds could be a novel strategy for preventing cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Miyoshi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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88
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Nobuhisa I, Kato R, Inoue H, Takizawa M, Okita K, Yoshimura A, Taga T. Spred-2 suppresses aorta-gonad-mesonephros hematopoiesis by inhibiting MAP kinase activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:737-42. [PMID: 14981116 PMCID: PMC2213301 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In midgestation mouse embryos, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region generates hematopoietic stem cells and definitive hematopoiesis is regulated by cell–cell interaction and signaling molecules. We showed that a Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling-specific inhibitor and a dominant negative mutant Ras blocked the production of CD45+ hematopoietic cells in embryonic day 11.5 AGM culture, indicating an essential role for the MAP kinase pathway in AGM hematopoiesis. Overexpression of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway regulator, Spred-2, in the AGM culture significantly reduced the number of CD45+ cells. In contrast, production of CD45+ cells from the AGM region of Spred-2–null mice was up-regulated as compared with wild-type littermates. Furthermore, Spred-2–deficient mice exhibited elevated hematopoietic colony formation from vascular endothelial-cadherin+ cells. These data indicate that Spred-2 functions as a negative regulator of AGM hematopoiesis by inhibiting hematopoietic cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Nobuhisa
- Department of Cell Fate Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, 860-0811, Japan
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89
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Mizoguchi M, Nutt CL, Louis DN. Mutation analysis of CBL-C and SPRED3 on 19q in human glioblastoma. Neurogenetics 2003; 5:81-2. [PMID: 14618415 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-003-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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