51
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Maratos FA, Pessoa L. What drives prioritized visual processing? A motivational relevance account. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:111-148. [PMID: 31196431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emotion is fundamental to our being, and an essential aspect guiding behavior when rapid responding is required. This includes whether we approach or avoid a stimulus, and the accompanying physiological responses. A common tenet is that threat-related content drives stimulus processing and biases visual attention, so that rapid responding can be initiated. In this paper, it will be argued instead that prioritization of threatening stimuli should be encompassed within a motivational relevance framework. To more fully understand what is, or is not, prioritized for visual processing one must, however, additionally consider: (i) stimulus ambiguity and perceptual saliency; (ii) task demands, including both perceptual load and cognitive load; and (iii) endogenous/affective states of the individual. Combined with motivational relevance, this then leads to a multifactorial approach to understanding the drivers of prioritized visual processing. This accords with current recognition that the brain basis allowing for visual prioritization is also multifactorial, including transient, dynamic and overlapping networks. Taken together, the paper provides a reconceptualization of how "emotional" information prioritizes visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Anne Maratos
- Department of Psychology and Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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52
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Gu S, Wang F, Patel NP, Bourgeois JA, Huang JH. A Model for Basic Emotions Using Observations of Behavior in Drosophila. Front Psychol 2019; 10:781. [PMID: 31068849 PMCID: PMC6491740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion plays a crucial role, both in general human experience and in psychiatric illnesses. Despite the importance of emotion, the relative lack of objective methodologies to scientifically studying emotional phenomena limits our current understanding and thereby calls for the development of novel methodologies, such us the study of illustrative animal models. Analysis of Drosophila and other insects has unlocked new opportunities to elucidate the behavioral phenotypes of fundamentally emotional phenomena. Here we propose an integrative model of basic emotions based on observations of this animal model. The basic emotions are internal states that are modulated by neuromodulators, and these internal states are externally expressed as certain stereotypical behaviors, such as instinct, which is proposed as ancient mechanisms of survival. There are four kinds of basic emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, and anger, which are differentially associated with three core affects: reward (happiness), punishment (sadness), and stress (fear and anger). These core affects are analogous to the three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) in that they are combined in various proportions to result in more complex “higher order” emotions, such as love and aesthetic emotion. We refer to our proposed model of emotions as called the “Three Primary Color Model of Basic Emotions.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Gu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nitesh P Patel
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James A Bourgeois
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Baylor Scott & White Health, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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53
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Barker TV, Buzzell GA, Fox NA. Approach, avoidance, and the detection of conflict in the development of behavioral inhibition. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 53:2-12. [PMID: 31105378 PMCID: PMC6518416 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Motivation has played an integral role in understanding personality development. Two motivational systems, one associated with seeking reward (approach motivation) and one associated with avoidance of threat (avoidance motivation), have been theorized to represent individual differences in behavioral responses to the environment. However, contextual factors, particularly those with a high degree of novelty, ambiguity, and unpredictability, may simultaneously activate both systems, thereby causing approach-avoidance conflict. The resulting behavior, commonly called inhibition, is characterized by an inability to engage in motivated, goal-directed behavior and is theorized to reflect a core component of anxiety. A form of inhibition observed in childhood, behavioral inhibition (BI), is a relatively stable temperamental profile characterized by negative affect in response to unfamiliar and unpredictable contexts and is a risk factor for anxiety. Our review draws from findings in clinical and cognitive neuroscience to argue that BI reflects an increased sensitivity of both approach and avoidance motivational systems, thereby increasing the likelihood of approach-avoidance conflict within the context of unfamiliar or unpredictable stimuli and environments. Such motivational conflict activates neural systems associated with conflict monitoring, which leads to increases in arousal (e.g., sympathetic nervous system activity) and onlooking behavior, two commonly observed characteristics of childhood BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson V. Barker
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene,
OR 97403
| | - George A. Buzzell
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative
Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative
Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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54
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Niego A, Benítez-Burraco A. Williams Syndrome, Human Self-Domestication, and Language Evolution. Front Psychol 2019; 10:521. [PMID: 30936846 PMCID: PMC6431629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Language evolution resulted from changes in our biology, behavior, and culture. One source of these changes might be human self-domestication. Williams syndrome (WS) is a clinical condition with a clearly defined genetic basis which results in a distinctive behavioral and cognitive profile, including enhanced sociability. In this paper we show evidence that the WS phenotype can be satisfactorily construed as a hyper-domesticated human phenotype, plausibly resulting from the effect of the WS hemideletion on selected candidates for domestication and neural crest (NC) function. Specifically, we show that genes involved in animal domestication and NC development and function are significantly dysregulated in the blood of subjects with WS. We also discuss the consequences of this link between domestication and WS for our current understanding of language evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Niego
- Ph.D. Program, Faculty of Humanities, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Benítez-Burraco
- Department of Spanish, Linguistics, and Theory of Literature, Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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55
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Mitra R. Neuronal Plasticity in the Amygdala Following Predator Stress Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30842731 PMCID: PMC6391327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation causes robust long-term stress-related effects on prey individuals even if they do not get consumed by the predator. Here I review the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons in the mediation of non-consumptive effects of predation. This brain region is critical for the generation and maintenance of fear response across many phylogenetic groups. The exposure to cues of predator presence activates neurons within the BLA. Hormones secreted during stressful episodes cause long-lasting structural changes in BLA neurons, causing facilitation of endocrine response during subsequent exposure to stressful episodes like later predator exposure. Some studies also suggest that BLA is involved in creating anticipatory defensive behavior in response to the expectation of change in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupshi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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56
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Herzog S, D'Andrea W, DePierro J. Zoning out: Automatic and conscious attention biases are differentially related to dissociative and post-traumatic symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:304-310. [PMID: 30597381 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few studies of attention bias in traumatized samples directly compare automatic and conscious (e.g. supraliminal) attentional strategies. Additionally, research to-date indicates inconsistent evidence for threat-related attention bias in individuals with PTSD symptoms. This may be due to the heterogeneity in PTSD symptoms and concurrent dissociation, particularly derealization and depersonalization, since these may contribute to decreased awareness of, or slower responding to, threatening stimuli. Using an internet-based paradigm, the current study measured attention biases in a visual dot-probe task using rapid (250 ms), brief supraliminal (500 ms), and long-latency supraliminal (2000 ms) exposures. One hundred and forty-seven adult participants completed a range of trauma-related symptom measures. Results indicated a significant association between PTSD symptoms and bias toward threat in the 2000 ms exposure. Both state and trait derealization were significantly related to a bias away from threat at the 250 ms exposure, indicating a reflexive avoidance of rapidly presented threat cues. State measures of dissociation were also related to avoidance of threat in the 500 ms condition. Findings highlight the disparate effects of trauma-related symptoms on attention, and have significant clinical implications for dissociative symptoms as a target of treatment in traumatized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Herzog
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, 80 Fifth Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10011, United States.
| | - Wendy D'Andrea
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, 80 Fifth Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10011, United States
| | - Jonathan DePierro
- World Trade Center Health Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, Annenberg Building, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10029, United States
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57
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Hassell JE, Nguyen KT, Gates CA, Lowry CA. The Impact of Stressor Exposure and Glucocorticoids on Anxiety and Fear. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 43:271-321. [PMID: 30357573 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and trauma- and stressor-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are common and are associated with significant economic and social burdens. Although trauma and stressor exposure are recognized as a risk factors for development of anxiety disorders and trauma or stressor exposure is recognized as essential for diagnosis of PTSD, the mechanisms through which trauma and stressor exposure lead to these disorders are not well characterized. An improved understanding of the mechanisms through which trauma or stressor exposure leads to development and persistence of anxiety disorders or PTSD may result in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these disorders. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art theories, with respect to mechanisms through which stressor exposure leads to acute or chronic exaggeration of avoidance or anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses and fear, endophenotypes in both anxiety disorders and trauma- and stressor-related psychiatric disorders. In this chapter, we will explore physiological responses and neural circuits involved in the development of acute and chronic exaggeration of anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses and fear states, focusing on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K T Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Gates
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, USA.
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, USA.
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58
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Andrade DDM, Amaral JF, Trevizan PF, Toschi-Dias E, Silva LPD, Laterza MC, Martinez DG. Anxiety increases the blood pressure response during exercise. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201900030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edgar Toschi-Dias
- Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Ibirapuera, Brasil
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59
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Liou M, Hsieh JF, Evans J, Su IW, Nayak S, Lee JD, Savostyanov AN. Resting heart rate variability in young women is a predictor of EEG reactions to linguistic ambiguity in sentences. Brain Res 2018; 1701:1-17. [PMID: 30006295 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has found a relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive control mechanisms underlying various experimental tasks. This study explored the interaction between gender and resting-state HRV in brain oscillatory activity during visual recognition of linguistic ambiguity while taking state and trait anxiety scores into account. It is well known that stress or anxiety increases arousal levels, particularly under uncertainty situations. We tasked 50 young Mandarin speakers (26 women; average age 26.00 ± 4.449) with the recognition of linguistic ambiguity in English (foreign) sentences with the purpose of imposing a sense of uncertainty in decision-making. Our results revealed a dependency between resting-state HRV and theta/alpha power in individual women. Low HRV women showed stronger theta/alpha desynchronization compared with their high HRV counterparts, independent of topographic localization. However, low and high HRV men exhibited comparable theta/alpha activity. Trait anxiety scores affected alpha power in the parieto-occipital regions, whereas men with higher scores and women with lower scores showed stronger alpha desynchronization. We posit that stress-provoking situations may impose additional effects on theta/alpha desynchronization in the frontal and temporal regions, a condition in which the interdependency between brain oscillatory activity and resting-state HRV could interact with cognitive control differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Liou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siddharth Nayak
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Der Lee
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- State Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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60
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do Carmo Silva RX, Lima-Maximino MG, Maximino C. The aversive brain system of teleosts: Implications for neuroscience and biological psychiatry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:123-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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61
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Fossataro C, Bucchioni G, D'Agata F, Bruno V, Morese R, Krystkowiak P, Garbarini F. Anxiety-dependent modulation of motor responses to pain expectancy. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:321-330. [PMID: 29325145 PMCID: PMC5836268 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between pain expectancy and motor system plays a crucial role in the human defensive system. Here, we took advantage of the inhibitory modulation of the motor pathway to the muscle of the hand receiving painful stimuli, by recording motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We employed a classical conditioning paradigm in which neutral (visual and auditory) stimuli were conditioned by pairing either painful or not-painful stimuli (electric shocks) in separated groups. Only the Pain Group showed clear motor responses: i.e. a significant decrease in MEPs amplitude, with respect to the neutral condition, not only in conditioning stimuli, when actual shocks were paired with neutral stimuli, but also in conditioned stimuli, when shocks were only expected. Significant differences between the two groups suggest that the MEPs decrease is specific for pain expectancy and does not pertain to anticipation in general. Furthermore, in the Pain Group, a significant negative correlation between physiological responses to conditioned stimuli and the participants’ anxiety traits was found: the lower the MEPs amplitude, the higher the participants’ anxiety scores. The present findings suggest that, in order for defensive motor responses to occur, actual pain is not necessary; rather, anxiety-dependent pain expectancy can be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Fossataro
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Bucchioni
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.,Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), CHU Sud, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F- 80054 Amiens cedex, France.,CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Federico D'Agata
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10123 Italy, Turin
| | - Valentina Bruno
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Italy, Turin.,Faculty of Communication Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Krystkowiak
- Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), CHU Sud, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F- 80054 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Francesca Garbarini
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
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62
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Luchkina NV, Bolshakov VY. Diminishing fear: Optogenetic approach toward understanding neural circuits of fear control. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 174:64-79. [PMID: 28502746 PMCID: PMC5681900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding complex behavioral processes, both learned and innate, requires detailed characterization of the principles governing signal flow in corresponding neural circuits. Previous studies were hampered by the lack of appropriate tools needed to address the complexities of behavior-driving micro- and macrocircuits. The development and implementation of optogenetic methodologies revolutionized the field of behavioral neuroscience, allowing precise spatiotemporal control of specific, genetically defined neuronal populations and their functional connectivity both in vivo and ex vivo, thus providing unprecedented insights into the cellular and network-level mechanisms contributing to behavior. Here, we review recent pioneering advances in behavioral studies with optogenetic tools, focusing on mechanisms of fear-related behavioral processes with an emphasis on approaches which could be used to suppress fear when it is pathologically expressed. We also discuss limitations of these methodologies as well as review new technological developments which could be used in future mechanistic studies of fear behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Luchkina
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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63
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Animals, anxiety, and anxiety disorders: How to measure anxiety in rodents and why. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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64
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Janeček M, Dabrowska J. Oxytocin facilitates adaptive fear and attenuates anxiety responses in animal models and human studies-potential interaction with the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:143-172. [PMID: 30054732 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its relatively well-understood role as a reproductive and pro-social peptide, oxytocin (OT) tells a more convoluted story in terms of its modulation of fear and anxiety. This nuanced story has been obscured by a great deal of research into the therapeutic applications of exogenous OT, driving more than 400 ongoing clinical trials. Drawing from animal models and human studies, we review the complex evidence concerning OT's role in fear learning and anxiety, clarifying the existing confusion about modulation of fear versus anxiety. We discuss animal models and human studies demonstrating the prevailing role of OT in strengthening fear memory to a discrete signal or cue, which allows accurate and rapid threat detection that facilitates survival. We also review ostensibly contrasting behavioral studies that nonetheless provide compelling evidence of OT attenuating sustained contextual fear and anxiety-like behavior, arguing that these OT effects on the modulation of fear vs. anxiety are not mutually exclusive. To disambiguate how endogenous OT modulates fear and anxiety, an understudied area compared to exogenous OT, we survey behavioral studies utilizing OT receptor (OTR) antagonists. Based on emerging evidence about the role of OTR in rat dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) and elsewhere, we postulate that OT plays a critical role in facilitating accurate discrimination between stimuli representing threat and safety. Supported by human studies, we demonstrate that OT uniquely facilitates adaptive fear but reduces maladaptive anxiety. Last, we explore the limited literature on endogenous OT and its interaction with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) with a special emphasis on the dorsolateral BNST, which may hold the key to the neurobiology of phasic fear and sustained anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Janeček
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Joanna Dabrowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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65
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Muraoka H, Oshibuchi H, Kawano M, Kawano T, Tsutsumi T, Yamada M, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K, Inada K. Escitalopram attenuates fear stress-induced increase in amygdalar dopamine following methamphetamine-induced sensitisation: Implications of fine-tuning action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on emotional processing. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:1-9. [PMID: 29981749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors modulate the serotonergic pathways of the nervous system and are widely used for treating psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. The dopaminergic system is related to the development of these conditions. Previous studies on methamphetamine-sensitised rats (behavioural models of stress vulnerability) have shown increased release of dopamine in response to conditioned stress in the amygdala. This biochemical abnormality was proposed to underlie the pathophysiology of stress vulnerability. However, the effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on dopamine levels and its consequent impact on emotional processing is unclear. Here we examined the acute effect of escitalopram, a highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on fear-related behaviour, baseline dopamine release and dopamine release in response to conditioned fear stress in the amygdala of model rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 2 mg/kg/day, s.c. of methamphetamine for 10 days to sensitise them to the drug, and a fear conditioning paradigm was instituted to model psychological stress. Dopamine changes in the amygdala in response to systemic administration of escitalopram followed by conditioned fear stress were measured using microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Baseline dopamine release in the amygdala was increased by escitalopram in non-sensitised rats but not in methamphetamine-sensitised rats. Escitalopram attenuated dopamine release in response to the fear-conditioned stimulus in both sensitised and non-sensitised rats. The extent of suppression in methamphetamine-sensitised rats (- 90%) was greater than that in non-sensitised rats (- 48%). These findings suggest that serotonin reuptake inhibitors indirectly stabilise the dopaminergic pathway and modulate emotional processing in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Muraoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Oshibuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Kawano
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kawano
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jun Ishigooka
- CNS Pharmacological Research Institute, 4-26-11, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0051, Japan
| | - Katsuji Nishimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ken Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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66
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Quarto T, Paparella I, De Tullio D, Viscanti G, Fazio L, Taurisano P, Romano R, Rampino A, Masellis R, Popolizio T, Selvaggi P, Pergola G, Bertolino A, Blasi G. Familial Risk and a Genome-Wide Supported DRD2 Variant for Schizophrenia Predict Lateral Prefrontal-Amygdala Effective Connectivity During Emotion Processing. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:834-843. [PMID: 28981847 PMCID: PMC6007415 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain functional mechanisms translating genetic risk into emotional symptoms in schizophrenia (SCZ) may include abnormal functional integration between areas key for emotion processing, such as the amygdala and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). Indeed, investigation of these mechanisms is also complicated by emotion processing comprising different subcomponents and by disease-associated state variables. Here, our aim was to investigate the relationship between risk for SCZ and effective connectivity between the amygdala and the LPFC during different subcomponents of emotion processing. Thus, we first characterized with dynamic causal modeling (DCM) physiological patterns of LPFC-amygdala effective connectivity in healthy controls (HC) during implicit and explicit emotion processing. Then, we compared DCM patterns in a subsample of HC, in patients with SCZ and in healthy siblings of patients (SIB), matched for demographics. Finally, we investigated in HC association of LPFC-amygdala effective connectivity with a genome-wide supported variant increasing genetic risk for SCZ and possibly relevant to emotion processing (DRD2 rs2514218). In HC, we found that a "bottom-up" amygdala-to-LPFC pattern during implicit processing and a "top-down" LPFC-to-amygdala pattern during explicit processing were the most likely directional models of effective connectivity. Differently, implicit emotion processing in SIB, SCZ, and HC homozygous for the SCZ risk rs2514218 C allele was associated with decreased probability for the "bottom-up" as well as with increased probability for the "top-down" model. These findings suggest that task-specific anomaly in the directional flow of information or disconnection between the amygdala and the LPFC is a good candidate endophenotype of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Quarto
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy,Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabella Paparella
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide De Tullio
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Viscanti
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fazio
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Romano
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita Masellis
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Popolizio
- IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +390 8055 93629; fax: +390 8055 93204; e-mail:
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Stasi A, Songa G, Mauri M, Ciceri A, Diotallevi F, Nardone G, Russo V. Neuromarketing empirical approaches and food choice: A systematic review. Food Res Int 2018; 108:650-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The influence of emotional stimuli on the oculomotor system: A review of the literature. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:411-425. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gibbard CR, Ren J, Skuse DH, Clayden JD, Clark CA. Structural connectivity of the amygdala in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1270-1282. [PMID: 29265723 PMCID: PMC5838552 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social cognition, a function associated with the amygdala. Subdivisions of the amygdala have been identified which show specificity of structure, connectivity, and function. Little is known about amygdala connectivity in ASD. The aim of this study was to investigate the microstructural properties of amygdala-cortical connections and their association with ASD behaviours, and whether connectivity of specific amygdala subregions is associated with particular ASD traits. The brains of 51 high-functioning young adults (25 with ASD; 26 controls) were scanned using MRI. Amygdala volume was measured, and amygdala-cortical connectivity estimated using probabilistic tractography. An iterative 'winner takes all' algorithm was used to parcellate the amygdala based on its primary cortical connections. Measures of amygdala connectivity were correlated with clinical scores. In comparison with controls, amygdala volume was greater in ASD (F(1,94) = 4.19; p = .04). In white matter (WM) tracts connecting the right amygdala to the right cortex, ASD subjects showed increased mean diffusivity (t = 2.35; p = .05), which correlated with the severity of emotion recognition deficits (rho = -0.53; p = .01). Following amygdala parcellation, in ASD subjects reduced fractional anisotropy in WM connecting the left amygdala to the temporal cortex was associated with with greater attention switching impairment (rho = -0.61; p = .02). This study demonstrates that both amygdala volume and the microstructure of connections between the amygdala and the cortex are altered in ASD. Findings indicate that the microstructure of right amygdala WM tracts are associated with overall ASD severity, but that investigation of amygdala subregions can identify more specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Gibbard
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Juejing Ren
- Behavioural Sciences UnitUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. Skuse
- Behavioural Sciences UnitUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Clayden
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris A. Clark
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper seeks to explore the application of neurobiology to further understanding the importance of developing, refining and modelling good bedside manner in psychiatry. The concept of a social synapse is used as a framework to understand the impact of verbal and non-verbal information that crosses between two attuned individuals. Research shows that widely distributed cortical and subcortical networks are involved in processing of social information and the perception of safety. CONCLUSIONS Good bedside manner is proposed as the ability of a clinician to navigate the social synapse and make a patient feel at ease. Findings from neurobiology suggest that good bedside manner needs to be a more considered component of effective psychiatric health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Parnas
- Psychotherapy Educator, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie Isobel
- Research, Mental Health Service, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, NSW, Australia
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Akaltun İ, Kara SS, Kara T. The relationship between Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies and generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a new approach. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:57-62. [PMID: 28990850 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1385850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Toxoplasma gondii may play a role in the development of psychiatric diseases by affecting the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between serum toxoplasma IgG positivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in children and adolescents. METHOD Sixty patients diagnosed with OCD and 60 patients with GAD presenting to the pediatric psychiatry clinic, together with 60 control group subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis, were included in the study. The patients were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Serum toxoplasma IgG levels were determined from blood specimens collected from the study and control groups. The results were then compared using statistical methods. RESULTS State and trait anxiety levels were significantly higher in the OCD and GAD patients than in the control group (p = .0001/.0001). Serum toxoplasma IgG levels were positive in 21 (35%) of the OCD patients, 19 (31.7%) of the GAD patients and 6 (10%) of the control group. A significant relation was determined between IgG positivity and GAD (p = .003). IgG-positive individuals were determined to have a 4.171-fold greater risk of GAD compared to those without positivity (4.171[1.529-11.378]) (p = .005). A significant relation was also determined between IgG positivity and OCD (p = .001). IgG-positive individuals were determined to have a 4.846-fold greater risk of OCD compared to those without positivity (4.846[1.789-13.126]) (p = .002). CONCLUSION This study shows that serum toxoplasma IgG positivity indicating previous toxoplasma infection increased the risk of GAD 4.171-fold and the risk of OCD 4.846-fold in children and adolescents. Further studies are now needed to investigate the relation between T. gondii infection and GAD/OCD and to determine the pathophysiology involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Akaltun
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Soner Sertan Kara
- b Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Tayfun Kara
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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The relationship between the caudate nucleus-orbitomedial prefrontal cortex connectivity and reactive aggression: A resting-state fMRI study. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Andrade JS, Céspedes IC, Abrão RO, da Silva JM, Ceneviva R, Ribeiro DA, Bittencourt JC, Viana MB. Effects of acute restraint and unpredictable chronic mild stress on brain corticotrophin releasing factor mRNA in the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koch SBJ, Klumpers F, Zhang W, Hashemi MM, Kaldewaij R, van Ast VA, Smit AS, Roelofs K. The role of automatic defensive responses in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in police recruits: protocol of a prospective study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1412226. [PMID: 29321826 PMCID: PMC5757225 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1412226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Control over automatic tendencies is often compromised in challenging situations when people fall back on automatic defensive reactions, such as freeze-fight-flight responses. Stress-induced lack of control over automatic defensive responses constitutes a problem endemic to high-risk professions, such as the police. Difficulties controlling automatic defensive responses may not only impair split-second decisions under threat, but also increase the risk for and persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, the significance of these automatic defensive responses in the development and maintenance of trauma-related symptoms remains unclear due to a shortage of large-scale prospective studies. Objective: The 'Police-in-Action' study is conducted to investigate the role of automatic defensive responses in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptomatology after trauma exposure. Methods: In this prospective study, 340 police recruits from the Dutch Police Academy are tested before (wave 1; pre-exposure) and after (wave 2; post-exposure) their first emergency aid experiences as police officers. The two waves of data assessment are separated by approximately 15 months. To control for unspecific time effects, a well-matched control group of civilians (n = 85) is also tested twice, approximately 15 months apart, but without being frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events. Main outcomes are associations between (changes in) behavioural, psychophysiological, endocrine and neural markers of automatic defensive responses and development of trauma-related symptoms after trauma exposure in police recruits. Discussion: This prospective study in a large group of primary responders enables us to distinguish predisposing from acquired neurobiological abnormalities in automatic defensive responses, associated with the development of trauma-related symptoms. Identifying neurobiological correlates of (vulnerability for) trauma-related psychopathology may greatly improve screening for individuals at risk for developing PTSD symptomatology and offer valuable targets for (early preventive) interventions for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B. J. Koch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Klumpers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhang
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahur M. Hashemi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Kaldewaij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa A. van Ast
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annika S. Smit
- Police Academy of the Netherlands, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Terpstra AR, Girard TA, Colella B, Green REA. Higher Anxiety Symptoms Predict Progressive Hippocampal Atrophy in the Chronic Stages of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:1063-1071. [PMID: 29153039 DOI: 10.1177/1545968317736817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the chronic stages of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), progressive hippocampal volume loss-continuing well after acute neurological insults have resolved-has now been well documented. Previous research in other populations suggests that elevated anxiety symptoms are associated with compromise to the medial temporal lobes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether higher anxiety symptoms predict greater hippocampal volume loss in moderate-severe TBI. METHODS We conducted an analysis of prospectively collected, longitudinal behavioral and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 5 to 12 to 30 months post-injury. Eighty participants were included in the study, with anxiety symptom and MRI data collected at a minimum of 2 time points. Correlational and bivariate latent difference score (with imputation) analyses were used to examine the relationship of Beck Anxiety Inventory scores with hippocampal volume loss, while controlling for depressive symptoms and total brain volume. RESULTS Analyses revealed that higher anxiety symptoms at 5 and at 12 months following moderate-severe TBI predicted significant later volume loss in the right hippocampal complex and the right hippocampal head. Right hippocampal volume and volume change did not predict subsequent anxiety scores or anxiety change scores. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings implicate anxiety symptoms as a possible predictor of progressive hippocampal volume loss in the chronic stages of moderate-severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Terpstra
- 1 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Brenda Colella
- 1 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin E A Green
- 1 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fernández RS, Pedreira ME, Boccia MM. Does reconsolidation occur in natural settings? Memory reconsolidation and anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fullana MA, Zhu X, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Real E, López-Solà C, Segalàs C, Subirà M, Galfalvy H, Menchón JM, Simpson HB, Marsh R, Soriano-Mas C. Basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42. [PMID: 28632120 PMCID: PMC5662459 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including exposure and ritual prevention, is a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but few reliable predictors of CBT outcome have been identified. Based on research in animal models, we hypothesized that individual differences in basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (BLA-vmPFC) communication would predict CBT outcome in patients with OCD. METHODS We investigated whether BLA-vmPFC resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) predicts CBT outcome in patients with OCD. We assessed BLA-vmPFC rs-fc in patients with OCD on a stable dose of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor who then received CBT and in healthy control participants. RESULTS We included 73 patients with OCD and 84 healthy controls in our study. Decreased BLA-vmPFC rs-fc predicted a better CBT outcome in patients with OCD and was also detected in those with OCD compared with healthy participants. Additional analyses revealed that decreased BLA-vmPFC rs-fc uniquely characterized the patients with OCD who responded to CBT. LIMITATIONS We used a sample of convenience, and all patients were receiving pharmacological treatment for OCD. CONCLUSION In this large sample of patients with OCD, BLA-vmPFC functional connectivity predicted CBT outcome. These results suggest that future research should investigate the potential of BLA-vmPFC pathways to inform treatment selection for CBT across patients with OCD and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel A. Fullana
- Correspondence to: M.A. Fullana, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25/29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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Morris LS, To B, Baek K, Chang-Webb YC, Mitchell S, Strelchuk D, Mikheenko Y, Phillips W, Zandi M, Jenaway A, Walsh C, Voon V. Disrupted avoidance learning in functional neurological disorder: Implications for harm avoidance theories. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:286-294. [PMID: 28856091 PMCID: PMC5562176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neurological disorder (FND) is an elusive disorder characterized by unexplained neurological symptoms alongside aberrant cognitive processing and negative affect, often associated with amygdala reactivity. METHODS We examined the effect of negative conditioning on cognitive function and amygdala reactivity in 25 FND patients and 20 healthy volunteers (HV). Participants were first conditioned to stimuli paired with negative affective or neutral (CS +/CS -) information. During functional MRI, subjects then performed an instrumental associative learning task to avoid monetary losses in the context of the previously conditioned stimuli. We expected that FND patients would be better at learning to avoid losses when faced with negatively conditioned stimuli (increased harm avoidance). Multi-echo resting state fMRI was also collected from the same subjects and a robust denoising method was employed, important for removing motion and physiological artifacts. RESULTS FND subjects were more sensitive to the negative CS + compared to HV, demonstrated by a reinforcement learning model. Contrary to expectation, FND patients were generally more impaired at learning to avoid losses under both contexts (CS +/CS -), persisting to choose the option that resulted in a negative outcome demonstrated by both behavioural and computational analyses. FND patients showed enhanced amygdala but reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responses when they received negative feedback. Patients also had increased resting state functional connectivity between these two regions. CONCLUSIONS FND patients had impaired instrumental avoidance learning, findings that parallel previous observations of impaired action-outcome binding. FND patients further show enhanced behavioural and neural sensitivity to negative information. However, this did not translate to improved avoidance learning. Put together, our findings do not support the theory of harm avoidance in FND. We highlight a potential mechanism by which negative contexts interfere with adaptive behaviours in this under-explored disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S. Morris
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjaman To
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kwangyeol Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yee-Chien Chang-Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Strelchuk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yevheniia Mikheenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Phillips
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology
| | - Michael Zandi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology
| | - Allison Jenaway
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology
| | - Valerie Voon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
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Anterior cingulate is a source of valence-specific information about value and uncertainty. Nat Commun 2017; 8:134. [PMID: 28747623 PMCID: PMC5529456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is thought to control a wide range of reward, punishment, and uncertainty-related behaviors. However, how it does so is unclear. Here, in a Pavlovian procedure in which monkeys displayed a diverse repertoire of reward-related, punishment-related, and uncertainty-related behaviors, we show that many ACC-neurons represent expected value and uncertainty in a valence-specific manner, signaling value or uncertainty predictions about either rewards or punishments. Other ACC-neurons signal prediction information about rewards and punishments by displaying excitation to both (rather than excitation to one and inhibition to the other). This diversity in valence representations may support the role of ACC in many behavioral states that are either enhanced by reward and punishment (e.g., vigilance) or specific to either reward or punishment (e.g., approach and avoidance). Also, this first demonstration of punishment-uncertainty signals in the brain suggests that ACC could be a target for the treatment of uncertainty-related disorders of mood. Rewards or punishments elicit diverse behavioral responses; however, the neural circuits underlying such flexibility are unclear. Here Monosov shows that this diversity could be supported by neurons in the anterior cingulate that represent expected value and uncertainty in a valence-specific manner.
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Saygin ZM, Kliemann D, Iglesias JE, van der Kouwe AJW, Boyd E, Reuter M, Stevens A, Van Leemput K, McKee A, Frosch MP, Fischl B, Augustinack JC. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals nuclei of the human amygdala: manual segmentation to automatic atlas. Neuroimage 2017; 155:370-382. [PMID: 28479476 PMCID: PMC5557007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is composed of multiple nuclei with unique functions and connections in the limbic system and to the rest of the brain. However, standard in vivo neuroimaging tools to automatically delineate the amygdala into its multiple nuclei are still rare. By scanning postmortem specimens at high resolution (100-150µm) at 7T field strength (n = 10), we were able to visualize and label nine amygdala nuclei (anterior amygdaloid, cortico-amygdaloid transition area; basal, lateral, accessory basal, central, cortical medial, paralaminar nuclei). We created an atlas from these labels using a recently developed atlas building algorithm based on Bayesian inference. This atlas, which will be released as part of FreeSurfer, can be used to automatically segment nine amygdala nuclei from a standard resolution structural MR image. We applied this atlas to two publicly available datasets (ADNI and ABIDE) with standard resolution T1 data, used individual volumetric data of the amygdala nuclei as the measure and found that our atlas i) discriminates between Alzheimer's disease participants and age-matched control participants with 84% accuracy (AUC=0.915), and ii) discriminates between individuals with autism and age-, sex- and IQ-matched neurotypically developed control participants with 59.5% accuracy (AUC=0.59). For both datasets, the new ex vivo atlas significantly outperformed (all p < .05) estimations of the whole amygdala derived from the segmentation in FreeSurfer 5.1 (ADNI: 75%, ABIDE: 54% accuracy), as well as classification based on whole amygdala volume (using the sum of all amygdala nuclei volumes; ADNI: 81%, ABIDE: 55% accuracy). This new atlas and the segmentation tools that utilize it will provide neuroimaging researchers with the ability to explore the function and connectivity of the human amygdala nuclei with unprecedented detail in healthy adults as well as those with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Saygin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ McGovern Institute, 43 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - D Kliemann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ McGovern Institute, 43 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - J E Iglesias
- University College London, Dept. Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Translational Imaging Group, Malet Place Engineering Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Paseo Mikeletegi 69, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - E Boyd
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - M Reuter
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - A Stevens
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - K Van Leemput
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A McKee
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, MA 02130, USA
| | - M P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Pathology Service, MGH, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - B Fischl
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; MIT Computer Science and AI Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J C Augustinack
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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81
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Zhu X, Helpman L, Papini S, Schneier F, Markowitz JC, Van Meter PE, Lindquist MA, Wager TD, Neria Y. Altered resting state functional connectivity of fear and reward circuitry in comorbid PTSD and major depression. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:641-650. [PMID: 28030757 PMCID: PMC5667358 DOI: 10.1002/da.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder (PTSD-MDD) often exhibit greater functional impairment and poorer treatment response than individuals with PTSD alone. Research has not determined whether PTSD-MDD is associated with different network connectivity abnormalities than PTSD alone. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) patterns of brain regions involved in fear and reward processing in three groups: patients with PTSD-alone (n = 27), PTSD-MDD (n = 21), and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHCs, n = 34). Based on previous research, seeds included basolateral amygdala (BLA), centromedial amygdala (CMA), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). RESULTS Regardless of MDD comorbidity, PTSD was associated with decreased connectivity of BLA-orbitalfrontal cortex (OFC) and CMA-thalamus pathways, key to fear processing, and fear expression, respectively. PTSD-MDD, compared to PTSD-alone and TEHC, was associated with decreased connectivity across multiple amygdala and striatal-subcortical pathways: BLA-OFC, NAcc-thalamus, and NAcc-hippocampus. Further, while both the BLA-OFC and the NAcc-thalamus pathways were correlated with MDD symptoms, PTSD symptoms correlated with the amygdala pathways (BLA-OFC; CMA-thalamus) only. CONCLUSIONS Comorbid PTSD-MDD may be associated with multifaceted functional connectivity alterations in both fear and reward systems. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liat Helpman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santiago Papini
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Franklin Schneier
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - John C. Markowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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82
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Vahey NA, Bennett M, Whelan R. Conceptual advances in the cognitive neuroscience of learning: Implications for relational frame theory. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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83
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Khalid S, Ansorge U. Subliminal Face Emotion Processing: A Comparison of Fearful and Disgusted Faces. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1028. [PMID: 28680413 PMCID: PMC5478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has provided evidence for (1) subcortical processing of subliminal facial expressions of emotion and (2) for the emotion-specificity of these processes. Here, we investigated if this is also true for the processing of the subliminal facial display of disgust. In Experiment 1, we used differently filtered masked prime faces portraying emotionally neutral or disgusted expressions presented prior to clearly visible target faces to test if the masked primes exerted an influence on target processing nonetheless. Whereas we found evidence for subliminal face congruence or priming effects, in particular, reverse priming by low spatial frequencies disgusted face primes, we did not find any support for a subcortical origin of the effect. In Experiment 2, we compared the influence of subliminal disgusted faces with that of subliminal fearful faces and demonstrated a behavioral performance difference between the two, pointing to an emotion-specific processing of the disgusted facial expressions. In both experiments, we also tested for the dependence of the subliminal emotional face processing on spatial attention - with mixed results, suggesting an attention-independence in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2 -, and we found perfect masking of the face primes - that is, proof of the subliminality of the prime faces. Based on our findings, we speculate that subliminal facial expressions of disgust could afford easy avoidance of these faces. This could be a unique effect of disgusted faces as compared to other emotional facial displays, at least under the conditions studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Khalid
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ansorge
- Faculty of Psychology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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84
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Abstract
Since its development around 1800 psychiatry has been oscillating between the poles of the sciences and the humanities, being directed towards subjective experience on the one hand and towards the neural substrate on the other hand. Today, this dualism seems to have been overcome by a naturalism, which identifies subjective experience with neural processes, according to Griesinger's frequently quoted statement "mental diseases are brain diseases". The progress achieved by the neurobiological paradigm on the level of a fundamental science is in contrast to the tendency to isolate mental illnesses from the patients' social relationships and to neglect subjectivity and intersubjectivity in their explanation. What should be searched for is therefore an overarching paradigm that is able to establish psychiatry as a relational medicine in an encompassing sense: as a science and practice of biological, psychological and social relationships and their disorders. Within such a paradigm, the brain may be understood and investigated as the central "relational organ" without reductionist constrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchs
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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85
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Ball TM, Knapp SE, Paulus MP, Stein MB. Brain activation during fear extinction predicts exposure success. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:257-266. [PMID: 27921340 DOI: 10.1002/da.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure therapy, a gold-standard treatment for anxiety disorders, is assumed to work via extinction learning, but this has never been tested. Anxious individuals demonstrate extinction learning deficits, likely related to less ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and more amygdala activation, but the relationship between these deficits and exposure outcome is unknown. We tested whether anxious individuals who demonstrate better extinction learning report greater anxiety reduction following brief exposure. METHODS Twenty-four adults with public speaking anxiety completed (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging during a conditioning paradigm, (2) a speech exposure session, and (3) anxiety questionnaires before and two weeks postexposure. Extinction learning was assessed by comparing ratings to a conditioned stimulus (neutral image) that was previously paired with an aversive noise against a stimulus that had never been paired. Robust regression analyses examined whether brain activation during extinction learning predicted anxiety reduction two weeks postexposure. RESULTS On average, the conditioning paradigm resulted in acquisition and extinction effects on stimulus ratings, and the exposure session resulted in reduced anxiety two weeks post-exposure. Consistent with our hypothesis, individuals with better extinction learning (less negative stimulus ratings), greater activation in vmPFC, and less activation in amygdala, insula, and periaqueductal gray reported greater anxiety reduction two weeks postexposure. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first time that the theoretical link between extinction learning and exposure outcome has been demonstrated. Future work should examine whether extinction learning can be used as a prognostic test to determine who is most likely to benefit from exposure therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Manber Ball
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Knapp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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86
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Holden N, Kelly J, Welford M, Taylor PJ. Emotional response to a therapeutic technique: The social Broad Minded Affective Coping. Psychol Psychother 2017; 90:55-69. [PMID: 27093877 PMCID: PMC5347928 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that savouring positive memories can generate positive emotions. Increasing positive emotion can have a range of benefits including reducing attention to and experiences of threat. This study investigated individuals' emotional reactions to a guided mental imagery task focussing on positive social memory called the 'social Broad Minded Affective Coping (BMAC)' technique. The study examined possible predictors of individuals' responses to this intervention. METHOD An internet-based, within-group, repeated-measures design was used. One hundred and twenty-three participants completed self-report measures of self-attacking and social safeness/pleasure. They were then guided through the social BMAC. Participants completed state measures of positive and negative affect and social safeness/pleasure before and after the intervention. Forty-nine participants took part in a 2-week follow-up. RESULTS It was found that safe/warm positive affect, relaxed positive affect and feelings of social safeness increased following the social BMAC, whilst negative affect decreased. In addition, it was found that people scoring higher on inadequate self-attacking benefited most from this intervention. Changes in affect were not maintained at the 2-week follow-up. CONCLUSION The results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of the social BMAC in activating specific types of mood (those associated with safeness rather than drive/reward). This task has potential as part of therapeutic interventions directed at clinical groups, but further evaluation is needed. PRACTITIONER POINTS The social Broad Minded Affective Coping (BMAC) was related to improvements in forms of positive affect linked to the affiliative system. This task may be helpful in inducing these positive mood states within therapy. Further evaluation comparing the BMAC to a control task is needed. Individuals with a greater fear of compassion or more hated-self-criticism may gain less from the task, although effects were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Holden
- Psychosis Research UnitGreater Manchester West NHS Mental Health Foundation TrustPrestwichUK
| | - James Kelly
- Lancashire Care NHS Foundation TrustEarly Intervention ServiceAccringtonUK
| | | | - Peter J. Taylor
- Institute of Psychology, Health & SocietyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
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87
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Mikkola R, Huhtala H, Paavilainen E. Work-related fear and the threats of fear among emergency department nursing staff and physicians in Finland. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:2953-2963. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Mikkola
- Tampere School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Tampere School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Eija Paavilainen
- Tampere School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- Etelä-Pohjanmaa Hospital District; Seinäjoki Finland
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88
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Man V, Nohlen HU, Melo H, Cunningham WA. Hierarchical Brain Systems Support Multiple Representations of Valence and Mixed Affect. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916667237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We review the psychological literature on the organization of valence, discussing theoretical perspectives that favor a single dimension of valence, multiple valence dimensions, and positivity and negativity as dynamic and flexible properties of mental experience that are contingent upon context. Turning to the neuroscience literature that spans three levels of analysis, we discuss how positivity and negativity can be represented in the brain. We show that the evidence points toward both separable and overlapping brain systems that support affective processes depending on the level of resolution studied. We move from large-scale brain networks that underlie generalized processing, to functionally specific subcircuits, finally to intraregional neuronal distributions, where the organization and interaction across levels allow for multiple types of valence and mixed evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Man
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah U. Nohlen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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89
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Brinkmann L, Buff C, Neumeister P, Tupak SV, Becker MPI, Herrmann MJ, Straube T. Dissociation between amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during threat anticipation in female post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2190-2205. [PMID: 28070973 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feelings of uncontrollability and anxiety regarding possibly harmful events are key features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Due to a lack of studies, the neural correlates of anticipatory anxiety in PTSD are still poorly understood. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, female PTSD patients with interpersonal violence trauma and healthy controls (HC) anticipated the temporally unpredictable presentation of aversive (human scream) or neutral sounds. Based on separate analysis models, we investigated phasic and sustained brain activations. PTSD patients reported increased anxiety during anticipation of aversive versus neutral sounds. Furthermore, we found both increased initial, phasic amygdala activation and increased sustained activation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) during anticipation of aversive versus neutral sounds in PTSD patients in comparison to HC. PTSD patients as compared with HC also showed increased phasic responses in mid-cingulate cortex (MCC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), mid-insula and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as increased sustained responses in MCC, PCC, anterior insula and lateral and medial PFC. Our results demonstrate a relationship between anticipatory anxiety in PTSD patients and hyperresponsiveness of brain regions that have previously been associated with PTSD symptomatology. Additionally, the dissociation between amygdala and BNST indicates distinct temporal and functional characteristics and suggests that phasic fear and sustained anxiety responses are enhanced during unpredictable anticipation of aversive stimuli in PTSD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2190-2205, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brinkmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Christine Buff
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Paula Neumeister
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Sara V Tupak
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Michael P I Becker
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Margarete-Hoeppel-Platz 1, D-97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
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90
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Nicholson AA, Rabellino D, Densmore M, Frewen PA, Paret C, Kluetsch R, Schmahl C, Théberge J, Neufeld RW, McKinnon MC, Reiss J, Jetly R, Lanius RA. The neurobiology of emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Amygdala downregulation via real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:541-560. [PMID: 27647695 PMCID: PMC6866912 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amygdala dysregulation has been shown to be central to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) representing a critical treatment target. Here, amygdala downregulation was targeted using real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-nf) in patients with PTSD, allowing us to examine further the regulation of emotional states during symptom provocation. Patients (n = 10) completed three sessions of rt-fMRI-nf with the instruction to downregulate activation in the amygdala, while viewing personalized trauma words. Amygdala downregulation was assessed by contrasting (a) regulate trials, with (b) viewing trauma words and not attempting to regulate. Training was followed by one transfer run not involving neurofeedback. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analyses were also computed to explore task-based functional connectivity and causal structure, respectively. It was found that PTSD patients were able to successfully downregulate both right and left amygdala activation, showing sustained effects within the transfer run. Increased activation in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), regions related to emotion regulation, was observed during regulate as compared with view conditions. Importantly, activation in the PFC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the insula, were negatively correlated to PTSD dissociative symptoms in the transfer run. Increased functional connectivity between the amygdala- and both the dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC was found during regulate, as compared with view conditions during neurofeedback training. Finally, our DCM analysis exploring directional structure suggested that amygdala downregulation involves both top-down and bottom-up information flow with regard to observed PFC-amygdala connectivity. This is the first demonstration of successful downregulation of the amygdala using rt-fMRI-nf in PTSD, which was critically sustained in a subsequent transfer run without neurofeedback, and corresponded to increased connectivity with prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation during the intervention. Hum Brain Mapp 38:541-560, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Nicholson
- Department of NeuroscienceWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of ImagingLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Daniela Rabellino
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of ImagingLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of ImagingLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Paul A. Frewen
- Department of NeuroscienceWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of NeuroimagingCentral Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical, Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Rosemarie Kluetsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of ImagingLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical ImagingWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department ofMedial Biophysics, Western UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingSt. Joseph's HealthcareLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Richard W.J. Neufeld
- Department of NeuroscienceWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program and Clinical Neuropsychology ServiceSt. Joseph's HealthcareHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeuroscienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Jim Reiss
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Canadian Forces, Health ServicesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of NeuroscienceWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of ImagingLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
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91
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Marusak HA, Zundel CG, Brown S, Rabinak CA, Thomason ME. Convergent behavioral and corticolimbic connectivity evidence of a negativity bias in children and adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 12:517-525. [PMID: 28175919 PMCID: PMC5390736 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in their tendency to perceive negativity in ambiguous situations or facial expressions. Prior research demonstrates that this so-called “negativity bias” is exaggerated in children; for instance, when they rate the emotional content of neutral facial expressions. However, neutral faces are frequently used as a baseline condition in pediatric emotion processing studies, as they are thought to be emotionally neutral. Here, we present data that challenge that notion. We demonstrate that children and adolescents rate neutral faces, particularly of adults, as negative, similar to ratings elicited by angry faces. In addition, we found a lack of age-related decrease in reaction time for neutral adult faces, suggesting that these stimuli remain salient across development. Demonstrating the relevance of individual differences, higher negativity bias was associated with lower self-reported reward sensitivity and increased functional connectivity of the amygdala. Together, these findings indicate that neutral faces are not perceived as emotionally neutral in children, thus discouraging their use as baseline condition in pediatric research. These data also offer a potential neurobiological substrate of the negativity bias in children. The link to corticolimbic emotion-processing circuitry and affective experience implies that exaggerations in these biases may be relevant for the development of emotional psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Clara G Zundel
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Suzanne Brown
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Brinkmann L, Poller H, Herrmann MJ, Miltner W, Straube T. Initial and sustained brain responses to threat anticipation in blood-injection-injury phobia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:320-329. [PMID: 28066706 PMCID: PMC5200881 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia differs from other subtypes of specific phobia in that it is associated with elevated disgust-sensitivity as well as specific autonomic and brain responses during processing of phobia-relevant stimuli. To what extent these features play a role already during threat anticipation is unclear. In the current fMRI experiment, 16 female BII phobics and 16 female healthy controls anticipated the presentation of phobia-specific and neutral pictures. On the behavioral level, anxiety dominated the anticipatory period in BII phobics relative to controls, while both anxiety and disgust were elevated during picture presentation. By applying two different models for the analysis of brain responses to anticipation of phobia-specific versus neutral stimuli, we found initial and sustained increases of activation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, lateral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), thalamus and visual areas, as well as initial activation in the amygdala for BII phobics as compared to healthy controls. These results suggest that BII phobia is characterized by activation of a typical neural defense network during threat anticipation, with anxiety as the predominant emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brinkmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poller
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Steiger 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Functional Imaging, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstraße 15, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miltner
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Steiger 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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93
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Raufelder D, Hoferichter F, Romund L, Golde S, Lorenz RC, Beck A. Adolescents' Socio-Motivational Relationships With Teachers, Amygdala Response to Teacher's Negative Facial Expressions, and Test Anxiety. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2016; 26:706-722. [PMID: 28453203 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is essential for processing emotions, including the processing of aversive faces. The aim of this multimethodological study was to relate the amygdala reactivity of students (N = 88) toward teachers' fearful and angry faces, to students' relationship with their teachers. Furthermore, students' neural responses during the perception of teachers' faces were tested as predictors of test anxiety (controlling for neuroticism as a potential trait anxiety effect). Multiple regression analysis revealed that students reporting high-quality teacher-student relationships showed stronger amygdala activity toward fearful faces, which was related to worry. Furthermore, students with high levels of neuroticism tended to perceive their teachers as motivators and showed higher amygdala activity toward angry faces, which was related to the measures of emotionality.
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94
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Esmaeilpour K, Sheibani V, Shabani M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of low frequency electrical stimulation on seizure-induced short- and long-term impairments in learning and memory in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 168:112-121. [PMID: 27825910 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kindled seizures can impair learning and memory. In the present study the effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) on kindled seizure-induced impairment in spatial learning and memory was investigated and followed up to one month. Animals were kindled by electrical stimulation of hippocampal CA1 area in a semi-rapid manner (12 stimulations per day). One group of animals received four trials of LFS at 30s, 6h, 24h, and 30h following the last kindling stimulation. Each LFS trial was consisted of 4 packages at 5min intervals. Each package contained 200 monophasic square wave pulses of 0.1ms duration at 1Hz. The Open field, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests were done 48h, 1week, 2weeks, and one month after the last kindling stimulation respectively. Kindled animals showed a significant impairment in learning and memory compared to control rats. LFS decreased the kindling-induced learning and memory impairments at 24h and one week following its application, but not at 2week or 1month after kindling. In the group of animals that received the same 4 trials of LFS again one week following the last kindling stimulation, the improving effect of LFS was observed even after one month. Obtained results showed that application of LFS in fully kindled animals has a long-term improving effect on spatial learning and memory. This effect can remain for a long duration (one month in this study) by increasing the number of applied LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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95
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Riccelli R, Indovina I, Staab JP, Nigro S, Augimeri A, Lacquaniti F, Passamonti L. Neuroticism modulates brain visuo-vestibular and anxiety systems during a virtual rollercoaster task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:715-726. [PMID: 27677756 PMCID: PMC6866907 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different lines of research suggest that anxiety‐related personality traits may influence the visual and vestibular control of balance, although the brain mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. To our knowledge, this is the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that investigates how individual differences in neuroticism and introversion, two key personality traits linked to anxiety, modulate brain regional responses and functional connectivity patterns during a fMRI task simulating self‐motion. Twenty‐four healthy individuals with variable levels of neuroticism and introversion underwent fMRI while performing a virtual reality rollercoaster task that included two main types of trials: (1) trials simulating downward or upward self‐motion (vertical motion), and (2) trials simulating self‐motion in horizontal planes (horizontal motion). Regional brain activity and functional connectivity patterns when comparing vertical versus horizontal motion trials were correlated with personality traits of the Five Factor Model (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion‐introversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). When comparing vertical to horizontal motion trials, we found a positive correlation between neuroticism scores and regional activity in the left parieto‐insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). For the same contrast, increased functional connectivity between the left PIVC and right amygdala was also detected as a function of higher neuroticism scores. Together, these findings provide new evidence that individual differences in personality traits linked to anxiety are significantly associated with changes in the activity and functional connectivity patterns within visuo‐vestibular and anxiety‐related systems during simulated vertical self‐motion. Hum Brain Mapp 38:715–726, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Riccelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia,”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Iole Indovina
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome 00179 Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00173 Italy
| | - Jeffrey P. Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Salvatore Nigro
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Antonio Augimeri
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome 00179 Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00173 Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
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96
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Safety Needs Mediate Stressful Events Induced Mental Disorders. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8058093. [PMID: 27738527 PMCID: PMC5050353 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8058093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Safety first,” we say these words almost every day, but we all take this for granted for what Maslow proposed in his famous theory of Hierarchy of Needs: safety needs come second to physiological needs. Here we propose that safety needs come before physiological needs. Safety needs are personal security, financial security, and health and well-being, which are more fundamental than physiological needs. Safety worrying is the major reason for mental disorders, such as anxiety, phobia, depression, and PTSD. The neural basis for safety is amygdala, LC/NE system, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone system, which can be regarded as a “safety circuitry,” whose major behavior function is “fight or flight” and “fear and anger” emotions. This is similar to the Appraisal theory for emotions: fear is due to the primary appraisal, which is related to safety of individual, while anger is due to secondary appraisal, which is related to coping with the unsafe situations. If coping is good, the individual will be happy; if coping failed, the individual will be sad or depressed.
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97
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Ji LL, Peng JB, Fu CH, Cao D, Li D, Tong L, Wang ZY. Activation of Sigma-1 receptor ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairments in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:408-415. [PMID: 27275520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among learning and memory processes, fear memories are crucial in some psychiatric disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating evidence shows that the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) has comprehensive involvement in cognitive impairment and neuroprotective effects. It has also been reported that BDNF appears to enhance extinction of fear in anxiety disorders via the MAPK signaling cascade. However, it remains unclear whether BDNF-TrkB-MAPK pathway may be mechanistically involved in the therapeutic effect of sigma-1 receptor in the development of PTSD. To address this question, rats were subjected to a classical single-prolonged stress procedure (SPS) and kept undisturbed for 7 days. After that, rats were re-stressed by re-exposure to the forced swim component of SPS (RSPS). Behavior tests were subsequently performed to assess anxiety and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of BDNF and the phosphorylation of TrkB and three MAPK pathways, namely, the ERK, JNK and p38. We found that the levels of BDNF and p-TrkB were increased following the RSPS procedure, which were reversed by the administration of PRE-084. Meanwhile, among the three MAPK signaling pathways, only the p-ERK expression was increased following the RSPS procedure. Collectively, our results indicate that BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling pathway may be involved in the activation of sigma-1 receptor to yield therapeutic benefits for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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98
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Rabellino D, Densmore M, Frewen PA, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. Aberrant Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala Complexes in PTSD during Conscious and Subconscious Processing of Trauma-Related Stimuli. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163097. [PMID: 27631496 PMCID: PMC5025207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by altered functional connectivity of the amygdala complexes at rest. However, amygdala complex connectivity during conscious and subconscious threat processing remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigate specific connectivity of the centromedial amygdala (CMA) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) during conscious and subconscious processing of trauma-related words among individuals with PTSD (n = 26) as compared to non-trauma-exposed controls (n = 20). Psycho-physiological interaction analyses were performed using the right and left amygdala complexes as regions of interest during conscious and subconscious trauma word processing. These analyses revealed a differential, context-dependent responses by each amygdala seed during trauma processing in PTSD. Specifically, relative to controls, during subconscious processing, individuals with PTSD demonstrated increased connectivity of the CMA with the superior frontal gyrus, accompanied by a pattern of decreased connectivity between the BLA and the superior colliculus. During conscious processing, relative to controls, individuals with PTSD showed increased connectivity between the CMA and the pulvinar. These findings demonstrate alterations in amygdala subregion functional connectivity in PTSD and highlight the disruption of the innate alarm network during both conscious and subconscious trauma processing in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rabellino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paul A. Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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99
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Doré BP, Boccagno C, Burr D, Hubbard A, Long K, Weber J, Stern Y, Ochsner KN. Finding Positive Meaning in Negative Experiences Engages Ventral Striatal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Regions Associated with Reward Valuation. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:235-244. [PMID: 27626229 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research has identified systems that facilitate minimizing negative emotion, but how the brain is able to transform the valence of an emotional response from negative to positive is unclear. Behavioral and psychophysiological studies suggest a distinction between minimizing reappraisal, which entails diminishing the arousal elicited by negative stimuli, and positive reappraisal, which instead changes the emotional valence of arousal from negative to positive. Here we show that successful minimizing reappraisal tracked with decreased activity in the amygdala, but successful positive reappraisal tracked with increased activity in regions involved in computing reward value, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial pFC (vmPFC). Moreover, positive reappraisal enhanced positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, and individual differences in positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, ventral striatum, dorsomedial pFC, and dorsolateral pFC predicted greater positive reappraisal success. These data broaden models of emotion regulation as quantitative dampening of negative emotion and identify activity in a network of brain valuation, arousal, and control regions as a neural basis for the ability to create positive meaning from negative experiences.
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100
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Brooks SJ, Stein DJ. A systematic review of the neural bases of psychotherapy for anxiety and related disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26487807 PMCID: PMC4610611 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/sbrooks] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain imaging studies over two decades have delineated the neural circuitry of anxiety and related disorders, particularly regions involved in fear processing and in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The neural circuitry of fear processing involves the amygdala, anterior cingulate, and insular cortex, while cortico-striatal-thalamic circuitry plays a key role in obsessive-compulsive disorder. More recently, neuroimaging studies have examined how psychotherapy for anxiety and related disorders impacts on these neural circuits. Here we conduct a systematic review of the findings of such work, which yielded 19 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies examining the neural bases of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in 509 patients with anxiety and related disorders. We conclude that, although each of these related disorders is mediated by somewhat different neural circuitry, CBT may act in a similar way to increase prefrontal control of subcortical structures. These findings are consistent with an emphasis in cognitive-affective neuroscience on the potential therapeutic value of enhancing emotional regulation in various psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Brooks
- UCT Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Grotte Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- UCT Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Grotte Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
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