51
|
Schenk B, Fernandez F, Waechter CJ. The ins(ide) and out(side) of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis and recycling in the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycobiology 2001; 11:61R-70R. [PMID: 11425794 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.5.61r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The precursor oligosaccharide donor for protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotes, Glc3Man9GlcNAc(2)-P-P-dolichol, is synthesized in two stages on both leaflets of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There is good evidence that the level of dolichyl monophosphate (Dol-P) is one rate-controlling factor in the first stage of the assembly process. In the current topological model it is proposed that ER proteins (flippases) then mediate the transbilayer movement of Man-P-Dol, Glc-P-Dol, and Man5GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol from the cytoplasmic leaflet to the lumenal leaflet. The rate of flipping of the three intermediates could plausibly influence the conversion of Man5GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol to Glc3Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol in the second stage on the lumenal side of the rough ER. This article reviews the current understanding of the enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of Dol-P and other polyisoprenoid glycosyl carrier lipids and speculates about the role of membrane proteins and enzymes that could be involved in the transbilayer movement of the lipid intermediates and the recycling of Dol-P and Dol-P-P discharged during glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis, N-glycosylation, and O- and C-mannosylation reactions on the lumenal surface of the rough ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Schenk
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hemmi H, Yamashita S, Shimoyama T, Nakayama T, Nishino T. Cloning, expression, and characterization of cis-polyprenyl diphosphate synthase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:401-4. [PMID: 11114943 PMCID: PMC94892 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.1.401-404.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-polyprenyl diphosphate synthases are involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosyl carrier lipid in most organisms. However, only little is known about this enzyme of archaea. In this report, we isolated the gene of cis-polyprenyl diphosphate synthase from a thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and characterized the recombinant enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hemmi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kikuchi A, Sagami H, Ogura K. Evidence for covalent attachment of diphytanylglyceryl phosphate to the cell-surface glycoprotein of Halobacterium halobium. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18011-6. [PMID: 10364251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.25.18011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated the occurrence of novel proteins modified with a diphytanylglyceryl group in thioether linkage in Halobacterium halobium (Sagami, H., Kikuchi, A., and Ogura, K. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14851-14854). In this study, we further investigated protein isoprenoid modification in this halobacterium using several radioactive tracers such as [3H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate. One of the radioactive bands observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponded to a periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive protein (200 kDa). Radioactive and periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive peptides (28 kDa) were obtained by trypsin digestion of the labeled proteins. The radioactive materials released by acid treatment of the peptides showed a similar mobility to dolichyl (C55) phosphate on a normal-phase thin-layer plate. However, radioactive hydrolysates obtained by acid phosphatase treatment co-migrated not with dolichol (C55-65), but with diphytanylglycerol on both reverse- and normal-phase thin-layer plates. The mass spectrum of the hydrolysate was also coincident with that of diphytanylglycerol. The partial amino acid sequences of the 28-kDa peptides were found in a fragment (amino acids 731-816) obtainable by trypsin cleavage of the known cell-surface glycoprotein of this halobacterium. These results indicate that the cell-surface glycoprotein (200 kDa) is modified with diphytanylglyceryl phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kikuchi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wolucka BA, de Hoffmann E. Isolation and characterization of the major form of polyprenyl-phospho-mannose from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Glycobiology 1998; 8:955-62. [PMID: 9719676 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.10.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated from the endogenous polyprenyl-phospho-sugar pool of Mycobacterium smegmatis two mannose-containing compounds, i.e., a partially saturated C35-octahydroheptaprenyl-P-mannose and a fully unsaturated C50-decaprenyl-P-mannose. The relative amount of C35-polyprenyl-P-mannose in mycobacterial cells was comparable to that of decaprenyl- P-pentoses and, at least, an order of magnitude higher than that of C50-decaprenyl-P-mannose. The major form of mycobacterial polyprenyl-P-mannose was structurally characterized by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry and proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as beta-d-mannopyranosyl-monophospho-(C35)octahydroheptapren ol of which all three isoprene units have Z ( cis ) configuration. The differences in the structure and cellular concentrations of the mycobacterial mannosyl-P-polyprenols reflect distinct biochemical pathways of the two compounds and suggest the existence of specific GDP-Man:polyprenyl-P mannosyltransferases (synthetases) able to distinguish between C35-octahydroheptaprenyl- and C50-decaprenyl- phosphates of mycobacteria. Since the 6'-O-mycoloylated form of C35-octahydroheptaprenyl-P-mannose isolated from M. smegmatis is apparently involved in mycolate rather than mannosyl transfer reactions, we speculate that a catabolic pathway responsible for degradation of C35-P-mannose and recycling C35-octahydroheptaprenyl phosphate might exist in mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Wolucka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioindustries and Department of Chemistry, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gilboa-Garber N, Mymon H, Oren A. Typing of halophilic Archaea and characterization of their cell surface carbohydrates by use of lectins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 163:91-7. [PMID: 9631551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are important tools for cell typing and for the study of cell surface components. They have been widely used for the analysis of carbohydrates on the surface of many eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, but they have not yet been exploited in the study of the halophilic Archaea (family Halobacteriaceae), because of the high salinity required for the structural integrity of these microorganisms. We have defined the salt concentration threshold high enough for survival of the Archaea, but sufficiently low for lectins to bind to them. Under these conditions we studied the interactions of a series of lectins, exhibiting different sugar specificities, with diverse halophilic Archaea. Concanavalin A was the most reactive by virtue of its glucose (and mannose) binding. The other lectins varied in their interactions. The results indicate that lectins might be useful probes for both archaeal typing and analysis of their cell surface carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gilboa-Garber
- Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Quellhorst GJ, Piotrowski JS, Steffen SE, Krag SS. Identification of Schizosaccharomyces pombe prenol as dolichol-16,17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:546-50. [PMID: 9514857 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the prenol involved in N-linked glycosylation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was unknown. In order to determine the identity of the prenol, S. pombe cells were incubated with a metabolic precursor of prenol, tritiated mevalonolactone. The cells incorporated only a modest amount of label, about 1000 dpm per million cells, into base-stable lipid and only 1% of that radioactivity was incorporated into prenol. We found by normal phase silica HPLC and more directly by the lack of reactivity with MnO2 that the labeled lipid was predominantly dolichol, not polyprenol. Reverse phase HPLC demonstrated that in S. pombe dolichol ranged between 14 and 18 isoprene units with dolichol-16,17 being the most abundant prenol. This dolichol is of an intermediate length, between the dolichol of S. cerevisiae and that of mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Quellhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Affiliation(s)
- S S Krag
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Affiliation(s)
- I Ishizuka
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Wolucka BA, Rozenberg R, de Hoffmann E, Chojnacki T. Desorption chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry of polyprenyl and dolichyl phosphates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1996; 7:958-964. [PMID: 24203610 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(96)80514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1995] [Revised: 04/03/1996] [Accepted: 04/03/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of nanomole quantities of semisynthetic polyisoprenyl phosphates, the chain length of which ranged from 7 to 20 isoprene units. The DCI spectrum of all the compounds tested show the presence of independently generated ions [M-HPO3-H](-), [M-H3PO2-H](-) and [M-H3PO4-H](-) resulting from the loss of a part of or the entire phosphate group of a polyisoprenyl-P. In tandem mass spectrometry, the [M-H3PO4-H](-) fragment produces series of ions 68 mass units apart, indicative of the polyisoprenoid nature of a compound. Studies with deuterated and α-saturated polyisoprenyl phosphates demonstrated that fragmentations of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) ion proceed from both ends (α and ω) of a polyisoprenoid chain and may occur at either allylic (A) or vinylic (V) sites. Fragments of masses equal to [n×68 - 1] and [n×68 - 13] (where n is the number of isoprene units and 3≤n is less than the total number of isoprene residues within a polyisoprenoid chain) comprise the αA and ωV series, respectively, and represent the most abundant ions in tandem mass spectra of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) fragment of polyprenyl phosphates, α-Saturated dolichyl phosphates can be distinguished easily from corresponding polyprenyl phosphates not only on the basis of a 2-u shift of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) ion and the α series of fragments, but also because of the presence of an additional (A+14) series of ions 14 u heavier than fragments resulting from the allylic cleavages of an α-saturated polyisoprenoid chain. Possible mechanisms of the collision-induced dissociation reactions of polyprenyl phosphates are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Wolucka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1/1B, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Prime S, Dearnley J, Ventom AM, Parekh RB, Edge CJ. Oligosaccharide sequencing based on exo- and endoglycosidase digestion and liquid chromatographic analysis of the products. J Chromatogr A 1996; 720:263-74. [PMID: 8601195 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exo- and endoglycosidases are used to sequence oligosaccharides and give valuable information on the monosaccharide sequence, together with the anomericity, the stereochemistry, and in some cases, the substitution pattern of the monosaccharides. Both sequential and parallel methods of oligosaccharide sequencing are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Prime
- Oxford GlycoSystems Ltd., Hitching Court, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Duthie SJ, Melvin WT, Burke MD. Drug toxicity mechanisms in human hepatoma HepG2 cells: cyclosporin A and tamoxifen. Xenobiotica 1995; 25:1151-64. [PMID: 8578771 DOI: 10.3109/00498259509061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. Mechanisms of drug toxicity operating in human HepG2 hepatoma cells have been assessed using cyclosporin A (CsA) and tamoxifen as examples. 2. Either 150 microM CsA or 50 microM tamoxifen caused approximately 50% loss of HepG2 cell viability. alpha-Tocopherol (32 microM) almost completely prevented cell death due to either CsA or tamoxifen. Tamoxifen stimulated malondialdehyde formation. The toxicity of CsA but not tamoxifen was increased by the glutathione synthesis inhibitor, buthionine-S,R-sulphoximine, and decreased by the glutathione precursor, L-cysteine. Thus, while both CsA and tamoxifen toxicities involved lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (or sulphydryl groups) protected against CsA but not tamoxifen. 3. CsA was metabolized to M1 and/or M17 in HepG2 cells. The effects of the cytochrome P450 inhibitors, ketoconazole and metyrapone, indicated that P450 played a role in the toxicity of CsA but not tamoxifen. The effects of superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c indicated that tamoxifen toxicity involved superoxide formation. 4. These results show that several oxidative mechanisms of drug toxicity operate in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Duthie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Marischal College, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Chapter 6 Bacterial glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
63
|
Ohnuma S, Suzuki M, Nishino T. Archaebacterial ether-linked lipid biosynthetic gene. Expression cloning, sequencing, and characterization of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
64
|
Mengele R, Sumper M. Drastic differences in glycosylation of related S-layer glycoproteins from moderate and extreme halophiles. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
65
|
Peters J, Rudolf S, Oschkinat H, Mengele R, Sumper M, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F, Baumeister W. Evidence for tyrosine-linked glycosaminoglycan in a bacterial surface protein. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1992; 373:171-6. [PMID: 1596358 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1992.373.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein of Acetogenium kivui was subjected to proteolysis with different proteases and several high molecular mass glycosaminoglycan peptides containing glucose, galactosamine and an unidentified sugar-related component were separated by molecular sieve chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC and subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. By methylation analysis glucose was found to be uniformly 1,6-linked, whereas galactosamine was exclusively 1,4-linked. Hydrazinolysis and subsequent amino-acid analysis as well as two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that in these peptides carbohydrate was covalently linked to tyrosine. As all of the four Tyr-glycosylation sites were found to be preceded by valine, a new recognition sequence for glycosylation is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Peters
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried bei München
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Field MC, Wing DR, Dwek RA, Rademacher TW, Schmitz B, Bollensen E, Schachner M. Detection of Multisulphated N-Linked Glycans in the L2/HNK-1 Carbohydrate Epitope Expressing Neural Adhesion Molecule P0. J Neurochem 1992; 58:993-1000. [PMID: 1371154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
P0, the most abundant glycoprotein of PNS myelin, is a homophilic and heterophilic adhesion molecule. P0 is known to contain a glycoform population that expresses the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope found on other neural adhesion molecules, and to be functionally implicated centrally in neural cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. This carbohydrate epitope has been characterized previously from glycolipid structures and contains a sulphated glucuronic acid residue. However, the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope has not been characterized in glycoproteins. Because P0 possesses only one glycosylation sequon, the number of P0 glycoforms is equal to the heterogeneity of the glycan species. Here we report that the carbohydrate analysis of L2/HNK-1-reactive P0 showed the presence of anionic structures containing sialic acid and sulphate in various combinations. At least one sulphate residue was present in 80% of the monosaccharide sequences, and 20% contained three sulphates. High-resolution P4 gel chromatography of the desialylated and desulphated oligosaccharides showed substantial heterogeneity of monosaccharide sequences. Sequential exoglycosidase digestions indicated that the majority of the structures were of the hybrid class, although the sulphated structures were found to be endoglycosidase H-resistant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Field
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hartmann E, König H. Nucleotide-activated oligosaccharides are intermediates of the cell wall polysaccharide of Methanosarcina barkeri. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1991; 372:971-4. [PMID: 1793517 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1991.372.2.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Methanosarcina barkeri consists of a heteropolysaccharide (methanochondroitin), which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin. From cell extracts of Methanosarcina barkeri four uridine diphosphate and one undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-activated intermediate(s) of the methanochondroitin were isolated. In contrast to the known biosynthetic pathways of polysaccharides from other prokaryotes and eukaryotes, nucleotide activated oligosaccharide precursors are involved in the case of the methanochondroitin. Usually, oligosaccharides are synthesized at the lipid stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hartmann
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Ulm
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Skelton T, Hooper L, Srivastava V, Hindsgaul O, Baenziger J. Characterization of a sulfotransferase responsible for the 4-O-sulfation of terminal beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
70
|
Sumper M, Berg E, Mengele R, Strobel I. Primary structure and glycosylation of the S-layer protein of Haloferax volcanii. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:7111-8. [PMID: 2123862 PMCID: PMC210834 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.12.7111-7118.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer surface of the archaebacterium Haloferax volcanii (formerly named Halobacterium volcanii) is covered with a hexagonally packed surface (S) layer. The gene coding for the S-layer protein was cloned and sequenced. The mature polypeptide is composed of 794 amino acids and is preceded by a typical signal sequence of 34 amino acid residues. A highly hydrophobic stretch of 20 amino acids at the C-terminal end probably serves as a transmembrane domain. Clusters of threonine residues are located adjacent to this membrane anchor. The S-layer protein is a glycoprotein containing both N- and O-glycosidic bonds. Glucosyl-(1----2)-galactose disaccharides are linked to threonine residues. The primary structure and the glycosylation pattern of the S-layer glycoproteins from Haloferax volcanii and from Halobacterium halobium were compared and found to exhibit distinct differences, despite the fact that three-dimensional reconstructions from electron micrographs revealed no structural differences at least to the 2.5-nm level attained so far (M. Kessel, I. Wildhaber, S. Cohe, and W. Baumeister, EMBO J. 7:1549-1554, 1988).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sumper
- Lehrstuhl Biochemie I, Universität Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Weske B, Dennis RD, Helling F, Keller M, Nores GA, Peter-Katalinic J, Egge H, Dabrowski U, Wiegandt H. Glycosphingolipids in insects. Chemical structures of two variants of a glucuronic-acid-containing ceramide hexasaccharide from a pupae of Calliphora vicina (Insecta: Diptera), distinguished by a N-acetylglucosamine-bound phosphoethanolamine sidechain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 191:379-88. [PMID: 2384087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The two major components of the acidic glycolipid fraction from the pupae of Calliphora vicina were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The acidic moiety was identified as glucuronic acid by beta-glucuronidase cleavage and gas chromatographic analysis as the pentafluoropropionyl derivative. The structures of the carbohydrate moiety were elucidated by peracetylation, methylation, exoglycosidase cleavage, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometric and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis. The only difference between the two hexasaccharide variants was the presence, in one of them, of a between the two hexasaccharide variants was the presence, in one of them, of a phosphoethanolamine (AeP) sidechain on the third sugar of the sequence, i.e. N-acetylglucosamine. The composition of the ceramide moiety was dominated by a C20:0 fatty acid (arachidic acid) and a C14:1 sphingoid base (tetradecasphing-4-enine). The chemical structures of the two insect acidic glycosphingolipids were determined to be: GlcA(beta 1-3)Gal-(beta 1-3)GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Man (beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer; GlcA(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(beta 1-4)[2AeP-6]-GlcNAc(beta 1-3) Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer. Such glucuronic-acid-containing insect glycosphingolipids have been given the generic name arthrosides, with the implied synonymity to the gangliosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Weske
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Okuda S, Kondo T, Murata S. Synthesis of methyl 2-O- and 3-O-sulfo-d-glucopyranosiduronic acids. Carbohydr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
73
|
Hartmann E, König H. Isolation of lipid activated pseudomurein precursors from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch Microbiol 1990; 153:444-7. [PMID: 2339954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00248425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
From cell extracts of the pseudomurein possessing methanogen Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum two putative pseudomurein precursors were isolated and characterized: (1) an undecaprenyl pyrophosphate activated disaccharide pentapeptide composed of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, alanine, glutamic acid and lysine in a molar ratio of 1:1:2:2:1 and (2) the corresponding undecaprenyl pyrophosphate activated tetrapeptide lacking one alanine residue. The isolation of these precursors show that the biosynthesis of the eubacterial murein and the methanobacterial pseudomurein differs not only in the cytoplasmic step, as recently described, but also in the lipid stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hartmann
- Abteilung für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Hartmann E, K�nig H. Uridine and dolichyl diphosphate activated oligosaccharides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of the S-layer glycoprotein of Methanothermus fervidus. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
75
|
Abstract
Glycoproteins as components of cell surfaces are not restricted to eukaryotes. The prokaryotic glycoprotein studied in greatest detail so far is the cell surface glycoprotein of the archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium. This bacterial glycoprotein contains 3 different types of glycoconjugates, and each type of glycoconjugate involves a different carbohydrate-protein linkage unit: 1) One glycosaminoglycan chain, constructed from a repeating sulfated pentasaccharide block, is linked to one protein molecule via the novel N-glycosyl linkage unit asparaginyl-N-acetylgalactosamine. 2) Ten sulfated oligosaccharides that contain glucose, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid are bound to the protein via the hitherto unknown N-glycosyl linkage unit asparaginylglucose. 3) About 15 disaccharides, glucosylgalactose, are O-glycosyl-linked to a cluster of threonine residues close to the C-terminus of the core protein. The overall structure of the cell surface glycoprotein of halobacteria is thus reminiscent of animal proteoglycans and a functional role of the glycosaminoglycan chain in maintaining the rod shape of halobacteria is discussed. Biosynthesis of the two N-glycosyl linkage units involves dolichol monophosphate and dolicholdiphosphate-linked saccharide precursors. Sulfation and epimerization of the glycoconjugates occur at the lipid-linked level and the mature saccharides are transferred to the protein core on the cell surface. The sulfated oligosaccharides that finally become bound to asparagine via glucose are transiently methylated at their lipid-linked stage and this transient chemical modification seems to be required for the biosynthesis of the corresponding N-glycosyl bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Wieland
- Institut für Biochemie I, Heidelberg, F.R.G
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
SEARCY DENNISG. Phylogenetic and Phenotypic Relationships between the Eukaryotic Nucleocytoplasm and Thermophilic Archaebacteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
77
|
Lechner J, Sumper M. The primary structure of a procaryotic glycoprotein. Cloning and sequencing of the cell surface glycoprotein gene of halobacteria. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
78
|
|
79
|
|
80
|
Lechner J, Wieland F, Sumper M. Sulfated dolicholphosphate oligosaccharides are transiently methylated during biosynthesis of halobacterial glycoproteins. Syst Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
81
|
Paul G, Lottspeich F, Wieland F. Asparaginyl-N-acetylgalactosamine. Linkage unit of halobacterial glycosaminoglycan. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
82
|
|
83
|
Cell-free sulfation of the contact site A glycoprotein of Dictyostelium discoideum and of a partially glycosylated precursor. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
84
|
Transient methylation of dolichyl oligosaccharides is an obligatory step in halobacterial sulfated glycoprotein biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
85
|
Rip JW, Rupar CA, Ravi K, Carroll KK. Distribution, metabolism and function of dolichol and polyprenols. Prog Lipid Res 1985; 24:269-309. [PMID: 2819898 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(85)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols consisting of 9 or more isoprene units are present in all living cells. They can be fully unsaturated (polyprenols) or alpha-saturated (dolichol). Dolichol forms may have additional saturation at or near the omega-end. Some species contain ony dolichol or only polyprenols while others have nearly equal amounts of both types. Some polyisoprenoid alcohols consist entirely of trans isoprene units but most, including dolichol, contain both trans and cis units. Considerable advances in lipid methodology have occurred since the first review of polyisoprenoid alcohols by Hemming in 1974. For example, direct analysis of both dolichol and Dol-P by HPLC has replaced earlier methods which were often both insensitive and inaccurate. The availability of radiolabeled dolichol and polyprenols has facilitated studies concerning the metabolism and distribution of these compounds. Those studies suggest that only a small portion of the dolichol present in cells is likely to be involved in glycosylation. Polyisoprenoid alcohols are usually present at a family of homologues where each differs in size by one isoprene unit. Little or no size related specificity has been observed for any reaction involving dolichol or polyisoprenol intermediates. The overall length of polyisoprenoid alcohols may, however, affect the manner in which these compounds influence the physical and biochemical properties of membranes. Studies on the biosynthetic pathway leading from cis, trans Pol-PP by phosphatase action. The formation of the dolichol backbone from a polyprenol requires the action of an additional enzyme, an alpha-saturase. This enzyme does not always act at the level of a single common substrate, since Pol-PP, Pol-P, and polyprenol all appear to be utilized as substrates. The major product of the de novo pathway differs among different species. Dol-P would appear to be the most energy efficient end-product since it can participate directly in glycoprotein formation. Most often, however, Dol-P is not the major product of metabolic labeling experiments. In some cases, dolichol is formed so that rephosphorylation is required to provide Dol-P for participation in glycoprotein formation. The kinase responsible for this phosphorylation appears to bypass the considerable stores of dolichol present in tissues (i.e. sea urchin eggs) in favor of dolichol derived directly from de novo synthesis. Although HMGR is a major regulatory component of the pathway leading to polyisoprenoid alcohols and cholesterol, control is most often not co-ordinated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
|