51
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Kohen R, Kirov S, Navaja GP, Happe HK, Hamblin MW, Snoddy JR, Neumaier JF, Petty F. Gene expression profiling in the hippocampus of learned helpless and nonhelpless rats. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2005; 5:278-91. [PMID: 16010284 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the learned helplessness (LH) animal model of depression, failure to attempt escape from avoidable environmental stress, LH, indicates behavioral despair, whereas nonhelpless (NH) behavior reflects behavioral resilience to the effects of environmental stress. Comparing hippocampal gene expression with large-scale oligonucleotide microarrays, we found that stress-resilient (NH) rats, although behaviorally indistinguishable from controls, showed a distinct gene expression profile compared to LH, sham stressed, and naïve control animals. Genes that were confirmed as differentially expressed in the NH group by quantitative PCR strongly correlated in their levels of expression across all four animal groups. Differential expression could not be confirmed at the protein level. We identified several shared degenerate sequence motifs in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of differentially expressed genes that could be a factor in this tight correlation of expression levels among differentially expressed genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Depression/genetics
- Depression/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electroshock
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Helplessness, Learned
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Untranslated Regions
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98108, USA.
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52
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Sugiki T, Taketomi Y, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Murakami M, Kudo I. Association of <i>N-myc</i> Downregulated Gene 1 with Heat-Shock Cognate Protein 70 in Mast Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:628-33. [PMID: 15133235 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Myc downregulated gene (NDRG) 1 is markedly induced during in vitro maturation of mouse immature bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) into a mature connective tissue mast cell (CTMC)-like phenotype. However, cellular function of this unique cytosolic protein is currently obscure. In this study, we sought potential NDRG1-binding proteins using yeast two-hybrid analysis and found that NDRG1 is capable of binding to heat-shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) both in vitro and in mast cells. The expression of Hsc70 was markedly elevated during the in vitro maturation of BMMCs into CTMC-like cells in accordance with the increased expression of NDRG1. Deletion of the C-terminal hydrophilic tandem repeats from NDRG1 facilitated the interaction with Hsc70 in vitro. Interaction between NDRG1 and Hsc70 was constitutive in mast cells and was not altered following cell activation. Although NDRG1 undergoes phosphorylation (accompanying paper), the binding of NDRG1 to Hsc70 was not affected by this event. Interestingly, the NDRG1-Hsc70 complex transiently appeared in the nuclear fraction of activated mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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53
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Miller LC, Swayne LA, Chen L, Feng ZP, Wacker JL, Muchowski PJ, Zamponi GW, Braun JEA. Cysteine String Protein (CSP) Inhibition of N-type Calcium Channels Is Blocked by Mutant Huntingtin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:53072-81. [PMID: 14570907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306230200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine string protein (CSP), a 34-kDa molecular chaperone, is expressed on synaptic vesicles in neurons and on secretory vesicles in endocrine, neuroendocrine, and exocrine cells. CSP can be found in a complex with two other chaperones, the heat shock cognate protein Hsc70, and small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein (SGT). CSP function is vital in synaptic transmission; however, the precise nature of its role remains controversial. We have previously reported interactions of CSP with both heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) and N-type calcium channels. These associations give rise to a tonic G protein inhibition of the channels. Here we have examined the effects of huntingtin fragments (exon 1) with (huntingtin(exon1/exp)) and without (huntingtin(exon1/nonexp)) expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts on the CSP chaperone system. In vitro huntingtin(exon1/exp) sequestered CSP and blocked the association of CSP with G proteins. In contrast, huntingtin(exon1/nonexp) did not interact with CSP and did not alter the CSP/G protein association. Similarly, co-expression of huntingtin(exon1/exp) with CSP and N-type calcium channels eliminated CSP's tonic G protein inhibition of the channels, while coexpression of huntingtin(exon1/nonexp) did not alter the robust inhibition promoted by CSP. These results indicate that CSP's modulation of G protein inhibition of calcium channel activity is blocked in the presence of a huntingtin fragment with expanded polyglutamine tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Miller
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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54
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Tobaben S, Varoqueaux F, Brose N, Stahl B, Meyer G. A brain-specific isoform of small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein binds to Hsc70 and the cysteine string protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38376-83. [PMID: 12878599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein (SGT) is a ubiquitously expressed cochaperone of heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa (Hsc70). SGT binds to the C terminus of Hsc70, a site used by several tetratricopeptide repeat-containing binding partners to recruit Hsc70 into complexes of diverse function. We describe here an isoform of SGT with 60% amino acid sequence identity that we name betaSGT. In contrast to the previously published alphaSGT, betaSGT is almost exclusively expressed in brain. Both isoforms of SGT possess similar binding properties toward Hsc70 and cysteine string protein, a synaptic vesicle-associated J-domain-containing protein. In addition, SGTs oligomerize without preferences among isoforms. The distribution of protein binding motifs on SGTs reveals a modular structure. The N-terminal domains mediate oligomerization. Binding to Hsc70 is impaired by mutations of basic residues within the central tetratricopeptide repeat domain of betaSGT, indicating a two-carboxylate clamp as the binding mode. The tetratricopeptide repeats are also necessary for binding to the cysteine string protein. However, this binding mode is distinct from the two-carboxylate clamp that is involved in Hsc70 binding. The C-terminal regions of SGTs might constitute independent protein interaction domains. We conclude that betaSGT is likely to cooperate with alphaSGT as co-chaperone of Hsc70 in the brain. The modular structure of SGTs allows them to recruit client proteins to Hsc70 and to direct the resulting complex toward downstream proteins that take over the respective client proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Tobaben
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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55
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Evans GJO, Morgan A, Burgoyne RD. Tying everything together: the multiple roles of cysteine string protein (CSP) in regulated exocytosis. Traffic 2003; 4:653-9. [PMID: 12956868 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the core vesicle fusion machinery, the SNARE proteins, a large number of regulatory proteins have been implicated in the process of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. How these exocytotic proteins are properly targeted and how their myriad interactions are temporally and spatially coordinated is poorly understood. Cysteine string protein (CSP), a secretory vesicle membrane protein and a member of the dnaJ family of co-chaperones, may assist in performing this function. Through its interaction with the ubiquitous chaperone, Hsc70, it is thought that cysteine string protein targets chaperone complexes to the exocytotic machinery to facilitate the correct folding of polypeptides or to regulate the assembly of protein complexes. Since its discovery, there have been conflicting reports from different systems concerned with whether cysteine string protein exerts its effects on exocytosis either up- or down-stream of Ca2+-influx. In this review, we summarize recent experiments that associate cysteine string protein with the regulation of vesicle filling, vesicle docking, Ca2+-channels and the SNARE proteins themselves, hence supporting a role for cysteine string protein as a multifunctional secretory co-chaperone. In addition, we provide an update on the mammalian isoforms of cysteine string protein following the recent discovery of two novel cysteine string proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J O Evans
- The Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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56
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Guiheneuc P. [Neuromuscular synapse: molecular mechanisms of acetylcholine vesicular exocytosis]. ANNALES DE READAPTATION ET DE MEDECINE PHYSIQUE : REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE REEDUCATION FONCTIONNELLE DE READAPTATION ET DE MEDECINE PHYSIQUE 2003; 46:276-80. [PMID: 12928129 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6054(03)00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of excitation from motor neurones to muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction is made through liberation of acetylcholine. This is concentrated into vesicles according to an exchange with H(+) ions. Increase of intracellular calcium concentration leads some vesicles to mobilise and target with the neuron plasma membrane, where they are docked and preconditioned via the formation of a SNARE complex between vesicular proteins and plasma membrane proteins. Energy and control of these transports and reactions are provided by several kinds of enzymes and chaperone molecules. Arrival of an action potential causes depolarisation of the motoneurone axon terminal and opening of large conductance calcium channels. The last step, directly linked to calcium input, leads the membranes to fuse and acetylcholine to immediately leave the neuron towards the synaptic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guiheneuc
- Laboratoire de neurophysiologie clinique, CHU Nantes Hôtel-Dieu, 44035 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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57
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Swayne LA, Blattler C, Kay JG, Braun JEA. Oligomerization characteristics of cysteine string protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:921-6. [PMID: 12559961 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CSP function is vital to synaptic transmission, however; the precise nature of its role remains controversial. Conflicting reports support either a role for CSP: (i) in exocytosis or (ii) in the regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes. Here we have examined the self-association of CSP to form oligomers that are stable upon SDS-PAGE. To understand the structural requirements for CSP self-association a series of CSP deletion mutants were constructed, expressed, and purified. This analysis revealed an interesting pattern of oligomerization. Amino acids between 83 and 136 were observed to be important for self-association. The recombinant CSP oligomers as well as the CSP monomers directly associate with Ni(2+)-NTA agarose. Thus CSP-CSP interactions may be an important consideration for current working models of CSP chaperone activity at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada, T2N 4N1
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58
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Sakisaka T, Meerlo T, Matteson J, Plutner H, Balch WE. Rab-alphaGDI activity is regulated by a Hsp90 chaperone complex. EMBO J 2002; 21:6125-35. [PMID: 12426384 PMCID: PMC137195 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rab-specific alphaGDP-dissociation inhibitor (alphaGDI) regulates the recycling of Rab GTPases. We have now identified a novel alphaGDI complex from synaptic membranes that contains three chaperone components: Hsp90, Hsc70 and cysteine string protein (CSP). We find that the alphaGDI-chaperone complex is dissociated in response to Ca(2+)-induced neurotransmitter release, that chaperone complex dissociation is sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) and that GA inhibits the ability of alphaGDI to recycle Rab3A during neurotransmitter release. We propose that alphaGDI interacts with a specialized membrane-associated Rab recycling Hsp90 chaperone system on the vesicle membrane to coordinate the Ca(2+)-dependent events triggering Rab-GTP hydrolysis with retrieval of Rab-GDP to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Sakisaka
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Timo Meerlo
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jeanne Matteson
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Helen Plutner
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - William E. Balch
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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59
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Evans GJO, Morgan A. Phosphorylation-dependent interaction of the synaptic vesicle proteins cysteine string protein and synaptotagmin I. Biochem J 2002; 364:343-7. [PMID: 11931641 PMCID: PMC1222577 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2002] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 04/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secretory vesicle cysteine string proteins (CSPs) are members of the DnaJ family of chaperones, and function at late stages of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis by an unknown mechanism. To determine novel binding partners of CSPs, we employed a pull-down strategy from purified rat brain membrane or cytosolic proteins using recombinant hexahistidine-tagged (His(6)-)CSP. Western blotting of the CSP-binding proteins identified synaptotagmin I to be a putative binding partner. Furthermore, pull-down assays using cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-phosphorylated CSP recovered significantly less synaptotagmin. Complexes containing CSP and synaptotagmin were immunoprecipitated from rat brain membranes, further suggesting that these proteins interact in vivo. Binding assays in vitro using recombinant proteins confirmed a direct interaction between the two proteins and demonstrated that the PKA-phosphorylated form of CSP binds synaptotagmin with approximately an order of magnitude lower affinity than the non-phosphorylated form. Genetic studies have implicated each of these proteins in the Ca2+-dependency of exocytosis and, since CSP does not bind Ca2+, this novel interaction might explain the Ca2+-dependent actions of CSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J O Evans
- The Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
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60
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Phillips GR, Huang JK, Wang Y, Tanaka H, Shapiro L, Zhang W, Shan WS, Arndt K, Frank M, Gordon RE, Gawinowicz MA, Zhao Y, Colman DR. The presynaptic particle web: ultrastructure, composition, dissolution, and reconstitution. Neuron 2001; 32:63-77. [PMID: 11604139 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the purification of a presynaptic "particle web" consisting of approximately 50 nm pyramidally shaped particles interconnected by approximately 100 nm spaced fibrils. This is the "presynaptic grid" described in early EM studies. It is completely soluble above pH 8, but reconstitutes after dialysis against pH 6. Interestingly, reconstituted particles orient and bind PSDs asymmetrically. Mass spectrometry of purified web components reveals major proteins involved in the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and in membrane retrieval. Our data support the idea that the CNS synaptic junction is organized by transmembrane adhesion molecules interlinked in the synaptic cleft, connected via their intracytoplasmic domains to the presynaptic web on one side and to the postsynaptic density on the other. The CNS synaptic junction may therefore be conceptualized as a complicated macromolecular scaffold that isostatically bridges two closely aligned plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Phillips
- The Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology and The Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, New York, NY 10029, USA
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