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Gonzales S, Wang C, Levene H, Cheung HS, Huang CYC. ATP promotes extracellular matrix biosynthesis of intervertebral disc cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:635-642. [PMID: 25407524 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently found a high accumulation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the center of healthy porcine intervertebral discs (IVD). Since ATP is a powerful extracellular signaling molecule, extracellular ATP accumulation might regulate biological activities in the IVD. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of extracellular ATP on the extracellular matrix (ECM) biosynthesis of porcine IVD cells isolated from two distinct anatomical regions: the annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP). ATP treatment significantly promotes ECM deposition and corresponding gene expression (aggrecan and type II collagen) by both cell types in three-dimensional agarose culture. A significant increase in ECM accumulation has been found in AF cells at a lower ATP treatment level (20 μM) compared with NP cells (100 μM), indicating that AF cells are more sensitive to extracellular ATP than NP cells. NP cells also exhibit higher ECM accumulation and intracellular ATP than AF cells under control and treatment conditions, suggesting that NP cells are intrinsically more metabolically active. Moreover, ATP treatment also augments the intracellular ATP level in NP and AF cells. Our findings suggest that extracellular ATP not only promotes ECM biosynthesis via a molecular pathway, but also increases energy supply to fuel that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gonzales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0621, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0621, USA
| | - Howard Levene
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Herman S Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0621, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Charles Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0621, USA.
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Ishimaru M, Yusuke N, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Kojima S. Purinergic signaling via P2Y receptors up-mediates IL-6 production by liver macrophages/Kupffer cells. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:413-23. [PMID: 24849676 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Resident macrophages in the liver (Kupffer cells) produce various cytokines and chemokines, and have important roles in hepatitis and liver fibrosis. The cells are activated by various factors, for example lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is an endotoxin and is high in the blood of patients with liver cirrhosis. Involvement of P2 receptors in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from Kupffer cells is little. In this study, we investigated purinergic signaling in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, from liver Kupffer cells of C57BL/6 mice (KUP5 cells). KUP5cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and cultivated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The cells were stimulated with LPS. LPS-induced IL-6 production by KUP5 cells was suppressed significantly by pretreatments with non-selective P2 antagonist suramin, P2Y13antagonist MRS2211, and ecto-nucleotidase, whereas P2Y receptor agonists, significantly increased the IL-6 production. P2Y13knockdown reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production, but by less than 50%. These results would suggest that P2Y receptors including P2Y13and others, may involves in LPS-induced IL-6 production in Kupffer cells, leading to the liver inflammation. Therefore, we first showed the importance of purinergic signaling via P2Y receptors in the activation of Kupffer cells and liver injury, which is worthwhile in drug development for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ishimaru
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS)
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Higgins G, Buchanan P, Perriere M, Al-Alawi M, Costello RW, Verriere V, McNally P, Harvey BJ, Urbach V. Activation of P2RY11 and ATP release by lipoxin A4 restores the airway surface liquid layer and epithelial repair in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:178-90. [PMID: 24588705 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the airway surface liquid (ASL) height is reduced as a result of impaired ion transport, which favors bacterial colonization and inflammation of the airway and leads to progressive lung destruction. Lipoxin (LX)A4, which promotes resolution of inflammation, is inadequately produced in the airways of patients with CF. We previously demonstrated that LXA4 stimulates an ASL height increase and epithelial repair. Here we report the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. We found that LXA4 (1 nM) induced an apical ATP release from non-CF (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) airway epithelial cell lines and CF primary cultures. The ATP release induced by LXA4 was completely inhibited by antagonists of the ALX/FPR2 receptor and Pannexin-1 channels. LXA4 induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and calcium, which were abolished by the selective inhibition of the P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Pannexin-1 and ATP hydrolysis inhibition and P2RY11 purinoreceptor knockdown all abolished the increase of ASL height induced by LXA4. Inhibition of the A2b adenosine receptor did not affect the ASL height increase induced by LXA4, whereas the PKA inhibitor partially inhibited this response. The stimulation of NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell proliferation, migration, and wound repair by LXA4 was inhibited by the antagonists of Pannexin-1 channel and P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a novel role of LXA4 in stimulating apical ATP secretion via Pannexin-1 channels and P2RY11 purinoreceptors activation leading to an ASL height increase and epithelial repair.
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Weng Z, Wu L, Lu Y, Wang L, Tan L, Dong M, Xin Y. Electroacupuncture diminishes P2X2 and P2X3 purinergic receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia of rats with visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:802-8. [PMID: 25206727 PMCID: PMC4146084 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu (ST37) and Tianshu (ST25) can improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats. Colorectal distension was used to establish a rat model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia from rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Results demonstrated that abdominal withdrawal reflex scores obviously increased following establishment of the model, indicating visceral hypersensitivity. Simultaneously, P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression increased in dorsal root ganglia. After bilateral electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu and Tianshu, abdominal withdrawal reflex scores and P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression decreased in rats with visceral hypersensitivity. These results indicated that electroacupuncture treatment improved visceral hypersensitivity in rats with irritable bowel syndrome by reducing P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Weng
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luyi Wu
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linying Tan
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuhu Xin
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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Guo X, Chen J, Lu Y, Wu L, Weng Z, Yang L, Xin Y, Lin X, Liang Y, Fang J. Electroacupuncture at He-Mu points reduces P2X4 receptor expression in visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2069-77. [PMID: 25206515 PMCID: PMC4146068 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu (ST37) and Tianshu (ST25) was reported to improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats. Colorectal distension was utilized to generate a rat model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Results showed that abdominal withdrawal reflex scores noticeably increased after model establishment. Simultaneously, P2X4 receptor immureactivity significantly increased in the colon and spinal cord. Electroacupuncture and pinaverium bromide therapy both markedly decreased abdominal withdrawal reflex scores in rats with visceral hypersensitivity, and significantly decreased P2X4 receptor immunoreactivity in the colon and spinal cord. These data suggest that electroacupuncture treatment can improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats with irritable bowel syndrome by diminishing P2X4 receptor immunoreactivity in the colon and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Guo
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jifei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Shanghai Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luyi Wu
- Shanghai Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijun Weng
- Shanghai Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuhu Xin
- Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
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Abstract
Extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) triggers biological responses in a wide variety of cells and tissues and activates signaling cascades that affect cell membrane potential and excitability. It has been demonstrated that compressive loading promotes ATP production and release by intervertebral disc (IVD) cells, while a high level of extracellular ATP accumulates in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the IVD. In this study, a noninvasive system was developed to measure ATP-induced changes in the membrane potential of porcine IVD cells using the potential sensitive dye di-8-butyl-amino-naphthyl-ethylene-pyridinium-propyl-sulfonate (di-8-ANEPPS).The responses of NP and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells to ATP were examined in monolayer and 3-dimensional cultures. It was found that the pattern and magnitude of membrane potential change in IVD cells induced by extracellular ATP depended on cell type, culture condition, and ATP dose. In addition, gene expression of P2X4 purinergic receptor was found in both cell types. Inhibition of the ATP-induced response by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulfonate (PPADS), a non-competitive inhibitor of P2 receptors, suggests that ATP may modulate the biological activities of IVD cells via P2 purinergic receptors.
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57
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Kakarala KK, Jamil K, Devaraji V. Structure and putative signaling mechanism of Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) - a promising target for breast cancer. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 53:179-199. [PMID: 25173751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences have observed enhanced expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in breast cancer consistently. However, it is not yet recognized as an important therapeutic target for breast cancer as the primary molecular mechanisms of its activation are not yet well-defined. Nevertheless, recent reports on the mechanism of GPCR activation and signaling have given new insights to GPCR functioning. In the light of these details, we attempted to understand PAR2 structure & function using molecular modeling techniques. In this work, we generated averaged representative stable models of PAR2, using protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) as a template and selected conformation based on their binding affinity with PAR2 specific agonist, GB110. Further, the selected model was used for studying the binding affinity of putative ligands. The selected ligands were based on a recent publication on phylogenetic analysis of Class A rhodopsin family of GPCRs. This study reports putative ligands, their interacting residues, binding affinity and molecular dynamics simulation studies on PAR2-ligand complexes. The results reported from this study would be useful for researchers and academicians to investigate PAR2 function as its physiological role is still hypothetical. Further, this information may provide a novel therapeutic scheme to manage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari Kakarala
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Devaraji
- College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, E.V.R. Periyar Salai, Chennai 600003, India
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58
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de Carvalho D, Patrone LGA, Taxini CL, Biancardi V, Vicente MC, Gargaglioni LH. Neurochemical and electrical modulation of the locus coeruleus: contribution to CO2drive to breathe. Front Physiol 2014; 5:288. [PMID: 25183958 PMCID: PMC4135231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a dorsal pontine region, situated bilaterally on the floor of the fourth ventricle. It is considered to be the major source of noradrenergic innervation in the brain. These neurons are highly sensitive to CO2/pH, and chemical lesions of LC neurons largely attenuate the hypercapnic ventilatory response in unanesthetized adult rats. Developmental dysfunctions in these neurons are linked to pathological conditions such as Rett and sudden infant death syndromes, which can impair the control of the cardio-respiratory system. LC is densely innervated by fibers that contain glutamate, serotonin, and adenosine triphosphate, and these neurotransmitters strongly affect LC activity, including central chemoreflexes. Aside from neurochemical modulation, LC neurons are also strongly electrically coupled, specifically through gap junctions, which play a role in the CO2 ventilatory response. This article reviews the available data on the role of chemical and electrical neuromodulation of the LC in the control of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis G A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila L Taxini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Nagakura C, Negishi Y, Tsukimoto M, Itou S, Kondo T, Takeda K, Kojima S. Involvement of P2Y11 receptor in silica nanoparticles 30-induced IL-6 production by human keratinocytes. Toxicology 2014; 322:61-8. [PMID: 24793913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that P2Y11 receptor mediates IFN-γ-induced IL-6 production in human keratinocytes, suggesting the importance of purinergic signaling in skin inflammatory diseases. In this study, the involvement of various P2 receptors in IL-6 production induced by silica nanoparticle 30 (SNP30) was examined in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Exposure to SNP30 increased IL-6 production in the cells. Ecto-nucleotidase (apyrase), a non-selective antagonist of P2Y receptors (suramin), and a selective P2Y11 receptor antagonist (NF157) all inhibited IL-6 production. Nucleotides such as ATP and UTP themselves also significantly increased IL-6 production in the cells. It was further confirmed that ATP was released from HaCaT cells exposed to SNP30. These results support the possible role of ATP in SNP30-induced IL-6 production by HaCaT cells. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that P2Y11 receptor also mediates SNP30-induced IL-6 production in human keratinocytes, confirming that the ATP-P2Y11 purinergic signaling is a common pathway of IL-6 production leading to induction of skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagakura
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Negishi
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Satomi Itou
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Sequence-structure based phylogeny of GPCR Class A Rhodopsin receptors. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 74:66-96. [PMID: 24503482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current methods of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) phylogenetic classification are sequence based and therefore inappropriate for highly divergent sequences, sharing low sequence identity. In this study, sequence structure profile based alignment generated by PROMALS3D was used to understand the GPCR Class A Rhodopsin superfamily evolution using the MEGA 5 software. Phylogenetic analysis included a combination of Neighbor-Joining method and Maximum Likelihood method, with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Our study was able to identify potential ligand association for Class A Orphans and putative/unclassified Class A receptors with no cognate ligand information: GPR21 and GPR52 with fatty acids; GPR75 with Neuropeptide Y; GPR82, GPR18, GPR141 with N-arachidonylglycine; GPR176 with Free fatty acids, GPR10 with Tachykinin & Neuropeptide Y; GPR85 with ATP, ADP & UDP glucose; GPR151 with Galanin; GPR153 and GPR162 with Adrenalin, Noradrenalin; GPR146, GPR139, GPR142 with Neuromedin, Ghrelin, Neuromedin U-25 & Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; GPR171 with ATP, ADP & UDP Glucose; GPR88, GPR135, GPR161, GPR101with 11-cis-retinal; GPR83 with Tackykinin; GPR148 with Prostanoids, GPR109b, GPR81, GPR31with ATP & UTP and GPR150 with GnRH I & GnRHII. Furthermore, we suggest that this study would prove useful in re-classification of receptors, selecting templates for homology modeling and identifying ligands which may show cross reactivity with other GPCRs as signaling via multiple ligands play a significant role in disease modulation.
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61
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Enhancement of antibody production against rabies virus by uridine 5'-triphosphate in mice. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:196-202. [PMID: 24309427 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides such as adenosine 5'-triphospate (ATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) interact with P2 purinergic receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells and induce various physiological reactions. In this study, the production of antibody in mice immunized with an inactivated rabies vaccine containing these nucleotides was investigated. Injection of inactivated rabies vaccine with UTP, but not with ATP, induced significantly higher serum antibody production in mice. The enhancement of antibody production by UTP was inhibited by an anti-P2Y4 receptor antibody. In an air pouch experiment, UTP treatment increased the number of monocytes and macrophages infiltrating the pouch and up-regulated the gene expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in the regional lymph nodes. These results suggested that UTP admixed with rabies vaccine activates Th2 cells and induces a humoral immune response. Furthermore, the survival rate of mice immunized with a rabies vaccine admixed with UTP before rabies virus challenge was slightly higher than that of control mice. In conclusion, UTP can act as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance antibody production against the rabies virus in mice.
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Abstract
The main functions of the respiratory neural network are to produce a coordinated, efficient, rhythmic motor behavior and maintain homeostatic control over blood oxygen and CO2/pH levels. Purinergic (ATP) signaling features prominently in these homeostatic reflexes. The signaling actions of ATP are produced through its binding to a diversity of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. However, its net effect on neuronal and network excitability is determined by the interaction between the three limbs of a complex system comprising the signaling actions of ATP at P2Rs, the distribution of multiple ectonucleotidases that differentially metabolize ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine (ADO), and the signaling actions of ATP metabolites, especially ADP at P2YRs and ADO at P1Rs. Understanding the significance of purinergic signaling is further complicated by the fact that neurons, glia, and the vasculature differentially express P2 and P1Rs, and that both neurons and glia release ATP. This article reviews at cellular, synaptic, and network levels, current understanding and emerging concepts about the diverse roles played by this three-part signaling system in: mediating the chemosensitivity of respiratory networks to hypoxia and CO2/pH; modulating the activity of rhythm generating networks and inspiratory motoneurons, and; controlling blood flow through the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Funk
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Women & Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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63
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Biancardi V, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. ATP in the locus coeruleus as a modulator of cardiorespiratory control in unanaesthetized male rats. Exp Physiol 2013; 99:232-47. [PMID: 24058188 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons are chemosensitive to CO2 and pH in mammals and amphibians and are involved in the CO2-related drive to breathe. Purinergic neuromodulation in the LC is of particular interest because ATP acts as a neuromodulator in brainstem regions involved in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, such as the LC. ATP acting on LC P2 receptors influences the release of noradrenaline. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate the role of LC purinergic neuromodulation of ventilatory and cardiovascular responses in normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in unanaesthetized male Wistar rats. We assessed the purinergic modulation of cardiorespiratory systems by microinjecting an ATP P2X receptor agonist [α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP), 0.5 or 1 nmol in 40 nl] and two non-selective P2 receptor antagonists [pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), 0.5 or 1 nmol in 40 nl; and suramin, 1 nmol in 40 nl] into the LC. Pulmonary ventilation (measured by plethysmography), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were determined before and after unilateral microinjection (40 nl) of α,β-meATP, PPADS, suramin or 0.9% saline (vehicle) into the LC. These measurements were made during a 60 min exposure to normocapnic conditions or a 30 min exposure to 7% CO2. Subsequently, animals undergoing pharmacological treatment were subjected to a 30 min exposure to normocapnic conditions as a recovery period. In normocapnic conditions, α,β-meATP did not affect any parameter, whereas PPADS decreased respiratory frequency and increased MAP and HR. Suramin increased MAP and HR but did not change ventilation. Moreover, hypercapnic conditions induced an increase in ventilation and a decrease in HR in all groups. In hypercapnic conditions, α,β-meATP increased ventilation but did not change cardiovascular parameters, whereas PPADS increased MAP but did not alter ventilation, and suramin increased both ventilation and MAP. Thus, our data suggest that purinergic signalling, specifically through P2 receptors, in the LC plays an important role in cardiorespiratory control in normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in unanaesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Biancardi
- L. H. Gargaglioni: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinaria, São Paulo State University at Jaboticabal, Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Post S, Nawijn MC, Jonker MR, Kliphuis N, van den Berge M, van Oosterhout AJM, Heijink IH. House dust mite-induced calcium signaling instigates epithelial barrier dysfunction and CCL20 production. Allergy 2013; 68:1117-25. [PMID: 23915187 DOI: 10.1111/all.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mite (HDM) affects the immunological and physical barrier function of airway epithelium, leading to allergic sensitization, airway remodeling, and eosinophilic inflammation in mouse models, although the mechanisms are still largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Given the implications for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent Ca(2+) signaling in allergic sensitization in mice, we sought to determine the role of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in HDM-induced barrier dysfunction and pro-inflammatory activity of bronchial epithelium. METHODS We investigated the effect of HDM on accumulation of [Ca(2+)](i) levels, barrier function, and CCL20 release in human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from healthy subjects and asthma patients. Involvement of ATP-dependent activation of purinergic receptors and downstream Ca(2+) influx was studied, using the ATP hydrolyzing agent apyrase, the purinergic receptor agonist PPADS, the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, and calpain inhibitors. RESULTS Asthma PBECs were more susceptible to HDM-induced barrier dysfunction, CCL20 secretion, and Ca(2+) influx than healthy PBECs. Furthermore, we show that the HDM-induced increase in CCL20 in PBECs and 16HBE cells and the HDM-induced barrier dysfunction in 16HBE cells are dependent on [Ca(2+)](i) accumulation. Additionally, we demonstrate that [Ca(2+)](i) accumulation is initiated partly through the activation of purinergic receptors, which contributes to HDM-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction by disruption of cell-cell contacts, but not CCL20 secretion. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that Ca(2+) signaling plays a crucial role in barrier dysfunction and the pro-inflammatory response of bronchial epithelium upon HDM exposure and may thus have important implications for the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Post
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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65
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Brisevac D, Bajic A, Bjelobaba I, Milosevic M, Stojiljkovic M, Beyer C, Clarner T, Kipp M, Nedeljkovic N. Expression of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1-3 (NTPDase1-3) by cortical astrocytes after exposure to pro-inflammatory factors in vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:871-9. [PMID: 23990338 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are ecto-enzymes catalyzing the first step of sequential hydrolysis of extracellular ATP to adenosine, as the final product. Among eight members of NTPDase family, NTPDases1-3 have been shown to be expressed in the brain. Although altered NTPDase expression has been observed in relation to cell death and reactive gliosis in several experimentally induced neuropathologies, regulators of NTPDases expression and function are largely unknown. The present study explored the effects of several inflammatory factors (i.e., INF-γ, TNF-α, LPS, peroxide, and glutamate) on NTPDase1-3 activity and expression by cultured cortical astrocytes. We were able to demonstrate that INF-γ and TNF-α increased both ATP and ADP hydrolysis, while LPS specifically increased ATP hydrolysis. Consistent with the observed enhanced nucleotidase activity, INF-γ induced the upregulation of NTPDase1 at the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that INF-γ and TNF-α decreased the relative abundance of dominant astrocytic NTPDase2 in favor of NTPDase1. In summary, these results suggest that INF-γ, TNF-α, and LPS may be relevant in vivo regulators of NTPDase expression in neuropathologies associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Brisevac
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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66
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Muzzachi S, Blasi A, Ciani E, Favia M, Cardone RA, Marzulli D, Reshkin SJ, Merizzi G, Casavola V, Soleti A, Guerra L. MED1101: A new dialdehydic compound regulating P2×7 receptor cell surface expression in U937 cells. Biol Cell 2013; 105:399-413. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Muzzachi
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | | | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | - Domenico Marzulli
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics; CNR; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | | | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of Biosciences; Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari; 70126; Italy
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67
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ATP induces NO production in hippocampal neurons by P2X(7) receptor activation independent of glutamate signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57626. [PMID: 23472093 PMCID: PMC3589399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the putative role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) upon nitric oxide (NO) production in the hippocampus, we used as a model both rat hippocampal slices and isolated hippocampal neurons in culture, lacking glial cells. In hippocampal slices, additions of exogenous ATP or 2′(3′)-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl) ATP (Bz-ATP) elicited concentration-dependent NO production, which increased linearly within the first 15 min and plateaued thereafter; agonist EC50 values were 50 and 15 µM, respectively. The NO increase evoked by ATP was antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner by Coomassie brilliant blue G (BBG) or by Nω-propyl-L-arginine, suggesting the involvement of P2X7Rs and neuronal NOS, respectively. The ATP induced NO production was independent of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor activity as effects were not alleviated by DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), but antagonized by BBG. In sum, exogenous ATP elicited NO production in hippocampal neurons independently of NMDA receptor activity.
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68
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Ishimaru M, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Kojima S. Involvement of P2Y₁₁ receptor in IFN-γ-induced IL-6 production in human keratinocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 703:67-73. [PMID: 23461851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and P2 receptors are reported to be involved in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by human keratinocytes, but the role of extracellular ATP in cytokine-induced IL-6 production remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of various P2 receptors in IL-6 production induced by the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. IFN-γ increased IL-6 production in HaCaT cells. A non-selective antagonist of P2Y receptors (suramin), a selective P2Y11 receptor antagonist (NF157), ecto-nucleotidase (apyrase), and a soluble adenylate cyclase inhibitor (KH7) all inhibited IL-6 production. It was further confirmed that ATP was released from HaCaT cells stimulated with IFN-γ. These results suggest that extracellular ATP and P2Y11 receptor are involved in IFN-γ-induced IL-6 production. Knockdown of P2Y11 receptor suppressed IL-6 production, strongly supporting this idea. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that P2Y11 receptor mediates IFN-γ-induced IL-6 production in human keratinocytes, and suggest the importance of purinergic signaling in IFN-γ-induced skin inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ishimaru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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69
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Glaser T, Resende RR, Ulrich H. Implications of purinergic receptor-mediated intracellular calcium transients in neural differentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:12. [PMID: 23414261 PMCID: PMC3598966 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors participate, in almost every cell type, in controlling metabolic activities and many physiological functions including signal transmission, proliferation and differentiation. While most of P2Y receptors induce transient elevations of intracellular calcium concentration by activation of intracellular calcium pools and forward these signals as waves which can also be transmitted into neighboring cells, P2X receptors produce calcium spikes which also include activation of voltage-operating calcium channels. P2Y and P2X receptors induce calcium transients that activate transcription factors responsible for the progress of differentiation through mediators including calmodulin and calcineurin. Expression of P2X2 as well as of P2X7 receptors increases in differentiating neurons and glial cells, respectively. Gene expression silencing assays indicate that these receptors are important for the progress of differentiation and neuronal or glial fate determination. Metabotropic receptors, mostly P2Y1 and P2Y2 subtypes, act on embryonic cells or cells at the neural progenitor stage by inducing proliferation as well as by regulation of neural differentiation through NFAT translocation. The scope of this review is to discuss the roles of purinergic receptor-induced calcium spike and wave activity and its codification in neurodevelopmental and neurodifferentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Choi SH, Kim HJ, Kim BR, Shin TJ, Hwang SH, Lee BH, Lee SM, Rhim H, Nah SY. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, potentiates ATP-gated P2X₁ receptor channel currents. Mol Cells 2013; 35:142-50. [PMID: 23456336 PMCID: PMC3887903 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is used as a general tonic. Recently, we isolated a novel ginsengderived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, gintonin. Gintonin activates G protein-coupled LPA receptors with high affinity in cells endogenously expressing LPA receptors, e.g., Xenopus oocytes. P2X receptors are ligandgated ion channels activated by extracellular ATP, and 7 receptor subtypes (P2X1-P2X7) have been identified. Most of the P2X1 receptors are expressed in the smooth muscles of genitourinary organs involved in reproduction. A main characteristic of the P2X1 receptor is rapid desensitization after repeated ATP treatment of cells or tissues expressing P2X1 receptors. In the present study, we examined the effect of gintonin on P2X1 receptor channel activity. P2X1 receptors were heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. ATP treatment of oocytes expressing P2X1 receptors induced large inward currents (I ATP ), but repetitive ATP treatments induced a rapid desensitization of I ATP . Gintonin treatment after P2X1 receptor desensitization potentiated I ATP in a concentration-dependent manner. We further examined the signaling transduction pathways involved in gintonin-mediated potentiation of I ATP . Gintoninmediated I ATP potentiation was blocked by Ki16425, an LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, a PKC inhibitor, a PLC inhibitor, and a PI4-Kinase inhibitor but not by a calcium chelator. In addition, mutations of the phosphoinositide binding site of the P2X1 receptor greatly attenuated the gintonin-mediated I ATP potentiation. These results indicate that G protein-coupled LPA receptor activation by gintonin is coupled to the potentiation of the desensitized P2X1 receptor through a phosphoinositide-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Life Science Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-701,
Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
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Wypych D, Barańska J. Cross-talk in nucleotide signaling in glioma C6 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:31-59. [PMID: 22879063 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chapter is focused on the mechanism of action of metabotropic P2Y nucleotide receptors: P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(12), P2Y(14) and the ionotropic P2X(7) receptor in glioma C6 cells. P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) both respond to ADP, but while P2Y(1) links to PLC and elevates cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, P2Y(12) negatively couples to adenylate cyclase, maintaining cAMP at low level. In glioma C6, these two P2Y receptors modulate activities of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling and the effects depend on physiological conditions of the cells. During prolonged serum deprivation, cell growth is arrested, the expression of the P2Y(1) receptor strongly decreases and P2Y(12) becomes a major player responsible for ADP-evoked signal transduction. The P2Y(12) receptor activates ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation (a known cell proliferation regulator) and stimulates Akt activity, contributing to glioma invasiveness. In contrast, P2Y(1) has an inhibitory effect on Akt pathway signaling. Furthermore, the P2X(7) receptor, often responsible for apoptotic fate, is not involved in Ca(2+)elevation in C6 cells. The shift in nucleotide receptor expression from P2Y(1) to P2Y(12) during serum withdrawal, the cross talk between both receptors and the lack of P2X(7) activity shows the precise self-regulating mechanism, enhancing survival and preserving the neoplastic features of C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wypych
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, PL 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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72
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Xu J, Guo S, Jia Z, Ma S, Li Z, Xue R. Additive effect of prostaglandin E2 and adenosine in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 100-101:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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73
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Lee SJ, Rao AS, Shin YH, Chung HJ, Huh Y, Ahn KH, Jung J. A novel method using an acedan-based Zn(DPA) probe to monitor ATP localization in an in vivo system. J Mol Histol 2012; 44:241-7. [PMID: 23264110 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In in vitro and in vivo systems, understanding localization and the functional role of ATP is essential, but effective methods to monitor ATP in cells and tissues are limited. Although quinacrine dihydrochloride is a well-known fluorescent dye used to detect ATP, it is limited in its use because it shows non-specific nuclear staining both in vitro and in vivo. A commercial luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay has also been used to detect ATP, but it can not be easily used in vivo. Thus, to effectively monitor ATP in vivo, we employed a novel two-photon ATP fluorescent probe, acedan-based Zn(DPA). Using the acedan-based Zn(DPA) probe, we show that this probe produces high quality images of ATP in lung, spleen, liver and spinal cord tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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74
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Chen JB, Liu WJ, Che H, Liu J, Sun HY, Li GR. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate up-regulates proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1140-50. [PMID: 22224416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ATP is a potent signalling molecule that regulates biological activities including increasing or decreasing proliferation in different types of cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate how ATP regulates the proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, Western blot analysis, cell proliferation and migration assays were employed to investigate the effects of ATP on human adult ventricular fibroblasts. KEY RESULTS ATP increased cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, the P2X receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP and P2Y receptor agonist ATP-γS also up-regulated cell proliferation. The P2 receptor antagonists suramin and reactive blue-2 prevented the ATP-induced increase in proliferation and RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that mRNAs of P2X(4/7) and P2Y(2) are abundant in cardiac fibroblasts. ATP increased phosphorylated PKB (Akt) and ERK1/2 levels; an effect antagonized by suramin, reactive blue-2, the PI3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, PKB inhibitor, API-2, and MAPK inhibitor, PD98059. These kinase inhibitors also prevented the ATP-induced increase in proliferation. In addition, ATP enhanced the progression of cells from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase by increasing the expression of proteins for cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Silencing the P2X(4/7) and P2Y(2) receptors with siRNA targeting the corresponding receptor diminished ATP-stimulated proliferation and migration of the cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION ATP activates P2X(4/7) and P2Y(2) receptors and up-regulates the proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts by promoting cell cycling progression. It also increases the migration of these cells. These effects of ATP may be involved in cardiac remodelling of injured hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Chen
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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75
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Sciancalepore M, Luin E, Parato G, Ren E, Giniatullin R, Fabbretti E, Lorenzon P. Reactive oxygen species contribute to the promotion of the ATP-mediated proliferation of mouse skeletal myoblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1392-8. [PMID: 22917975 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) participate in autocrine and paracrine regulation in skeletal muscle. However, the link between these two signaling systems is not well established. Here, we studied cell proliferation as a possible consequence of the trophic effect of ATP in cultured skeletal mouse myoblasts and we tested the possibility that low concentrations of ROS represent the intermediate signaling molecule mediating this effect. Exposure to 10 μM ATP increased proliferation of mouse myoblasts by ~20%. ATP also induced intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations, which were independent of extracellular Ca(2+). Both effects of ATP were prevented by suramin, a broad-spectrum purinergic P2 receptor antagonist. In contrast, the adenosine receptor blocker CGS-15943 did not modify the ATP-mediated effects. Consistent with this, adenosine per se did not change myoblast growth, indicating the direct action of ATP via P2 receptor activation. The proliferative effect of ATP was prevented after depletion of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) by the peroxidase enzyme catalase. Low-micromolar concentrations of exogenous H(2)O(2) mimicked the stimulatory effect of ATP on myoblast growth. DCF imaging revealed ATP-induced catalase and DPI-sensitive ROS production in myoblasts. In conclusion, our results indicate that extracellular ATP controls mouse myoblast proliferation via induction of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience (BRAIN), University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Purinergic transmission in the rostral but not caudal medullary raphe contributes to the hypercapnia-induced ventilatory response in unanesthetized rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Lemoine D, Jiang R, Taly A, Chataigneau T, Specht A, Grutter T. Ligand-gated ion channels: new insights into neurological disorders and ligand recognition. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6285-318. [PMID: 22988962 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Laboratoire de Biophysicochimie des Récepteurs Canaux, UMR 7199 CNRS, Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 67400 Illkirch, France
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Cosentino S, Banfi C, Burbiel JC, Luo H, Tremoli E, Abbracchio MP. Cardiomyocyte death induced by ischaemic/hypoxic stress is differentially affected by distinct purinergic P2 receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1074-84. [PMID: 21762374 PMCID: PMC4365886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood levels of extracellular nucleotides (e.g. ATP) are greatly increased during heart ischaemia, but, despite the presence of their specific receptors on cardiomyocytes (both P2X and P2Y subtypes), their effects on the subsequent myocardial damage are still unknown. In this study, we aimed at investigating the role of ATP and specific P2 receptors in the appearance of cell injury in a cardiac model of ischaemic/hypoxic stress. Cells were maintained in a modular incubator chamber in a controlled humidified atmosphere of 95% N2 for 16 hrs in a glucose-free medium. In this condition, we detected an early increase in the release of ATP in the culture medium, which was followed by a massive increase in the release of cytoplasmic histone-associated-DNA-fragments, a marker of apoptosis. Addition of either apyrase, which degrades extracellular ATP, or various inhibitors of ATP release via connexin hemichannels fully abolished ischaemic/hypoxic stress-associated apoptosis. To dissect the role of specific P2 receptor subtypes, we used a combined approach: (i) non-selective and, when available, subtype-selective P2 antagonists, were added to cardiomyocytes before ischaemic/hypoxic stress; (ii) selected P2 receptors genes were silenced via specific small interfering RNAs. Both approaches indicated that the P2Y2 and P2χ7 receptor subtypes are directly involved in the induction of cell death during ischaemic/hypoxic stress, whereas the P2Y4 receptor has a protective effect. Overall, these findings indicate a role for ATP and its receptors in modulating cardiomyocyte damage during ischaemic/hypoxic stress.
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79
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Zhang PP, Yang XL, Zhong YM. Cellular localization of P2Y₆ receptor in rat retina. Neuroscience 2012; 220:62-9. [PMID: 22728100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides exert their actions via two subfamilies of purinoceptors: P2X and P2Y. Eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y(1,2,4,6,11,12,13,14)) have been identified. In this work, the localization of P2Y(6) was studied in rat retina using double immunofluorescence labeling and confocal scanning microscopy. Immunostaining for P2Y(6) was strong in the outer plexiform layer and was diffusely distributed throughout the full thickness of the inner plexiform layer. In addition, P2Y(6) immunoreactivity was clearly observed in many cells in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. In the outer retina photoreceptor terminals, labeled by VGluT1, and horizontal cells, labeled by calbindin, were P2Y(6)-positive. However, no P2Y(6) immunostaining was detected in bipolar cells, labeled by homeobox protein Chx10. In the inner retina P2Y(6) was localized to most of GABAergic amacrine cells, including dopaminergic and cholinergic ones, stained by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) respectively. Some of glycinergic amacrine cells, but not glycinergic AII amacrine cells, were also labeled by P2Y(6). Moreover, P2Y(6) immunoreactivity was seen in almost all ganglion cells, labeled by Brn3a. In Müller glial cells, stained by cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), however, no P2Y(6) expression was found in both somata and processes. We speculate that P2Y(6) may be involved in retinal information processing in different ways, probably by regulating the release of transmitters and/or modulating the radial flow of visual signals and lateral interaction mediated by horizontal and amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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80
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Immunocytochemical analysis of P2X2 in rat circumvallate taste buds. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:51. [PMID: 22621423 PMCID: PMC3507709 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratory has shown that classical synapses and synaptic proteins are associated with Type III cells. Yet it is generally accepted that Type II cells transduce bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. No classical synapses, however, have been found associated with Type II cells. Recent studies indicate that the ionotropic purinergic receptors P2X2/P2X3 are present in rodent taste buds. Taste nerve processes express the ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X2/P2X3). P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− mice are not responsive to sweet, umami and bitter stimuli, and it has been proposed that ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in taste buds. The goal of the present study is to learn more about the nature of purinergic contacts in rat circumvallate taste buds by examining immunoreactivity to antisera directed against the purinergic receptor P2X2. Results P2X2-like immunoreactivity is present in intragemmal nerve processes in rat circumvallate taste buds. Intense immunoreactivity can also be seen in the subgemmal nerve plexuses located below the basal lamina. The P2X2 immunoreactive nerve processes also display syntaxin-1-LIR. The immunoreactive nerves are in close contact with the IP3R3-LIR Type II cells and syntaxin-1-LIR and/or 5-HT-LIR Type III cells. Taste cell synapses are observed only from Type III taste cells onto P2X2-LIR nerve processes. Unusually large, “atypical” mitochondria in the Type II taste cells are found only at close appositions with P2X2-LIR nerve processes. P2X2 immunogold particles are concentrated at the membranes of nerve processes at close appositions with taste cells. Conclusions Based on our immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical studies we believe that both perigemmal and most all intragemmal nerve processes display P2X2-LIR. Moreover, colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy indicates that P2X2-LIR in nerve processes is concentrated at sites of close apposition with Type II cells. This supports the hypothesis that ATP may be a key neurotransmitter in taste transduction and that Type II cells release ATP, activating P2X2 receptors in nerve processes.
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81
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Baldissarelli LA, Capiotti KM, Bogo MR, Ghisleni G, Bonan CD. Arsenic alters behavioral parameters and brain ectonucleotidases activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:566-72. [PMID: 22265774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) exposure has been associated with serious chronic health risk to humans including cancer and neurological disturbances. However, there are limited studies about the mechanisms behind its toxicity. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to several concentrations of As (0.05, 5, and 15 mg As/L; Na(2)HAsO(4) as As(V)) during 96 h to evaluate the zebrafish locomotor activity, anxiety, and brain extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis. We showed that 5 mg/L As is able to promote significant decrease in the locomotor activity as evaluated by the number of line crossings. In addition, animals treated with 5mg/L As presented an increase in time spent in the lower zone of the tank test, suggesting an anxiogenic effect. Considering that behavioral parameters, such as anxiety and locomotion, might be modulated by the purinergic system, we also evaluated the ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish brain after a 96-h As exposure. A significant decrease in ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis was observed at 0.05, 5, and 15 mg/L when compared to control group. These findings demonstrated that As might affect behavioral parameters and the ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish, suggesting this enzyme pathway is a target for neurotoxic effects induced by As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Baldissarelli
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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82
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Abstract
Activated microglia and reactive astrocytes are commonly found in and around the senile plaque, which is the central pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity through the release of gliotransmitters such as glutamate, D-serine, and ATP. However, it is largely unknown whether and how gliotransmitters affect neuronal functions. In this study, we explored the effect of a gliotransmitter, ATP, on neurons damaged by β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). We found that Aβ(1-42) (Aβ42) increased the release of ATP in cultures of primary astrocytes and U373 astrocyte cell line. We also found that exogenous ATP protected Aβ42-mediated reduction in synaptic molecules, such as NMDA receptor 2A and PSD-95, through P2 purinergic receptors and prevented Aβ42-induced spine reduction in cultured primary hippocampal neurons. Moreover, ATP prevented Aβ42-induced impairment of long-term potentiation in acute hippocampal slices. Our findings suggest that Aβ-induced release of gliotransmitter ATP plays a protective role against Aβ42-mediated disruption of synaptic plasticity.
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83
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Lazarowski ER. Vesicular and conductive mechanisms of nucleotide release. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:359-73. [PMID: 22528679 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides promote a vast range of physiological responses, via activation of cell surface purinergic receptors. Virtually all tissues and cell types exhibit regulated release of ATP, which, in many cases, is accompanied by the release of uridine nucleotides. Given the relevance of extracellular nucleotide/nucleoside-evoked responses, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells is an important physiological question. By facilitating the entry of cytosolic nucleotides into the secretory pathway, recently identified vesicular nucleotide and nucleotide-sugar transporters contribute to the exocytotic release of ATP and UDP-sugars not only from endocrine/exocrine tissues, but also from cell types in which secretory granules have not been biochemically characterized. In addition, plasma membrane connexin hemichannels, pannexin channels, and less-well molecularly defined ATP conducting anion channels have been shown to contribute to the release of ATP (and UTP) under a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA.
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84
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Massé K, Dale N. Purines as potential morphogens during embryonic development. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:503-21. [PMID: 22270538 PMCID: PMC3360092 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of purinergic signalling are expressed in the early embryo raising the possibility that ATP, ADP and adenosine may contribute to the mechanisms of embryonic development. We summarize the available data from four developmental models—mouse, chick, Xenopus and zebrafish. While there are some notable examples where purinergic signalling is indeed important during development, e.g. development of the eye in the frog, it is puzzling that deletion of single components of purinergic signalling often results in rather minor developmental phenotypes. We suggest that a key step in further analysis is to perform combinatorial alterations of expression of purinergic signalling components to uncover their roles in development. We introduce the concept that purinergic signalling could create novel morphogenetic fields to encode spatial location via the concentration of ATP, ADP and adenosine. We show that using minimal assumptions and the known properties of the ectonucleotidases, complex spatial patterns of ATP and adenosine can be set up. These patterns may provide a new way to assess the potential of purinergic signalling in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Massé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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85
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Glaser T, Cappellari AR, Pillat MM, Iser IC, Wink MR, Battastini AMO, Ulrich H. Perspectives of purinergic signaling in stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:523-37. [PMID: 22143354 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost or dysfunctional tissues by stem cells has recently raised many investigations on therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and successful engraftment of stem cells originated from diverse origins. Adenosine triphosphate release occurs in a controlled way by exocytosis, transporters, and lysosomes or in large amounts from damaged cells, which is then subsequently degraded into adenosine. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms induced by immune responses present critical factors for the success of stem cell therapy. While P1 receptors generally exert beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory activity, P2 receptor-mediated actions depend on the subtype of stimulated receptors and localization of tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory actions and excitatory tissue damages mainly result from P2X7 receptor activation, while other purinergic receptor subtypes participate in proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing adequate niches for stem cell engraftment and novel mechanisms for cell therapy and endogenous tissue repair. Therapeutic applications based on regulation of purinergic signaling are foreseen for kidney and heart muscle regeneration, Clara-like cell replacement for pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells as well as for induction of neurogenesis in case of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto de Química, Universidade São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748-Bloco 8S/Room 0858, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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86
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Kamada Y, Saino T, Oikawa M, Kurosaka D, Satoh YI. P2Y purinoceptors induce changes in intracellular calcium in acinar cells of rat lacrimal glands. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 137:97-106. [PMID: 22065011 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an extracellular signal that regulates various cellular functions. Cellular secretory activities are enhanced by ATP as well as by cholinergic and adrenergic stimuli. The present study aimed to determine which purinoceptors play a role in ATP-induced changes in the intracellular concentration of calcium ions ([Ca²⁺](i)) and in the fine structure of acinar cells of rat lacrimal glands. ATP induced exocytotic structures, vacuolation and an increase in [Ca²⁺](i) in acinar cells. The removal of extracellular Ca²⁺ or the use of Ca²⁺ channel blockers partially inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca²⁺](i) increase. U73122 (an antagonist of PLC) and heparin (an antagonist of IP₃ receptors) did not completely inhibit the ATP-induced [Ca²⁺](i) increase. P1 purinoceptor agonists did not induce any changes in [Ca²⁺](i), whereas suramin (an antagonist of P2 receptors) completely inhibited ATP-induced changes in [Ca²⁺](i). A P2Y receptor agonist, 2-MeSATP, induced a strong increase in [Ca²⁺](i), although UTP (a P2Y₂,₄,₆ receptor agonist) had no effect, and reactive blue 2 (a P2Y receptor antagonist) resulted in partial inhibition. The potency order of ATP analogs (2-MeSATP > ATP >>> UTP) suggested that P2Y₁ played a significant role in the cellular response to ATP. BzATP (a P2X₇ receptor agonist) induced a small increase in [Ca²⁺](i), but α,β-meATP (a P2X₁,₃ receptor agonist) had no effect. RT-PCR indicated that P2X₂,₃,₄,₅,₆,₇ and P2Y₁,₂,₄,₁₂,₁₄ are expressed in acinar cells. In conclusion, the response of acinar cells to ATP is mediated by P2Y (especially P2Y₁) as well as by P2X purinoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kamada
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuda, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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87
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Mediero A, Crooke A, Guzmán-Aránguez A, Pintor J. Phospholipase C/Protein Kinase C pathway is essential for corneal re-epithelialization induced by Ap(4)A. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:1108-15. [PMID: 21988553 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.614371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated the importance of P2Y(2) receptors in the corneal re-epithelialization effect triggered by diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A). In addition, we have also shown the ERK1/2 and ROCK-I activation in Ap(4)A-wound repair response. Phospholipase C/Protein Kinase C (PLC/PKC) pathway activation has been suggested as a molecular mechanism of growth factors-modulated corneal cell migration and P2Y(2) agonists. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of PLC/PKC cascade in the modification of re-epithelialization rate triggered by Ap(4)A in an established corneal epithelial cell line (Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea [SIRC] cells). METHODS In wounded confluent SIRC cell monolayers and in the presence or absence of Ap(4)A 100 μM, a group of PLC/PKC inhibitors (U73122 3 μM, Staurosporine 1 nM and Bisindolylmaleimide-I 10 μM) and activator (PDBU 1 μM) were assayed and the migration rate was evaluated. Also, the activation of ERK1/2 and ROCK-I was examined by Western blot assay after treatment with or without Ap(4)A, U73122, Staurosporine, Bisindolylmaleimide-I and PDBU. RESULTS Pre-treatment of wounded SIRC cells with PLC/PKC inhibitors significantly diminished the Ap(4)A-stimulated cell migration rate. Furthermore, PLC/PKC inhibitors also reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROCK-I activation triggered by Ap(4)A. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the involvement of PLC/PKC pathway in the activation of ERK1/2 and ROCK-I downstream signal transduction pathways stimulated by Ap(4)A/P2Y(2) receptor during corneal epithelial wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Mediero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, EU Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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88
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Alterations in vasoconstrictor responses to the endothelium-derived contracting factor uridine adenosine tetraphosphate are region specific in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:81-90. [PMID: 21933714 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up(4)A) has been recently identified as a novel and potent endothelium-derived contracting factor and contains both purine and pyrimidine moieties, which activate purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors. The present study was designed to compare contractile responses to Up(4)A and other nucleotides such as ATP (P2X/P2Y agonist), UTP (P2Y(2)/P2Y(4) agonist), UDP (P2Y(6) agonist), and α,β-methylene ATP (P2X(1) agonist) in different vascular regions [thoracic aorta, basilar, small mesenteric, and femoral arteries] from deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) and control rats. In DOCA-salt rats [vs. control uninephrectomized (Uni) rats]: (1) in thoracic aorta, Up(4)A-, ATP-, and UTP-induced contractions were unchanged; (2) in basilar artery, Up(4)A-, ATP-, UTP- and UDP-induced contractions were increased, and expression for P2X(1), but not P2Y(2) or P2Y(6) was decreased; (3) in small mesenteric artery, Up(4)A-induced contraction was decreased and UDP-induced contraction was increased; expression of P2Y(2) and P2X(1) was decreased whereas P2Y(6) expression was increased; (4) in femoral artery, Up(4)A-, UTP-, and UDP-induced contractions were increased, but expression of P2Y(2), P2Y(6) and P2X(1) was unchanged. The α,β-methylene ATP-induced contraction was bell-shaped and the maximal contraction was reached at a lower concentration in basilar and mesenteric arteries from Uni rats, compared to arteries from DOCA-salt rats. These results suggest that Up(4)A-induced contraction is heterogenously affected among various vascular beds in arterial hypertension. P2Y receptor activation may contribute to enhancement of Up(4)A-induced contraction in basilar and femoral arteries. These changes in vascular reactivity to Up(4)A may be adaptive to the vascular alterations produced by hypertension.
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89
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Identification of ionotrophic purinergic receptors in Huh-7 cells and their response towards structural proteins of HCV genotype 3a. Virol J 2011; 8:431. [PMID: 21899776 PMCID: PMC3177911 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem in developing countries including Pakistan. Chronic HCV infection results in progressive liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, insulin resistance and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ionotrophic purinergic (P2X) receptors are identified to involve in a spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the role of P2X receptors in HCV liver associated diseases still remains to be investigated. The current study was designed to identify the presence of P2X receptors in human liver cells. Furthermore, it investigates the response of P2X receptors towards HCV structural proteins (E1E2). To determine that how many isoforms of P2X receptors are expressed in human liver cells, human hepatoma cell line (Huh-7) was used. Transcripts (mRNA) of five different isoforms of P2X receptors were identified in Huh-7 cells. To examine the gene expression of identified isoforms of P2X receptors in presence of HCV structural proteins E1E2, Huh-7/E1E2 cell line (stably expressing HCV structural proteins E1E2) was used. The results showed significant increase (6.2 fold) in gene expression of P2X4 receptors in Huh-7/E1E2 cells as compared to control Huh-7 cells. The findings of present study confirmed the presence of transcripts of five different isoforms of P2X receptors in human liver cells and suggest that P2X4 receptors could be represented an important component of the purinergic signaling complex in HCV induced liver pathogenesis.
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90
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Lazarowski ER, Sesma JI, Seminario-Vidal L, Kreda SM. Molecular mechanisms of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide release. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:221-61. [PMID: 21586361 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread importance of purinergic receptor-evoked signaling, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells in a regulated manner is an essential physiological question. Nonlytic release of ATP, UTP, UDP-glucose, and other nucleotides occurs in all cell types and tissues via both constitutive mechanisms, that is, in the absence of external stimuli, and to a greater extent in response to biochemical or mechanical/physical stimuli. However, a molecular understanding of the processes regulating nucleotide release has only recently begun to emerge. It is generally accepted that nucleotide release occurs in two different scenarios, exocytotic release from the secretory pathway or via conductive/transport mechanisms, and a critical review of our current understanding of these mechanisms is presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research & Treatment Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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91
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Cohen R, Shainberg A, Hochhauser E, Cheporko Y, Tobar A, Birk E, Pinhas L, Leipziger J, Don J, Porat E. UTP reduces infarct size and improves mice heart function after myocardial infarct via P2Y2 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1126-33. [PMID: 21839729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleotides are signaling molecules, which activate G protein-coupled membrane receptors of the P2Y family. P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptors are part of the P2Y family, which is composed of 8 subtypes that have been cloned and functionally defined. We have previously found that uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function following myocardial infarct (MI). The aim of the present study was to determine the role of P2Y(2) receptor in cardiac protection following MI using knockout (KO) mice, in vivo and wild type (WT) for controls. In both experimental groups used (WT and P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice) there were 3 subgroups: sham, MI, and MI+UTP. 24h post MI we performed echocardiography and measured infarct size using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining on all mice. Fractional shortening (FS) was higher in WT UTP-treated mice than the MI group (44.7±4.08% vs. 33.5±2.7% respectively, p<0.001). However, the FS of P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice were not affected by UTP treatment (34.7±5.3% vs. 35.9±2.9%). Similar results were obtained with TTC and hematoxylin and eosin stainings. Moreover, troponin T measurements demonstrated reduced myocardial damage in WT mice pretreated with UTP vs. untreated mice (8.8±4.6 vs. 12±3.1 p<0.05). In contrast, P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice pretreated with UTP did not demonstrate reduced myocardial damage. These results indicate that the P2Y(2) receptor mediates UTP cardioprotection, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cohen
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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92
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Paulino AS, Palombit K, Cavriani G, Tavares-de-Lima W, Mizuno MS, Marosti AR, da Silva MV, Girotti PA, Liberti EA, Castelucci P. Effects of ischemia and reperfusion on P2X2 receptor expressing neurons of the rat ileum enteric nervous system. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2262-75. [PMID: 21409380 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of ischemia/reperfusion in the intestine (I/R-i) on purine receptor P2X2-immunoreactive (IR) neurons of the rat ileum. METHODS The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45 min with an atraumatic vascular clamp and animals were sacrificed 4 h later. Neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses were evaluated for immunoreactivity against the P2X2 receptor, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), calbindin, and calretinin. RESULTS Following I/R-i, we observed a decrease in P2X2 receptor immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and surface membranes of neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. These studies also revealed an absence of calbindin-positive neurons in the I/R-i group. In addition, the colocalization of the P2X2 receptor with NOS, ChAT, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus was decreased following I/R-i. Likewise, the colocalization between P2X2 and calretinin in neurons of the submucosal plexus was also reduced. In the I/R-i group, there was a 55.8% decrease in the density of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the P2X2 receptor, a 26.4% reduction in NOS-IR neuron, a 25% reduction in ChAT-IR neuron, and a 47% reduction in calretinin-IR neuron. The density of P2X2 receptor and calretinin-IR neurons also decreased in the submucosal plexus of the I/R-i group. In the myenteric plexus, P2X2-IR, NOS-IR, ChAT-IR and calretinin-IR neurons were reduced in size by 50%, 49.7%, 42%, and 33%, respectively, in the I/R-i group; in the submucosal plexus, P2X2-IR and calretinin-IR neurons were reduced in size by 56% and 72.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ischemia/reperfusion of the intestine affects the expression of the P2X2 receptor in neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexus, as well as density and size of neurons in this population. Our findings indicate that I/R-i induces changes in P2X2-IR enteric neurons that could result in alterations in intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Silva Paulino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Lineu Prestes, 2415, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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93
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Blockade of P2 nucleotide receptors after spinal cord injury reduced the gliotic response and spared tissue. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:167-76. [PMID: 21647706 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a sequel of events commonly associated with cell death and dysfunction of glias and neurons surrounding the lesion. Although astrogliosis and glial scar formation have been involved in both damage and repair processes after SCI, their role remains controversial. Our goal was to investigate the effects of the P2 receptors antagonists, PPADS and suramin, in the establishment of the reactive gliosis and the formation of the glial scar. Molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, spared tissue, and locomotor behavioral studies were used to evaluate astrogliosis, in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with P2 antagonists after moderate injury with the NYU impactor device. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the presence of P2Y(1,) P2Y(2,) P2Y(4,) P2Y(6,) P2Y(12), and P2X(2) receptors in the adult spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry studies confirmed a significant decrease in GFAP-labeled cells at the injury epicenter as well as a decrease in spared tissue after treatment with the antagonists. Functional open field testing revealed no significant locomotor score differences between treated and control animals. Our work is consistent with studies suggesting that astrogliosis is an important event after SCI that limits tissue damage and lesion spreading.
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94
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Ding L, Ma W, Littmann T, Camp R, Shen J. The P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor mediates tissue factor expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27027-38. [PMID: 21652710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the role of P2Y(12) receptor in platelet aggregation leads to a new anti-thrombotic drug Plavix; however, little is known about non-platelet P2Y receptors in thrombosis. This study tested the hypothesis that endothelial P2Y receptor(s) mediates up-regulation of tissue factor (TF), the initiator of coagulation cascade. Stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) by UTP/ATP increased the mRNA level of TF but not of its counterpart-tissue factor pathway inhibitor, which was accompanied by up-regulation of TF protein and cell surface activity. RT-PCR revealed a selective expression of P2Y(2) and P2Y(11) receptors in HCAEC. Consistent with this, TF up-regulation was inhibited by suramin or by siRNA silencing of P2Y(2) receptor, but not by NF-157, a P2Y(11)-selective antagonist, suggesting a role for the P2Y(2) receptor. In addition, P2Y(2) receptor activated ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways without affecting the positive NF-κB and negative AKT regulatory pathways of TF expression. Furthermore, TF up-regulation was abolished or partially suppressed by inhibition of p38 or JNK but not ERK1/2. Interestingly, blockade of the PLC/Ca(2+) pathway did not affect P2Y(2) receptor activation of p38, JNK, and TF induction. However, blockade of Src kinase reduced phosphorylation of p38 but not JNK, eliminating TF induction. In contrast, inhibition of Rho kinase reduced phosphorylation of JNK but not p38, decreasing TF expression. These findings demonstrate that P2Y(2) receptor mediates TF expression in HCAEC through new mechanisms involving Src/p38 and Rho/JNK pathways, possibly contributing to a pro-thrombotic status after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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95
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Boucher I, Kehasse A, Marcincin M, Rich C, Rahimi N, Trinkaus-Randall V. Distinct activation of epidermal growth factor receptor by UTP contributes to epithelial cell wound repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1092-105. [PMID: 21356361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of nucleotides after injury activates purinergic receptors, leading to phosphorylation of site-specific residues on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To elucidate the differences between the injury-induced response and that induced by exogenous EGF, we examined recruitment of docking proteins, internalization of EGFR, and migration after injury. Injury induced by scratch wounds or stimulation by addition of UTP caused a brief internalization of EGFR, which paralleled the lesser association with growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and phosphorylation of EGFR. The internalization caused by EGF was sustained and detected for longer than 60 minutes and correlated with phosphorylation of the receptor. The EGF caused recruitment of Grb2, phospholipase C-γ-1 (PLCγ1), Shc, and Src to EGFR. Glutathione S-transferase pull downs were performed, and glutathione S-transferase-PLCγ1 showed binding of Grb2 when stimulated with EGF but not with UTP or injury. Furthermore, UTP did not induce PLCγ1 phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation induced by EGF was attenuated by costimulation with UTP. The response to heparin-binding EGF was equivalent to that of EGF. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that phosphorylation of Y1068 and Y1086 of EGFR is required for repair. Together, our results show that injury and activation of purinergic receptors and direct activation of EGFR via EGF induce distinct downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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96
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Luckprom P, Kanjanamekanant K, Pavasant P. Role of connexin43 hemichannels in mechanical stress-induced ATP release in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:607-15. [PMID: 21615411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Our previous studies showed that mechanical stress could induce ATP release in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. By signaling through P2 purinergic receptors, ATP increased the expression and the synthesis of osteopontin and RANKL. In this study, the mechanism of stress-induced ATP release was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Continuous compressive forces were applied on cultured HPDL cells. The ATP released was measured using luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence. The expression of gap-junction proteins was examined using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The opening of hemichannels was demonstrated by cellular uptake of a fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, which is known to penetrate hemichannels. Intracellular signal transduction was investigated using inhibitors and antagonists. RESULTS Mechanical stress induced the release of ATP into the culture medium, which was attenuated by carbenoxolone, a nonspecific gap-junction inhibitor. Addition of meclofenamic acid sodium salt, a connexin43 inhibitor, inhibited ATP release by mechanical stress. Knockdown of connexin43 expression by small interfering RNA reduced the amount of ATP released by mechanical stress, suggesting the role of connexin43 hemichannels. In addition, intracellular Ca(2+) blockers could also inhibit mechanical stress-induced ATP release and the opening of the gap junction. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the involvement of gap-junction hemichannels, especially connexin43, in the stress-induced ATP-release mechanism. Furthermore, this mechanism may be regulated by the intracellular Ca(2+) signaling pathway. These results suggest an important role of gap-junction hemichannels in the function and behavior of HPDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luckprom
- Department of Anatomy and Graduate School of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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97
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Wen J, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Impaired erectile function in CD73-deficient mice with reduced endogenous penile adenosine production. J Sex Med 2011; 8:2172-80. [PMID: 21595838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine has been implicated in normal and abnormal penile erection. However, a direct role of endogenous adenosine in erectile physiology and pathology has not been established. AIM To determine the functional role of endogenous adenosine production in erectile function. METHODS CD73-deficient mice (CD73(-/-)) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were used. Some WT mice were treated with alpha, beta-methylene adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (APCP), a CD73-specific inhibitor. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure adenosine levels in mouse penile tissues. In vivo assessment of intracorporal pressure (ICP) normalized to mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to electrical stimulation (ES) of the cavernous nerve was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT The main outcome measures of this study were the in vivo assessment of initiation and maintenance of penile erection in WT mice and mice with deficiency in CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), a key cell-surface enzyme to produce extracellular adenosine. RESULTS Endogenous adenosine levels were elevated in the erected state induced by ES of cavernous nerve compared to the flaccid state in WT mice but not in CD73(-/-) mice. At cellular levels, we identified that CD73 was highly expressed in the neuronal, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in mouse penis. Functionally, we found that the ratio of ES-induced ICP to MAP in CD73(-/-) mice was reduced from 0.48 ± 0.03 to 0.33 ± 0.05 and ES-induced slope was reduced from 0.30 ± 0.13 mm Hg/s to 0.15 ± 0.05 mm Hg/s (both P < 0.05). The ratio of ES-induced ICP to MAP in APCP-treated WT mice was reduced from 0.49 ± 0.03 to 0.38 ± 0.06 and ES-induced slope was reduced from 0.29 ± 0.11 mm Hg/s to 0.19 ± 0.04 mm Hg/s (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrate that CD73-dependent production of endogenous adenosine plays a direct role in initiation and maintenance of penile erection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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98
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Morello S, Sorrentino R, Montinaro A, Luciano A, Maiolino P, Ngkelo A, Arra C, Adcock IM, Pinto A. NK1.1 cells and CD8 T cells mediate the antitumor activity of Cl-IB-MECA in a mouse melanoma model. Neoplasia 2011; 13:365-73. [PMID: 21472141 PMCID: PMC3071085 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cl-IB-MECA, synthetic A(3) adenosine receptor agonist, is a potential anticancer agent. In this study, we have examined the effect of Cl-IB-MECA in a mouse melanoma model. Cl-IB-MECA significantly inhibited tumor growth in immune-competent mice. Notably, the number of tumor-infiltrating NK1.1(+) cells and CD8(+) T cells was significantly increased in Cl-IB-MECA-treated mice. This effect was correlated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ in melanoma tissue. Depletion of either CD8(+) T cells or NK1.1(+) cells completely abrogated the antitumor effect of Cl-IB-MECA. Accordingly, Cl-IB-MECA did not affect tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, we also found that the number of mature and active conventional dendritic cells at the tumor site was increased after Cl-IB-MECA administration. Moreover, Cl-IB-MECA significantly increased TNF-α and IL-12p40 release from splenic CD11c(+) cells. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights into the mechanism by which Cl-IB-MECA leads to an effective antitumor response that involves the activation of natural killer cells and CD8(+) T cells and further highlights its therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Rosalinda Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | | | - Anta Ngkelo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Claudio Arra
- National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale,” Naples, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Kim JI, Kim HY, Kim SM, Lee SA, Son YH, Eo SK, Rhim BY, Kim K. Extracellular Nucleotides Can Induce Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 Expression in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:31-6. [PMID: 21461238 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand the roles of purinergic receptors and cellular molecules below the receptors in the vascular inflammatory response, we determined if extracellular nucleotides up-regulated chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) abundantly express P2Y(1), P2Y(6), and P2Y(11) receptors, which all respond to extracellular nucleotides. Exposure of human AoSMCs to NAD(+), an agonist of the human P2Y(11) receptor, and NADP(+) as well as ATP, an agonist for P2Y(1) and P2Y(11) receptors, caused increase in chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 gene (CCL2) transcript and CCL2 release; however, UPT did not affect CCL2 expression. CCL2 release by NAD(+) and NADP(+) was inhibited by a concentration dependent manner by suramin, an antagonist of P2-purinergic receptors. NAD(+) and NADP(+) activated protein kinase C and enhanced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt. NAD(+)- and NADP(+)-mediated CCL2 release was significantly attenuated by SP6001250, U0126, LY294002, Akt inhibitor IV, RO318220, GF109203X, and diphenyleneiodium chloride. These results indicate that extracellular nucleotides can promote the proinflammatory VSMC phenotype by up-regulating CCL2 expression, and that multiple cellular elements, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, are involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung-Il Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Korea
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100
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P2X receptors and modulation of pain transmission: Focus on effects of drugs and compounds used in traditional Chinese medicine. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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