51
|
Ramsay B, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Carter G, Wheeler MJ, Cream JJ. Raised serum 11-deoxycortisol in men with persistent acne vulgaris. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 43:305-10. [PMID: 7586599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acne vulgaris is androgen dependent but the hormonal mechanisms are unclear. Although there have been many studies of serum hormones in women with acne there are few studies in men and the results are conflicting. We have therefore carried out a further study in men. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Fifty men with acne vulgaris were age-matched against 50 normal men. MEASUREMENTS Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, androstenedione and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by immunoradiometric assay and LH, FSH and oestradiol by automated ELISA. RESULTS The acne patients had higher levels of androstenedione, median 7.35 nmol/l, (interquartile range 2-7) vs 6.05 (2.3), P = 0.004; testosterone, 21.7 nmol/l (7.5) vs 17.55 (7.7), P = 0.04; and free androgen index (FAI) 78.26 (40) vs 65.06 (20), P = 0.007, but also had higher levels of 11-deoxycortisol, 13.65 nmol/l (4.3) vs 12.0 (4.3), P = 0.022. The LH, FSH, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, DHEAS, oestradiol and SHBG levels were not significantly different. Examination of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient matrices for the serum levels of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 11-deoxycortisol showed that the strongest correlation was between androstenedione and 11-deoxycortisol. CONCLUSION Although there was overlap between the results of the acne patients and controls the acne patients tended to have higher levels of androstenedione, testosterone, free androgen index and 11-deoxycortisol. The higher levels of 11-deoxycortisol are suggestive of 11 beta-hydroyxlase dysfunction which could be due to a primary adrenal defect or a consequence of raised androgens. Also, a pathway between androstenedione and 11-deoxycortisol has been described in sheep and, although unsubstantiated in man, requires consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ramsay
- Department of Dermatology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
al-Jurayyan NA. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency in Saudi Arabia: clinical and biochemical characteristics. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84:651-4. [PMID: 7670248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over a 10-year-period, 78 Saudi children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia were seen at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. Of these, 20 (25.6%) patients from 11 families were 11 beta-hydroxylase deficient. Their mean age was 2.8 years (range 0-10 years). The clinical expression was somewhat severe; pseudoprecocious puberty in males and variable degrees of virilization in females which led to wrong sex assignment in seven (58.3%). Three patients had neonatal salt-wasting before treatment. Moderate to severe hypertension associated with hypokalaemia was present in another six. In four siblings hypertension persisted inspite of adequate hydrocortisone therapy. It is concluded that congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency is relatively frequent among the Saudi Arabian population. In view of the severity of the clinical expression and complications, physicians should be aware of the disease and have a high index of suspicion in order to detect and treat such patients early enough to avoid or minimize the unwanted sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A al-Jurayyan
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Chung BC, Hu MC, Guzov VM, Wu DA. Structure and expression of the CYP21 (P450c21, steroid 21-hydroxylase) gene with respect to its deficiency. Endocr Res 1995; 21:343-52. [PMID: 7588397 DOI: 10.3109/07435809509030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiency is the major cause of a common genetic disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with the symptoms of virilization due to steroid imbalance. We have devised a fast diagnostic method to detect common mutations in the c21B gene by a two-step gene amplification procedure coupled to restriction digestion. This procedure does not require isotopes and is suitable for routine use in a hospital setting. In addition, we have developed a procedure for the production of active P450c21 in E. coli. We tested many different vector and bacterial strain combinations to find out the best condition for P450c21 expression. The bacteria harboring the P450c21 expression plasmid were grown in a rich media supplemented with trace metals, heme biosynthesis precursor delta-levulinic acid, and induced with IPTG at 20 degrees C for 48 h. We found that low growth temperature and long induction time were important for abundant synthesis of P450c21 in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Hines M, Kaufman FR. Androgen and the Development of Human Sex-typical Behavior: Rough-and-Tumble Play and Sex of Preferred Playmates in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Child Dev 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
55
|
Singer-Granick C, Siegel SF, Hill I, Unger A, Finegold DN, Naylor E. Normal newborn 17-hydroxyprogesterone level in an infant with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0925-6164(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
56
|
Tajima T, Fujieda K, Nakayama K, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Molecular analysis of patient and carrier genes with congenital steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency by using polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2182-90. [PMID: 8227333 PMCID: PMC288397 DOI: 10.1172/jci116820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a major cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and is caused by genetic impairment of this enzyme. Since approximately 80% of cases are caused by point mutations of the CYP21B (CYP21A2) gene, whereas the remaining 20% are due to deletion of this gene, we used the polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism technique for rapid and accurate diagnosis of this disease. Of 23 patients examined, 1 had a hemizygous CYP21B gene. 18 patient's genes localized their harmful mutations or deletion on both the alleles, while 4 of them found their causative mutations on one of the two alleles, and 1 failed to find any responsible mutation. All the mutations (four nucleotide substitutions) detected are also found in the CYP21A (CYP21A1) pseudogene. A mutation at the intron 2 site is most prevalent in both salt-wasting and simple virilizing forms of the disease, and accounts for 37% of the patient's genes (17/46). Pedigree analysis of these mutations revealed that the mutations (at least four of them) occurred de novo at a considerable frequency on both the paternally and maternally inherited chromosomes. This result could explain occasional discordance of the diagnosis using HLA typing with the clinical symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Hsu L, Hu M, Cheng H, Lu J, Chung B. The N-terminal hydrophobic domain of P450c21 is required for membrane insertion and enzyme stability. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
58
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Newborn screening and its relationship to the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0925-6164(93)90024-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
59
|
Saenger P, Lin D, Gitelman SE, Miller WL. Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia--genes for P450scc, side chain cleavage enzyme, are normal. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 45:87-97. [PMID: 8481356 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90127-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), termed lipoid CAH, both the adrenals and gonads fail to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone, so that no steroid hormones are made. Newborns have female external genitalia irrespective of karyotype, and suffer a severe salt-losing form of CAH. Previous studies have shown that adrenal or gonadal mitochondria from these patients also fail to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone in vitro, implicating a lesion in the single gene for P450scc, which is the sole enzyme converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. Two patients with XY karyotypes had female genitalia and unmeasurable steroids after stimulation with ACTH and hCG. ACTH stimulation tests of parents, obligate heterozygotes, showed normal stimulation of all precursor steroids. Southern blotting patterns of the P450scc gene were normal. Oligonucleotide-initiated enzymatic amplification (PCR) of all P450scc exons showed normal sequences on multiple amplifications and sequencing reactions, indicating normal P450scc genes. Northern blots of testicular RNA from a 6-month-old patient and from a control fetus showed normal P450scc mRNA, indicating a normal P450scc promoter. Reprobing of the blot with our cloned human cDNAs for adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin showed that these electron transport cofactors used by P450scc were also normal. Similarly, probing with cDNAs for all three known factors involved in cholesterol transport to the mitochondria-sterol carrier protein 2, endozepine, and steroidogenesis activator peptide were also normal. These results suggest that the lesion in lipoid CAH is not in the P450scc system or in any known step upstream from P450scc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Saenger
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hanukoglu I. Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 43:779-804. [PMID: 22217824 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the pathways of steroid hormone biosynthesis there are two major types of enzymes: cytochromes P450 and other steroid oxidoreductases. This review presents an overview of the function and expression of both types of enzymes with emphasis on steroidogenic P450s. The final part of the review on regulation of steroidogenesis includes a description of the normal physiological fluctuations in the steroid output of adrenal cortex and gonads, and provides an analysis of the relative role of enzyme levels in the determination of these fluctuations. The repertoire of enzymes expressed in a steroidogenic cell matches the cell's capacity for the biosynthesis of specific steroids. Thus, steroidogenic capacity is regulated mainly by tissue and cell specific expression of enzymes, and not by selective activation or inhibition of enzymes from a larger repertoire. The quantitative capacity of steroidogenic cells for the biosynthesis of specific steroids is determined by the levels of steroidogenic enzymes. The major physiological variations in enzyme levels, are generally associated with parallel changes in gene expression. The level of expression of each steroidogenic enzyme varies in three characteristics: (a) tissue- and cell-specific expression, determined during tissue and cell differentiation; (b) basal expression, in the absence of trophic hormonal stimulation; and (c) hormonal signal regulated expression. Each of these three types of expression probably represent the functioning of distinct gene regulatory elements. In adult steroidogenic tissues, the levels of most of the cell- and tissue-specific steroidogenic enzymes depend mainly on trophic hormonal stimulation mediated by a complex network of signal transduction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hanukoglu
- Department of Hormone Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Gene duplications, deletions and rearrangements occur with an unusually high frequency in the region of the P450c21 genes encoding 21-hydroxylase. In the human genome, the locus contains at least 6 genes, oriented 5' C4A, P450c21A, XA, C4B, P450c21B, XB 3'. Sequence analysis of the XA gene, of the 5' flanking DNA of the C4A gene, and of part of the XB gene revealed that this gene cluster was duplicated by nonhomologous recombination at a CAAG tetranucleotide. The location of this duplication suggests that it may have occurred after mammalian speciation. The XA gene is abundantly expressed in the human adrenal as a stable 2.6 kb RNA, but it is not known if that RNA serves a biological function. Knowledge of the anatomy of the XA gene facilitates genetic analysis of disease-causing lesions in the P450c21B gene. Southern blotting data show that about 76% of disordered P450c21B alleles bear gene microconversions that resemble point mutations; the remaining alleles are equally distributed between gene deletions and large gene conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0978, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Koppens PF, Hoogenboezem T, Halley DJ, Barendse CA, Oostenbrink AJ, Degenhart HJ. Family studies of the steroid 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 genes define 11 haplotypes in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia in The Netherlands. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151:885-92. [PMID: 1473541 DOI: 10.1007/bf01954123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes are normally present within the human major histocompatibility complex near the genes encoding the fourth component of complement (C4A and C4B). Steroid 21-hydroxylase is encoded by the CYP21 gene, while the highly homologous CYP21P gene is a pseudogene. We studied steroid 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 haplotypes in 33 Dutch patients (29 families) suffering form classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and in their 80 family members, and also in 55 unrelated healthy controls, using 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 cDNA probes. Eleven different haplotypes, defined in terms of gene deletions, gene duplications, conversions of CYP21 to CYP21P, and "long" and "short" C4 genes, were found. In 23% of the patients' haplotypes, the CYP21 gene was deleted; in 12%, it was converted into a CYP21P pseudogene. In the remaining 65%, the defect was apparently caused by a mutation not detectable by this method. The most common haplotype (with one CYP21 and one CYP21P gene) was significantly more often observed in patients with simple virilizing CAH than in those with salt-losing CAH. Comparison of the 21-hydroxylase haplotypes found in CAH patients from several countries shows evidence for considerable genetic variation between the groups studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Koppens
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
|
64
|
Strumberg D, Hauffa BP, Horsthemke B, Grosse-Wilde H. Molecular detection of genetic defects in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a study of 27 families. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151:821-6. [PMID: 1361434 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OHase) deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Patients can present with the salt wasting, simple virilizing or a non-classical form of the disease. The gene for P450C21, the enzyme carrying 21-OHase activity, has been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p. Using molecular hybridisation techniques we have studied the genetic defect in 27 families with one or more affected offspring diagnosed and treated at the University Hospital of Essen. DNA samples were digested with restriction endonuclease TaqI, PvuII, BglII, and EcoRI and analysed by Southern blot hybridisation with the cDNA probe pC21/3c. Eleven of 40 haplotypes associated with the salt wasting form were found to have a large deletion of 30 kb affecting the 5' end of the active 21-OHase gene and the 3' end of the closely linked pseudogene. Results in another 11 cases are compatible with gene conversion; 18 cases were not informative. The 30 kb deletion was associated with a combination of the HLA antigens Bw47 and DR7 in 7 of 11 cases. In the haplotypes with gene conversion, no linkage disequilibrium to HLA antigens was found. No apparent gene alterations were detected in simple virilizing and non-classical haplotypes. The direct detection of the genetic defect in 55% of the salt wasting haplotypes may help to improve predictive testing in families with CAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Strumberg
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Langenbach R, Smith PB, Crespi C. Recombinant DNA approaches for the development of metabolic systems used in in vitro toxicology. Mutat Res 1992; 277:251-75. [PMID: 1381053 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(92)90047-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years there has been considerable progress in the development of mammalian cell systems for use in genetic toxicology by the stable transfer of genes/cDNAs coding for drug metabolizing enzymes directly into the target cell. Alternative approaches have also been developed in which mammalian cells are transiently transfected with cDNAs coding for drug-metabolizing enzymes and S9 preparations expressing a single metabolizing enzyme isolated and used for metabolic activation. Progress in these areas is reviewed here and the relative merits of the different approaches are discussed. Work to date has focused primarily on the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, although other enzyme systems involved in xenobiotic metabolism have been used. The central theme of this review is the transfer of genetic information to improve the metabolic capability of cell systems used in genetic toxicology. However, a basic philosophy of the review is that genetic manipulation of cultured mammalian cells has the potential for developing systems to be used to better understand chemically induced toxicological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Langenbach
- Experimental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Crawford R, Hammond V, Connell J, Coghlan J. The structure and activity of two cytochrome P450c21 proteins encoded in the ovine adrenal cortex. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
67
|
Ricketts MH, Chiao E, Hu MC, Chung BC. Amplification of P450c21 expression in cultured mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:426-31. [PMID: 1321611 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe in this paper an investigation of mammalian expression systems for P450c21 (21-hydroxylase). Four different promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters, MMTV-LTR, and CMV immediate early promoter were tested for their ability to drive the expression of P450c21 in cultured COS-1 cells. With the exception of MMTV-LTR, all drove the expression of similar levels of functional 21-hydroxylase. In addition, the Rat-1 cell line was tested and shown to be suitable for the stable expression of functional P450c21. We have established cell lines derived from Rat-1 either normal or mutant P450c21 stably expressed together with amplifiable markers. The expression of P450c21 was further increased by selection in methotrexate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Ricketts
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Forest MG, David M. Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a 10 year experience. Indian J Pediatr 1992; 59:515-22. [PMID: 1452270 DOI: 10.1007/bf02751569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Forest
- INSERM, U.329, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Forest MG. Etiopathogenesis, classification, investigations and diagnosis in intersex disorders. Indian J Pediatr 1992; 59:475-85. [PMID: 1452267 DOI: 10.1007/bf02751565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Forest
- INSERM, U. 329, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Owerbach D, Draznin MB, Carpenter RJ, Greenberg F. Prenatal diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia using the polymerase chain reaction. Hum Genet 1992; 89:109-10. [PMID: 1349559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00207055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We present an improved method for the prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze DNA from an affected index case, the parents, and a cultured chorionic villus sample, for point mutations in the steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) gene. We can predict that the fetus is an unaffected carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Owerbach
- Department of Pediatrics, OB-GYN, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Newman K, Randolph J, Anderson K. The surgical management of infants and children with ambiguous genitalia. Lessons learned from 25 years. Ann Surg 1992; 215:644-53. [PMID: 1632686 PMCID: PMC1242521 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199206000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over a 25-year period, 91 children with ambiguous genitalia have received surgical management. Female sex assignment was made for 79. Of these, 60 patients underwent extensive clitoral reconstruction consonant with the female assignment. Forty-two patients had vaginal reconstruction. Factors relating to success include: (1) prompt and appropriate sex assignment; (2) early and accurate diagnosis; (3) conservative reconstruction of the clitoris at an early age (less than 1 year); and (4) choice of vaginal reconstruction based on the severity of the malformation. Long-term follow-up demonstrates satisfactory anatomic and functional results when clitoral surgery alone was required. Functional results for patients with extensive vaginal reconstruction have been compromised. Physicians caring for children with congenital intersexual anomalies can expect to encounter a wide spectrum of anatomic and physiologic derangements. Cosmetic appearance alone is an inadequate measure of success because endocrinologic, social, psychological, and sexual factors must be blended into comprehensive evaluation of these patients. The management plan must be flexible and individualized, incorporating long-term follow-up to adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Newman
- Department of Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Parlato F, Pisano G, Misiano G, Cosentini E, Cacciapuoti C, Cavalcanti MR, Brai M, Bellastella A. HLADR5 and C4BQO high frequency and antinuclear antibodies positivity in patients with 21 hydroxylase deficiency from Campania region. J Endocrinol Invest 1992; 15:429-36. [PMID: 1328348 DOI: 10.1007/bf03348766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HLA haplotypes, complement C4 factor and factor B immunochemical concentrations and autoantibodies titer have been studied in six patients with mild congenital adrenal hyperplasia (MC-AH), in two patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CCAH) and in their parents. A high frequency of DR5 and C4BQO alleles have been found in MCAH patients. Moreover, C4BQO allele is carried out in three out of four cases associated with DR5. In the two CCAH patients we found a B51 and a B14 allele, the last one usually described in the non classical form of the disease in population of different ethnic origin. Signs of autoimmunity in some patients and parents have been found. C4 null alleles were several-fold more frequent among our patients with respect to the same ethnic control group and the autoantibody positivity could be the result of an altered immune regulation. The presence of a positive correlation between cortisol basal levels and C4 and Bf concentrations in the six MC-AH patients suggests an interrelationship between hormonal factors and immunological findings in this disease. Our finding about HLA antigens not previously described in this syndrome may stimulate more profound studies by genomic and cDNA probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Parlato
- Istituto di Endocrinologia, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Augarten A, Pariente C, Gazit E, Chayen R, Goldfarb H, Sack J. Ambiguous genitalia due to partial activity of cytochromes P450c17 and P450c21. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41:37-41. [PMID: 1531179 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with male pseudohermaphrodism who has normal basal serum concentrations of cortisol and high basal levels of progesterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone. Serum concentrations of androstendione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone were low. On adequate human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation, no rise in serum androstendione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or testosterone concentrations was observed. After ACTH stimulation there was an excessive rise in progesterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone with no rise in androstendione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, deoxycorticosterone or cortisol. These clinical and laboratory data suggest that the patient has a combined defect in both cytochromes P450c17 and P450c21. The genes coding for these cytochromes are on different chromosomes, 10 and 6, respectively. Unlike isolated 21 hydroxylase deficiency where all identical HLA siblings suffer from the disease, HLA typing of the patient's family revealed a healthy brother with identical HLA. This suggests that the gene coding for P450c21 on chromosome 6 is not affected and that the lesion might be on a common enzyme which donates an electron to both cytochromes, most probably a flavoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Augarten
- Department of Pediatrics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
|
75
|
Lin D, Gitelman SE, Saenger P, Miller WL. Normal genes for the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, in congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1955-62. [PMID: 1661294 PMCID: PMC295776 DOI: 10.1172/jci115520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia is the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Affected individuals can synthesize no steroid hormones, and hence are all phenotypic females with a severe salt-losing syndrome that is fatal if not treated in early infancy. All previous studies have suggested that the disorder is in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone. A newborn patient was diagnosed by the lack of significant concentrations of adrenal or gonadal steroids either before or after stimulation with corticotropin (ACTH) or gonadotropin (hCG). The P450scc gene in this patient and in a previously described patient were grossly intact, as evidenced by Southern blotting patterns. Enzymatic (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and sequencing of the coding regions of their P450scc genes showed these were identical to the previously cloned human P450scc cDNA and gene sequences. Undetected compound heterozygosity was ruled out in the new patient by sequencing P450scc cDNA enzymatically amplified from gonadal RNA. Northern blots of gonadal RNA from this patient contained normal sized mRNAs for P450scc and also for adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, sterol carrier protein 2, endozepine, and GRP-78 (the precursor to steroidogenesis activator peptide). These studies show that lipoid CAH is not caused by lesions in the P450scc gene, and suggest that another unidentified factor is required for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, and is disordered in congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Affiliation(s)
- P K Donahoe
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Wu DA, Chung BC. Mutations of P450c21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) at Cys428, Val281, and Ser268 result in complete, partial, or no loss of enzymatic activity, respectively. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:519-23. [PMID: 1864962 PMCID: PMC295377 DOI: 10.1172/jci115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the major cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a common genetic disease. To define the relationship between gene mutations and enzyme deficiency, we generated missense mutations of the 21-hydroxylase cDNA at three different sites and characterized the mutant proteins after expressing them in cultured mammalian and yeast cells. Among them, Ser268 and Val281 have been found to be mutated in CAH patients, whereas Cys428 has been implicated as the heme ligand. Our results show mutations at these sites result in complete, partial, or no loss of the enzymatic activity. All the Cys428 mutants had neither enzymatic activity nor P450 absorption, thus supporting the notion that Cys428 is the heme ligand. All the 268-mutants exhibited the same activity as normal 21-hydroxylase, demonstrating that the clinically observed Ser268----Thr change represents a polymorphism rather than the cause of the enzyme deficiency. The 281-mutants had normal Km but greatly reduced Vmax values that also paralleled the reduction in the heme content, in the order Val281 (normal, 100%) greater than Ile281 (50%) greater than Leu281 (20%) greater than Thr281 (10%). Our findings suggest that the methyl group at the beta-carbon of Val281 is required for heme incorporation and consequently enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Sinnott PJ, Costigan C, Dyer PA, Harris R, Strachan T. Extended MHC haplotypes and CYP21/C4 gene organisation in Irish 21-hydroxylase deficiency families. Hum Genet 1991; 87:361-6. [PMID: 1677925 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed fifteen classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency families from throughout Southern Ireland and report the serologically defined HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-Cw, HLA-DR, C4A and C4B polymorphisms that characterize the inferred disease haplotypes. Additionally, we have used a combination of short and long range restriction mapping procedures in order to characterize the CYP21/C4 gene organization associated with individual serologically defined haplotypes. The results obtained indicate that disease haplotypes are characterized by a high frequency (33%) of CYP21B gene deletion and 8 out of 10 such deletion haplotypes are represented by the extended haplotype HLA-DR1, C4BQo, C4A3, HLA-B40(w60), HLA-Cw3, HLA-A3. Large scale length polymorphism in the CYP21/C4 gene cluster was found to conform strictly to a variable number of tandem repeats model with 4 alleles being detected. Disease haplotypes in which defective CYP21B gene expression is inferred to result from pathological point mutations show extensive diversity of associated HLA markers and include two examples of the extended HLA haplotype HLA-DR3, B8, Cw7, A1 haplotype, which has previously been reported to be negatively associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. One unusual disease haplotype has two CYP21 + C4 units, both of which appear to contain CYP21B-like genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Sinnott
- University Department of Medical Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Malee MP, Mellon SH. Zone-specific regulation of two messenger RNAs for P450c11 in the adrenals of pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:4731-5. [PMID: 2052554 PMCID: PMC51740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal mitochondria possess two steroidogenic cytochrome P450s. P450c11 converts deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone and aldosterone, and P450scc converts cholesterol to pregnenolone. These P450s receive electrons from NADPH via adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin. A single bovine P450c11 protein has 11-hydroxylase, 18-hydroxylase, and 18-oxidase activities, but this series of enzymatic steps may be mediated by more than one enzyme in rats. Enzymatic assays of purified rat mitochondrial proteins have suggested that one enzyme found in all zones of the adrenal cortex has both 11- and 18-hydroxylase activities, whereas another enzyme, found exclusively in the zona glomerulosa, catalyzes 18-hydroxylation and 18-oxidation of corticosterone. We studied the number and zonal distribution of P450c11 mRNA species in the rat adrenal and how these mRNAs are regulated in the adrenals of normal and pregnant rats. Rats synthesize two similar, but distinct, P450c11 mRNAs. One, P450c11A, is found in both the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata/reticularis, whereas the second, P450c11B, is found only in the zona glomerulosa. The abundance of neither P450c11A mRNA nor P450c11B mRNA is affected by a high-salt diet. However, when rats receive a low-salt diet, P450c11A mRNA decreases and P450c11B mRNA increases. Dexamethasone decreases the amount of P450c11A mRNA without affecting P450c11B mRNA. The combination of a high-salt diet and dexamethasone decreases the amount of both mRNAs further to almost undetectable amounts. Rats given a low-salt diet and dexamethasone have a dramatic increase in the abundance of P450c11B mRNA. Thus both forms of P450c11 mRNA are regulated independently in the rat adrenal cortex. In situ hybridization studies show that only the P450c11 found in the zona glomerulosa is regulated by salt treatment in vivo, whereas glucocorticoid treatment in vivo regulates P450c11 in all zones. In the adrenals of pregnant rats, P450c11B is regulated in a similar fashion to its regulation in the nonpregnant rat adrenal, despite major differences in sodium retention and intravascular volume in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. In the pregnant rat, a low-salt diet increases the abundance of P450c11B to a greater degree than in the nonpregnant rat. By contrast, dexamethasone does not diminish the abundance of P450c11A mRNA in the pregnant rat but reduces it to an almost undetectable amount in the nonpregnant rat. Thus, the regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production in the pregnant and nonpregnant rat occurs by different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Malee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0556
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wu DA, Hu MC, Chung BC. Expression and functional study of wild-type and mutant human cytochrome P450c21 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA Cell Biol 1991; 10:201-9. [PMID: 1707279 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1991.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is deficiency of cytochrome P450c21 (21-hydroxylase), which catalyzes the synthesis of adrenal steroids. We have cloned the human P450c21 cDNA into yeast expression vectors under the control of either the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter or the aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ADH) promoter. P450c21 RNA, protein, and enzyme activity can be detected, indicating that both promoters drive the synthesis of P450c21. The expressed P450c21 catalyzes the conversion of both of its substrates, with Km and Vmax values of 0.33 microM and 280 nmoles/hr.nmole of P450c21 protein for progesterone, and 0.23 microM and 450 nmoles/hr.nmole for 17-hydroxyprogesterone. These kinetic properties are similar to those of human P450c21 expressed in COS-1 cells. The microsomal fraction containing P450c21 exhibited an absorption peak at 450 nm upon binding to CO, demonstrating its hemoprotein nature. The CO-difference spectra indicated that there were about 0.08 nmole P450c21 hemoprotein/mg microsomal protein. Coupling this expression system with site-directed mutagenesis, the Asn-172 mutant of P450c21 had about 20-100 lower Vmax values; yet it retained normal affinity toward both substrates. This mutant protein also exhibited an altered absorbance with a peak at 420 nm rather than at 450 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Augarten A, Weissenberg R, Pariente C, Sack J. Reversible male infertility in late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14:237-40. [PMID: 1649214 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied a male patient who presented with secondary infertility. His eldest daughter suffers from late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Based on his hormonal profile, adrenal and gonadal stimulation tests, semen analyses and testicular biopsy he was diagnosed as suffering from the same disease as his daughter. Steroid treatment yielded improvement in all the parameters mentioned above. Four months later his wife became pregnant and he fathered a child. Suppression of gonadotropin secretion due to overproduction of adrenal androgens would appear to be the reason for the failure of testicular maturation and spermatogenesis in this patient. We conclude: 1) glucocorticoid treatment is indicated in infertile males suffering from nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency; 2) Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia should be suspected in any male infertility of unknown origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Augarten
- Department of Pediatrics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Morel Y, Miller WL. Clinical and molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1991; 20:1-68. [PMID: 1801590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5958-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Morel
- INSERM Unit 329, Université de Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Mullis PE, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG. Sodium chloride supplement at diagnosis and during infancy in children with salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 1990; 150:22-5. [PMID: 2079072 DOI: 10.1007/bf01959473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight infants (6 female, 2 male) with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency were studied to determine the sodium deficit at diagnosis and the level of salt supplement required in addition to subsequent hormone replacement. The median sodium deficit at diagnosis was 34 mmol (range 16-78) or 10.5 mmol/kg (range 4-24). A mean sodium supplement of 2.2 mmol/kg per day (range 0.5-4.9), double the amount provided with feeds, was required to maintain plasma sodium concentration and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the normal range for age. We present an equation based on sodium output (urine), sodium input (feeding plus supplement) and plasma sodium concentration to calculate the sodium supplement needed to maintain sodium balance on hormone replacement in this condition and some practical management suggestions. The necessity for salt supplements is often underestimated and the salt-losing tendency exacerbated by infection remains an unnecessary reason for hospitalization during the first months of life. In patients with salt-losing CAH life-long mineralocorticoid treatment is necessary but additional salt supplements are needed to maintain plasma sodium concentration and PRA in the normal range during infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Mullis
- Endocrine Unit, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Peter M, Sippell WG, Lorenzen F, Willig RP, Westphal E, Grosse-Wilde H. Improved test to identify heterozygotes for congenital adrenal hyperplasia without index case examination. Lancet 1990; 335:1296-9. [PMID: 1971375 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91185-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to improve detection of heterozygote carriers of the gene for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency; CAH) 64 families with at least 1 affected member (72 homozygotes and 191 clinically healthy subjects) were studied by HLA genotyping and by the single-dose corticotropin stimulation test. Plasma samples were drawn immediately before corticotropin and 60 min after its injection, and they were analysed simultaneously for eight adrenal steroids by radioimmunoassay after extraction and automated gel chromatography. Heterozygosity was defined as the presence of one HLA haplotype in common with the affected relative. Of the various basal and corticotropin-stimulated steroid levels and their ratios, the ratio of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone after corticotropin had the greatest power to discriminate between heterozygotes and normal relatives; that ratio was significantly higher in the heterozygotes (n = 116) than in the normal relatives (n = 75) and there was no overlap between the groups (range 12.2-214 vs 1.2-11.9). Thus, it is possible to detect all CAH heterozygotes without examining the index case by means of specific steroid analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Peter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Kiel, FRG
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Affiliation(s)
- T Strachan
- University Department of Medical Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Chiou SH, Hu MC, Chung BC. A missense mutation at Ile172----Asn or Arg356----Trp causes steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
88
|
|
89
|
Kanjilal D, Verma RS, Glass L, Babu A, Ramazanoglu F, Popescu S. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in monozygotic twins with variable clinical manifestations. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1989; 34:231-4. [PMID: 2634136 DOI: 10.1007/bf01900726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia III with variable clinical manifestations in female monozygotic twins are presented. Twin "A" revealed severe hypertrophy of the clitoris, labial fusion and a visible introitus. However, twin "B" manifested moderate clitoral hypertrophy, a visible introitus and no labial fusion. Neither infant had palpable gonads.
Collapse
|
90
|
Morel Y, Bristow J, Gitelman SE, Miller WL. Transcript encoded on the opposite strand of the human steroid 21-hydroxylase/complement component C4 gene locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:6582-6. [PMID: 2475872 PMCID: PMC297888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding human adrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) and its highly similar pseudogene are duplicated in tandem with the two genes encoding the fourth component of human serum hemolytic complement (C4). This 60-kilobase gene complex, which lies within the major histocompatibility complex on the short arm of human chromosome 6, has been studied in considerable detail because genetic disorders in steroid 21-hydroxylation and in C4 are common. We have cloned a cDNA encoded by a previously unidentified gene in this region. This gene lies on the strand of DNA opposite from the strand containing the P450c21 and C4 genes, and it overlaps the last exon of P450c21. The newly identified gene encodes mRNAs of 3.5 and 1.8 kilobases that are expressed in the adrenal and in a Leydig cell tumor but are not expressed in nonsteroidogenic tissues. The sequence of the longest cDNA (2.7 kilobases) shows no similarity to known sequences available in two computerized data bases. The 5' end of this sequence is characterized by three repeats, each encoding about 100 amino acids flanked by potential sites for proteolytic cleavage. Although numerous studies have shown that gene deletions causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia occur in this region, none of these gene deletions extends into this newly identified gene, suggesting that it encodes an essential function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Morel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0434
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Shapiro E, Santiago JV, Crane JP. Prenatal fetal adrenal suppression following in utero diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Urol 1989; 142:663-6; discussion 667-8. [PMID: 2746796 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency can result in marked virilization of the external genitalia of affected female subjects. Theoretically, suppression of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis with glucocorticoid during gestational weeks 9 to 17 should prevent the development of ambiguous genitalia in the female fetus. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be made on elevated amniotic fluid 17-hydroxyprogesterone and adrenal androgen concentrations, and HLA typing of cultured amniotic fluid cells. However, these tests cannot be completed before 16 to 17 weeks of gestation, and maternal therapy would have to be instituted before the exact genetic status of the fetus is known. Chorionic villus sampling during the first trimester provides an alternative to second trimester diagnosis in patients who are at risk for bearing offspring with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We report the use of dexamethasone suppression at 8 weeks of gestation in a 34-year-old woman whose son had congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to severe salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency and whose biopsy revealed a 46XX chromosomal pattern. Cultured cells from the biopsy confirmed the fetus to be of identical HLA haplotype to the previous affected sibling. At 41 weeks the patient delivered a female neonate with minimal prominence of the clitoris, mildly rugated labia, a single perineal opening and minimal posterior labial fusion. Postnatal tapering of maternal steroids was performed with no long-term sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Shapiro
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia secondary to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in men can cause profound oligospermia. The mechanism for this condition is overproduction of adrenal androgens, which in turn inhibit gonadotropin secretion. Men with a mild subclinical form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia may remain undiagnosed until adulthood. We report on a man who presented with infertility secondary to profound oligospermia. The treatment of this condition resulted in improved semen quality and subsequent conception. The importance of family history and determining whether precocious puberty was present, as well as obtaining appropriate laboratory tests is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Mirsky
- Department of Surgery, Hamot Medical Center, Erie, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Morel Y, André J, Uring-Lambert B, Hauptmann G, Bétuel H, Tossi M, Forest MG, David M, Bertrand J, Miller WL. Rearrangements and point mutations of P450c21 genes are distinguished by five restriction endonuclease haplotypes identified by a new probing strategy in 57 families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:527-36. [PMID: 2913051 PMCID: PMC303711 DOI: 10.1172/jci113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by disorders of the P450c21B gene, which, with the P450c21A pseudogene, lies in the HLA locus on chromosome 6. The near identity of nucleotide sequences and endonuclease cleavage sites in these A and B loci makes genetic analysis of this disease difficult. We used a genomic DNA probe that detects the P450c21 genes (A pseudogene, 3.2 kb; B gene, 3.7 kb in Taq I digests) and the 3' flanking DNA not detected with cDNA probes (A pseudogene, 2.4 kb; B gene, 2.5 kb) to examine Southern blots of genomic DNA from 68 patients and 165 unaffected family members in 57 families with CAH. Of 116 CAH-bearing chromosomes, 114 could be sorted into five easily distinguished haplotypes based on blots of DNA digested with Taq I and Bgl II. Haplotype I (76 of 116, 65.6%) was indistinguishable from normal and therefore bore very small lesions, presumably point mutations. Haplotype II (4 of 116, 3.4%) and haplotype III (8 of 116, 6.9%) had deletions and duplications of the P450c21A pseudogene but had structurally intact P450c21B genes presumably bearing point mutations; point mutation thus was the genetic defect in 88 of 116 chromosomes (75.9%). Haplotypes IV and V lack the 3.7-kb Taq I band normally associated with the P450c21B gene. Haplotype IV (13 of 116, 11.2%) retains all other bands, indicating that the P450c21B gene has undergone a gene conversion event, so that it is now also associated with a 3.2-kb band. Haplotype V (13 of 116, 11.2%) lacks the 2.4-kb Taq I fragment and the 12-kb Bgl II fragments normally associated with the P450c21A pseudogene, as well as lacking the 3.7-kb Taq I fragment, indicating deletion of approximately 30 kb of DNA, resulting in a single hybrid P450c21A/B gene. Most (114 of 116, 98%) CAH alleles thus can easily be classified with this new probing strategy, eliminating many ambiguities resulting from probing with cDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Morel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U34, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Sinnott PJ, Dyer PA, Price DA, Harris R, Strachan T. 21-hydroxylase deficiency families with HLA identical affected and unaffected sibs. J Med Genet 1989; 26:10-7. [PMID: 2783976 PMCID: PMC1015530 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During our investigations of polymorphisms at, and in the immediate chromosomal vicinity of, the 21-hydroxylase locus in families with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, three families were found to show marked discordance in clinical features of HLA identical subjects. In one family, there is discordance between a boy with the simple virilising form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency and his two younger sisters, who are both HLA identical to their brother, but who have additional salt wasting features. In the other two families, one subject is severely affected and has very high 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, but has an HLA identical sib who is asymptomatic and shows only slightly raised 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels. In all cases, HLA identity, as indicated by protein polymorphism studies (HLA-A, B, DR, C4A, C4B, and Bf typing), has been verified at the gene organisation level using 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 DNA probes. An HLA-Bw47 bearing haplotype in one of the latter families has not been transmitted to the affected child and appears to carry a normal 21-OHB allele and two genes which specify C4A allotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Sinnott
- University Department of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Forest MG, Bétuel H, David M. Prenatal treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: up-date 88 of the French multicentric study. Endocr Res 1989; 15:277-301. [PMID: 2667968 DOI: 10.1080/07435808909039101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A multicentric study of prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency in 43 pregnancies at risk for CAH is presented. The mothers were given dexamethasone per os, 0.5 mg either 12-hourly or 8-hourly. From the analysis of the results obtained in the present study and review of the literature, it would appear that the first condition for successful prevention of female virilization in utero (a total of 6 cases) is to start treatment as early as possible, no later than the 7th week. The dose of dexamethasone should be related to maternal size: 20 micrograms/kg/day (in 2 or 3 fractioned) doses would seem to be both efficient and safe. Adrenal suppression of both maternal and fetal adrenal function should be controlled by appropriate hormonal determinations. Finally, the advantages of early prenatal diagnosis or no prenatal diagnosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Forest
- INSERM U 34, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abstract
The results presented indicate that purified cytochrome P-45021 which migrated upon SDS gel electrophoresis essentially as a single band, is further separable into different species by ion-exchange chromatography. The P-450 eluted from the CM-Sephadex column at different points along the buffer concentration gradient, exhibited significant differences in (1) the 21-hydroxylation of 17 alpha-OH-progesterone compared to progesterone and (2) the Type I spectral change produced by 17 alpha-OH-progesterone compared to that due to delta 4-androstenedione. These results indicate that the purified P-450 which appeared homogeneous contains different species differing in net charge and steroid preferences for 21-hydroxylation and binding. The ratio, 21-hydroxylation of 17 alpha-OH-progesterone/progesterone ranged between 2.6 and 0.86 suggesting that the purified preparation is a mixture of 17 alpha-OH-progesterone preferring and progesterone preferring species. Possible molecular bases for the heterogeneity of the 21-hydroxylase are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Narasimhulu
- Harrison Department for Surgical Research, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Affiliation(s)
- I A Hughes
- Department of Child Health, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Solish SB, Picado-Leonard J, Morel Y, Kuhn RW, Mohandas TK, Hanukoglu I, Miller WL. Human adrenodoxin reductase: two mRNAs encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17cen----q25 are expressed in steroidogenic tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:7104-8. [PMID: 2845396 PMCID: PMC282132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenodoxin reductase is a mitochondrial flavoprotein that receives electrons from NADPH, thus initiating the electron-transport chain serving mitochondrial cytochromes P450. We have cloned and sequenced two human adrenodoxin reductase cDNAs that differ by the presence of six additional codons in the middle of one clone. The sequence in this region indicates that these six extra codons arise by alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA. Southern blot hybridization patterns of human genomic DNA cut with four restriction enzymes indicate that the human genome has only one gene for adrenodoxin reductase. Analysis of a panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids localized this gene to chromosome 17cen----q25. The alternatively spliced mRNA containing the six extra codons represents 10-20% of all adrenodoxin reductase mRNA. The expression of the adrenodoxin reductase gene may be stimulated by pituitary tropic hormones acting through cAMP, but its response is quantitatively much less than the responses of P450scc and adrenodoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Solish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Passarge E. Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Indian J Pediatr 1988; 55:472-5. [PMID: 3262582 DOI: 10.1007/bf02868427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
100
|
Voutilainen R, Miller WL. Developmental and hormonal regulation of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor II and steroidogenic enzymes in human fetal adrenals and gonads. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1988; 7:9-15. [PMID: 3349907 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is regulated developmentally and hormonally in human fetal gonads and adrenals. The abundance of IGF-II mRNA is greatest in RNA from human fetal adrenals, followed by fetal liver, testis, placenta, and ovaries. Fetal testicular IGF-II mRNA decreases significantly with increasing gestational age, in parallel with our previous measurements of the mRNAs for the steroidogenic enzymes P450scc (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) and P450c17 (17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase) (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63, 1145, 1986). The abundances of P450scc and P450c17 mRNAs in cultured fetal testis cells rose 2.5-fold (p less than 0.01) and 9.2-fold (p less than 0.001), respectively, in response to 0.5 mM cAMP, but the abundance of IGF-II mRNA was not affected. This suggests that the IGF-II gene is regulated differently in fetal testes than it is in fetal adrenals, placenta, or adult granulosa cells, where we have previously shown that ACTH, cAMP, and gonadotropins, respectively, increase IGF-II mRNA accumulation (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1590, 1987). Exogenously added IGF-I and IGF-II had no effect on mRNAs for P450c17 or P450c21 (21-hydroxylase), but decreased IGF-II mRNA in ACTH-stimulated fetal adrenal cells. Thus, the IGFs appear to exert short-loop feedback inhibition on accumulation of IGF-II mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Voutilainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
| | | |
Collapse
|