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Hloch K, Mladěnka P, Doseděl M, Adriani W, Zoratto F. The current clinical knowledge on the treatment of gambling disorder: A summary. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hloch
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Doseděl
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Walter Adriani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - Francesca Zoratto
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Centre; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council of Italy; Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B Rome I-00197 Italy
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Majuri J, Joutsa J, Johansson J, Voon V, Alakurtti K, Parkkola R, Lahti T, Alho H, Hirvonen J, Arponen E, Forsback S, Kaasinen V. Dopamine and Opioid Neurotransmission in Behavioral Addictions: A Comparative PET Study in Pathological Gambling and Binge Eating. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1169-1177. [PMID: 27882998 PMCID: PMC5357051 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although behavioral addictions share many clinical features with drug addictions, they show strikingly large variation in their behavioral phenotypes (such as in uncontrollable gambling or eating). Neurotransmitter function in behavioral addictions is poorly understood, but has important implications in understanding its relationship with substance use disorders and underlying mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy. Here, we compare opioid and dopamine function between two behavioral addiction phenotypes: pathological gambling (PG) and binge eating disorder (BED). Thirty-nine participants (15 PG, 7 BED, and 17 controls) were scanned with [11C]carfentanil and [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomography using a high-resolution scanner. Binding potentials relative to non-displaceable binding (BPND) for [11C]carfentanil and influx rate constant (Ki) values for [18F]fluorodopa were analyzed with region-of-interest and whole-brain voxel-by-voxel analyses. BED subjects showed widespread reductions in [11C]carfentanil BPND in multiple subcortical and cortical brain regions and in striatal [18F]fluorodopa Ki compared with controls. In PG patients, [11C]carfentanil BPND was reduced in the anterior cingulate with no differences in [18F]fluorodopa Ki compared with controls. In the nucleus accumbens, a key region involved in reward processing, [11C]Carfentanil BPND was 30-34% lower and [18F]fluorodopa Ki was 20% lower in BED compared with PG and controls (p<0.002). BED and PG are thus dissociable as a function of dopaminergic and opioidergic neurotransmission. Compared with PG, BED patients show widespread losses of mu-opioid receptor availability together with presynaptic dopaminergic defects. These findings highlight the heterogeneity underlying the subtypes of addiction and indicate differential mechanisms in the expression of pathological behaviors and responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Majuri
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, POB 52, Turku 20521, Finland, Tel: +358-2-3130000, Fax: +358-2-2318191, E-mail:
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kati Alakurtti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuuli Lahti
- Department of Health, Unit of Tobacco, Alcohol and Gambling, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Alho
- Department of Health, Unit of Tobacco, Alcohol and Gambling, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Arponen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Valtteri Kaasinen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Wolff A, Joshi RK, Ekström J, Aframian D, Pedersen AML, Proctor G, Narayana N, Villa A, Sia YW, Aliko A, McGowan R, Kerr AR, Jensen SB, Vissink A, Dawes C. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Drugs R D 2017; 17:1-28. [PMID: 27853957 PMCID: PMC5318321 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD), xerostomia (sensation of oral dryness), and subjective sialorrhea cause significant morbidity and impair quality of life. However, no evidence-based lists of the medications that cause these disorders exist. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compile a list of medications affecting salivary gland function and inducing xerostomia or subjective sialorrhea. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published until June 2013. Of 3867 screened records, 269 had an acceptable degree of relevance, quality of methodology, and strength of evidence. We found 56 chemical substances with a higher level of evidence and 50 with a moderate level of evidence of causing the above-mentioned disorders. At the first level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, 9 of 14 anatomical groups were represented, mainly the alimentary, cardiovascular, genitourinary, nervous, and respiratory systems. Management strategies include substitution or discontinuation of medications whenever possible, oral or systemic therapy with sialogogues, administration of saliva substitutes, and use of electro-stimulating devices. LIMITATIONS While xerostomia was a commonly reported outcome, objectively measured salivary flow rate was rarely reported. Moreover, xerostomia was mostly assessed as an adverse effect rather than the primary outcome of medication use. This study may not include some medications that could cause xerostomia when administered in conjunction with others or for which xerostomia as an adverse reaction has not been reported in the literature or was not detected in our search. CONCLUSIONS We compiled a comprehensive list of medications with documented effects on salivary gland function or symptoms that may assist practitioners in assessing patients who complain of dry mouth while taking medications. The list may also prove useful in helping practitioners anticipate adverse effects and consider alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wolff
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Saliwell Ltd, 65 Hatamar St, 60917, Harutzim, Israel.
| | - Revan Kumar Joshi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DAPMRV Dental College, Bangalore, India
| | - Jörgen Ekström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Anne Marie Lynge Pedersen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nagamani Narayana
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Wai Sia
- McGill University, Faculty of Dentistry, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ardita Aliko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Siri Beier Jensen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Chen M, Sun Y, Lu L, Shi J. Similarities and Differences in Neurobiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:45-58. [PMID: 29098667 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Substance addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. Non-substance addiction is defined recently that people may compulsively engage in an activity despite any negative consequences to their lives. Despite differences with respect to their addictive object, substance addiction and non-substance addiction may share similarities with respect to biological, epidemiological, clinical, genetic and other features. Here we review the similarities and differences in neurobiology between these two addictions with a focus on dopamine, serotonin, opioid, glutamate and norepinephrine systems. Studies suggest the involvement of all these systems in both substance addiction and non-substance addiction while differences may exist with respect to their contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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55
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Taddei RN, Spinnato F, Jenner P. New Symptomatic Treatments for the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 132:407-452. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Choi SW, Shin YC, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Kim S, Kim SH, Youn H. Treatment modalities for patients with gambling disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:23. [PMID: 28465711 PMCID: PMC5410060 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-017-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder (GD) is defined as persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. The prevalence of GD has been shown to be 1.2-7.1% in the general population. GD can severely impact on personal and vocational wellbeing as well as lead to financial problems, and has been known to be difficult to treat. This review describes the available pharmacotherapy/psychosocial treatments for GD patients, and summarizes data on the effectiveness of these GD treatments. METHODS This review refers to newly as well as previously published studies and guidelines. RESULTS The description of pharmacotherapy mainly focuses on opioid receptor antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and mood stabilizers. Psychosocial treatments/strategies mainly include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and Gamblers Anonymous. We also introduce relatively novel treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS This review can help clinicians to decide treatment plans for their GD patients. In addition, it can be used as a reference for designing future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Wook Choi
- Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions, True Mind Clinic, F7, KR tower, 1 141, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06132 South Korea.,Healthcare & Information Research Institute, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungcheongnam-do 31021 South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181 South Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Bora-mae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061 South Korea
| | - Seohee Kim
- Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions, True Mind Clinic, F7, KR tower, 1 141, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06132 South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308 South Korea
| | - HyunChul Youn
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308 South Korea
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57
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Ong HSR, Peh CX, Asharani P, Guo S. Factor structure of the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale among treatment-seeking adults in Singapore. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2016.1223149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Addiction is a major public health problem with few efficacious and safe treatments. The goal of this review is to provide an evidence-based assessment of the therapeutic role of the opioid antagonist naltrexone across the addiction spectrum-substance-based and behavioral. The PubMed database was searched for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials that investigated the oral or intramuscular long-acting formulation of naltrexone in substance use disorders or behavioral addictions such as pathological gambling, kleptomania, and trichotillomania. Thirty-nine efficacy studies were retrieved, covering alcohol use disorder (n = 22), opioid use disorder (n = 6), nicotine use disorder (n = 5), stimulant use disorder (n = 2), gambling disorder (n = 2), trichotillomania (n = 1), and kleptomania (n = 1). Despite the very different presentations within and between both addiction categories, the data, as a whole, show consistency in favor of naltrexone's relative efficacy and safety. Given the potential benefit and good tolerability revealed in the studies, the high morbidity associated with addiction, and the dearth of alternate treatments, naltrexone would seem like an underutilized treatment option. Further, naltrexone's seemingly broad anti-addiction efficacy supports a shared role for brain opioid pathways in the pathophysiology of addiction, broadly defined. More studies investigating the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone and other opioid modulators are warranted. Studies should also further examine the effect of combining psychotherapy with naltrexone, as well as the potential role of naltrexone in treating comorbid addictions.
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de Brito AMC, de Almeida Pinto MG, Bronstein G, Carneiro E, Faertes D, Fukugawa V, Duque A, Vasconcellos F, Tavares H. Topiramate Combined with Cognitive Restructuring for the Treatment of Gambling Disorder: A Two-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J Gambl Stud 2016; 33:249-263. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chamberlain SR, Derbyshire K, Daws RE, Odlaug BL, Leppink EW, Grant JE. White matter tract integrity in treatment-resistant gambling disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208:579-84. [PMID: 26846614 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.165506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder is a relatively common psychiatric disorder recently re-classified within the DSM-5 under the category of 'substance-related and addictive disorders'. AIMS To compare white matter integrity in patients with gambling disorder with healthy controls; to explore relationships between white matter integrity and disease severity in gambling disorder. METHOD In total, 16 participants with treatment-resistant gambling disorder and 15 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). White matter integrity was analysed using tract-based spatial statistics. RESULTS Gambling disorder was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Fractional anisotropy in distributed white matter tracts elsewhere correlated positively with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Reduced corpus callosum fractional anisotropy is suggestive of disorganised/damaged tracts in patients with gambling disorder, and this may represent a trait/vulnerability marker for the disorder. Future research should explore these measures in a larger sample, ideally incorporating a range of imaging markers (for example functional MRI) and enrolling unaffected first-degree relatives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Chamberlain
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Derbyshire
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard E Daws
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian L Odlaug
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric W Leppink
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jon E Grant
- Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/Bchir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK; Katherine Derbyshire, BS, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Richard E. Daws, Msc, Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK; Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Eric W. Leppink, BA, Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Di Ciano P, Le Foll B. Evaluating the Impact of Naltrexone on the Rat Gambling Task to Test Its Predictive Validity for Gambling Disorder. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155604. [PMID: 27191857 PMCID: PMC4871457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling Disorder has serious consequences and no medications are currently approved for the treatment of this disorder. One factor that may make medication development difficult is the lack of animal models of gambling that would allow for the pre-clinical screening of efficacy. Despite this, there is evidence from clinical trials that opiate antagonists, in particular naltrexone, may be useful in treating gambling disorder. To-date, the effects of naltrexone on pre-clinical models of gambling have not been evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of naltrexone in an animal model of gambling, the rat gambling task (rGT), to determine whether this model has some predictive validity. The rGT is a model in which rats are given a choice of making either a response that produces a large reward or a small reward. The larger the reward, the greater the punishment, and thus this task requires that the animal inhibit the ‘tempting’ choice, as the smaller reward option produces overall the most number of rewards per session. People with gambling disorder chose the tempting option more, thus the rGT may provide a model of problem gambling. It was found that naltrexone improved performance on this task in a subset of animals that chose the ‘tempting’, disadvantageous choice, more at baseline. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the rGT should be further investigated as a pre-clinical model of gambling disorder and that further investigation into whether opioid antagonists are effective in treating Gambling Disorder may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, CAMH, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada
- Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatment Program, CAMH, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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62
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Safety and Tolerability of Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: Comprehensive Review of Evidence. Drug Saf 2016; 39:627-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-016-0416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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63
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Lee BK, Awosoga O. Congruence Couple Therapy for Pathological Gambling: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gambl Stud 2016; 31:1047-68. [PMID: 24838782 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A multi-site pilot randomized controlled trial of Congruence Couple Therapy (CCT) for problem gambling was conducted in Ontario and Alberta, Canada from 2009 to 2011. The purpose was to assess the feasibility of a full trial and to identify methodological modifications to enhance future trials. The sample (N = 30; 15 couples) consisted of 66% male gamblers and 34% female. Mean age of sample was 49.1 years. Baseline mean DSM-IV gambling score was 8.7/10. Retention of the treatment couples was 89% at 2-month follow-up. Retention of control couples was 78%. A randomized controlled design compared the status of couples in treatment condition to control condition. Treatment couples received 12-week CCT while control couples received three brief check-ins over 12 weeks. No significant difference was found between treatment and control group at baseline on all measures. At (1) week 12 post-treatment, and (2) week 20 follow-up, significant treatment effects were found for gambling symptoms (p = 0.008; p = 0.041), mental distress (p = 0.001; p = 0.035), and family systems function (p = 0.023; p = 0.054) between treatment and control group. Within group changes for treatment couples over time were significant for mental distress (p = 0.000), dyadic adjustment (p = 0.002), and family systems function (p = 0.000). On similar measures, control group showed non-significant improvement. Future methodological changes, advantages and disadvantages of multi-site partnerships with community treatment agencies are discussed. Of interest is that control participants showed unintended improvement. CCT as a treatment was favourably accepted by counselors, problem gamblers and their spouses. Positive outcome trends ranging from small to large effect size on key measures indicate that a full-scaled trial will require approximately 140 couples and is an investment worth pursuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie K Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada,
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Piquet-Pessôa M, Fontenelle LF. Opioid antagonists in broadly defined behavioral addictions: a narrative review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:835-44. [PMID: 26798982 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1145660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naltrexone (NTX), a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, has been approved for the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence. More recently, however, NTX and a related drug, nalmefene (NMF), have also shown positive results for the treatment of gambling disorders. AREAS COVERED In this study, we reviewed the trials testing the effect of opioid antagonists (OA) in gambling disorders and in other broadly defined behavioral addictions, including selected DSM-5 disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, eating disorders, and other conditions not currently recognized by official classification schemes. We found six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of OA in gambling disorder, two RCTs of OA in trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), two RCTs of OA in binge eating disorder, and one RCT of OA for kleptomania. We also reviewed case reports on hypersexual disorder, compulsive buying and skin picking disorders. EXPERT OPINION The reviewed data supported the use of OA, namely NTX and NMF, in gambling disorder (both) and kleptomania (NTX). We did not find enough evidence to support the use of NTX or NMF in trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, compulsive buying disorder, hypersexual disorder, or binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Piquet-Pessôa
- a Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- a Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil.,b D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil.,c Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging (MBI) Facility , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
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Sidana A, Mehta S, Ukey K. Management of gambling addiction. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/0971-8990.182093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Shin YC, Choi SW, Ha J, Choi JS, Kim DJ. Gambling disorder in financial markets: Clinical and treatment-related features. J Behav Addict 2015; 4:244-9. [PMID: 26690619 PMCID: PMC4712758 DOI: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, few studies have examined the clinical manifestation of disordered gamblers in financial markets. This study examined the differences in the clinical and treatment-related features of gambling disorder between financial markets and horse races. METHODS Subjects who met the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling (PG) and who sought treatment were assessed by retrospective chart review. One hundred forty-four subjects were included in this sample, which consisted of the following groups: financial markets (n = 45; 28.6%) and horse races (n = 99; 71.4%). RESULTS Multiple similar manifestations were found between the groups, including severity of PG, age of PG onset, amounts of gambling debts, drinking days per week, depressive mood, duration of seeking treatment after the onset of PG, and treatment follow-up duration. However, disordered gamblers who invested in the financial market were significantly more likely to be educated (p = 0.003), live with their spouses (p = 0.007), have full-time jobs (p = 0.006), and they were more likely to participate in the first type of gambling than the horse races group (p<0.001). Furthermore, the financial markets group received the anti-craving medication less often than the horse races group (p = 0.04). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that disordered gamblers in financial markets show different socio-demographic, clinical and treatment-related features compared with the horse race gamblers, despite a similar severity of gambling disorder. Understanding these differential manifestations may provide insight into prevention and treatment development for specific types of gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sam-Wook Choi
- Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions, True Mind Mental Health Clinic, Seoul, Korea,Health Care & Information Research Institute, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea,Corresponding author: Sam-Wook Choi; Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions, True Mind Mental Health Clinic, 703 KR Tower, 141 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea; Phone: +82 2 583 9080; Fax: +82 2 583 9082; E-mail:
| | - Juwon Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Myeongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bandelow B, Wedekind D. Possible role of a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system in antisocial personality disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:393-415. [PMID: 26250442 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Around half the inmates in prison institutions have antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). A recent theory has proposed that a dysfunction of the endogenous opioid system (EOS) underlies the neurobiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the present theoretical paper, based on a comprehensive database and hand search of the relevant literature, this hypothesis is extended to ASPD, which may be the predominant expression of EOS dysfunction in men, while the same pathology underlies BPD in women. According to evidence from human and animal studies, the problematic behaviours of persons with antisocial, callous, or psychopathic traits may be seen as desperate, unconscious attempts to stimulate their deficient EOS, which plays a key role in brain reward circuits. If the needs of this system are not being met, the affected persons experience dysphoric mood, discomfort, or irritability, and strive to increase binding of endogenous opioids to receptors by using the rewarding effects of aggression by exertion of physical or manipulative power on others, by abusing alcohol or substances that have the reward system as target, by creating an "endorphin rush" by self-harm, by increasing the frequency of their sexual contacts, or by impulsive actions and sensation seeking. Symptoms associated with ASPD can be treated with opioid antagonists like naltrexone, naloxone, or nalmefene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
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McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Duration of opioid receptor blockade determines biotherapeutic response. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tillery EE, Stark AN. Off-label use of naltrexone for compulsive behavior. Ment Health Clin 2015. [DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2015.09.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Endogenous Opioid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex is Required for the Expression of Hunger-Induced Impulsive Action. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2464-74. [PMID: 25865930 PMCID: PMC4538362 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Opioid transmission and dysregulated prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity have both been implicated in the inhibitory-control deficits associated with addiction and binge-type eating disorders. What remains unknown, however, is whether endogenous opioid transmission within the PFC modulates inhibitory control. Here, we compared intra-PFC opioid manipulations with a monoamine manipulation (d-amphetamine), in two sucrose-reinforced tasks: progressive ratio (PR), which assays the motivational value of an incentive, and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRLs), a test of inhibitory control. Intra-PFC methylnaloxonium (M-NX, a limited diffusion opioid antagonist) was given to rats in a 'low-drive' condition (2-h food deprivation), and also after a motivational shift to a 'high-drive' condition (18-h food deprivation). Intra-PFC DAMGO (D-[Ala2,N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin; a μ-opioid agonist) and d-amphetamine were also tested in both tasks, under the low-drive condition. Intra-PFC M-NX nearly eliminated impulsive action in DRL engendered by hunger, at a dose (1 μg) that significantly affected neither hunger-induced PR enhancement nor hyperactivity. At a higher dose (3 μg), M-NX eliminated impulsive action and returned PR breakpoint to low-drive levels. Conversely, intra-PFC DAMGO engendered 'high-drive-like' effects: enhancement of PR and impairment of DRL performance. Intra-PFC d-amphetamine failed to produce effects in either task. These results establish that endogenous PFC opioid transmission is both necessary and sufficient for the expression of impulsive action in a high-arousal, high-drive appetitive state, and that PFC-based opioid systems enact functionally unique effects on food impulsivity and motivation relative to PFC-based monoamine systems. Opioid antagonists may represent effective treatments for a range of psychiatric disorders with impulsivity features.
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A Self-Help Manual for Problem Gamblers: the Impact of Minimal Therapist Guidance on Outcome. Int J Ment Health Addict 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-015-9579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is a common disorder featuring repetitive, intrusive and distressing sexual thoughts, urges and behaviors that negatively affect many aspects of an individual's life. This article reviews the clinical characteristics of CSB, cognitive aspects of the behaviors, and treatment options. METHODS We reviewed the literature regarding the clinical aspects of CSB and treatment approaches. RESULTS The literature review of the clinical aspects of CSB demonstrates that there is likely a substantial heterogeneity within the disorder. In addition, the treatment literature lacks sufficient evidence-based approaches to develop a clear treatment algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Although discussed in the psychological literature for years, CSB continues to defy easy categorization within mental health. Further research needs to be completed to understand where CSB falls within the psychiatric nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Derbyshire
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,* Corresponding author: Katherine L. Derbyshire, BS; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Phone: +1-773-702-9066; Fax: +1-773-834-6761; E-mail:
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Raposo-Lima C, Castro L, Sousa N, Morgado P. SCRATCH THAT!—Two case reports of scratch-card gambling disorder. Addict Behav 2015; 45:30-3. [PMID: 25637885 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a common, clinically relevant condition that impacts significantly one's life. Given that approved pharmacological interventions are lacking, it is crucial to readily identify these cases to provide available interventions in psychiatric care services. Here, we present two uncommon cases of unique scratch-card gambling disorder, a specific type of pathological gambling that could be increasing as availability of these games are growing.
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Bipolar disorder and gambling disorder comorbidity: current evidence and implications for pharmacological treatment. J Affect Disord 2015; 167:285-98. [PMID: 24999863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-occurrence of bipolar disorder (BD) and gambling disorder (GD), though of clinical and public health importance, is still scarcely investigated. Comorbid BD-GD subjects experience a more severe course of illness and poorer treatment outcome, due to a range of clinical and psychosocial factors that collectively impede remission and recovery. The aim of our paper is to review the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of comorbid BD-GD, in order to support clinical decisions according to the best available evidence. METHODS A qualitative systematic review of studies on pharmacological treatment in comorbid BD-GD was performed. A comprehensive literature search of online databases, bibliographies of published articles and gray literature was conducted. Data on efficacy, safety and tolerability were extracted and levels of evidence were assessed. We also provide a brief overview of current epidemiological, neurobiological and clinical findings, with the intention of proposing a dimensional approach to the choice of available drugs. RESULTS The only drug with a high level of evidence is lithium. Considering the inclusion of GD in DSM-5 'Substance-related and Addictive Disorders' category, we discuss the use of other drugs with a high level of evidence currently used in BD subjects with co-occurring substance use disorders. LIMITATIONS Only few clinical trials are available and the population is limited; therefore no conclusive evidence can be inferred. CONCLUSIONS Further randomized controlled trials are required to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatment strategies in large samples of patients with comorbid BD-GD. Also, attempts should be made to identify other shared clinical and psychopathological domains that are amenable to treatment.
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Blanco C, García-Anaya M, Wall M, de los Cobos JCP, Swierad E, Wang S, Petry NM. Should pathological gambling and obesity be considered addictive disorders? A factor analytic study in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:129-34. [PMID: 25769392 PMCID: PMC4387020 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological gambling (PG) is now aligned with substance use disorders in the DSM-5 as the first officially recognized behavioral addiction. There is growing interest in examining obesity as an addictive disorder as well. The goal of this study was to investigate whether epidemiological data provide support for the consideration of PG and obesity as addictive disorders. METHOD Factor analysis of data from a large, nationally representative sample of US adults (N=43,093), using nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, PG and obesity as indicators. It was hypothesized that nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence and drug use dependence would load on a single factor. It was further hypothesized that if PG and obesity were addictive disorders, they would load on the same factor as substance use disorders, whereas failure to load on the addictive factor would not support their conceptualization as addictive disorders. RESULTS A model with one factor including nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence and PG, but not obesity, provided a very good fit to the data, as indicated by CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99 and RMSEA=0.01 and loadings of all indicators >0.4. CONCLUSION Data from this study support the inclusion of PG in a latent factor with substance use disorders but do not lend support to the consideration of obesity, as defined by BMI, as an addictive disorder. Future research should investigate whether certain subtypes of obesity are best conceptualized as addictive disorders and the shared biological and environmental factors that account for the common and specific features of addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - María García-Anaya
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Department of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - José Carlos Pérez de los Cobos
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, (IIB Sant Pau) Departament de Psiguiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewelina Swierad
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Nancy M. Petry
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center
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Wieczorek Ł, Dąbrowska K. Zaburzenia hazardowe – rozpowszechnienie, oferta terapeutyczna, dostępność leczenia i predyktory podjęcia leczenia. Przegląd literatury. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alkona.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined differences in the clinical and treatment-related features of pathological gambling (PG) on the basis of the age of PG onset among pathological gamblers who sought treatment. METHODS A total of 702 male outpatients with a primary diagnosis of PG and who were treated in a clinical practice were assessed by retrospective chart review. We selected the age of 25 years and younger as the threshold for "group 1." We then stratified the participants into 4 groups on the basis of the age of PG onset in 10-year intervals. Analysis of covariance with a covariant of age and the Pearson χ test were used for analyses. RESULTS We found that the earlier-onset gamblers were less likely to be escape type (P < 0.05), used significantly more Internet-based gambling (P < 0.001), and were less likely to engage in nonstrategic gambling (P < 0.05) than the later-onset gamblers. In addition, the earlier-onset gamblers took anticraving medication, such as naltrexone, significantly more often (P < 0.05), and sought treatment significantly more slowly after the onset of PG than the later-onset group (P < 0.01). Regarding adherence to treatment, however, there was no significant difference among the 4 groups on the basis of the age of PG onset. CONCLUSIONS The age of PG onset is associated with several important clinical and treatment features. More studies are needed to advance prevention and treatment strategies for each age group.
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van den Brink W, Strang J, Gual A, Sørensen P, Jensen TJ, Mann K. Safety and tolerability of as-needed nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence: results from the Phase III clinical programme. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:495-504. [PMID: 25652768 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1011619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate safety and tolerability of nalmefene for reduction of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS Pooled data from three randomized, placebo-controlled studies (two 6-month; one 12-month) of 18 mg nalmefene (as-needed use) in alcohol-dependent patients looking at the total population (placebo n = 824, nalmefene n = 1123) and patients with high/very high drinking risk levels at screening and randomization (target population: placebo n = 374, nalmefene n = 450). RESULTS In the study, 62.7% of patients on placebo and 74.7% on nalmefene in the total population had treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Fourty-seven (5.9%) on placebo and 149 (13.0%) on nalmefene dropped out due to TEAEs. Thirty-five (4.4%) on placebo and 57 (5.0%) on nalmefene had serious adverse events. Tolerability and safety were similar in the target population and total population. Most frequent TEAEs were transient, mainly occurring at treatment initiation. There was no difference in tolerability and safety if nalmefene was taken daily or intermittently; no signal of increased risk of suicide-related behavior with nalmefene. The higher incidence of psychiatric events in the nalmefene group was mainly due to the TEAE of confusional state. CONCLUSIONS Although there was a higher incidence of TEAEs and TEAEs leading to dropout, nalmefene was well-tolerated and no major safety issues were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim van den Brink
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Psychiatry , Meibergdreef 5, Gerrit vd Veenstraat 84-hs, Amsterdam, 1077el , Netherlands
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Castrén S, Salonen AH, Alho H, Lahti T, Simojoki K. Past-year gambling behaviour among patients receiving opioid substitution treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2015; 10:4. [PMID: 25626451 PMCID: PMC4417343 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance abuse and gambling problems are associated, however, studies on gambling problems among opioid substitution treatment (OST) patients are scarce. The aims of this study are to explore the association of gender, age, treatment medication and treatment program with gambling behaviour, including gambling participation and gambling problems, among OST patients. FINDINGS All OST patients (n = 244) in three Finnish outpatient clinics were recruited in March - April 2014. The response rate was 64.3%. OST programs included two choices of orientation (rehabilitative/harm reduction) and two choices for treatment medication (methadone/buprenorphine-naloxone). Of 144 respondents, 70.1% had gambled during the past year and 12.5% were identified as potential past-year problem gamblers. Gambling was statistically significant more commonly among males (79.8%) compared with females (53.7%). Similarly patients in the rehabilitative program gambled (75.9%) more than those in the harm reduction program (50.0%). Gender, age, treatment medication or treatment program was not associated with past-year gambling problems. CONCLUSIONS Gambling participation of the OST patients seemed to be somewhat similar compared with the Finnish general population, but gambling problems were more common among OST patients. Gender and age may not be very strong indicators of risk while screening problem gamblers among OST patients. Institution of a problem gambling screening program is recommended, and additional intervention for gambling problems should be implemented for that need as a part of OST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Castrén
- Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FIN-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anne H Salonen
- Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FIN-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Alho
- Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FIN-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuuli Lahti
- Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FIN-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Kaarlo Simojoki
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- A-clinic Foundation, Maistraatinportti 2, 00240, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Addiction professionals and the public are recognizing that certain nonsubstance behaviors--such as gambling, Internet use, video-game playing, sex, eating, and shopping--bear resemblance to alcohol and drug dependence. Growing evidence suggests that these behaviors warrant consideration as nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions and has led to the newly introduced diagnostic category "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders" in DSM-5. At present, only gambling disorder has been placed in this category, with insufficient data for other proposed behavioral addictions to justify their inclusion. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of behavioral addictions, describes treatment considerations, and addresses future directions. Current evidence points to overlaps between behavioral and substance-related addictions in phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidity, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic contributions, responses to treatments, and prevention efforts. Differences also exist. Recognizing behavioral addictions and developing appropriate diagnostic criteria are important in order to increase awareness of these disorders and to further prevention and treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Although addictive syndromes have been traditionally related to substance-use disorders, during the last few decades a novel addictive group, including the so-called "behavioral or no-drug addictions," has been recognized and has attracted increasing attention for its relevant social impact. This group includes pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, TV/Internet/social network/videogame addictions, workaholism, sex and relationship addictions, orthorexia, and overtraining syndrome. Substance and behavioral addictions show similar phenomenological features, such as craving, dependence, tolerance, and abstinence, and perhaps they share a common possible pathophysiology. It is, however, controversial whether all or at least some of them should be considered real disorders or just normal, albeit extreme, behaviors. The aim of this article is to review current data on pharmacological treatment of behavioral addictions. As no specific and validated treatment algorithms are currently available, only an improved knowledge on their psychopathological, clinical, and neurobiological features may have relevant implications for more focused preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Henderson-Redmond A, Czachowski C. Effects of systemic opioid receptor ligands on ethanol- and sucrose seeking and drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) and Long Evans rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4309-21. [PMID: 24770627 PMCID: PMC4209193 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH). Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist with concentration-dependent selectivity for the mu receptor, naltrindole (NTI), a selective delta receptor antagonist, and U50,488H, a selective kappa receptor agonist were examined in both alcohol-preferring (P) and nonselected (Long Evans (LE)) rats to determine whether they differentially affected the seeking and consumption of EtOH and sucrose. Using the sipper-tube model, rats reinforced with either 2% sucrose or 10% EtOH were injected with vehicle and either NTI (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg), U50 (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg), low-dose NTX (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg), or high-dose NTX (1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg). Subsequent intakes (consummatory) or lever responses (seeking) were assessed. Overall, NTI, U50, and NTX attenuated intake and responding for sucrose and EtOH, with EtOH-reinforced P rats being the most sensitive to the effects of NTI on intake and seeking. U50 treatment decreased intake and seeking in both P and LE rats but did not selectively reduce EtOH intake or seeking in either line. P rats were more sensitive than LE rats to lower doses of NTX, and these doses more selectively attenuated responding for EtOH than sucrose. Higher doses of NTX suppressed intake and responding across both lines and reinforcers. These results suggest that drugs selective for the opioid receptors may be good pharmacotherapeutic targets, particularly in those with an underlying genetic predisposition for greater EtOH preference/intake.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/administration & dosage
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Ethanol/administration & dosage
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Male
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Sucrose/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Czachowski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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85
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Lin SK. Pharmacological means of reducing human drug dependence: a selective and narrative review of the clinical literature. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:242-52. [PMID: 23701272 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse or addictive disorder is a global problem. A greater understanding of the associated changes in brain pathophysiology supports the notion that pharmacological treatments are part of the necessary treatment options. Craving is a core symptom of addictive disorder. It refers to a strong desire to use drugs again either to re-experience positive effects or to diminish negative experiences. Currently there are a number of medicines that are effective in the treatment of addictive disorders. These medications can either be for substitution (same pharmacological effect as the abused substance) or anticraving (decrease the craving of the abused substance). In this MEDLNE based review, specific compounds (naltrexone, acamprosate, topiramate, disulfiram, baclofen, N-acetylcysteine and bupropion) were selected that are known to diminish desire to use (anticraving effect) and that have been trialled for a number of different substance addictive disorders. Their therapeutic potential in clinical practice is discussed in light of their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ku Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital and Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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86
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Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Schreiber LRN. Pharmacological treatments in pathological gambling. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:375-81. [PMID: 22979951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is a relatively common and often disabling psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive urges to engage in deleterious gambling behaviour. Although common and financially devastating to individuals and families, there currently exist no formally approved pharmacotherapeutic interventions for this disorder. This review seeks to examine the history of medication treatments for PG. A systematic review of the 18 double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacotherapy studies conducted for the treatment of pathological gambling was conducted. Study outcome and the mean dose of medication administered was documented in an effort to determine a preferred medication choice in this population. A variety of medication classes have been examined in the treatment of PG with varying results. Antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers have demonstrated mixed results in controlled clinical trials. Although limited information is available, opioid antagonists and glutamatergic agents have demonstrated efficacious outcomes, especially for individuals with PG suffering from intense urges to engage in the behaviour. Given that several studies have demonstrated their efficacy in treating the symptoms associated with PG, opioid antagonists should be considered the first line treatment for PG at this time. Most published studies, however, have employed relatively small sample sizes, are of limited duration and involve possibly non-representative clinical groups (e.g. those without co-occurring psychiatric disorders). Response measures have varied across studies. Heterogeneity of PG treatment samples may also complicate identification of effective treatments. Identification of factors related to treatment response will help inform future studies and advance treatment strategies for PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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87
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Papay K, Xie SX, Stern M, Hurtig H, Siderowf A, Duda JE, Minger J, Weintraub D. Naltrexone for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2014; 83:826-33. [PMID: 25037206 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson disease (PD) are common and can be difficult to manage. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, for the treatment of ICDs in PD. METHODS Patients with PD (n = 50) and an ICD were enrolled in an 8-week, randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled study of naltrexone 50-100 mg/d (flexible dosing). The primary outcome measure was response based on the Clinical Global Impression-Change score, and the secondary outcome measure was change in symptom severity using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) ICD score. RESULTS Forty-five patients (90%) completed the study. The Clinical Global Impression-Change response rate difference favoring naltrexone in completers was 19.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] -8.7% to 44.2%). While this difference was not significant (odds ratio=1.6, 95% CI 0.5-5.2, Wald χ2 [df]=0.5 [1], p=0.5), naltrexone treatment led to a significantly greater decrease in QUIP-RS ICD score over time compared with placebo (regression coefficient for interaction term in linear mixed-effects model=-7.37, F[df]=4.3 [1, 49], p=0.04). The estimated changes in QUIP-RS ICD scores from baseline to week 8 were 14.9 points (95% CI 9.9-19.9) for naltrexone and 7.5 points (95% CI 2.5-12.6) for placebo. CONCLUSIONS Naltrexone treatment was not efficacious for the treatment of ICDs in PD using a global assessment of response, but findings using a PD-specific ICD rating scale support further evaluation of opioid antagonists for the treatment of ICD symptoms in PD. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that in patients with PD and an ICD, naltrexone does not significantly increase the probability of achieving response. However, the study lacked the precision to exclude an important difference in response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Papay
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - Sharon X Xie
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - Matthew Stern
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - Howard Hurtig
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - John E Duda
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - James Minger
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (K.P., D.W.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (S.X.X.), and Neurology (M.S., H.H., J.E.D., J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia; and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (J.E.D., D.W.), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA.
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88
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Gambling disorder during dopamine replacement treatment in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:728038. [PMID: 25114917 PMCID: PMC4119624 DOI: 10.1155/2014/728038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by “the failure to resist gambling impulses despite severe personal, family or occupational consequences”. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), GD replaces the DSM-IV diagnosis of Pathological Gambling (PG). GD estimated prevalence ranges between 0.4% and 3.4% within the adult population and it seems to be more common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this population, GD recently has become more widely recognized as a possible complication of dopamine agonist (DA) therapy. This association has aroused great interest for the dramatic impact GD has on patients' quality of life. Management of PG in patients with PD could be demanding. It is based on patient and caregiver education, modification of dopamine replacement therapy, and in some cases psychoactive drug administration. In this review article, the authors provide an overview of GD pathogenesis during DA therapy as well as a summary of available treatment options.
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Abstract
Preclinical and clinical research implicate several neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of gambling disorder (GD). In particular, neurobiological research suggests alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic and opioidergic functioning. The relative efficacy of medications targeting these systems remains a topic of ongoing research, and there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medication with an indication for GD. Considering co-occurring disorders may be particularly important when devising a treatment plan for GD: extant data suggest that the opioid antagonist naltrexone may by the most effective form of current pharmacotherapy for GD, particularly for individuals with a co-occurring substance-use disorder (SUD) or with a family history of alcoholism. In contrast, lithium or other mood stabilizers may be most effective for GD for patients presenting with a co-occurring bipolar-spectrum disorder (BSD). Further, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) may be efficacious in reducing GD symptoms for individuals also presenting with a (non-BSD) mood or anxiety disorder. Finally, elevated rates of GD (and other Impulse Control Disorders; ICDs) have been noted among individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD), and clinicians should assess for vulnerability to GD when considering treatment options for PD. Reducing levodopa or dopamine agonist (DA) dosages may partially reduce GD symptoms among patients with co-occurring PD. For GD patients not willing to consider drug treatment, n-acetyl cysteine or behavioral therapies may be effective. Ongoing research into the effectiveness of combined behavioral and pharmacotherapies is being conducted; thus combined treatments should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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90
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Łabuzek K, Beil S, Beil-Gawełczyk J, Gabryel B, Franik G, Okopień B. The latest achievements in the pharmacotherapy of gambling disorder. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:811-20. [PMID: 25149985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) is becoming increasingly prevalent both among adults and adolescents. Unfortunately, this disorder is largely underestimated, while it can still lead to serious social and personal consequences, including criminal behavior or suicide attempts. In the past, the only means of treating gambling were psychobehavioral therapies. Nowadays, this disorder could also respond to many drugs from different classes such as opioid antagonists, serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics or glutamatergic agents. This review presents current pharmacological strategies and the results of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for GD. It also discusses the importance of distinguishing different pathological gambler subtypes such as impulsive, obsessive-compulsive and addictive subtypes as this may have serious pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łabuzek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Sonia Beil
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Gabryel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Franik
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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91
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Goudriaan AE, Yücel M, van Holst RJ. Getting a grip on problem gambling: what can neuroscience tell us? Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:141. [PMID: 24904328 PMCID: PMC4033022 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In problem gamblers, diminished cognitive control and increased impulsivity is present compared to healthy controls. Moreover, impulsivity has been found to be a vulnerability marker for the development of pathological gambling (PG) and problem gambling (PrG) and to be a predictor of relapse. In this review, the most recent findings on functioning of the brain circuitry relating to impulsivity and cognitive control in PG and PrG are discussed. Diminished functioning of several prefrontal areas and of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) indicate that cognitive-control related brain circuitry functions are diminished in PG and PrG compared to healthy controls. From the available cue reactivity studies on PG and PrG, increased responsiveness towards gambling stimuli in fronto-striatal reward circuitry and brain areas related to attentional processing is present compared to healthy controls. At this point it is unresolved whether PG is associated with hyper- or hypo-activity in the reward circuitry in response to monetary cues. More research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions for reward responsivity in different stages of gambling and across different types of reward. Conflicting findings from basic neuroscience studies are integrated in the context of recent neurobiological addiction models. Neuroscience studies on the interface between cognitive control and motivational processing are discussed in light of current addiction theories. Clinical implications: We suggest that innovation in PG therapy should focus on improvement of dysfunctional cognitive control and/or motivational functions. The implementation of novel treatment methods like neuromodulation, cognitive training and pharmacological interventions as add-on therapies to standard treatment in PG and PrG, in combination with the study of their effects on brain-behavior mechanisms could prove an important clinical step forward towards personalizing and improving treatment results in PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Murat Yücel
- Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience (MCIN) Laboratory, Monash Biomedical Imaging and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Monash, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth J van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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92
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Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: an overview from neurobiology to treatment. J Neurol 2014; 262:7-20. [PMID: 24824224 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative brain disorder and is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. A majority of the patients also develop non-motor symptoms. Impulse control disorders (ICD) are behavioural changes that often fail to be detected in clinical practice. The prevalence of ICD in PD varies widely from 6.1 to 31.2 % and treatment with dopaminergic medication is considered to be the greatest risk factor. Management consists mainly of reducing dopaminergic medication. In our experience, ICD has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of the patients and their families and should therefore not be disregarded. Studies addressing the role of ICD in PD caregiver strain are imperative. We attempt to give a comprehensive overview of the literature on the complicated neurobiology of ICD and discuss risk factors, genetic susceptibility, screening modalities and management.
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93
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"Killing Two Birds with One Stone": Alcohol Use Reduction Interventions with Potential Efficacy in Enhancing Self-Control. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014; 1:41-52. [PMID: 24914414 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-013-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We review interventions with empirical support for reducing alcohol use and enhancing self-control. While any intervention that decreases drinking could improve self-control, we focus here on interventions with evidence of direct benefit for both indications. Although no intervention yet shows strong evidence for dual efficacy, multiple interventions have strong evidence for one indication and solid or suggestive evidence for the other. Among pharmacotherapies, opioid antagonists currently have the best evidence for reducing alcohol use and enhancing self-control. Nicotinic partial agonist varenicline also appears to be efficacious for alcohol use and self-control. Many psychosocial and behavioral interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, mindfulness training) may have efficacy for both indications based on purported mechanisms of action and empirical evidence. Cognitive bias modification and neurophysiological interventions have promise for alcohol use and self-control as well and warrant further research. We offer several other suggestions for future research directions.
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94
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Bartley CA, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:887-94. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.814938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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95
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Lowengrub K, Iancu I, Aizer A, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Pharmacotherapy of pathological gambling: review of new treatment modalities. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1845-51. [PMID: 17181431 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.12.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition as an impulse-control disorder. In the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO, pathological gambling is coded under the heading of 'Habit and Impulse Disorders'. Pathological gambling is a chronic, progressive disorder, which has a prevalence of 1-3.4% among western civilizations. The enormous personal and social consequences of this disorder include a high rate of suicide attempts, job loss, marital and family problems, legal problems, and criminal behavior. Recent studies have demonstrated that pathological gambling patients respond well to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers and opioid antagonists. These findings support the idea that pathological gambling and other disorders of impulse control may be conceptualized as part of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders or addictive disorders. This article will discuss possible treatment strategies according to different behavior patterns in pathological gambling and also remind the physicians who intend to treat this disorder of the possible diagnosis of pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lowengrub
- Ness Ziona and Beer Ya'akov Medical Complex and Tel Aviv University, The Rehovot Community Mental Health & Rehabilitation Center, Remez Street 80, Rehovot, 76449, Israel.
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96
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Yan WS, Li YH, Xiao L, Zhu N, Bechara A, Sui N. Working memory and affective decision-making in addiction: a neurocognitive comparison between heroin addicts, pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:194-200. [PMID: 24268669 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are observed both in heroin dependence and in pathological gambling (PG) on various tasks. PG, as a non-substance addiction, is free of toxic consequences of drug use. Therefore a direct neurocognitive comparison of heroin addicts and pathological gamblers helps dissociate the consequences of chronic heroin use on cognitive function from the cognitive vulnerabilities that predispose addiction. METHODS A case-control design was used, comparing 58 abstinent heroin addicts, 58 pathological gamblers, and 60 healthy controls on working memory and affective decision-making functions. Working memory was assessed using the Self-ordered Pointing Test (SOPT). Affective decision-making was measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). RESULTS Heroin addicts performed significantly worse both on the IGT and on the SOPT, compared to healthy controls. Pathological gamblers performed worse on the IGT than healthy controls, but did not differ from controls on the SOPT. Years of heroin use were negatively correlated with working memory and affective decision-making performance in heroin addicts, while severity of gambling was not significantly correlated with any task performance in pathological gamblers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that deficits in affective decision-making shared by heroin dependence and PG putatively represent vulnerabilities to addiction and that working memory deficits detected only in heroin addicts may be identified as heroin-specific harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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97
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen S, Wang Z, Zhang B, Liu C, Qu Q, Cheng Y, Li J, Cao H, Cai M, Zhu R. The efficacy and safety of ropinirole prolonged release tablets as adjunctive therapy in Chinese subjects with advanced Parkinson's disease: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:1022-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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98
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Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Hampshire A, Schreiber LRN, Kim SW. A proof of concept study of tolcapone for pathological gambling: relationships with COMT genotype and brain activation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1587-96. [PMID: 23953269 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is a disabling disorder experienced by 1-3% of adults, and empirically validated treatments are lacking. Perturbations of prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions are implicated in the pathophysiology of PG. The enzyme catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) is responsible for degradation of dopamine in the cortices and thereby is known to regulate such cognitive functions and their neural substrates. The objective of this study was to determine whether tolcapone, a COMT inhibitor, improves symptoms of PG and to explore whether such effects are dependent on COMT val-158-met polymorphism status and relate to concomitant changes in fronto-parietal activation. Twenty-four individuals with PG were enrolled in an 8-week trial of oral tolcapone (100mg/day titrated to 100mg thrice/day) and 12 undertook pre- and post-treatment fMRI to examine brain activation during an executive planning task in a pre-defined fronto-parietal network. At baseline, patients with PG showed fronto-parietal under-activation versus controls during executive planning. Treatment was associated with statistically significant reductions on PG-Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS), the extent of which correlated significantly with augmentation of planning-related fronto-parietal activation. Symptom improvement was also significantly more pronounced in subjects with the val/val COMT polymorphism. Tolcapone improved PG symptoms, and the extent of symptomatic improvement was significantly related to augmentation of fronto-parietal activation (fMRI probe) and COMT status. Objective genetic and fMRI markers hold promise in the search for targeting treatment and elucidating brain mechanisms associated with optimal clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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99
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Porchet RI, Boekhoudt L, Studer B, Gandamaneni PK, Rani N, Binnamangala S, Müller U, Clark L. Opioidergic and dopaminergic manipulation of gambling tendencies: a preliminary study in male recreational gamblers. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:138. [PMID: 24109443 PMCID: PMC3791382 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambling is characterized by cognitive distortions in the processing of chance and skill that are exacerbated in pathological gambling. Opioid and dopamine dysregulation is implicated in pathological gambling, but it is unclear whether these neurotransmitters modulate gambling distortions. The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol on gambling behavior. Male recreational gamblers (n = 62) were assigned to receive single oral doses of naltrexone 50 mg, haloperidol 2 mg or placebo, in a parallel-groups design. At 2.5 h post-dosing, participants completed a slot machine task to elicit monetary wins, "near-misses," and a manipulation of personal choice, and a roulette game to elicit two biases in sequential processing, the gambler's fallacy and the hot hand belief. Psychophysiological responses (electrodermal activity and heart rate) were taken during the slot machine task, and plasma prolactin increase was assessed. The tasks successfully induced the gambling effects of interest. Some of these effects differed across treatment groups, although the direction of effect was not in line with our predictions. Differences were driven by the naltrexone group, which displayed a greater physiological response to wins, and marginally higher confidence ratings on winning streaks. Prolactin levels increased in the naltrexone group, but did not differ between haloperidol and placebo, implying that naltrexone but not haloperidol may have been functionally active at these doses. Our results support opioid modulation of cognition during gambling-like tasks, but did not support the more specific hypothesis that naltrexone may act to ameliorate cognitive distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline I. Porchet
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Linde Boekhoudt
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Bettina Studer
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Praveen K. Gandamaneni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridge, UK
| | - Nisha Rani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridge, UK
| | - Somashekar Binnamangala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridge, UK
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,*Correspondence: Luke Clark, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK e-mail:
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Leeman RF, Potenza MN. A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2013; 58:260-73. [PMID: 23756286 PMCID: PMC3762982 DOI: 10.1177/070674371305800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes neurobiological and genetic findings in behavioural addictions, draws parallels with findings pertaining to substance use disorders, and offers suggestions for future research. Articles concerning brain function, neurotransmitter activity, and family history and (or) genetic findings for behavioural addictions involving gambling, Internet use, video game playing, shopping, kleptomania, and sexual activity were reviewed. Behavioural addictions involve dysfunction in several brain regions, particularly the frontal cortex and striatum. Findings from imaging studies incorporating cognitive tasks have arguably been more consistent than cue-induction studies. Early results suggest white and grey matter differences. Neurochemical findings suggest roles for dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, but results from clinical trials seem more equivocal. While limited, family history and genetic data support heritability for pathological gambling and that people with behavioural addictions are more likely to have a close family member with some form of psychopathology. Parallels exist between neurobiological and genetic and family history findings in substance and nonsubstance addictions, suggesting that compulsive engagement in these behaviours may constitute addictions. To date, findings are limited, particularly for shopping, kleptomania, and sexual behaviour. Genetic understandings are at an early stage. Future research directions are offered.
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MESH Headings
- Behavior, Addictive/classification
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Behavioral Research/methods
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/classification
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/genetics
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/metabolism
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology
- Functional Neuroimaging/methods
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetics, Behavioral/methods
- Humans
- Neurobiology/methods
- Neuropsychology/methods
- Neurotransmitter Agents/classification
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Leeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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