51
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Barbiturate-mediated regulation of expression of the cytochrome P450BM-3 gene of Bacillus megaterium by Bm3R1 protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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52
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Abstract
The cat-86 gene specifies chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The cat-86 start codon is UUG, although related genes have AUG as the start codon. Changing the start codon to AUG increased expression of cat-86 by 36% in Bacillus subtilis. Changing the start codon to GUG and CUG decreased expression to 65% and 30%, respectively, of the level obtained when AUG was the start codon. CUG has not been previously shown to function as a start codon in B. subtilis. N-terminal sequencing of purified CAT protein specified by the CUG mutant, revealed that CUG was indeed the start codon and specified methionine. The gene xylE, which specifies catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, has AUG as its start codon. Changing the start codon for xylE to CUG decreased expression by 98%. However, when the ribosome-binding site sequence for xylE was optimized and the spacing between it and the start codon was increased to 8 nucleotides, xylE activity increased to 13% of the activity observed for AUG. CUG did not function efficiently as a start codon for cat-86 in Escherichia coli. These data suggest conditions under which CUG can function, with modest efficiency, as a start codon in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Ambulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville 21228
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53
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Adhin MR, van Duin J. Translational regulation of the lysis gene in RNA bacteriophage fr requires a UUG initiation codon. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1989; 218:137-42. [PMID: 2779514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide substitutions identify a UUG triplet as the initiation codon of the lysis gene in RNA bacteriophage fr. This initiation codon is non-functional in de novo initiation but is activated by translational termination at the overlapping coat gene. The UUG initiation codon is crucial for gene regulation in the phage, as it excludes uncontrolled access of ribosomes to the start of the lysis gene. Replacement of UUG by either GUG or AUG results in the loss of genetic control of the lysis gene. A model is presented in which initiation factor IF3 proofreads de novo initiation at UUG codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Adhin
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratoria, The Netherlands
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55
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Moon E, Wu R. Organization and nucleotide sequence of genes at both junctions between the two inverted repeats and the large single-copy region in the rice chloroplast genome. Gene 1988; 70:1-12. [PMID: 3240862 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and organization, at the nucleotide sequence level, of genes located at the two junctions of the large single-copy region (LSCR) and the two inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) in the rice chloroplast genome. This is the first example where the two junctions are precisely located in a monocot. In rice, a ribosomal protein gene cluster, rpl23-rpl2-rps19, which codes for the ribosomal proteins L23 (rpl23), L2 (rpl2) and S19 (rps19), lies at the ends of the two IRs near the LSCR. The inverted repeats end 45 bp from the translation stop codon of rps19. The gene for the 32-kDa photosystem II protein, psbA, is located at the extremity of the LSCR near IRA, and transcribed towards IRA. The translation stop codon of psbA is 68 bp from the right-hand junction (JLA). Thus, JLA is located within the intergenic sequence of the two genes, rps19 and psbA. Around the left-hand junction (JLB), there is a typical ribosomal protein gene cluster, rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22 (rpl22 for the ribosomal protein L22). The translation start codon of rpl22 is located in the LSCR 25 bp from JLB. Therefore, JLB is located within the intergenic sequence between rps19 and rpl22.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moon
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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56
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Yamada T, Kato K, Kawahara K, Nishimura O. Separation of recombinant human interleukin-2 and methionyl interleukin-2 produced in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 135:837-43. [PMID: 3485976 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)91004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli harboring the gene coding for human interleukin-2 (IL-2) produced methionyl IL-2 (Met-IL-2) having an additional methionine residue at the amino terminus as well as IL-2 starting with the amino terminal alanine. IL-2 and Met-IL-2 were copurified from a cell-free extract. It was difficult to separate these two molecular species from each other because of the similarities of their physico-chemical characteristics. We found that the isoelectric points of IL-2 and Met-IL-2 were slightly but significantly different and succeeded in separating these two molecular species by utilizing the difference of their isoelectric points. The isoelectric points of IL-2 and Met-IL-2 thus obtained were determined to be 7.7 and 7.5, respectively. The in vitro specific activities of these two species were the same and similar to that of natural human IL-2 derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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57
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Unger BP, Gunsalus IC, Sligar SG. Nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450cam gene and its expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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58
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Reddy P, Peterkofsky A, McKenney K. Translational efficiency of the Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase gene: mutating the UUG initiation codon to GUG or AUG results in increased gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:5656-60. [PMID: 3898067 PMCID: PMC390610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Roy et al. [Roy, A., Haziza, C. & Danchin, A. (1983) EMBO J. 2, 791-797] established that translation of Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase initiates at a UUG codon, and they suggested this might decrease the efficiency of translation. We investigated the effect of varying the initiation codon on the expression of the adenylate cyclase (cya) gene. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we changed the UUG initiation codon to GUG and the more common initiator AUG and assayed for cya gene expression in a number of ways. First, the GUG initiation codon, in place of UUG, doubled cya expression when cya was expressed from the dual cya P1/P2 promoters. The corresponding AUG codon construct was nonviable. Second, when the cya gene was placed under the transcriptional control of the thermoinducible phage lambda PL promoter, the relative amounts of cya gene product were 1:2:6 for the UUG, GUG, and AUG initiation codons, respectively. Finally, the cya P2 promoter, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, and the DNA corresponding to the first 86 codons of cya were fused to DNA encoding the E. coli galactokinase gene beginning at the second codon. The relative amounts of the fusion polypeptides, which had galactokinase activity, were 1:2:3 for the UUG, GUG, and AUG initiation codons, respectively. These results demonstrate that the cya UUG initiation codon limits cya expression at the level of translation.
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59
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Nucleotide sequence analysis of a gene encoding a streptomycin/spectinomycin adenylyltransferase. Plasmid 1985; 13:17-30. [PMID: 2986186 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(85)90052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of 1400 bp from R-plasmid R538-1 containing the streptomycin/spectinomycin adenyltransferase gene (aadA) was determined, and the location of the aadA gene was identified by a combination of insertion and deletion mutants. Its gene product, aminoglycoside 3"-adenylyltransferase (AAD(3")(9), has a Mr of 31,600.
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60
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Place N, Fien K, Mahoney ME, Wulff DL, Ho YS, Debouck C, Rosenberg M, Shih MC, Gussin GN. Mutations that alter the DNA binding site for the bacteriophage lambda cII protein and affect the translation efficiency of the cII gene. J Mol Biol 1984; 180:865-80. [PMID: 6241264 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of translation of the cII gene of bacteriophage lambda is greatly reduced by the cII3059 mutation, a GUU----GAU (Val----Asp) change in the second cII codon. Mutations in the third and fourth codons of the cII gene, called ctr mutations, reverse this translation deficiency. Lambda cII3059 ctr-1, which has a GCA----ACA (Ala----Thr) change in the fourth cII codon, produces about half the normal level of cII activity in liquid cultures, and lambda cII3059 ctr-2 and lambda cII3059 ctr-3, which have identical CGT----CGC changes in the third codon, produce normal levels of cII activity in liquid culture. Since the cII protein of ctr-3 has the same primary sequence as that of lambda cII3059, the cII- phenotype of lambda cII3059 can be explained entirely by the deficiency of translating cII mRNA. We propose that ctr mutations increase translation efficiency by destabilizing a stable stem structure which can be formed by cII mRNA. The ctr mutations lie in an overlapping regulatory region which contains, in addition to sequence elements that influence the rate of cII translation, a region to which cII protein binds to activate transcription from the PRE promoter. The ctr-1 mutation alters the cII recognition sequence from 5'-T-T-G-C-N6T-T-G-C-3' to 5'-T-T-G-C-N6T-T-G-T-3', but has no effect on PRE activity. Since a C----T change in the first (5'-proximal) T-T-G-C sequence (to yield 5'-T-T-G-T-N6T-T-G-C) greatly lowers cII binding affinity, cII protein must not recognize the two T-T-G-C sequences in an identical manner.
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61
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Blanquet S, Dessen P, Kahn D. Properties and specificity of methionyl-tRNAfMet formyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol 1984; 106:141-52. [PMID: 6387369 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(84)06013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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62
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63
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64
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Kohr WJ, Keck R, Harkins RN. Characterization of intact and trypsin-digested biosynthetic human growth hormone by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1982; 122:348-59. [PMID: 7051893 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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65
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Olson KC, Fenno J, Lin N, Harkins RN, Snider C, Kohr WH, Ross MJ, Fodge D, Prender G, Stebbing N. Purified human growth hormone from E. coli is biologically active. Nature 1981; 293:408-11. [PMID: 7024824 DOI: 10.1038/293408a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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66
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Poulis MI, Shaw DC, Campbell HD, Young IG. In vitro synthesis of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Role of UUG as initiation codon. Biochemistry 1981; 20:4178-85. [PMID: 7025892 DOI: 10.1021/bi00517a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli has been synthesized in vitro in a coupled transcription--translation system with cloned deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as template. The identity of the protein produced was confirmed by paper chromatography and electrophoresis of tryptic peptides. [35S]Methionine-labeled tryptic peptides from the in vitro product were shown to comigrate with authentic methionine-containing tryptic peptides from the purified enzyme. Using a transcription-translation system derived from an ndh mutant, it was shown that the enzyme produced in vitro was incorporated into membrane vesicles of the mutant to give functional, cyanide-sensitive NADH oxidase activity. Radiochemical N-terminal sequencing of the synthesized NADH dehydrogenase showed that the product was a mixture of three different species, with N-formylmethionine, methionine, or threonine at the N terminus. The results indicated that only partial N-terminal processing was occurring in vitro and that the first residue of the unprocessed NADH dehydrogenase is N-formylmethionine. Since DNA sequencing has shown that this residue is encoded by UUG [Young, I. G., Rogers, B. L., Campbell, H. D., Jaworowski, A., & Shaw, D. C. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. (in press)], this work verifies the role of UUG as a normal initiation codon.
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67
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Petersen HU, Kruse TA, Worm-Leonhard H, Siboska GE, Clark BF, Boutorin AS, Remy P, Ebel JP, Dondon J, Grunberg-Manago M. Study of the interaction of Escherichia coli initiation factor IF2 with formylmethionyl-tRNAMetf by partial digestion with cobra venom ribonuclease. FEBS Lett 1981; 128:161-5. [PMID: 7023979 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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68
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Young IG, Rogers BL, Campbell HD, Jaworowski A, Shaw DC. Nucleotide sequence coding for the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. UUG initiation codon. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 116:165-70. [PMID: 6265208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene coding for the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli has been determined by the chain-termination method. The reading frame for the protein starts with the unusual initiation codon UUG and predicts an amino acid sequence of 434 residues (Mr = 47 304). The reading frame was confirmed by protein chemical studies including determination of the N-terminal sequence of the protein. The product made in vivo was found to have threonine as its N-terminal residue, indicating that the initiating N-formylmethionine had been removed by post-translational processing.
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69
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Kahn D, Fromant M, Fayat G, Dessen P, Blanquet S. Methionyl-transfer-RNA transformylase from Escherichia coli. Purification and characterisation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 105:489-97. [PMID: 6989606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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70
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van der Laken K, Bakker-Steeneveld H, Berkhout B, van Knippenberg PH. The role of the codon and the initiation factor IF-2 in the selection of N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA for initiation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 104:19-33. [PMID: 6989597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly(uridylic acid) [poly(U)] and poly(xanthidylic acid) [poly(X)] strongly stimulate the IF-2-dependent binding of fMET-tRNA to 30-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli [Van der Laken et al. (1979) FEBS Lett. 100, 230-234]. The N-formylmethionine moiety is incorporated into poly(phenylalanine) upon subsequent addition of other components required for protein synthesis when poly(U) is used as template. This paper shows that N-acetylated Phe-tRNAPhe (AcPhe-tRNA), but not Phe-tRNAPhe or tRNAPhe, competes with fMET-tRNA for binding to poly(U)-programmed 30-S ribosomal subunits. The two species of N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA are bound to poly(U)-programmed and poly(X)-programmed 30-S subunits in a ratio that is linearly dependent on the ratio of the two species added. With poly(U) as template there is no apparent preference for either fMET-tRNA or AcPhe-tRNA, whereas with poly(X) there is a 2-3-fold preference for fMET-tRNA. The initiation factor IF-2, which is strictly required for the binding of N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNAs, has a higher affinity for fMET-tRNA than for AcPhe-tRNA. It is concluded that (a) interaction of the 30-S ribosomal subunit with poly(U) or poly(X) leads to IF-2-dependent binding of N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA; (b) the initiation factor IF-2-discriminates in favour of fMET-TRNA; (c) the presence of the cognate codon discriminates in favour of the corresponding N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA.
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71
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Debenham PG, Pongs O, Travers AA. Formylmethionyl-tRNA alters RNA polymerase specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:870-4. [PMID: 6987670 PMCID: PMC348383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli fMet-tRNAfMet alters the pattern of promoter selection of E. coli RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase, nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6), affecting RNA synthesis from the rRNA, suIII+tRNA, and lac promoters in different ways. The in vitro synthesis of the stable RNA species is selectively decreased, whereas that of lac RNA from both the wild-type and mutant UV5 promoters is selectively increased at high ionic strength. The functional effect of fMet-tRNAfMet resembles that of the nucleotide guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp). This nucleotide competes with the binding of fMet-tRnafMet to RNA polymerase.
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72
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Schimmel PR. Five specific protein-transfer RNA interactions. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 9:207-51. [PMID: 6160952 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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73
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Barker DG, Bruton CJ. The fate of norleucine as a replacement for methionine in protein synthesis. J Mol Biol 1979; 133:217-31. [PMID: 94100 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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74
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Li PT, Shea T, Ellis S, Conway TW. Formylmethionyl-tRNA binding properties of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 98:155-63. [PMID: 380999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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75
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Hillen W, Gassen HG. Physical and coding properties of poly(5-methoxyuridylic) acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 562:207-13. [PMID: 375983 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(mo5U) requires a high concentration (2.7 mg/ml) of polynucleotide phosphorylase as well as a long reaction time (48 h). The resulting polynucleotide has a chain length of approximately 100 nucleotides. It shows no indication of a stable secondary structure. When poly(mo5U) is mixed with poly(A), a triple-stranded complex poly(A) . 2poly(mo5U) is formed. This complex has a melting temperature of 68.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C at 150 mMNa+ and exhibits a hysteresis loop between melting and reformation of the complex having a delta Tm of 11.5 degrees C. Poly-5-methoxyuridylic acid stimulates the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes but is inactive in directing poly(Phe) synthesis.
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76
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Van Der Laken K, Bakker-Steeneveld H, Van Knippenberg P. Polyuridylic acid-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA to Escherichia coli ribosomes and incorporation of formylmethionine into polyphenylalanine. FEBS Lett 1979; 100:230-4. [PMID: 378694 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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77
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Belin D. Bacteriophage T4 rIIB protein synthesis with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the rIIB initiation codon. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 171:35-42. [PMID: 286150 DOI: 10.1007/bf00274012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In protein synthesis, the incorporation of an N-terminal formylmethionine residue is directed by an initiation codon. The most frequently used codon is AUG, although initiation at GUG and UUG codons has also been observed. The HD263 mutation is an AUG to AUA change in the rIIB initiation codon. Evidence is presented here that wild type and HD263 rIIB proteins, whether synthesized in vivo or in vitro, have identical fmet peptides. It is concluded that translation began at the AUA mutant initiation codon in vitro and in phage T4 infected cells. In the in vitro translation system used in these studies, the rIIB protein synthesized at 25 degrees no longer contains the N-terminal formyl group whereas a large proportion of the formyl group is retained at 37 degrees.
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78
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79
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Ron EZ, Falk A, Helberg D, Horowitz S, Zeevi M. Preferential charging of tRNA-Met-f in Escherichia coli K12. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 92:389-95. [PMID: 216545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The charging of tRNA-Met-f and tRNA-Met-m in vivo and in vitro and initiation of polysomes during methionine limitation were studied in two strains of Escherichia coli K12. In the wild-type strain the distribution of polysomes as well as the kinetic parameters of methionyl-tRNA synthetase indicate preferential acylation of tRNA-Met-f. This preferential charging of tRNAM-et-f does not take place in a mutant strain which is also defective in initiation of polysomes during methionine limitation.
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80
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Parthasarathy R, Ginell SL, De NC, Chheda GB. Conformation of N4-acetylcytidine, a modified nucleoside of tRNA, and stereochemistry of codon-anticodon interaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:657-63. [PMID: 697848 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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81
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Arnold HH. Initiation of protein synthesis in bacillus subtilis in the presence of trimethoprim or aminopterin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 476:76-87. [PMID: 403950 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of protein synthesis has been studied in the presence of the tetrahydrofolic acid analogues trimethoprim or aminopterin in Bacillus subtilis. This bacterium can grow in the presence of the inhibitors, when the medium is supplemented with the low molecular weight products of tetrahydrofolate-dependent pathways. In an attempt to show whether formylation of initiator tRNA is a prerequisite for the iniation of protein synthesis in procaryotic cells, the amount of N-formylmethionine in tRNA and in protein has been determined. The level of formylation of methionyl-tRNA was found to be 70% in control cells and approximately 2% in inhibitor-treated cells. The content of formyl groups in protein has also been found to be drastically reduced. Trimethoprim or aminopterin did not alter the amount of tRNAMet nor the degree of aminoacylation of tRNAMet in vivo. These results indicate that in B. subtilis inititation of protein synthesis is possible without prior formylation of initiator tRNA.
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82
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Grunberg-Manago M, Gros F. Initiation mechanisms of protein syntehesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1977; 20:209-84. [PMID: 333512 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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83
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Baumstark BR, Spremulli LL, RajBhandary UL, Brown GM. Initiation of protein synthesis without formylation in a mutant of Escherichia coli that grows in the absence of tetrahydrofolate. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:457-71. [PMID: 318648 PMCID: PMC234945 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.1.457-471.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from a p-aminobenzoate-requiring strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli K-12 AB3292), we have isolated mutants that can grow in the absence of p-aminobenzoate (and thus tetrahydrofolate). The following lines of evidence suggest that at least one of these mutants is capable of initiating protein synthesis without formylation of methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (methionyl-tRNA(fMet)). (i) tRNA isolated (and charged in vivo with [(35)S]methionine) from this mutant grown in a p-aminobenzoate-free medium contained less than 0.4% of the total methionine charged to the tRNA as formylmethionine. However, when the mutant was grown in the presence of p-aminobenzoate, 40 to 50% of the total [(35)S]methionine was detected as formylmethionine. (ii) Extracts of the mutant grown in the absence of p-aminobenzoate contained no formyl-tetrahydrofolate, but such extracts did contain formylatable methionyl-tRNA and a functional transformylase. (iii) Tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant were capable of supporting protein synthesis with viral RNA (from f2) as messenger, but the resulting synthesized proteins contained no formylmethionine, and methionine residues were detected where formylmethionine residues are normally found. In the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, use of a similar extract resulted in the detection of 30 to 40% of the total polypeptide methionine as formylmethionine. (iv) Initiation of protein synthesis in vitro occurred more readily with formyl-tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant than with similar extracts prepared from the parent strain. However, in the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, initiation of protein synthesis proceeded equally well with both kinds of extracts. tRNA from this mutant and another spontaneously derived mutant was found to be partially deficient in the modified nucleoside ribothymidine (rT). Analysis of extracts showed that the mutants contained decreased levels of the methylase that results in the formation of ribothymidine. In vivo studies with an independently isolated rT(-) strain suggest that the lack of rT in tRNA facilitates the growth of E. coli under conditions where protein synthesis is forced to take place without formylation.
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Abstract
Our earlier studies had shown that as fungi age, many of their vital functions decrease; in Rhizoctonia solani, protein synthesis is one of the functions so affected. We now find that the ability to methylate tRNA, a vital component of the protein synthesizing system, also decreases with age. This methylation of Escherichia coli tRNA by R. solani methylase preparations increased with the concentration of enzyme and with time of incubation; in both cases the rate of increase was considerably higher for preparations from young cells than for those from old cells. The methylation reaction also increased with the concentration of substrate tRNA, with temperature, at least to 45 degrees C, and with pH to 9.0. Methylase preparations from R. solani methylated both exogenous E. coli tRNA and yeast tRNA, but were only weakly active on isolated R. solani tRNA. However, acid-precipitated methylases from R. solani were very effective in methylating the homologous exogenous tRNA. Regardless of the source of the tRNA used as substrate, the methylases from older cells were always less active than those from young cells from the same mycelium. No methylase inhibitor was detected in the fungus.
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85
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86
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Petersen HU, Danchin A, Grunberg-Manago M. Toward an understanding of the formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in prokaryotic protein synthesis. I. In vitro studies of the 30S and 70S ribosomal-tRNA complex. Biochemistry 1976; 15:1357-62. [PMID: 769821 DOI: 10.1021/bi00652a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the 30S-tRNA initiation complex of Escherichia coli with nonformylated initiator tRNA is stimulated by all three initiation factors and is messenger dependent, whereas the complex formation involving the 70S ribosomes is strongly inhibited by initiation factors when the nonformylated species is used. When the 30S-Met-tRNAfMet complex is first formed and the 50S ribosomal subunit added subsequently, there is no significant inhibition by initiation factors and the nonformylated initiator tRNA is puromycin reactive. This leads to the conclusion that the formylation of the methionyl initator tRNA is only obligatory when polypeptide synthesis is initiated by nondissociated 70S ribosomes.
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87
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Ranu RS, Wool IG. Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3. Nature 1975; 257:616-8. [PMID: 1101076 DOI: 10.1038/257616a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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88
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Hillen W, Gassen HG. Physical and coding properties of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:347-56. [PMID: 1102784 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This report concerns the synthesis of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides. Starting from 5-aminouridine the nucleoside 5'-phosphate was prepared enzymatically with carrot phosphotransferase whereas the nucleoside 5'-diphosphate was prepared chemically and polymerised with polynucleotide phosphorylase. The aminouridine-containing trinucleotides were prepared by known enzymatic procedures. Besides an increase of stability in the secondary structure poly(nh25U) forms a triple-stranded complex with poly(A) and stimulates the poly(Phe) synthesis like poly(U). In contrast to U-nh25U-U, the triplet containing the 3'-terminal aminouridine does not stimulate the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes. This behavior is discussed with respect to the influence of a modification on the stacking geometry of a codon and the base pairing scheme between the 5'-nucleotide of the anticodon and the 3'-nucleotide of the condon.
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89
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Files JG, Weber K, Coulondre C, Miller JH. Identification of the UUG codon as a translational initiation codon in vivo. J Mol Biol 1975; 95:327-30. [PMID: 1102708 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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90
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Murthy MR, Thénot JP, Roux H. Structural alterations of amino acids at the level of aminoacyl-tRNAs: identification of the transformation products of dicarboxylic amino acids. J Neurochem 1975; 24:1173-80. [PMID: 1127431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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91
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Arnold HH, Kersten H. Inhibition of the tetrahydrofolate-dependent biosynthesis of ribothymidine in tRNAs of B. subtilis and M. lysodeikticus by trimethoprim. FEBS Lett 1975; 53:258-61. [PMID: 806472 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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92
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93
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Black JA, Stenzel P, Harkins RN. The terminal amino acids of protein sequences and protein maturation. J Theor Biol 1975; 50:161-6. [PMID: 1127955 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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94
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Holzer H, Betz H, Ebner E. Intracellular proteinases in microorganisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1975; 9:103-56. [PMID: 1091413 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152809-6.50011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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95
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McNeil RG, McLaughlin CS. Differential biological activity of three species of methionyl-tRNA in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 374:176-86. [PMID: 4611492 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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96
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Abstract
A methionyl-specific dipeptidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae has been described. This enzyme and the pneumococcal tripeptidase have been shown to be intracellular, soluble, and constitutive. In addition to their function in cleavage of peptide nutrients, these peptidases may play a role in protein synthesis and turnover.
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Ghosh K, Ghosh HP, Simsek M, Bhandary ULR. Initiator Methionine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid from Wheat Embryo. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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100
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Jacobsen H, Klenow H, Overgaard-Hansen K. The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and of the large and the small fragments obtained by a limited proteolysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 45:623-7. [PMID: 4605373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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