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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Growing evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from initial endothelial dysfunction to rupture of atheromatous plaques. The increased frequency of atherosclerosis in SLE is likely due to a complex interplay among traditional risk factors, disease-related factors such as medications and disease activity, and inflammatory and immunogenic factors. Identification of these novel risk factors will lead to a better understanding of CVD pathogenesis and may also provide targets for potential treatment strategies. When caring for SLE patients, clinicians should be aware of the increased CVD risk and treat the known modifiable risk factors in addition to controlling disease activity and inflammation.
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53
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Reiss AB. Effects of inflammation on cholesterol metabolism: impact on systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11:255-60. [PMID: 19691928 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-009-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and dysregulated cholesterol metabolism are key components in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Premature atherosclerosis is a characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying accelerated atherogenesis in lupus are not thoroughly understood, inflammation associated with the rheumatic disease state may promote atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence indicates that the systemic inflammatory load in lupus disrupts cholesterol homeostasis, increasing vulnerability to cholesterol accumulation in cells of the artery wall, including macrophages and endothelium. The relationship between the inflammatory state and dyslipidemia in lupus is complex, involving lipoproteins, cholesterol transporters, scavenger receptors, and oxysterols. The impact of lupus on each of these components of the cholesterol flux pathways is discussed. The formation of autoantibodies against epitopes within lipoprotein particles and their controversial role in atherogenesis is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Vascular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, Suite 502, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
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Kang Q, Chen A. Curcumin eliminates oxidized LDL roles in activating hepatic stellate cells by suppressing gene expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1. J Transl Med 2009; 89:1275-90. [PMID: 19736547 PMCID: PMC2783367 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often accompanied by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and associated with hypercholesterolemia, that is, increased levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). Approximately one-third of NASH develops hepatic fibrosis. The role of hypercholesterolemia in T2DM and NASH-associated hepatic fibrogenesis remains obscure. We previously reported that the phytochemical curcumin inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major effector cells during hepatic fibrogenesis, and protected the liver from fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The aims of this study are to evaluate the role of ox-LDL in activation of HSCs, to assess curcumin effects on eliminating the role of ox-LDL, and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. In this report, we observe that ox-LDL alters the expression of genes closely relevant to HSC activation, which is eliminated by curcumin. Curcumin suppresses gene expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), leading to the blockade of the transport of extracellular ox-LDL into cells. This suppressive effect of curcumin results from the interruption of Wnt signaling and the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). In conclusion, these results support our initial hypothesis and demonstrate that ox-LDL stimulates HSC activation, which is eliminated by curcumin by suppressing lox-1 expression by interrupting Wnt signaling and stimulating PPARgamma activity. These results provide novel insights into the role of ox-LDL in T2DM and NASH-associated hepatic fibrogenesis and mechanisms by which curcumin suppresses ox-LDL-induced HSC activation, as well as the implication of curcumin in the treatment of T2DM and NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anping Chen
- Corresponding Author: Anping Chen, Ph. D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 S. Grand Blvd, Room 215, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. Tel: 314-977-7832; Fax: 314-977-8499; E-mail:
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is the relative excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) versus endogenous defense mechanisms. Abundant evidence has demonstrated the role of ROS, along with reactive nitrogen species (RNS), in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Many biomarkers of oxidative stress have been studied as surrogates of oxidative damage. Recently, markers of impaired nitric oxide signaling have also been identified. Many biomarkers have been associated with prognosis and mortality, and some may even be modified by therapy. However, the clinical utility is limited by less than optimal standardization techniques and the lack of sufficient large-sized, multimarker prospective trials.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) contributes to many atherogenic steps in the vascular wall, but the significance of oxLDL in circulating blood remains unclear. Recent progress in procedures for measuring both human and murine oxLDL has provided growing evidence of the importance of circulating oxLDL. RECENT FINDINGS Circulating oxLDL is elevated in patients with advanced atherosclerosis, such as coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, and also reflects early atherosclerotic changes and metabolic disorders including diabetes and obesity. In-vitro exposure to oxLDL increased mononuclear cell nuclear factor-kappaB activity, suggesting a pathogenic role of circulating oxLDL in exacerbation of oxidative stress. In addition, adenoviral administration of secreted scavenger receptor-A1, which functions as a decoy, suppresses foam cell formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice via a blockade of modified LDL incorporation into macrophages. Furthermore, when lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 was ectopically expressed in the liver, circulating oxLDL was reduced, resulting in complete prevention of atherosclerotic progression in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Thus, circulating oxLDL impacts atherogenic formation. SUMMARY The roles of circulating oxLDL in atherosclerotic pathogenesis are now attracting considerable attention. OxLDL removal from circulating blood is a promising therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Molecular Metabolism and Diabetes, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Garrido-Sánchez L, García-Fuentes E, Cardona F, Rojo-Martínez G, Soriguer F, Tinahones FJ. Anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels are reduced in women with hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:800-6. [PMID: 19674079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that hypertension may be associated with increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Increased in vitro oxidizability of LDL or elevated titers of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies have been shown in subjects with essential hypertension. However, the relationship between oxidized LDL and hypertension is equivocal. We examined the association between hypertension and levels of IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibodies in a group of women from the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 619 women classified according to their blood pressure values. IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the women were classified as being above or below the 50th percentile. RESULTS Hypertension was present in 54.3% of the women. These women had significantly lower levels of IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibodies than the normotensive women (0.280 +/- 0.117 vs. 0.336 +/- 0.125, P < 0.001). Both systolic and the diastolic blood pressures showed a significant negative correlation with the levels of IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibodies (r = -0.204, P < 0.001; r = -0.225, P < 0.001, respectively). Women with IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels above the 50th percentile had a lower prevalence of hypertension than those with IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels below the 50th percentile (40.2% vs. 59.8%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Women with hypertension had lower levels of IgG anti-oxidized LDL antibodies than normotensive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Monteiro AM, Jardini MAN, Alves S, Giampaoli V, Aubin ECQ, Figueiredo Neto AM, Gidlund M. Cardiovascular disease parameters in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:378-88. [PMID: 19254121 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there has been an increasing in the impact of oral health on atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular risk markers. METHODS Forty patients with periodontitis and 40 healthy gender-, body mass index-, and age-matched individuals were compared by measuring total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, levels of cytokines, antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total and differential white blood cell counts, and the non-linear index of refraction. RESULTS The levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein in periodontitis patients were significantly higher and lower, respectively (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0126), compared to controls. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and lipid peroxide levels were the same in both groups (P = 0.2943, P = 0.1284, and P = 0.067, respectively). Interleukin (IL)-6 and -8, antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in periodontitis patients (P <0.05). The value of the non-linear index of refraction of low-density lipoprotein solutions was higher in the controls (P = 0.015) compared to individuals with periodontitis. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed and further strengthened the suggested association between coronary artery disease and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa M Monteiro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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59
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High circulating autoantibodies against human oxidized low-density lipoprotein are related to stable and lower titers to unstable clinical situation. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 406:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Bednarska- Makaruk M, Rodo M, Graban A, Łojkowska W, Bochyńska A, Ryglewicz D, Wehr H. Antibodies against oxidized LDL and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in demented patients. J Neurol Sci 2009; 283:137-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Van Himbergen T, Roest M, De Waart F, De Graaf J, Voorbij H, Van Tits L, Stalenhoef A. Paraoxonase Genotype, LDL-oxidation and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Male Life-long Smokers. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:553-60. [PMID: 15346646 DOI: 10.1080/1071576042000206496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme that hydrolyzes lipid peroxides in vitro, which may therefore protect against the onset of atherosclerosis. Heavy smokers are more exposed to oxidative stress and hence at high-risk for oxidative modification of LDL. Our hypothesis is that the anti-oxidative properties of PON-1 inhibit LDL oxidation, especially in populations exposed to high oxidative stress. We have studied the effects of PON-1 genotype and smoking to variation in oxidative status parameters and intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. The contribution of two common polymorphisms in the PON-1 gene (Q192R and L55M) to LDL oxidizability, autoantibodies directed against oxLDL and IMT were studied in 207 male life-long smokers. Smokers were classified into average, heavy and excessive smokers based on pack years of cigarettes smoked. PON-1 genotype was not associated with autoantibodies to oxLDL, LDL oxidizability or IMT. Smoking was associated with IMT in subgroups with the high levels of LDL, but not in the population at large. The lack of association of PON-1 genotype with oxidative status parameters and IMT suggests that PON-1 is not a major inhibitor of LDL oxidation in a population of life-long smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Himbergen
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Gonçalves I, Cherfan P, Söderberg I, Nordin Fredrikson G, Jonasson L. Effects of simvastatin on circulating autoantibodies to oxidized LDL antigens: relation with immune stimulation markers. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:203-8. [PMID: 19301201 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802668602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Statins exert a number of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vitro. However, the immunomodulatory effects in vivo are less clarified. In the present study, we investigated whether simvastatin treatment changed the levels of autoantibodies against specific oxidized LDL (oxLDL) antigens as well as their association with leukocyte activation markers. Eighty volunteers with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomized to either simvastatin 40 mg or placebo for 6 weeks. Autoantibodies against apo B peptide antigens, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in plasma were determined by ELISA. Subsets of circulating B and T cells were studied by flow cytometry. Simvastatin significantly reduced CRP by 26%, whereas IL-6 remained unchanged. Levels of IgG against the apo B peptide P-240 (amino acids 3586-3605) increased by 16% (p = 0.03) in the simvastatin group whereas autoantibody levels to other apo B peptides did not change. At baseline and after 6 weeks, the P-240 IgG levels were significantly correlated with the number of CD57+CD28 - CD8+T cells but not to other lymphocyte subsets or inflammatory markers. The P-240 IgG levels after 6 weeks simvastatin therapy was strongly correlated to the relative increase in CD57+CD28 - CD8+T cells (p = 0.003). Simvastatin treatment induced an increase in autoantibodies against an oxLDL antigen. The effect was related to an expansion of a CD8+T cell subset and may involve an immunostimulation by simvastatin.
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63
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Wang J, Niu D, Meng Y, Han A, Li K, Zhang C. Plasma oxidized lipoprotein(a) and its immune complexes are present in newborns and children. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 407:1-5. [PMID: 19545557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidized Lp(a) [ox-Lp(a)] has been reported to play more potent roles than native Lp(a) in atherosclerosis. We investigated the distribution characteristics of plasma ox-Lp(a) and Lp(a) immune complex [Lp(a)-IC] levels in newborns and children. METHODS Plasma ox-Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC levels were measured in 747 children and 30 cord blood by ELISAs. RESULTS The mean levels of Lp(a), ox-Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC were much lower in newborns than in children (P<0.001), and increased rapidly to that in children after birth. The distributions of Lp(a), ox-Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC were skewed toward low values in children, no difference of their levels was found in each of the 13year groups. The levels of ox-Lp(a) correlated positively with total and LDL cholesterol, Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC; Lp(a)-IC correlated positively with sex, total and LDL cholesterol, Lp(a) and ox-Lp(a), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC accounted for 42% of the variation in ox-Lp(a) levels, and ox-Lp(a) accounted for 30% of that in Lp(a)-IC. CONCLUSIONS The fact that ox-Lp(a) and Lp(a)-IC are present in newborns and children suggests that oxidized lipoproteins play an initiating role in atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002, Nanjing, PR China
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64
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Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Clinical significance of the humoral immune response to modified LDL. Clin Immunol 2009; 134:55-65. [PMID: 19427818 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) undergoes oxidation and glycation in vivo. By themselves, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and AGE-LDL have proinflammatory properties and are considered atherogenic. But the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins are significantly increased as a consequence of the formation of immune complexes (IC) involving specific autoantibodies. OxLDL and AGE antibodies have been shown to be predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. OxLDL antibodies are able to activate the complement system by the classical pathway and to induce FcR-mediated phagocytosis. In vitro and ex vivo studies performed with modified LDL-IC have proven their pro-inflammatory and atherogenic properties. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the levels of circulating modified LDL-IC correlate with parameters indicative of cardiovascular and renal disease in diabetic patients and other patient populations. The possibility that spontaneously formed or induced modified LDL antibodies (particularly IgM oxLDL antibodies) may have a protective effect has been suggested, but the data is unclear and needs to be further investigated.
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Cengiz N, Baskin E, Sezgin N, Agras P, Haberal M. Oxidative stress in children on hemodialysis: value of autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24:387-93. [PMID: 18958504 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-1004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The principal causes of morbidity and mortality in children with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis are cardiovascular complications. Recently, it has been suggested that oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and malnutrition are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, to date, biomarkers of oxidative stress have not been well studied in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors in children on hemodialysis therapy. Twenty-eight hemodialysis patients (13 females, 15 males; mean age 15.1 +/- 2.5 years) and 20 healthy children (13 females, seven males; mean age 14.3 +/- 2.7 years) were included in the study. Levels of antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oLABs), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, and ferritin were measured. Antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in hemodialysis patients were lower than those in the controls (P < 0.05). The patients with lower oLAB titers had higher levels of hs-CRP and ratio of erythropoietin to hematocrit (EPO/Htc), and lower levels of albumin, prealbumin, apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA(1)), and high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). Antibodies to oxidized LDL in hemodialysis patients with dyslipidemia were lower than those of patients with normal lipid profile (P < 0,05). This study showed that children treated by hemodialysis are exposed to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. We suggest that oLAB levels are decreased in children on hemodialysis as a result of severe oxidative stress and that these antibodies are related to inflammation, anemia, malnutrition and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Cengiz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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66
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Pappalardo F, Cincotti A, Motta A, Pennisi M. Agent Based Modeling of Atherosclerosis: A Concrete Help in Personalized Treatments. EMERGING INTELLIGENT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS. WITH ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04020-7_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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67
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Relationship between oxidized LDL antibodies and different stages of esophageal carcinoma. Arch Med Res 2008; 39:760-7. [PMID: 18996289 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL-Ab) with esophageal carcinogenic progression. METHODS All 40- to 69-year-old residents from Feicheng were screened for esophageal lesions by endoscopic staining with 1.2% iodine solution combined with pathological evaluations. In this study there were 33 controls with normal esophageal squamous epithelium cells, 37 patients with basal cell hyperplasia, 47 with esophageal squamous cell dysplasia, and 43 with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). OxLDL-Ab was determined by ELISA. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, serum albumin and blood pressure were co-estimated. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used when comparing oxLDL-Ab among the four groups to control the influence of covariates. Cumulative logistic model was applied to study the influencing factors for the multistage development of esophageal carcinoma. RESULTS The level of oxLDL-Ab decreased gradually along with the different stages of esophageal carcinogenic progression, with the ESCC group being the lowest after controlling for possible covariates. Cumulative logistic model showed that oxLDL-Ab had a negative correlation with the development of esophageal carcinoma. LDL, HDL, and TC were also decreased in patients with ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies against oxLDL were decreased in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Although the unambiguous role of oxLDL-Ab needs further studies to elucidate, the results may give us some insight in the research of etiological factors for esophagael cancer in the future.
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Garrido-Sánchez L, García-Almeida JM, García-Serrano S, Cardona I, García-Arnes J, Soriguer F, Tinahones FJ, García-Fuentes E. Improved carbohydrate metabolism after bariatric surgery raises antioxidized LDL antibody levels in morbidly obese patients. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:2258-64. [PMID: 18835956 PMCID: PMC2584174 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antioxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) antibodies have recently been suggested to be protective against the development of diabetes. We measured the changes in anti-oxLDL antibody levels in the inverse situation of improvement in carbohydrate metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was undertaken in 73 morbidly obese individuals, 21 of whom had type 2 diabetes, before and 7 months after they underwent bariatric surgery and in 11 healthy, nonobese individuals. Measurements were made of the area under the curve of glucose (AUC(Glu)) by an intravenous glucose tolerance test and of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies. RESULTS The morbidly obese patients with diabetes had significantly higher levels of oxLDL compared with the morbidly obese patients with normal fasting glucose and the control subjects and significantly lower levels of IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies. An inverse correlation was found between the levels of oxLDL and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies (r = -0.352, P = 0.012). Although the levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies rose after surgery, this increase was only significant in the diabetic patients, who experienced an improvement in their metabolic profile. Different multiple linear regression models showed that the AUC(Glu) was the main factor explaining the behavior of the levels of oxLDL and anti-oxLDL antibodies. CONCLUSIONS We found a close association between carbohydrate metabolism and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies, which were significantly reduced in the morbidly obese patients with diabetes. The improvement in carbohydrate metabolism after bariatric surgery led to a significant increase in the levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a common and complex disorder combining obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. It is associated with a high cardiovascular risk that can only partially be explained by its components. There is evidence that low-grade inflammation and high oxidative stress add to this risk. Oxidized LDL, a marker of lipoprotein-associated oxidative stress, is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. In this review, we demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome exacerbates oxidized LDL in a feedback loop. We introduce molecular mechanisms underlying this loop. Finally, we demonstrate that weight loss and statin treatment lower metabolic syndrome factors associated with a reduction of oxidized LDL. The current data warrant further investigation into the role of lifestyle and therapeutic interventions that inhibit tissue-associated oxidation of LDL in the prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Holvoet
- Atherosclerosis & Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Tel.: +32 16 347 149, ,
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70
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Oxidative Modification of LDL: Its Pathological Role in Atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 37:4-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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71
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Abstract
MOTIVATION Atherosclerosis is a disease that is present in almost all humans, typically beginning in early adolescence. It is a human disease broadly investigated, that is amenable to quantitative analysis. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and their autoantibodies are involved in the development of atherosclerosis in animal models, but their role in humans is still not clear. Computer models may represent a virtual environment to perform experiments not possible in human volunteers that can provide a useful instrument for monitoring both the evolution of atherosclerotic lesions and to quantify the efficacy of treatments, including vaccines, oriented to reduce the LDLs and their oxidized fraction. RESULTS We report the application of an agent-based model to model both the immune response to atherogenesis and the atheromatous plaque progression in a generic artery wall. The level of oxidized LDLs, the immune humoral response with production of autoantibodies, the macrophages activity and the formation of foam cells are in good agreement with available clinical data, including the formation of atheromatous plaques in patients affected by hypercholesterolemia. AVAILABILITY The model is available at http://www.immunogrid.eu/atherogenesis/
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pappalardo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Miller MA, Strazzullo P, Karanam S, Cappuccio FP. Ethnic variation in levels of circulating IgG autoantibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 2008; 203:126-36. [PMID: 18606413 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidised low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Our aim was to determine whether serum autoantibodies against Ox-LDL (Ab Ox-LDL) differ by ethnic group. DESIGN AND METHODS Soluble serum Ab Ox-LDL levels were measured in 250 white (113 females), 169 African origin (91 females) and 196 South Asian (92 females) individuals from the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study (WHSS) population. All were free from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, other cardiovascular disease, diabetes, drug therapy for hypertension or high lipids, hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptive pill. RESULTS There were no sex differences in levels of Ab Ox-LDL, but levels were higher in non-smokers (430U/L [95% CI 471-596]) than in smokers (384U/L [316-468]) (p<0.009). Age- and sex-adjusted levels of Ab Ox-LDL were higher in people of African origin and South Asians compared to whites. This difference was maintained in South Asian women following adjustment for multiple risk factors (82% [21-175]; p=0.004). Ab Ox-LDL levels were negatively associated with serum triglycerides and positively associated with sVCAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Higher IgG Ab to Ox-LDL are associated with higher levels of sVCAM-1 and, are elevated in female South Asian individuals who have an increased risk of atherosclerosis compared to whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Miller
- Warwick University, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Clinical Sciences Building, UHCW Campus, Warwick Medical School, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, United Kingdom.
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73
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Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, Gross M, Jacobs DR. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2008; 299:2287-93. [PMID: 18492970 PMCID: PMC2562739 DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.19.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Experimental data support the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in humans. OBJECTIVE To establish the relation of oxidized LDL with metabolic syndrome in the general community. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study is a population-based, prospective, observational study. We studied 1889 participants who were between the ages of 18 and 30 years at the time of recruitment in 1985 and 1986 and living in 1 of 4 US metropolitan areas (41% African American; 56% women) and were seen both at year 15 (2000-2001, ages 33-45 years) and year 20 examinations (2005-2006). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The longitudinal association of oxidized LDL and incident metabolic syndrome. Oxidized LDL was measured with a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. RESULTS Incident metabolic syndrome was diagnosed at the year 20 follow-up in 12.9% (243 of 1889) of participants who did not have metabolic syndrome at the 15-year follow-up. The odds ratios (ORs) for incident metabolic syndrome after 5 years' follow-up and adjusted for age, sex, race, study center, cigarette smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and LDL cholesterol levels by quintiles of oxidized LDL were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.8) for the second quintile (55.4-69.1 U/L); 2.4 (95% CI, 1.3-4.3) for the third quintile (69.2-81.2 U/L); 2.8 (95% CI, 1.5-5.1) for the fourth quintile (81.3-97.3 U/L); and 3.5 (95% CI, 1.9-6.6) for the fifth quintile (> or =97.4 U/L). The adjusted ORs for incidence of dichotomous components of metabolic syndrome in the highest vs the lowest quintile of oxidized LDL were 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.6) for abdominal obesity, 2.4 (95% CI, 1.5-3.8) for high fasting glucose, and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.1-4.0) for high triglycerides. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with incident metabolic syndrome or with any of its components in the fully adjusted model containing oxidized LDL. CONCLUSION Higher concentration of oxidized LDL was associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome overall, as well as its components of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Holvoet
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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74
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Parthasarathy S, Litvinov D, Selvarajan K, Garelnabi M. Lipid peroxidation and decomposition--conflicting roles in plaque vulnerability and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:221-31. [PMID: 18406361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation hypothesis has generated considerable interest in oxidative stress and how it might affect atherosclerosis. However, the failure of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, to affect the progression of the disease in humans has convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider alternatives. Preponderant evidence for the hypothesis came from animal antioxidant intervention studies. In this review we point out basic differences between animal and human atherosclerosis development and suggest that human disease starts where animal studies end. While initial oxidative steps in the generation of early fatty streak lesions might be common, the differences might be in the steps involved in the decomposition of peroxidized lipids into aldehydes and their further oxidation into carboxylic acids. We suggest that these steps may not be amenable to attenuation by antioxidants and antioxidants might actually counter the stabilization of plaque by preventing the formation of carboxylic acids which are anti-inflammatory in nature. The formation of such dicarboxylic acids may also be conducive to plaque stabilization by trapping calcium. We suggest that agents that would prevent the decomposition of lipid peroxides and promote the formation and removal of lipid hydroxides, such as paraoxonase (PON 1) or apo A1/high density lipoprotein (HDL) might be more conducive to plaque regression.
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75
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Schippinger G, Fankhauser F, Abuja PM, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Nadlinger K, Halwachs-Baumann G, Wonisch W. Competitive and seasonal oxidative stress in elite alpine ski racers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 19:206-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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76
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Andican G, Seven A, Uncu M, Cantaşdemir M, Numan F, Burçak G. Oxidized LDL and anti-oxLDL antibody levels in peripheral atherosclerotic disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008; 68:473-478. [PMID: 18609113 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701842996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative modification of LDL (oxLDL) is important in atherogenesis and is proposed as a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Antibody to oxLDL (oxLDL Ab) is detected in human sera, although its biological significance is not well established. We aimed to measure oxLDL and oxLDL Ab in peripheral atherosclerotic disease (PAD) patients, and to examine the relation between them in an attempt to understand the role of oxLDL Ab. Total risk of atherosclerosis was estimated using the global risk assessment score (GRAS) calculated on the basis of age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-Chol), diabetes, hypertension and smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-one patients aged 63.05+/-9.13 years, diagnosed by peripheric angiography as PAD, and 21 healthy controls aged 47.67+/-13.61 years took part in the study. Total LDL and HDL cholesterol levels were determined by enzymatic methods. Levels of circulating oxLDL were measured by monoclonal antibody 4E6-based competition ELISA. IgG class oxLDL Ab titre was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, PAD patients had higher levels of oxLDL (p<0.05), oxLDL Ab (p<0.05), LDL cholesterol (LDL-Chol) (p<0.05), total cholesterol (p<0.05) and lower HDL-Chol (p<0.05). OxLDL was found to be positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.471, p<0.05) and LDL-Chol (r = 0.614, p<0.01) and GRAS (r = 0.435, p<0.05) and negatively with HDL-Chol (r = -0.459, p<0.05), but not with oxLDL Ab in PAD patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings might indicate that high LDL-Chol levels influence the oxidation of LDL and that oxLDL is a possible marker of PAD. However, the role of oxLDL Ab in atherosclerosis remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülnur Andican
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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77
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Chen HW, Kuo CL, Huang CS, Kuo SJ, Liu CS. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, Autoantibodies against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in a Clinically Healthy Population. Cardiology 2007; 110:252-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000112409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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78
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Harangi M, Seres I, Magyar MT, Csipo I, Sipka S, Valikovics A, Csiba L, Bereczki D, Paragh G. Association between Human Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Intima-Media Thickness in Subjects under 55 Years of Age with Carotid Artery Disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 25:122-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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79
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Potential Markers of Arterial and/or Venous Thromboses and their Complications in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome. J Med Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-007-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential Markers of Arterial and/or Venous Thromboses and their Complications in Primary Antiphospholipid SyndromeAntiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by venous or arterial thromboses and/or recurrent abortions accompanied by antiphospholipid antibodies and it can be primary (PAPS) or secondary (SAPS) to another disease. Arterial thromboses are less common than venous and most frequently they manifest as ischemia or infarction. Venous thromboses are usually multiple and bilateral and the most common complication of venous thromboses are pulmonary emboli. Considering that laboratory diagnosis of PAPS is currently based on persistently positive aCL, aβ2gpl and/or LA tests, and that neither one of those tests can discriminate between PAPS patients with arterial or venous thromboses or their complications, the aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostical significance of the determination of apo(a), oxLDL, anti-oxLDL antibodies, antianxA5 antibodies, hsCRP, C3 and C4 complement components and HPT for discrimination between PAPS patients with diverse clinical manifestations. Considering that elevated oxLDL and anti-oxLDL antibodies concentrations were found in PAPS patients, and also in subgroups of PAPS patients with MI or PE, it can be concluded that those parameters represent additional risk factors which together with other factors may lead to thromboses and their complications in PAPS. Regarding the fact that C3 and C4 concentrations were decreased in PAPS patients and that a positive correlation was found between hsCRP and C3 concentrations, this finding could indicate potential roles of these parameters as markers of atherosclerosis, which represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. HPT and apo(a) concentrations are not independent risk factors for MI in PAPS because lower levels were found in those patients in comparison to MI survivors without PAPS. No significant correlation of anti-anxA5 antibodies and the presence of arterial or venous thromboses or their complications was found, but increased concentrations of the IgG isotype of those antibodies could be a marker for recurrent abortions in PAPS, although this finding should be further investigated on a larger number of patients with this clinical finding. Determination of hsCRP in PAPS patients could not be an adequate parameter which would provide discrimination between patients with increased risk for development and/or recurrence of venous and/or arterial thromboses, nor for their complications, because no statistically significant difference in concentrations of this parameter was found among PAPS, IM, PE and SLE patients who were included in this study.
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80
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Karabinos I, Koulouris S. Increased serum titers of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL cholesterol in young healthy adults. Atherosclerosis 2007; 192:448-50. [PMID: 17481638 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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81
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Brändlein S, Rauschert N, Rasche L, Dreykluft A, Hensel F, Conzelmann E, Müller-Hermelink HK, Vollmers HP. The human IgM antibody SAM-6 induces tumor-specific apoptosis with oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:326-33. [PMID: 17237291 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are essential for normal and malignant cells during growth and differentiation. The turnover is strictly regulated because an uncontrolled uptake and accumulation is cytotoxic and can lead to lipoapoptosis: lipoptosis. The human monoclonal antibody SAM-6 binds to a cell surface receptor on malignant cells and to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). SAM-6 induces an excess of intracellular lipids, by overfeeding malignant cells with oxidized LDL, via a receptor-mediated endocytosis. The treated cells overaccumulate depots of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. This lipid overaccumulation is tumor specific; nonmalignant cells neither bind the antibody nor harvest lipids after incubation. Because for both forms of apoptosis, the death domain dependent ("extrinsic") and independent ("intrinsic"), the activation of proteases is crucial, we also investigated this pathway in more detail. It was found that shortly after internalization of antibody/oxidized LDL/receptor complex and formation of lipid depots, cytochrome c is released by mitochondria. Followed by this, initiator caspase-8 and caspase-9 and effector caspase-3 and caspase-6 are activated. The mechanism of mitochondrial trigger (e.g., by free fatty acids) is under investigation. However, the present data indicate that the SAM-6 antibody induces an intrinsic-like form of apoptosis by overfeeding malignant cells with lipoproteins.
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82
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Wang Y, Fang X, Wang S, Feng Y, Yin J. Relation between plasma oxLDL antibodies and oxLDL in the circulation. Inflammation 2006; 30:7-13. [PMID: 17143742 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-9016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the possible relationship between circulating oxLDL and oxLDL Ab concentrations in order to better understand the role of oxLDL Ab in atherosclerosis. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study of 86 patients undergoing ultrasonographic scanning of the carotid artery, concentration of circulating oxLDL and oxLDL Ab were determined by ELISA. For multivariate analysis, we also measured many conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Spearman's rank correlation test and chi-square test were used to evaluate the correlation between circulating oxLDL and oxLDL Ab. A stepwise multiple regression analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to study the influencing factors. RESULTS There was no linear correlation between circulating oxLDL and oxLDL Ab. Circulating oxLDL was influenced by HDL, systolic blood pressure and body mass index, while only TC was independent factor associating with oxLDL Ab. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that oxLDL was present at a low concentration in the circulation, and that plasma oxLDL had no linear correlation with oxLDL antibodies. However, the issue still needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, no.44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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83
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Oliveira JA, Sevanian A, Rodrigues RJ, Apolinário E, Abdalla DSP. Minimally modified electronegative LDL and its autoantibodies in acute and chronic coronary syndromes. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:708-14. [PMID: 16782081 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the minimally modified electronegative LDL (LDL-) and its autoantibodies in coronary syndromes. DESIGN AND METHODS LDL(-) and its autoantibodies were determined by ELISA in patients with acute (ACS, unstable angina; AMI, acute myocardial infarction) and chronic coronary syndromes (stable angina, SA) and compared to subjects without coronary disease (controls). Results are expressed as median of LDL- (microg/mL) and anti-LDL(-) IgG (OD405 nm). RESULTS The concentrations of LDL(-) were higher in patients with coronary disease (ACS: 40.7 microg/mL; SA: 35.0 microg/mL) as compared to controls (21.6 microg/mL). The highest LDL- concentrations were found in patients with AMI (41.8 microg/mL). Anti-LDL(-) IgG was elevated in ACS (1.143) in relation to CCS (0.527) and controls (0.467). A positive correlation was observed between anti-LDL- IgG and CRP levels (r = 0.34, p <0.01) in the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS LDL(-) and anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies may be useful markers to follow patients with high risk for coronary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair A Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
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84
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Kobayashi K, Lopez LR, Shoenfeld Y, Matsuura E. The role of innate and adaptive immunity to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the development of atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1051:442-54. [PMID: 16126986 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of the arterial wall associated with systemic and local immune responses to various antigens, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) being the most significant. Both IgM and IgG antibodies to oxLDL are produced during atherosclerosis. Some studies have shown that elevated levels of antibody to oxLDL correlate with the degree of atherosclerosis. Other studies reported that immunization of experimental animals with oxLDL induces high levels of antibodies to oxLDL, with decreased atherosclerosis, suggesting that the immune response to oxLDL may be antiatherogenic. The accelerated development of atherosclerosis has been observed in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. In patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) is a major antigenic target for anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs). We recently reported that oxLDL interacts with beta2GPI via oxLDL-derived specific ligands, such as 7-ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate (oxLig-1) to form complexes. In vitro, anti-beta2GPI autoantibodies bind to oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes that are actively taken up by macrophages via Fcgamma receptors. Circulating oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes were detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and APS, at higher levels than in healthy individuals. Autoantibodies against these complexes were also present; however, IgG anti-oxLig-1/beta2GPI antibody levels in SLE patients with APS were significantly higher than those in SLE patients without APS and those in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Ames PRJ, Delgado Alves J, Lopez LR, Gentile F, Margarita A, Pizzella L, Batuca J, Scenna G, Brancaccio V, Matsuura E. Antibodies against beta2-glycoprotein I complexed with an oxidised lipoprotein relate to intima thickening of carotid arteries in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Dev Immunol 2006; 13:1-9. [PMID: 16603439 PMCID: PMC2270747 DOI: 10.1080/17402520600554930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To explore whether antibodies against β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) complexed to 7-ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate (oxLig-1) and to oxidised low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) relate to paraoxonase activity (PONa) and/or intima media thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). As many as 29 thrombotic patients with PAPS, 10 subjects with idiopathic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) without thrombosis, 17 thrombotic patients with inherited thrombophilia and 23 healthy controls were investigated. The following were measured in all participants: β2GPI−oxLDL complexes, IgG anti-β2GPI−oxLig-1, IgG anti-β2GPI−oxLDL antibodies (ELISA), PONa, (para-nitrophenol method), IMT of common carotid (CC) artery, carotid bifurcation (B), internal carotid (IC) by high resolution sonography. β2GPI−oxLDL complex was highest in the control group (p < 0.01), whereas, IgG anti-β2GPI−oxLig1 and IgG anti-β2GPI−oxLDL were highest in PAPS (p < 0.0001). In healthy controls, β2GPI−oxLDL complexes positively correlated to IMT of the IC (p = 0.007) and negatively to PONa after correction for age (p < 0.03). PONa inversely correlated with age (p = 0.008). In PAPS, IgG anti-2GPI−oxLig-1 independently predicted PONa (p = 0.02) and IMT of B (p = 0.003), CC, (p = 0.03) and of IC (p = 0.04). In PAPS, PONa inversely correlated to the IMT of B, CC and IC (p = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.003, respectively). IgG anti-2GPI−oxLig-1 may be involved in PAPS related atherogenesis via decreased PON activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R J Ames
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.
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86
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Siqueira AFA, Abdalla DSP, Ferreira SRG. [LDL: from metabolic syndrome to instability of the atherosclerotic plaque]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:334-43. [PMID: 16767300 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (MS) confers an elevated cardiovascular risk and is characterized by increased concentrations of triglycerides, decreased HDL-cholesterol and qualitative alterations in LDL which renders it more atherogenic, like the small dense LDL. Modified forms of LDL (mLDL) have been detected in vivo in the plasma and atherosclerotic plaques. A minor fraction of the total LDL has an electronegative charge and is represented by a heterogenic subpopulation of particles [LDL(-)], with higher potential to induce endothelial injury. It could be derived from oxidation, glication or other processes that alter its chemical composition and is increased in diabetic, hypercholesterolemic subjects, and in those with established coronary artery disease. mLDL are internalized by macrophages through scavenger receptors, originating foam cells and inducing an immune-inflammatory reaction. In the atherosclerotic process, the action of mLDL continues until plaque rupture and thrombogenesis, when it promotes apoptosis in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and activates matrix metalloproteinases, weaken the fibrous cap, and further enhance the inflammatory process that ends in the thrombus formation. Development of new laboratory methods is necessary to enhance the clinical applicability of mLDL and the predictive power of the conventional lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk factors of the MS.
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Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, Miller ER, Ridker PM, Witztum JL, Kastelein JJP, Tsimikas S. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Unaffected Siblings. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1803-10. [PMID: 16682304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the role of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and the effect of pravastatin. BACKGROUND Oxidized phospholipids are a major component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and are bound to lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]. The significance of OxPL markers in children is unknown. METHODS Children with FH were randomized to placebo (n = 88) or pravastatin (n = 90) after instruction on American Heart Association step II diet. Unaffected siblings (n = 78) served as controls. The OxPL content on apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) detected by antibody E06 (OxPL/apoB ratio), immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM immune complexes per apoB (IC/apoB) and on all apoB particles (total apoB-IC = IC/apoB multiplied by plasma apoB levels), autoantibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA)-low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Lp(a), and apoB levels were measured at baseline and after two years of treatment. RESULTS Compared with unaffected siblings, children with FH had significantly lower levels of OxPL/apoB but higher levels of IgG and IgM total apoB-IC and IgM MDA-LDL autoantibodies. From baseline to two-year follow-up, compared with placebo pravastatin treatment resulted in a greater mean percentage change in apoB (-18.7% vs. 0.3%; p = 0.001), total IgG apoB-IC (-31.9% vs. -12.2%; p < 0.001), and total IgM apoB-IC (-25.5% vs. 13.2%; p = 0.001). Interestingly, pravastatin also resulted in higher OxPL/apoB (48.7% vs. 29.3%; p = 0.028) and Lp(a) levels (21.9% vs. 10.7%; p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Compared with unaffected siblings, children with FH are characterized by elevated levels of apoB-IC and IgM MDA-LDL autoantibodies. Compared with placebo, pravastatin led to a greater reduction in apoB-IC but also to a greater increase in OxPL/apoB and Lp(a), which may represent a novel mechanism of mobilization and clearance of OxPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodenburg
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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88
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Schroder H, Marrugat J, Fíto M, Weinbrenner T, Covas MI. Alcohol consumption is directly associated with circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1474-81. [PMID: 16631537 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Findings on the association of alcohol consumption and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is thought to play a crucial role in the generation of atherosclerotic lesion, are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of total alcohol consumption and type of alcoholic beverage with circulating plasma LDL oxidation. This cross-sectional study included data of circulating oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) from a subpopulation of 587 men and women enrolled in a population-based survey conducted in 2000 in Girona (Spain). Multivariate analysis was performed to describe the independent association of alcohol consumption and ox-LDL. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with high in vivo ox-LDL levels in the present population. The consumption of 10 g of alcohol was associated with an increase of 2.40 U/L of ox-LDL (p = 0.002). Adjustment for dietary variables, leisure-time physical activity, educational level, smoking, LDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, glycemia, triglycerides, diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures only slightly modified this association (p = 0.003). In this full adjusted model the consumption of 10 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increase of 2.11 U/L of ox-LDL. Consumption of wine (ml/day) was associated with increasing ox-LDL levels (p = 0.029), however, attenuated after controlling for alcohol. No significant relationship of ox-LDL with alcohol-independent consumption of wine, beer, and spirits was observed. Alcohol consumption was independently and directly associated with circulating ox-LDL in the present population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schroder
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
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89
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Matsuura E, Kobayashi K, Inoue K, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin and atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006; 29:311-9. [PMID: 16391407 DOI: 10.1385/criai:29:3:311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several inflammatory and immunological factors have been established as important contributors to atherogenesis. Among these, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) play a central role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In atherosclerotic lesions, oxLDL was also found to co-localize with beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI). Immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibodies against beta2-GPI complexed with oxLDL are pro-atherogenic because they increase uptake of the complexes by macrophages. In contrast, IgM natural anti-oxLDL antibodies derived from atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice reduced incidence of atherosclerosis. Such anti-oxLDL antibodies have been found in humans, and the accumulating evidences seem to support the idea that anti-oxLDL antibodies have a protective role for atherogenesis. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs) contain natural anti-oxLDL antibodies and infusion of IVIg into ApoE-deficient mice has been reported to decrease atherosclerosis. The anti-atherogenic property of IVIg may be derived from non-antigen-specific antibody binding to FCgamma receptors, which blocks foam cell formation of macrophages. Several other possible mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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90
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Covas MI, de la Torre K, Farré-Albaladejo M, Kaikkonen J, Fitó M, López-Sabater C, Pujadas-Bastardes MA, Joglar J, Weinbrenner T, Lamuela-Raventós RM, de la Torre R. Postprandial LDL phenolic content and LDL oxidation are modulated by olive oil phenolic compounds in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:608-16. [PMID: 16458191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants in vitro, but evidence for antioxidant action in vivo is controversial. We examined the role of the phenolic compounds from olive oil on postprandial oxidative stress and LDL antioxidant content. Oral fat loads of 40 mL of similar olive oils, but with high (366 mg/kg), moderate (164 mg/kg), and low (2.7 mg/kg) phenolic content, were administered to 12 healthy male volunteers in a cross-over study design after a washout period in which a strict antioxidant diet was followed. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, phenolic compounds of olive oil, were dose-dependently absorbed (p<0.001). Total phenolic compounds in LDL increased at postprandial state in a direct relationship with the phenolic compounds content of the olive oil ingested (p<0.05). Plasma concentrations of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol directly correlated with changes in the total phenolic compounds content of the LDL after the high phenolic compounds content olive oil ingestion. A 40 mL dose of olive oil promoted a postprandial oxidative stress, the degree of LDL oxidation being lower as the phenolic content of the olive oil administered increases. In conclusion, olive oil phenolic content seems to modulate the LDL phenolic content and the postprandial oxidative stress promoted by 40 mL olive oil ingestion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Isabel Covas
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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91
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Yilmaz MI, Saglam M, Caglar K, Cakir E, Sonmez A, Ozgurtas T, Aydin A, Eyileten T, Ozcan O, Acikel C, Tasar M, Genctoy G, Erbil K, Vural A, Zoccali C. The determinants of endothelial dysfunction in CKD: oxidative stress and asymmetric dimethylarginine. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47:42-50. [PMID: 16377384 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is related to endothelial dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels are among the main causes of ED. We aim to investigate any association between ED and ADMA levels, as well as levels of oxidative stress markers, in patients with chronic kidney disease. METHODS One hundred fifty-nine patients without diabetes with chronic kidney disease were studied. Staging was performed according to glomerular filtration rate, determined as stages 1 to 5 according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (n = 30, 33, 28, 32, and 36, respectively). The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. Oxidative stress markers (plasma malondialdehyde [MDA], erythrocyte superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px]), trace elements (erythrocyte zinc [EZn], erythrocyte copper [ECu]), plasma selenium (Se), and serum ADMA were studied. Brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (FMD) was calculated for all. RESULTS FMD, SOD, GSH-Px, EZn, ECu, and Se values were lower, whereas MDA and ADMA levels were higher in patients than controls. Glomerular filtration rate correlated negatively with MDA and ADMA levels and positively with FMD, SOD, and GSH-Px values. These parameters were significantly different among patients with stages 2, 3, 4, and 5 (hemodialysis group; P < 0.001 for all). Regression analysis showed that ADMA (beta = -0.228; P < 0.01), SOD (beta = 0.405; P < 0.001), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels (beta = -0.428; P < 0.001) were related independently to FMD, whereas glomerular filtration rate was not involved in the model. CONCLUSION The present results imply that FMD, oxidative stress, and ADMA levels all are associated with stage of chronic kidney disease. Additionally, levels of oxidative stress markers and ADMA independently determine endothelial function.
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92
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Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y. Predictive and protective autoimmunity in cardiovascular diseases: is vaccination therapy a reality? Lupus 2005; 14:665-9. [PMID: 16218463 DOI: 10.1191/0961203305lu2196oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in modulating atherosclerosis has recently been well documented. Studies have revealed that cellular and humoral immunity plays crucial roles in atherogenic plaque formation. This includes macrophages, CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells as well as autoantigens such as oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), heat shock proteins and beta2-glycoprotein I. Given these recent advances, various modifications of the immune system in experimental models have been proposed as therapeutic strategies, with the potential of inhibiting atherosclerosis progression. These modifications are switching the immune system (CD4+ T cells) from Th1 towards a Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and the induction of protective antibodies both of which may be induced by specific vaccination. Recent identification of specific immunoreactive antigenic epitopes on modified LDL, their successful implementation for immunization and the induction of atheroprotection, supports the idea that active vaccination may emerge as a novel immuno-modulating atheroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toubi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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93
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Westendorf T, Graessler J, Kopprasch S. Hypochlorite-oxidized low-density lipoprotein upregulates CD36 and PPARgamma mRNA expression and modulates SR-BI gene expression in murine macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 277:143-52. [PMID: 16132726 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-5873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by scavenger receptors of macrophages with resulting foam cell formation is considered a critical event in atherogenesis. Since hypochlorite-oxidized LDL (HOCl-LDL) has been shown to be recognized by macrophages and evidence was provided that HOCl-LDL is internalized via class B scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-BI, the regulatory relationships between CD36, SR-BI, and the nuclear transcription factor PPARgamma in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) on exposure to HOCl-LDL were examined. Using the highly sensitive real-time RT-PCR we could demonstrate that HOCl-LDL upregulated CD36 and PPARgamma levels dose- and time dependently while modulating SR-BI message levels differently in dependence on HOCl-LDL concentration and incubation time. On exposure of macrophages to HOCl-LDL but not native LDL in varying concentrations, a significant positive correlation between CD36 and PPARgamma (rho = 0.603, p = 0.001) was observed indicating the presence of a positive feedback mechanism by which HOCl-LDL could promote its own uptake. The transcriptional expression of SR-BI in macrophages was not significantly related to PPARgamma mRNA levels after treatment with HOCl-LDL suggesting a differential regulation of the two members of the scavenger receptor class B family in response to HOCl-LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Westendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Pathological Biochemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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94
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Chui PC, Guan HP, Lehrke M, Lazar MA. PPARgamma regulates adipocyte cholesterol metabolism via oxidized LDL receptor 1. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2244-56. [PMID: 16007265 PMCID: PMC1172230 DOI: 10.1172/jci24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role in energy storage, adipose tissue also accumulates cholesterol. Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARgamma dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARgamma ligand treatment in vivo. Serum oxLDL levels are decreased in both lean and obese diabetic animals treated with TZDs. These data identify OLR1 as a novel PPARgamma target gene in adipocytes. While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARgamma ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Chui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6149, USA
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95
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Hulthe J. Antibodies to oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis development--clinical and animal studies. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 348:1-8. [PMID: 15369729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions represent the principal cause of death in western industrialized countries. Immune mechanisms have been suggested to play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. Several lines of evidence support that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) may be a key antigen in atherosclerosis. Antibodies to oxLDL have been found in human and rabbit plasma and in atherosclerotic lesions. So far, it has not been well established if the immune response is predominantly pro- or antiatherogenic. During the last decade, numerous studies have been performed investigating the relationship between circulating antibodies in plasma in relation to endothelial dysfunction, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in different patient categories. Taken together, these studies have shown diverging results. However, most studies have shown that elevated IgG titers to oxLDL are related to atherosclerotic disease. Even if fewer studies have investigated IgM titers, most studies seem to show an inverse relationship between IgM titers and atherosclerotic disease. In animal studies, it has been shown that immunization with oxLDL induces antibody formation (both IgG and IgM) and protects against atherosclerosis development. Furthermore, it has also been shown that immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae induce an IgM response, which is associated with decreased atherosclerosis development, and plasma from these mice also has the ability to block uptake of oxLDL to macrophages. To conclude, antibodies to oxLDL in clinical cardiovascular disease show diverging results, while animal studies suggest that immunization may have a beneficial role in atherosclerosis development. Prospective and intervention studies, as well as mechanistic studies are clearly needed to elucidate the possible causal role of antibodies to oxLDL in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hulthe
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.
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96
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Shoenfeld Y, Wu R, Dearing LD, Matsuura E. Are anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies pathogenic or protective? Circulation 2005; 110:2552-8. [PMID: 15505108 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000143225.07377.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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97
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Fernvik EC, Ketelhuth DFJ, Russo M, Gidlund M. The autoantibody repertoire against copper- or macrophage-modified LDL differs in normolipidemics and hypercholesterolemic patients. J Clin Immunol 2005; 24:170-6. [PMID: 15024184 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000019782.67993.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the antibody repertoire from normo- and hypercholesterolemic subjects to investigate how it can be related to macrophage-dependent modification of low-density lipoproteins, in comparison to the commonly used copper-oxidized LDL. Preexisting natural antibodies in plasma from normo- and hypercholesterolemic individuals were tested for their reactivity against copper ion oxidized LDL and LDL modified by macrophages. A crosswise comparison between these two antigen preparations demonstrated a different antibody repertoire in normo- and hypercholesterolemic patients. This study suggest that the search for antibodies that can influence the progression or regression of an atherosclerotic process has to take into account the process by which LDL is modified, and the repertoire of antibodies that is generated in the normal population, in comparison to that with, or at risk for, coronary artery diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Fernvik
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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98
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Fernandes JL, Orford JL, Garcia C, Coelho OR, Gidlund M, Blotta MHSL. Differences in human antioxidized LDL autoantibodies in patients with stable and unstable angina. J Autoimmun 2004; 23:345-52. [PMID: 15571928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2004] [Revised: 07/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies to oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) have been found in the serum of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was designed to compare the differences in anti-oxLDL titers and isotypes in unstable and stable angina patients and to correlate these results with known markers of active inflammation in CAD. METHODS Thirty patients from a tertiary referral general hospital with documented CAD were studied. Anti-oxLDL IgG titers and its isotypes, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured. RESULTS The anti-oxLDL IgG titer was lower (p=0.03) in the unstable angina group compared to the stable angina patients (0.084+/-0.102 OD versus 0.195+/-0.149 OD, respectively). The predominant IgG isotype in both groups was IgG2. IgG4 was significantly higher (0.270+/-0.146 OD, p=0.04) in the unstable angina group versus patients with stable angina (0.198+/-0.019 OD). There was a significant inverse correlation between anti-oxLDL and hsCRP and SAA in this sample population (R=0.37, p<0.05 and R=0.36, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Patients with unstable angina have lower levels of anti-oxLDL IgG in the acute setting of CAD. Plaque instabilization does not seem to acutely modify the isotype subsets of anti-oxLDL IgG in these patients.
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99
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Raijmakers MTM, van Tits BJH, Hak-Lemmers HLM, Roes EM, Steegers EAP, Peters WHM. Low plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein in preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83:1173-7. [PMID: 15548151 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers of lipid peroxidation are commonly used to assess oxidative stress in preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a novel marker for lipid peroxidation, and that of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia and to investigate the influence of gestational age on these parameters. METHOD Plasma levels of oxLDL and TBARS were assayed in women with severe preeclampsia (n = 40), normotensive pregnant controls matched for gestational age (n = 24) and normotensive pregnant controls at full term (n = 16). RESULTS Women with preeclampsia showed lower oxLDL levels (mean +/- SE) than matched controls (181 +/- 12 vs. 219 +/- 14; p = 0.027), whereas no differences were found for the TBARS concentration (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.4). When women with preeclampsia were compared to control women at full term, TBARS were elevated (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2; p = 0.01). However, in women with normotensive pregnancy TBARS were also lower in full-term control pregnancy compared to early third-trimester values (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Plasma TBARS decreased during the third trimester of pregnancy, underlining the importance of matching for gestational age when studying markers of lipid peroxidation in pregnant women. Women with preeclampsia had lower plasma levels of oxLDL compared to gestational age-matched controls, indicating that oxLDL could be a marker for preeclampsia.
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100
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Suzuki K, Ito Y, Wakai K, Kawado M, Hashimoto S, Toyoshima H, Kojima M, Tokudome S, Hayakawa N, Watanabe Y, Tamakoshi K, Suzuki S, Ozasa K, Tamakoshi A. Serum Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study Nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1781.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in carcinogenesis, but few epidemiologic studies have examined associations with risk of colorectal cancer. Relationships between serum levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and oxLDL antibody (oLAB) and colorectal cancer risk were investigated in a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk. Serum samples and lifestyle information were collected at baseline from 39,242 men and women between 1988 and 1990. Of these, 161 incidents and deaths from colorectal cancer were identified through 1999, and 395 controls were matched for gender, age, and study area. Measurements were taken of serum oxLDL levels in 119 cases and 316 controls and serum oLAB levels in 153 cases and 376 controls. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) across quartiles, adjusted for confounding factors, were 1.55 (0.70-3.46), 1.90 (0.84-4.28), and 3.65 (1.50-8.92) for oxLDL (Ptrend = 0.004) and 0.98 (0.54-1.80), 0.75 (0.39-1.48), and 1.68 (0.90-3.13) for oLAB (Ptrend = 0.140). Further adjustment for serum total cholesterol and α-tocopherol did not materially change these associations. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the highest quartile of serum oxLDL compared with the lowest quartile was 3.40 (1.09-10.58; Ptrend = 0.045). Analyses restricted to colon cancer cases and corresponding controls yielded similar relationships between serum oxLDL and oLAB levels and risk. In conclusion, higher levels of serum oxLDL may increase risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Suzuki
- 1Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- 1Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Kenji Wakai
- 3Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute; Departments of
- 4Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making and
| | - Miyuki Kawado
- 2Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- 2Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hideaki Toyoshima
- 5Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masayo Kojima
- 6Department of Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinkan Tokudome
- 6Department of Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayakawa
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- 8Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Tamakoshi
- 5Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- 6Department of Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- 8Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- 4Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making and
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