51
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Kataoka H, Ishizaki A, Nonaka Y, Saito K. Developments and applications of capillary microextraction techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 655:8-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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52
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Applications of titania and zirconia hollow fibers in sorptive microextraction of N,N-dimethylacetamide from water sample. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 651:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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53
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Przybylski C, Bonnet V. Combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as tools for investigation of the thermolytic and solvolytic effects. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4787-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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54
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Xie HY, He YZ, Gan WE, Fu GN, Li L, Han F, Gao Y. On-column liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with base stacking as a dual preconcentration method for capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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55
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Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1755-61. [PMID: 19214486 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method has been established for the determination of four carbamate pesticides (carbofuran, carbaryl, pirimicarb, and diethofencarb) in water samples by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the kind and volume of the extraction and disperser solvent, extraction time, and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range between 101 and 145. The linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 5-500 ng mL(-1) with the correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9997. The method detection limits were 0.4-1.0 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviations varied from 4.7% to 6.5% (n = 5). The relative recoveries of the four carbamates from water samples at spiking levels of 5.0 and 20.0 ng mL(-1) were 84.0-92.0% and 86.5-94.0%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of target carbamate residues in river, rain, well, and tap water samples with satisfactory results.
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56
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Paíga P, Morais S, Correia M, Alves A, Delerue-Matos C. Screening of Carbamates and Ureas in Fresh and Processed Tomato Samples using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802585717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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57
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Bai X, Fan Z. Determination of chromium (iii) in natural water samples utilizing capillary micro-extraction on nanometre zirconium phosphate coating coupled to electrothermal atomic absorbance spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:326-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b812288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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58
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Ammerman JL, Aldstadt JH. Monolithic solid-phase extraction for the rapid on-line monitoring of microcystins in surface waters. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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59
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Saraji M, Esteki N. Analysis of carbamate pesticides in water samples using single-drop microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1091-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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60
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A disposable sensor based on immobilization of acetylcholinesterase to multiwall carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrode for determination of carbaryl. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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61
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Analysis of Emerging Contaminants of Municipal and Industrial Origin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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62
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Wei G, Li Y, Wang X. Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of methomyl in natural waters. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3262-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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63
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Mughari AR, Vázquez PP, Galera MM. Analysis of phenylurea and propanil herbicides by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography combined with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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64
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Lord HL. Strategies for interfacing solid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:2-13. [PMID: 17178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are equally applicable to both volatile and non-volatile analytes, but the progress in applications to gas-phase separations has outpaced that of liquid-phase separations. The interfacing of SPME to gas chromatographic equipment has been straight-forward, requiring little modification of existing equipment. The requirement of solvent desorption for non-volatile or thermally labile analytes has, however, proven challenging for interfacing SPME with liquid-phase separations. Numerous options to achieve this have been described in the literature over the past decade, with applications in several different areas of analysis. To date, no single strategy or interface device design has proven optimal. During method development analysts must select the most appropriate interfacing technique among the options available. Out of these options three general strategies have emerged: (1) use of a manual injection interface tee; (2) in-tube SPME; and (3) off-line desorption followed by conventional liquid injection. In addition, there has been interest in coupling SPME directly to electrospray ionisation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) for mass spectrometry. Several examples of each of these strategies are reviewed here, and an overview of their use and application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, W. Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5.
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65
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Hutchinson JP, Setkova L, Pawliszyn J. Automation of solid-phase microextraction on a 96-well plate format. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:127-37. [PMID: 17418854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have been performed assessing the feasibility and characterizing the automation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) on a multi-well plate format. Four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene and fluoranthene, were chosen as test analytes to demonstrate the technique due to their favorable partition coefficients, K(fw), between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) extraction phases and water. Four different PDMS configurations were investigated regarding their suitability. These included (i) a PDMS membrane; (ii) a multi-fiber device containing lengths of PDMS-coated flexible wire; (iii) a stainless steel pin covered with silicone hollow fiber membrane and (iv) commercial PDMS-coated flexible metal fiber assemblies. Of these configurations, the stainless steel pin covered with silicone tubing was chosen as a robust alternative. An array of 96 SPME devices that can be placed simultaneously into a 96-well plate was constructed to demonstrate the high-throughput potential when performing multiple microextractions in parallel. Different agitation methods were assessed including magnetic stirring, sonication, and orbital shaking at different speeds. Orbital shaking whilst holding the SPME device in a stationary position provided the optimum agitation conditions for liquid SPME. Once the analytes had been extracted, desorption of the analytes into an appropriate solvent was investigated. Liquid-phase SPME and solvent desorption on the multi-well plate format is shown to be a viable alternative for automated high-throughput SPME analysis compatible with both gas- and liquid-chromatography platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hutchinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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66
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Sagratini G, Mañes J, Giardiná D, Damiani P, Picó Y. Analysis of carbamate and phenylurea pesticide residues in fruit juices by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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67
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Picó Y, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:117-31. [PMID: 17175029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed. The use of these procedures, which include several approaches such as: matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), represents an opportunity to reduce analysis time, solvent consumption, and overall cost. SPE techniques differ from solvent extraction depending on the interactions between a sorbent and the pesticide. This interaction may be specific for a particular pesticide, as in the interaction with an immunosorbent, or non-specific, as in the way a number of different pesticides are adsorbed on apolar or polar materials. A variety of applications were classified according to the method applied: conventional SPE, SPME, hollow-fiber micro-extraction (HFME), MSPD and SBSE. Emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmácia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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68
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Cháfer-Pericás C, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. In-tube solid-phase microextraction-capillary liquid chromatography as a solution for the screening analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in untreated environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:10-21. [PMID: 17188696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the selective screening of organophosphorus pesticides in water. In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in an open capillary column coupled to capillary liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection has been used to effect preconcentration, separation and detection of the analytes in the same assembly. For in-tube SPME two capillary columns of the same length and different internal diameters and coating thicknesses have been tested and compared, a 30 cm x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 micro m thickness coating column, and a 30 cm x 0.1 mm I.D., 0.1 micro m of coating thickness column. In both columns the coating was 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS)-5% diphenylpolysiloxane. The proposed methodology provided limits of detections (LODs) for the tested organophosphorus pesticides in the 0.1-10 micro g/L range, whereas the direct injection of the samples onto the capillary LC system provided LODs in the 50-1000 micro g/L range. The sensitivity of the proposed in-tube SPME-capillary LC method is adequate to monitorize the analyte levels in drinking water. Several triazines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenol, organochloride pesticides or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been evaluated as possible interferents. The reliability of the described method is demonstrated by analysing different real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cháfer-Pericás
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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69
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70
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Peeraprasompong P, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Capillary microextraction for simultaneous analysis of multi-residual semivolatile organic compounds in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:174-81. [PMID: 17285160 DOI: 10.1039/b615344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary microextractor (CME) in combination with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for the determination of trace priority hazardous substances in water. Three groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were simultaneously determined. SVOCs were extracted from 7 mL of water samples on a 100 cm commercial gas chromatographic column (0.32 mm id x film thickness 0.25 microm, HP-5 capillary column) and eluted with only 3 microL of acetonitrile. The extractant was analyzed by GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range 10 ng L(-1) to 3.0 mg L(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 and low limits of detection ranged from 10 ng L(-1) to 1.0 mg L(-1). High recovery (more than 80%) was obtained with relative standard deviation less than 10%. The method was successfully applied for trace level analyses of SVOCs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensiri Peeraprasompong
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry/Trace Analysis Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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71
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Cháfer-Pericás C, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. On-fibre solid-phase microextraction coupled to conventional liquid chromatography versus in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography for the screening analysis of triazines in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1125:159-71. [PMID: 16797563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of two different configurations for the extraction of triazines from water samples: (1) on-fibre solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to conventional liquid chromatography (LC); and (2) in-tube SPME coupled to capillary LC. In-tube SPME has been effected either with a packed column or with an open capillary column. A critical evaluation of the main parameters affecting the performance of each method has been carried out in order to select the most suitable approach according to the requirements of the analysis. In the on-fibre SPME configuration the fibre coating was polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-divinylbenzene (DVB). The limits of detection (LODs) obtained with this approach under the optimized extraction and desorption conditions were between 25 and 125 microg/L. The in-tube SPME approach with a C18 packed column (35 mm x 0.5 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size) connected to a switching micro-valve provided the best sensitivity; under such configuration the LODs were between 0.025 and 0.5 microg/L. The in-tube SPME approach with an open capillary column coated with PDMS (30 cm x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 microm of thickness coating) connected to the injection valve provided LODs between 0.1 and 0.5 microg/L. In all configurations UV detection at 230 nm was used. Atrazine, simazine, propazine, ametryn, prometryn and terbutryn were selected as model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cháfer-Pericás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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72
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Tsogas GZ, Giokas DL, Nikolakopoulos PG, Vlessidis AG, Evmiridis NP. Determination of the pesticide carbaryl and its photodegradation kinetics in natural waters by flow injection–direct chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:354-9. [PMID: 17723545 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel flow injection-chemiluminescence method for the quantitative assay of the pesticide carbaryl in environmental samples is presented. The determination is based on the CL-emission generated by the oxidation of the pesticide with potassium permanganate. The linear response of CL-emission versus concentration is valid in the range from 0.01 to 1.0 microg mL(-1), yielding detection limits (S/N=3) as low as 14.8 ng mL(-1). The method shows high reproducibility (R.S.D.=2.29%, n=10) and is subject to minor interferences from various organic and inorganic species likely to be found in natural waters. The suggested method is rapid and capable to be fully automated, thus resulting to a method of satisfactory sampling throughput, with low detection limits and efficient precision for routine analysis. The use of this technique to a new application of direct chemiluminescence involving the determination of carbaryl photodegradation in natural waters was successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Tsogas
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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73
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Zhang J, Lee HK. Application of liquid-phase microextraction and on-column derivatization combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to the determination of carbamate pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1117:31-7. [PMID: 16626723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method has been established for the determination of five carbamate pesticides in water samples using liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) followed by on-column derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination. Trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) and trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) were used as derivatization reagent for extracts prior to GC-MS analysis as carbamate pesticides are thermally labile compounds. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency (selection of organic solvent and extraction time) and derivatization efficiency (choice of derivatization reagent and concentration of derivatization reagent) were investigated. The proposed method provided good enrichment factors up to 224, with reproducibility ranging from 4.86 to 7.81%, and good linearity from 1 to 400 microg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.2 and 0.8 microg/L (S/N = 3) using GC-MS with selective ion monitoring. This method was applied to the determination of carbamate pesticides in tap water and waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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74
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Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J. SPME in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1059-73. [PMID: 16673085 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in environmental analysis, including fiber coatings, derivatization techniques, and in-tube SPME, are reviewed in this article. Several calibration methods for SPME, including traditional calibration methods, the equilibrium extraction method, the exhaustive extraction method, and several diffusion-based calibration methods, are presented. Recent developed SPME devices for on-site sampling and several applications of SPME in environmental analysis are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- chool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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75
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Quintana JB, Rodríguez I. Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1447-61. [PMID: 16496135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the most recent developments in the microextraction of polar analytes from aqueous environmental samples are critically reviewed. The particularities of different microextraction approaches, mainly solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), and their suitability for use in combination with chromatographic or electrically driven separation techniques for determination of polar species are discussed. The compatibility of microextraction techniques, especially SPME, with different derivatisation strategies enabling GC determination of polar analytes and improving their extractability is revised. In addition to the use of derivatisation reactions, the possibility of enhancing the yield of solid-phase microextraction methods for polar analytes by using new coatings and/or larger amounts of sorbent is also considered. Finally, attention is also focussed on describing the versatility of LPME in its different possible formats and its ability to improve selectivity in the extraction of polar analytes with acid-base properties by using separation membranes and buffer solutions, instead of organic solvents, as the acceptor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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76
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Wu X, Wang L, Xie Z, Lu J, Yan C, Yang P, Chen G. Rapid separation and determination of carbamate insecticides using isocratic elution pressurized capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:768-77. [PMID: 16470624 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic elution pressurized CEC (pCEC) system was used to separate and determine ten carbamate insecticides. It was found that introduction of the electrical field, supplementary pressure, and SDS in the proposed method greatly improved the speed, column efficiency, selectivity, and repeatability for separation and determination of carbamates. On a capillary column of 75 microm ID packed with 3 microm octadecyl silica, baseline separation and detection of ten analytes was performed by using a mobile phase consisting of 30% v/v ACN and 70% v/v of 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 6.5) containing 1 mmol/L SDS and 0.01% triethylamine (TEA). Under the optimum conditions ten carbamate insecticides could be completely separated within 20 min. For the real vegetable samples, an SPE procedure for the cleanup of matrices was carried out prior to pCEC analysis. The detection limits of 0.05-1.6 mg/kg for ten carbamates and mean recoveries of 51.3-109.2% for eight kinds of vegetable samples at different concentrations of carbamates with RSD less than 11.4% were obtained, respectively. The proposed method has been proved to be effective in the rapid analysis of carbamate residues in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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77
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López-Blanco C, Gómez-Alvarez S, Rey-Garrote M, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J. Determination of pesticides by solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorous detection in natural water and comparison with solvent drop microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1002-6. [PMID: 16402179 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The European Union specifies that drinking water can contain pesticide residues at concentrations of up to 0.1 microg/L each and 0.5 microg/L in total, and that 1-3 microg/L of pesticides can be present in surface water, but the general idea is to keep discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances close to zero for synthetic substances. Therefore, in order to monitor pesticide levels in water, analytical methods with low quantification limits are required. The method proposed here is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC-NPD). During method development, six organophosphate pesticides (azinphos-ethyl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyriphos, ethoprophos, fenamiphos and malathion) and two organonitrogen pesticides (alachlor and deltamethrin) were considered as target analytes. Elution conditions that could influence the efficiency of the SPE were studied. The optimized methodology exhibited good linearity, with determination coefficients of better than 0.996. The analytical recovery for the target analytes ranged from 70 to 100%, while the within-day precision was 4.0-11.5%. The data also showed that the nature of the aqueous matrice (ultrapure, surface or drinking water) had no significant effect on the recovery. The quantification limits for the analytes were found to be 0.01-0.13 microg/L (except for deltamethrin, which was 1.0 microg/L). The present methodology is easy, rapid and gives better sensitivity than solvent drop microextraction for the determination of organonitrogen and organophosphate pesticides in drinking water at levels associated with the legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Blanco
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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78
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Carabias-Martínez R, García-Hermida C, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Ruano-Miguel L. Behaviour of carbamate pesticides in gas chromatography and their determination with solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction as preconcentration steps. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2130-8. [PMID: 16318209 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a study of the chromatographic behaviour of seven carbamate pesticides (aldicarb, carbetamide, propoxur, carbofuran, carbaryl, methiocarb, and pirimicarb) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Variables such as injector temperature, solvent, injection mode, and the degree of ageing of the chromatographic column were studied. One of the aims of this work was to achieve a controlled decomposition of carbamates by a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) preconcentration step with a polyacrylate fibre in order to obtain reproducible chromatographic signals of the degradation products. Optimisation of the SPME process was accomplished by means of experimental design. Several methods using ultrapure water were developed with different preconcentration configurations: SPME-GC-MS, SPE followed by SPME-GC-MS, and SPE plus GC-MS. For all the pesticides studied, method detection limit (MDL) values below 0.1 microg L-1 were reached in at least one of the proposed configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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79
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Djozan D, Amir-Zehni M. Determination of L-Dopa and L-Dopamine in Aqueous Solutions Using In-Loop SPME Coupled with LC. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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80
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Hirayama Y, Ohmichi M, Tatsumoto H. Simple and Rapid Determination of Golf Course Pesticides by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hideki Tatsumoto
- Department of Materials Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University
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81
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Aulakh JS, Malik AK, Kaur V, Schmitt-Kopplin P. A Review on Solid Phase Micro Extraction—High Performance Liquid Chromatography (SPME-HPLC) Analysis of Pesticides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340590947952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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82
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Orejuela E, Silva M. Determination of Propham and Chlorpropham in Postharvest‐Treated Potatoes by Liquid Chromatography with Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200031123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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83
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Ramos L, Ramos JJ, Brinkman UAT. Miniaturization in sample treatment for environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 381:119-40. [PMID: 15602622 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for faster, more cost-effective and environmentally friendly analytical methods is a major incentive to improve the classical procedures used for sample treatment in environmental analysis. In most classical procedures, the use of rapid and powerful instrumental techniques for the final separation and detection of the analytes contrasts with the time-consuming and usually manual methods used for sample preparation, which slows down the total analytical process. The efforts made in this field in the past ten years have led to the adaptation of existing methods and the development of new techniques to save time and chemicals, and improve overall performance. One route has been to develop at-line or on-line and, frequently, automated systems. In these approaches, miniaturization has been a key factor in designing integrated analytical systems to provide higher sample throughput and/or unattended operation. Selected examples of novel developments in the field of miniaturized sample preparation for environmental analysis are used to evaluate the merits of the various techniques on the basis of published data on real-life analyses of trace-level organic pollutants. Perspectives and trends are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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84
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Djozan D, Amir-Zehni M. In-Loop Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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85
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Abstract
A sol-gel coating method for the preparation of extractive phase on bars used in sorptive microextraction is described. The extraction phase of poly(dimethylsiloxane) is partially crosslinked with the sol-gel network, and the most part is physically incorporated in the network. Three aging steps at different temperatures are applied to complete the crosslinking process. Thirty-micrometer-thick coating layer is obtained by one coating process. The improved coating shows good thermal stability up to 300 degrees C. Spiked aqueous samples containing n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by using the sorptive bars and GC. The results demonstrate that it is suitable for both aploar and polar analytes. The detection limit for chrysene is 7.44 ng/L, 0.74 ng/L for C19 and 0.9 ng/L for phorate. The extraction equilibration can be reached in less than 15 min by supersonic extraction with the bars of 30 microm coating layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Micro-Instrumentation, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116012, China
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86
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Bagheri H, Salemi A. Coupling of a Modified In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Technique with High Perfor- mance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Ultra-Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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87
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Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Ban K, Tahara A, Wada H, Jinno K. Development of miniaturized sample preparation with fibrous extraction media. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1025:27-32. [PMID: 14753667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Introducing fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium, a miniaturized sample preparation technique for micro-column liquid chromatography (micro-LC) has been developed along with the investigation of a reproducible preparation scheme of the extraction capillary. The polymeric filaments were packed longitudinally into either a fused-silica capillary or a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) capillary of appropriate dimensions, and the extraction capillary was installed to the injection valve in micro-LC system. The number of packed filaments should be precisely counted before the packing process to make sure the reproducible preparation of the extraction capillary. With conventional stationary phase materials for open-tubular gas chromatography, polymeric coating to the surface of the filaments was also studied in order to further enhance the extraction performance and selectivity. Coated with the polymeric material suitable for the extraction of particular analyte, a dramatic improvement on the extraction power was obtained. The results suggest that the future possibility of novel tailored fibrous extraction medium with an appropriate coating on it, especially for the analysis of complex sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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88
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ICHINOKI S, WATANABE S, MATSUIDA S, FUJII Y, MORITA T, IEIRI I, OTSUBO K. Simultaneous determination of carbamate pesticides in human serum and urine by automatic reversed-phase HPLC combined with on-line column enrichment. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saki MATSUIDA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Youichi FUJII
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Toshihiro MORITA
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Saiseikai Sakaiminato General Hospital
| | - Ichiro IEIRI
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Kenji OTSUBO
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
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89
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90
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Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Sato K, Suzuki O. Solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in drug analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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91
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Jan MR, Shah J, Khan H. Investigation of new indirect spectrophotometric method for the determination of carbofuran in carbamate pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1623-1626. [PMID: 12867195 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method has been investigated for the determination of Carbofuran pesticide. The method was based on the hydrolysis of the pesticides. The hydrolyzed products, methylamine on reaction with sodium nitroprusside solution in acetone medium gives a purple colored solution. The absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 530 nm. Conditions for the complete hydrolysis of pesticides and quantitative determination of methylamine were optimized. From the standard calibration plot of methylamine, the amount of pesticides was calculated. The amount of active ingredients in commercial products was determined from the amount of methylamine found. It was observed that lower concentration of the active ingredients were present in the commercial products. The limit of detection and quantification was calculated and found to be 0.804 and 2.68 ppm respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rasul Jan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan.
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92
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Ozhan G, Topuz S, Alpertunga B. A simple method for the determination of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in fruit juices by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1510-3. [PMID: 12929849 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbaryl (Sevin) is a widely used N-methylcarbamate insecticide. In this study, a simple and sensitive reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode-array detection has been developed for the determination of low levels of carbaryl and its degradation products 1-naphthol in several kinds of canned pure fruit juice. The compounds were captured on a C18 cartridge. The analytes were separated on a C18 column using a linear gradient of 40 to 60% acetonitrile in water in a period of 20 min. The extraction recoveries of carbaryl and 1-naphthol were in the range 93.5 to 98.0% and 90.7 to 96.0% for fruit juice, respectively. The detection limit was below 0.8 ng/ml and the calibration curves showed good linearity between 0.9998 and 0.9999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Ozhan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
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93
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Frías S, Rodríguez MA, Conde JE, Pérez-Trujillo JP. Optimisation of a solid-phase microextraction procedure for the determination of triazines in water with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1007:127-35. [PMID: 12924558 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operating in the chemical ionisation mode, was developed and optimised in order to determine 10 triazines in water samples. Five different SPME fibers available for analysis [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 100 microm, polyacrylate (PA) 80 microm, PDMS-divinylbenzene (DVB) 65 microm, Carbowax (CW)-DVB 65 microm, and Carboxen (CAR)-PDMS 75 microm] were tested, and PDMS-DVB was selected. To enhance the sensitivity of the SPME, variables affecting adsorption and desorption steps such as temperature, time, pH and ionic strength of the solution were optimised. Detection limits obtained were ranged between 2 and 17 ng l(-1), and precision values were below 8% for the selected PDMS-DVB fiber. The optimised method was applied to real water samples and no triazines were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frías
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Afsco Fco Sanchez, s/n, La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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94
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Abstract
Miniaturized sample preparation methods designed as the sample pretreatment for liquid phase separations, such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been reviewed especially for the on-line coupling of the sample preparation process and the separation process. The development of the desorption interfaces for the effective combining of the sample preparation and subsequent liquid phase separations is briefly described along with the applications of the combined analytical systems to the analysis of complex sample mixtures such as biological and environmental matrices. Novel use of fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium for microscale liquid phase separation methods are investigated and a comparison is made with other sample preparation techniques. Polymer coating onto the fibrous material is also introduced to further develop microscale sample preparation methods with improved extraction performance. Several other microscale sample preparation methods having a potential compatibility to the liquid phase separations are also described for future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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95
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Krutz LJ, Senseman SA, Sciumbato AS. Solid-phase microextraction for herbicide determination in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2003; 999:103-21. [PMID: 12885056 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography are traditional herbicide residue determination methods for environmental samples. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solventless, fast, and sensitive alternative herbicide residue extraction method that can be applied to numerous environmental matrices. The objective of this paper was to review SPME literature regarding extraction theory, extraction modes, fiber types, and method optimization in conjunction with present and future SPME applications for herbicide determination in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Krutz
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA.
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96
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Experimental design applied to the determination of several contaminants in Duero River by solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Teng CH, Chen YC. Fiber introduction mass spectrometry: coupling solid-phase microextraction with sol-gel-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1092-1094. [PMID: 12720292 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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98
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Wu J, Tragas C, Lord H, Pawliszyn J. Analysis of polar pesticides in water and wine samples by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 976:357-67. [PMID: 12462629 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the determination of polar pesticides in water and wine samples was developed by coupling automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). To achieve optimum performance, the conditions for both the in-tube SPME and the ESI-MS detection were investigated. In-tube SPME conditions were optimized by selecting the appropriate extraction parameters, especially the stationary phases used for SPME. For the compounds studied, a custom-made polypyrrole (PPY)-coated capillary showed superior extraction efficiency as compared to several commercial capillaries tested, and therefore, it was selected for in-tube SPME. The influence of the ethanol content on the performance of in-tube SPME was also investigated. It was found that the amount of pesticides extracted decreased with the increase of ethanol content in the solutions. The ESI-MS detection conditions were optimized as follows: nebulizer gas, N2 (30 p.s.i.; 1 p.s.i.=6894.76 Pa); drying gas, N2 (10 l/min, 350 degrees C); capillary voltage, 4500 V; ionization mode, positive; mass scan range, 50-350 amu; fragmentor voltage, variable depending on the ions selected. Due to the high extraction efficiency of the PPY coating and the high sensitive mass detection, the detection limits (S/N = 3) of this method for the compounds studied are in the range of 0.01 to 1.2 ng/ml, which are more than one order of magnitude lower than those of the previous in-tube SPME-HPLC-UV method. A linear relationship was obtained for each analyte in the concentration range of 0.5 to 200 ng/ml with MS detection. This method was applied to the analysis of phenylurea and carbamate pesticides in spiked water and wine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3GI, Canada
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99
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López-Blanco MC, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J. Comparison of solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction for carbofuran in water analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:117-23. [PMID: 12187962 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study a direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure has been developed for the determination of carbofuran in water. Experimental parameters such as selection of SPME coating, effect of temperature, effect of salt addition and solvent desorption were studied and optimized. Analytical parameters such as linearity, precision, detection and quantitation limits, and matrix effects for solid-phase extraction (SPE) and SPME methods were evaluated for comparison purposes with the aim of selecting the most appropriate depending on the detection capabilities required. SPE and SPME were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, using a 50 x 4.6 mm I.D. guard column and a 150 x 4.6 mm I.D. analytical column, both packed with C18 silica. Both methods can be applied to real samples and give the same results, but SPE allows the detection of lower carbofuran concentrations (0.06 microg/L) as compared to
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López-Blanco
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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100
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Musshoff F, Lachenmeier DW, Kroener L, Madea B. Automated headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction for the determination of amphetamines and synthetic designer drugs in hair samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:231-8. [PMID: 12134820 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The technique of automated headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was evaluated for the determination of amphetamines and synthetic designer drugs in hair samples. Headspace SPDE is a novel method for the solventless extraction of organic compounds in aqueous samples. In a so-called inside needle capillary absorption trap a hollow needle with an internal coating of polydimethylsiloxane is used as extraction and preconcentration medium. Sampling is performed on the solution headspace by passing the gas through the device actively by a syringe. Analytes present in the sample are sorbed onto the deposited stationary phase. The syringe needle is placed into the injection port of a GC and rapid heating of the metal needle induces the desorption of analytes. For the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylendioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylendioxyphenyl-2-butanamine and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylendioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine in human hair samples, 10 mg of hair were hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide. After absorption of analytes for an on-coating derivatization procedure the SPDE needle was directly placed into the headspace of a second vial containing N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide). A validation procedure revealed absolute analyte recoveries between 10.2 and 16.7%. Linearity was obtained from 0.1 to 20 ng/mg with coefficients of correlation between 0.992 and 0.999. Intra- and inter-day precision were determined at two different concentrations and resulted in ranges between 1.4 and 4.1% (intra-day) and 4.2-14.6% (inter-day). Limits of detection between 0.03 ng/mg (MDA) and 0.19 ng/mg (MDEA) were achieved. Results indicated that SPDE is a rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of biological samples. Compared to solid-phase microextraction we found a higher extraction rate coupled with a faster automated operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
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