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Yan B, Broek RV, Saleh AD, Mehta A, Van Waes C, Chen Z. Signaling Networks of Activated Oncogenic and Altered Tumor Suppressor Genes in Head and Neck Cancer. JOURNAL OF CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS 2013; Suppl 7:4. [PMID: 25587491 PMCID: PMC4289631 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2518.s7-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the upper aerodigestive tract and is the six most common cancers worldwide. HNSCC is associated with high morbidity and mortality, as standard surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can cause significant disfigurement and only provide 5-year survival rates of ~50-60%. The heterogeneity of HNSCC subsets with different potentials for recurrence and metastasis challenges the traditional pathological classification system, thereby increasing demand for the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools based on global molecular signatures of HNSCC. Historically, using classical biological techniques, it has been extremely difficult and time-consuming to survey hundreds or thousands of genes in a given disease. However, the development of high throughput technologies and high-powered computation throughout the last two decades has enabled us to investigate hundreds or thousands of genes simultaneously. Using high throughput technologies, our laboratory has identified the gene signatures and protein networks, which significantly affect HNSCC malignant phenotypes, including TP53/p63/p73 family members, IL-1/TNF-β/NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, IL-6/IL-6R/JAK/STAT3, EGFR/MAPK/AP1, HGF/cMET/EGR1, and TGFβ/TGFβR/TAK1/SMAD pathways. This review summarizes the results from high-throughput technological assays conducted on HNSCC samples, including microarray, DNA methylation, miRNA profiling, and protein array, using primarily experimental data and conclusions generated in our own laboratory. The use of bioinformatics and integrated analyses of data sets from different platforms, as well as meta-analysis of large datasets pulled from multiple publicly available studies, provided significantly higher statistical power to extract biologically relevant information. The data suggested that the heterogeneity of HNSCC genotype and phenotype are much more complex than we previously thought. Understanding of global molecular signatures and disease classification for specific subsets of HNSCC will be essential to provide accurate diagnoses for targeted therapy and personalized treatment, which is an important effort toward improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Vander Broek
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Anthony D Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Arpita Mehta
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
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Ali I, Haque A, Wani WA, Saleem K, Al Za'abi M. Analyses of anticancer drugs by capillary electrophoresis: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1296-311. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Waseem A. Wani
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Kishwar Saleem
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Mohammed Al Za'abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat; Sultanate of Oman
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Gršković B, Zrnec D, Vicković S, Popović M, Mršić G. DNA methylation: the future of crime scene investigation? Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4349-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ribas A, Wolchok JD. Combining cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:291-6. [PMID: 23561594 PMCID: PMC3672064 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to pharmacologically modulate key signaling pathways that drive tumor growth and progression, but do not negatively impact the function of lymphocytes, provides avenues for rational combinatorial approaches to improve the antitumor activity of tumor immunotherapies. Novel targeted agents can very specifically block oncogenic events in cancer cells, leading to a pro-apoptotic milieu and a potential increase in sensitivity to recognition and attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Furthermore, targeted pathway modulation in lymphocytes may change their function and have activating effects in some instances. When tested together with recently developed powerful tumor immunotherapies, such combinations may exploit the highly specific targeting of oncogenes with small molecule inhibitors to lead to high frequency of tumor regressions, and merge this benefit with the durable responses achievable with effective tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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55
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Gan JK, Zhang DX, He DL, Zhang XQ, Chen ZY, Luo QB. Promoter methylation negatively correlated with mRNA expression but not tissue differential expression after heat stress. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:809-19. [PMID: 23546965 DOI: 10.4238/2013.march.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a central role in gene expression. In this study, we detected the promoter methylation pattern of the chicken heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene and its association with messenger RNA (mRNA) expression before and after heat shock. The results showed that mRNA expression increased in response to heat stress and peaked at 3 h before dropping. Hypomethylation of the HSP70 promoter occurred in all of the groups studied, but the difference between groups within tissue type was not significant. The DNA methylation level of the control and the 6-h treatment groups was slightly higher than that of the 3-h treatment group in brain tissue and leg muscle. Correlation analysis between mRNA expression and DNA methylation of HSP70 showed that DNA methylation was negatively associated with mRNA expression in leg muscle (P = 0.0124), indicating that DNA methylation may be negatively associated with the expression of HSP70, although the difference was not significant. We concluded that the expression of HSP70 is heat inducible and tissue dependent and that heat induction may correlate with DNA methylation pattern in the HSP70 promoter, whereas tissue dependence is unrelated to DNA methylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Gan
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Detection and Clinical Significance of DLC1 Gene Methylation in Serum DNA from Colorectal Cancer Patients. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 23:283-7. [PMID: 23359753 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) is a new candidate tumor suppressor gene, whose down-regulation or even silence will result from promoter hypermethylation in various human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study is toevaluate the diagnostic role of DLC1gene methylationin the serum DNA from CRC patients. METHODS This study enrolled 85 CRC patients and 45 patients with benign colorectal diseases. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to determine the promoter methylation status of DLC1 gene in serum DNA. The combination of DLC1 methylation and conventional tumor markers was further analyzed. RESULTS Hypermethylation of DLC1 was detected in 42.4% (36/85) of CRC serums, while seldom in the benign controls(8.9%, 4/45) (P<0.001). The aberrant DLC1 methylation in serum DNA was not associated with patients' clinicopathological features and elevated CEA/CA19-9 levels. Furthermore, the combinational analysis of CEA, CA19-9 and DLC1 methylation showed a higher sensitivity and no reduced diagnostic specificity than CEA and CA19-9 combination for CRC diagnosis. CONCLUSION The serum DLC1 methylation may be a promising biomarker for the early detection of CRC, which will further increase the diagnostic efficiency in combination with CEA and CA19-9.
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R/G-band boundaries: genomic instability and human disease. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 419:108-12. [PMID: 23434413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is composed of large-scale compartmentalized structures resulting from variations in the amount of guanine and cytosine residues (GC%) and in the timing of DNA replication. These compartmentalized structures are related to the light- and dark-staining bands along chromosomes after the appropriate staining. Here we describe our current understanding of the biological importance of the boundaries between these light and dark bands (the so-called R/G boundaries). These R/G boundaries were identified following integration of information obtained from analyses of chromosome bands and genome sequences. This review also discusses the potential medical significance of these chromosomal regions for conditions related to genomic instability, such as cancer and neural disease. We propose that R/G-chromosomal boundaries, which correspond to regions showing a switch in replication timing from early to late S phase (early/late-switch regions) and of transition in GC%, have an extremely low number of replication origins and more non-B-form DNA structures than other genomic regions. Further, we suggest that genes located at R/G boundaries and which contain such DNA sequences have an increased risk of genetic instability and of being associated with human diseases. Finally, we propose strategies for genome and epigenome analyses based on R/G boundaries.
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Doktorova TY, Yildirimman R, Vinken M, Vilardell M, Vanhaecke T, Gmuender H, Bort R, Brolen G, Holmgren G, Li R, Chesne C, van Delft J, Kleinjans J, Castell J, Bjorquist P, Herwig R, Rogiers V. Transcriptomic responses generated by hepatocarcinogens in a battery of liver-based in vitro models. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1393-402. [PMID: 23393228 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the conventional approach to assess the potential of a chemical to cause cancer in humans still includes the 2-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassay, development of alternative methodologies is needed. In the present study, the transcriptomics responses following exposure to genotoxic (GTX) and non-genotoxic (NGTX) hepatocarcinogens and non-carcinogens (NC) in five liver-based in vitro models, namely conventional and epigenetically stabilized cultures of primary rat hepatocytes, the human hepatoma-derived cell lines HepaRG and HepG2 and human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, are examined. For full characterization of the systems, several bioinformatics approaches are employed including gene-based, ConsensusPathDB-based and classification analysis. They provide convincingly similar outcomes, namely that upon exposure to carcinogens, the HepaRG generates a gene classifier (a gene classifier is defined as a selected set of characteristic gene signatures capable of distinguishing GTX, NGTX carcinogens and NC) able to discriminate the GTX carcinogens from the NGTX carcinogens and NC. The other in vitro models also yield cancer-relevant characteristic gene groups for the GTX exposure, but some genes are also deregulated by the NGTX carcinogens and NC. Irrespective of the tested in vitro model, the most uniformly expressed pathways following GTX exposure are the p53 and those that are subsequently induced. The NGTX carcinogens triggered no characteristic cancer-relevant gene profiles in all liver-based in vitro systems. In conclusion, liver-based in vitro models coupled with transcriptomics techniques, especially in the case when the HepaRG cell line is used, represent valuable tools for obtaining insight into the mechanism of action and identification of GTX carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Doktorova
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Collotta M, Bertazzi PA, Bollati V. Epigenetics and pesticides. Toxicology 2013; 307:35-41. [PMID: 23380243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides, a wide class of environmental contaminants, may cause both acute and delayed health effects in exposed subjects. These effects can range from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, the reproductive system and cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying such effects are still under investigation. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a change in the DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA expression, can be triggered by environmental factors. We review current evidences indicating that epigenetic modifications may mediate pesticide effects on human health. In vitro, animal, and human investigations have identified several classes of pesticides that modify epigenetic marks, including endocrine disruptors, persistent organic pollutants, arsenic, several herbicides and insecticides. Several investigations have examined the effects of environmental exposures and epigenetic markers, and identified toxicants that modify epigenetic states. These modifications are similar to the ones found in pathological tissue samples. In spite of the current limitations, available evidence supports the concept that epigenetics holds substantial potential for furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pesticides health effects, as well as for predicting health-related risks due to conditions of environmental exposure and individual susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Collotta
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via San Barnaba 8, Milan 20122, Italy
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60
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Yang BZ, Zhang H, Ge W, Weder N, Douglas-Palumberi H, Perepletchikova F, Gelernter J, Kaufman J. Child abuse and epigenetic mechanisms of disease risk. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44:101-7. [PMID: 23332324 PMCID: PMC3758252 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child abuse is highly prevalent and associated with increased risk for a range of health problems, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, and other health problems. Little is currently known about the mechanism by which early adversity confers risk for health problems later in life. PURPOSE To determine if there are epigenetic differences associated with child maltreatment that may help explain association between adverse childhood experiences and later health problems. METHODS As part of a study examining genetic and environmental factors associated with depression, saliva DNA specimens were collected on 96 maltreated children removed from their parents due to abuse or neglect and 96 demographically matched control children between 2003 and 2010. In 2011, the Illumina 450K BeadChip was used on stored DNA specimens and analyzed to examine whole-genome methylation differences between maltreated and control children. RESULTS After controlling for multiple comparisons, maltreated and control children had significantly different methylation values at 2868 CpG sites (p<5.0 × 10(-7), all sites; average methylation difference per site=17%; range=1%-62%). The gene set contained numerous markers of diseases and biological processes related to the health problems associated with early childhood adversity. CONCLUSIONS Although replication is required, this study suggests that epigenetic mechanisms may be associated with risk for health problems later in life in maltreated children. This study lays the groundwork for future studies examining health and methylation measures to further characterize the role of epigenetic mechanisms in conferring risk for medical problems in individuals with histories of early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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du Preez LL, Patterton HG. Secondary structures of the core histone N-terminal tails: their role in regulating chromatin structure. Subcell Biochem 2013; 61:37-55. [PMID: 23150245 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4525-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The core histone N-terminal tails dissociate from their binding positions in nucleosomes at moderate salt concentrations, and appear unstructured in the crystal. This suggested that the tails contributed minimally to chromatin structure. However, in vitro studies have shown that the tails were involved in a range of intra- and inter-nucleosomal as well as inter-fibre contacts. The H4 tail, which is essential for chromatin compaction, was shown to contact an adjacent nucleosome in the crystal. Acetylation of H4K16 was shown to abolish the ability of a nucleosome array to fold into a 30 nm fibre. The application of secondary structure prediction software has suggested the presence of extended structured regions in the histone tails. Molecular Dynamics studies have further shown that sections of the H3 and H4 tails assumed α-helical and β-strand content that was enhanced by the presence of DNA, and that post-translational modifications of the tails had a major impact on these structures. Circular dichroism and NMR showed that the H3 and H4 tails exhibited significant α-helical content, that was increased by acetylation of the tail. There is thus strong evidence, both from biophysical and from computational approaches, that the core histones tails, particularly that of H3 and H4, are structured, and that these structures are influenced by post-translational modifications. This chapter reviews studies on the position, binding sites and secondary structures of the core histone tails, and discusses the possible role of the histone tail structures in the regulation of chromatin organization, and its impact on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis L du Preez
- Advanced Biomolecular Research Cluster, University of the Free State, 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Hypomethylation of dual specificity phosphatase 22 promoter correlates with duration of service in firefighters and is inducible by low-dose benzo[a]pyrene. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:774-80. [PMID: 22796920 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31825296bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Firefighters (FFs) are chronically exposed to smoke and products of incomplete combustion, which frequently contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study examined the possibility of an association between PAH-induced epigenetic alterations and occupational firefighting exposure. METHODS Promoter methylation was analyzed in four genes in blood DNA from 18 FFs and 20 non-FFs (controls). Jurkat and human normal prostate epithelial cells were treated with benzo[a]pyrene to ascertain the epigenetic effects of this type of agent. RESULTS Firefighters had a higher prevalence of dual specificity phosphatase 22-promoter hypomethylation in blood DNA (P = 0.03) and the extent of hypomethylation correlated with duration of firefighting service (P = 0.04) but not with age. Benzo[a]pyrene reduced promoter methylation and increased gene expression of the same gene in Jurkat and normal prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative occupational exposure to combustion-derived PAHs during firefighting can cause epigenetic changes in promoters of specific genes.
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Mahapatra S, Klee EW, Young CYF, Sun Z, Jimenez RE, Klee GG, Tindall DJ, Donkena KV. Global methylation profiling for risk prediction of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2882-95. [PMID: 22589488 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the promoter hypermethylation as diagnostic markers to detect malignant prostate cells and as prognostic markers to predict the clinical recurrence of prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA was isolated from prostate cancer and normal adjacent tissues. After bisulfite conversion, methylation of 14,495 genes was evaluated using the Methylation27 microarrays in 238 prostate tissues. We analyzed methylation profiles in four different groups: (i) tumor (n = 198) versus matched normal tissues (n = 40), (ii) recurrence (n = 123) versus nonrecurrence (n = 75), (iii) clinical recurrence (n = 80) versus biochemical recurrence (n = 43), and (iv) systemic recurrence (n = 36) versus local recurrence (n = 44). Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 genes signifying biomarkers for diagnosis, prediction of recurrence, clinical recurrence, and systemic progression were determined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to predict risk of recurrence. We validated the methylation of genes in 20 independent tissues representing each group by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed significant methylation of genes in four different groups of prostate cancer tissues. The sensitivity and specificity of methylation for 25 genes from 1, 2, and 4 groups and 7 from group 3 were shown. Validation of genes by pyrosequencing from group 1 (GSTP1, HIF3A, HAAO, and RARβ), group 2 (CRIP1, FLNC, RASGRF2, RUNX3, and HS3ST2), group 3 (PHLDA3, RASGRF2, and TNFRSF10D), and group 4 (BCL11B, POU3F3, and RASGRF2) confirmed the microarray results. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a global assessment of DNA methylation in prostate cancer and identifies the significance of genes as diagnostic and progression biomarkers of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Mahapatra
- Department of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Replication timing in a single human chromosome 11 transferred into the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. Gene 2012; 510:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Trials with 'epigenetic' drugs: an update. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:657-82. [PMID: 23103179 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of pivotal genes involved in correct cell growth is a hallmark of human pathologies, in particular cancer. These epigenetic mechanisms, including crosstalk between DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, affect gene expression and are associated with disease progression. In contrast to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes are potentially reversible. Re-expression of genes epigenetically inactivated can result in the suppression of disease state or sensitization to specific therapies. Small molecules that reverse epigenetic inactivation, so-called epi-drugs, are now undergoing clinical trials. Accordingly, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for cancer treatment have approved some of these drugs. Here, we focus on the biological features of epigenetic molecules, analyzing the mechanism(s) of action and their current use in clinical practice.
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Abstract
Recent estimates indicate that diabetes mellitus currently affects more than 10 % of the world's population. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that prolonged hyperglycemia induces chronic complications which persist and progress unimpeded even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved via the phenomenon of metabolic memory. The epigenome is comprised of all chromatin modifications including post translational histone modification, expression control via miRNAs and the methylation of cytosine within DNA. Modifications of these epigenetic marks not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters. As such, these processes have gained much attention as potential molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic memory and chronic diabetic complications. Here we present a review of the very recent literature published pertaining to this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Intine
- Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Kitkumthorn N, Keelawat S, Rattanatanyong P, Mutirangura A. LINE-1 and Alu Methylation Patterns in Lymph Node Metastases of Head and Neck Cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4469-75. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Transposable elements and human cancer: a causal relationship? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:28-35. [PMID: 22982062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements are present in almost all genomes including that of humans. These mobile DNA sequences are capable of invading genomes and their impact on genome evolution is substantial as they contribute to the genetic diversity of organisms. The mobility of transposable elements can cause deleterious mutations, gene disruption and chromosome rearrangements that may lead to several pathologies including cancer. This mini-review aims to give a brief overview of the relationship that transposons and retrotransposons may have in the genetic cause of human cancer onset, or conversely creating protection against cancer. Finally, the cause of TE mobility may also be the cancer cell environment itself.
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Ross CR, Brennan-Laun SE, Wilson GM. Tristetraprolin: roles in cancer and senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:473-84. [PMID: 22387927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and senescence are both complex transformative processes that dramatically alter many features of cell physiology and their interactions with surrounding tissues. Developing the wide range of cellular features characteristic of these conditions requires profound alterations in global gene expression patterns, which can be achieved by suppressing, activating, or uncoupling cellular gene regulatory pathways. Many genes associated with the initiation and development of tumors are regulated at the level of mRNA decay, frequently through the activity of AU-rich mRNA-destabilizing elements (AREs) located in their 3'-untranslated regions. As such, cellular factors that recognize and control the decay of ARE-containing mRNAs can influence tumorigenic or senescent phenotypes mediated by products of these transcripts. In this review, we discuss evidence showing how suppressed expression and/or activity of the ARE-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP) can contribute to these processes. Next, we outline current findings linking TTP suppression to exacerbation of individual tumorigenic phenotypes, and the roles of specific TTP substrate mRNAs in mediating these effects. Finally, we survey potential mechanisms that cells may employ to suppress TTP expression in cancer, and propose potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that may exploit the relationship between TTP expression and tumor progression or senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To introduce a conceptual model detailing the physiologic contributions of malglycemia to cancer formation and increased morbidity and mortality. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL®, and Cochrane databases, as well as Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer statistics. DATA SYNTHESIS Multiple complex factors are associated with malignancy formation, proliferation, and outcomes for each individual. The authors present a model, termed the Malglycemia Orbit Model, that is analogous to an atom, centered on a core of individual factors, and surrounded by "orbits" containing cancer and related factors. Highlighted in this model is the role of malglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Cancer formation and sequelae involve numerous multifaceted factors. One factor not well described or understood within the context of malignancies is glycemic status, most notably how malglycemia impacts cancer formation and risks for adverse outcomes. The atomic-structured malglycemia model describes this process. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Among the many uncontrollable factors that contribute to cancer formation and adverse outcomes, malglycemia is one that is modifiable. Nurses are in a prime position to conduct research to enhance understanding and ultimately improve protocols for better glycemic control and, in effect, better outcomes for individuals with cancer.
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SHIN DONGYEOK, PARK YOUSOO, YANG KWANGMO, KIM GIYOUNG, KIM WUNJAE, HAN MINHO, KANG HOSUNG, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:910-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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The role of epigenetic regulation in stem cell and cancer biology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:791-801. [PMID: 22660276 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal development and homeostasis requires a carefully coordinated gene expression program. Appropriate transcriptional regulation is maintained, in part, through epigenetic modifications of both DNA and histones. It is now apparent that the epigenetic landscape is complex and carefully controlled to both silence and activate gene transcription and that these states remain exquisitely poised for reversal. The deregulation of epigenetics in cancer is common and results in both the activation of oncogenes and the silencing of tumor suppressors. A tremendous amount of research corroborates the existence in many tumor types of a cancer stem cell that is both the origin and cell type responsible for resistance of tumors to current therapies. As our understanding of cancer stem cell biology continues, it is apparent that these cells are also under the influence of epigenetic regulation. We will discuss the cancer stem cell hypothesis and the role of epigenetics in both normal and cancer stem cell biology.
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73
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Gardiner RB, Morash BA, Riddell C, Wang H, Fernandez CV, Yhap M, Berman JN. Using MS-MLPA as an efficient screening tool for detecting 9p21 abnormalities in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:852-9. [PMID: 21796768 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of recurrent genetic lesions in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has enabled therapeutic stratification with improved outcomes. The tumor suppressor genes, CDKN2A and CDKN2B, encoding p16(INK4a) , p14(ARF) , and p15(INK4b) have been localized to 9p21. Abnormalities of 9p21 have been reported in 10-30% of childhood ALL using conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The incidence of 9p21 using more sensitive techniques, such as methylation specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA), remains uncertain, and thus also the prognostic significance. PROCEDURE We investigated the incidence and prognostic importance of 9p21 abnormalities in pediatric ALL patients using MS-MLPA and compared these results to FISH. RESULTS In total, MS-MLPA or FISH detected aberrations (both dosage and methylation abnormalities) at 9p21 in a remarkable 32/48 (67%) patients in contrast to a much lower rate of only 8% of patients identified to have deletions by standard G banding cytogenetics. MS-MLPA identified five deletions not found by FISH. Aberrant methylation at CDKN2B was found in 19 (46%) patients. 9p21 abnormalities were associated with National Cancer Institute (NCI) high-risk criteria (P = 0.04) and were present in all five patients with T-cell disease. Four pre-B-cell ALL patients relapsed, three of whom had prior 9p21 abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS MS-MLPA had a higher detection rate for 9p21 abnormalities than previously reported for other techniques. Given the ease of processing, minimal equipment and low cost of MS-MLPA, our results suggest that previous reports may have underestimated the true frequency of 9p21 abnormalities and their potential impact upon ALL outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brett Gardiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Health Centre/Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Tao SF, Zhang CS, Guo XL, Xu Y, Zhang SS, Song JR, Li R, Wu MC, Wei LX. Anti-tumor effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine by inhibiting telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2334-43. [PMID: 22654424 PMCID: PMC3353367 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2’-deoxycitidine (DAC) on telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, SMMC-7721 and HepG2.
METHODS: The related gene expression in cell lines was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The telomerase activity was examined by telomeric repeat amplification protocol-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and DNA methylation was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: The telomerase activity was significantly reduced in both cell lines treated with DAC, accompanied by downregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). We also observed the effect of DAC on the methylation status of hTERT promoter and the expression of regulatory genes, such as c-myc, p15, p16, p21, E2F1, and WT1. The methylation status of hTERT promoter could be reversed in SMMC-7721 by DAC, but not in HepG2 cells. However, p16 expression could be reactivated by demethylation of its promoter, and c-Myc expression was repressed in both cell lines. Moreover, DAC could enhance the sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, by induction of apoptosis of HCC cells.
CONCLUSION: The DAC exerts its anti-tumor effects in HCC cells by inhibiting the telomerase activity.
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75
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Luo D, Lu ML, Zhao GF, Huang H, Zheng MY, Chang J, Lv L, Luo JB. Reduced Popdc3 expression correlates with high risk and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2423-9. [PMID: 22654436 PMCID: PMC3353379 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of Popeye domain containing 3 (Popdc3) and its correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis of gastric cancer. METHODS The method of immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of Popdc3 in 306 cases of human gastric cancer and 84 noncancerous gastric tissues. Simultaneously, the relationship between Popdc3 expression and the survival of the patients was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Popdc3 was detected in 72 (85.71%) of 84 human nontumor mucosa. High expression of Popdc3 protein was detected in 78 (25.49%) of 306 human gastric cancer cases, and low expression was detected in 228 (74.51%). Low expression of Popdc3 correlated with depth of invasion (P < 0.0001), regional lymph nodes (P < 0.0001) and distant metastasis (P = 0.02), and tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) stages (P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, only the patient's gender, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stages, and the expression of Popdc3 were independent prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. The Kaplan-Meier plot showed that low Popdc3 expression had a much more significant effect on the survival of those patients with early-stage tumors (χ² = 104.741, P < 0.0001), with a > 51.9% reduction in the three-year survival compared with high Popdc3 expression. In late stages, the difference was also significant (χ² = 5.930, P = 0.015), with a 32.6% reduction in the three-year survival. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of Popdc3 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. Popdc3 may be an independent prognostic factor.
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Otto C, Stadler PF, Hoffmann S. Fast and sensitive mapping of bisulfite-treated sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2012; 28:1698-704. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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77
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Abstract
Classical genetic studies established a link between Type 1 diabetes, a common childhood autoimmune disease and genes that encode MHC antigens and several immune-related determinants. The mechanisms by which these genes contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of Type 1 diabetes remain enigmatic. Emerging data indicate a role for epigenetic mechanisms involving hyperacetylation of histones in the differential gene expression and amelioration of autoimmune diabetes in a mouse model. In this article the implications of these and other epigenetic mechanisms including ncRNA-mediated gene regulation in the abrogation of autoimmune diabetes are discussed. Concerted efforts to decipher the epigenetics of Type 1 diabetes may provide novel perspectives on autoimmune diabetogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Jayaraman
- Deptartment of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Frith MC, Mori R, Asai K. A mostly traditional approach improves alignment of bisulfite-converted DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e100. [PMID: 22457070 PMCID: PMC3401460 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosines in genomic DNA are sometimes methylated. This affects many biological processes and diseases. The standard way of measuring methylation is to use bisulfite, which converts unmethylated cytosines to thymines, then sequence the DNA and compare it to a reference genome sequence. We describe a method for the critical step of aligning the DNA reads to the correct genomic locations. Our method builds on classic alignment techniques, including likelihood-ratio scores and spaced seeds. In a realistic benchmark, our method has a better combination of sensitivity, specificity and speed than nine other high-throughput bisulfite aligners. This study enables more accurate and rational analysis of DNA methylation. It also illustrates how to adapt general-purpose alignment methods to a special case with distorted base patterns: this should be informative for other special cases such as ancient DNA and AT-rich genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Frith
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
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Guo W, Chen P, Zheng LH, Li S. Association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms (C677T and G1793A) and risk of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:690-693. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i8.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the association between two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (C677T and G1793A) of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and risk of gastric cancer.
METHODS: Ninety patients with advanced gastric cancer and 114 normal controls were included in the study. DNA samples isolated from peripheral blood which were used to genotype C677T and G1793A polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
RESULTS: No significant differences in allele frequencies and genotype frequencies were found between the patients and controls, suggesting that there might be no association between the two MTHFR gene polymorphisms and risk of gastric cancer.
CONCLUSION: It is necessary to classify gastric cancer according to causes of disease to investigate the association between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and risk of this disease since MTHFR gene polymorphisms may be associated with only some subtypes.
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80
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Liu S, Gonzalez J, Hwang BJ, Steinberg ML. Induction of cyclin D1 by arsenite and UVB-irradiation in human keratinocytes. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2012; 22:110-21. [PMID: 22102309 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2011.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental pollutant with carcinogenic properties that is found in many regions of the world but that poses a health risk primarily in economically disadvantaged areas. In these areas, arsenic ingestion affects various tissues, especially skin in which it acts as a comutagen with the ultraviolet component of solar radiation. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that arsenic and ultraviolet radiation act on signaling pathways that effect the expression of cyclin D1. We have previously employed an in vitro model system of human epidermal keratinocytes to study the effects of submicromolar concentrations of sodium arsenite on cyclin D1 expression. Here, we employed this system to demonstrate concordant cyclin D1-related induction profiles of ultraviolet B radiation and arsenite using cDNA microarray analysis. We also show that both of these agents act epigenetically to bring about demethylation of the cyclin D1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, Convent Avenue and 138th Street, New York, NY 10031, USA
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81
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Hu CW, Liu HH, Li YJ, Chao MR. Direct analysis of 5-methylcytosine and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in human urine by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS: correlations with N-methylated purines and oxidized DNA lesions. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:462-70. [PMID: 22268645 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that active DNA demethylation involves base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. We hypothesized that the resulting excision products could be further excreted and present in urine. A highly specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was first developed for simultaneously measuring urinary 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-medC). With the use of isotope internal standards and online solid-phase extraction (SPE), the detection limits of 5-meC and 5-medC were estimated to be 1.2 and 0.3 pg, respectively. This method was applied to measure urinary samples of 376 healthy males. Urinary samples were also measured for methylated and oxidized DNA lesions, namely, N7-methylguanine (N7-meG), N3-methyladenine (N3-meA), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), using reported online SPE LC-MS/MS methods. Results showed that mean urinary levels of 5-meC and 5-medC were 28.4 ± 14.3 and 7.04 ± 7.2 ng/mg creatinine, respectively, supporting the possible presence of DNA demethylation through BER and NER mechanisms. Urinary levels of 5-meC were significantly positively correlated with N7-meG, N3-meA, and 8-oxodG. Good correlations between 5-meC and methylated and oxidized DNA lesions may have implied the underlying linkage between genetic (DNA lesions) and epigenetic (DNA methylation) alterations derived from exogenous exposure and/or from endogenous cellular processes in human and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Barra V, Schillaci T, Lentini L, Costa G, Di Leonardo A. Bypass of cell cycle arrest induced by transient DNMT1 post-transcriptional silencing triggers aneuploidy in human cells. Cell Div 2012; 7:2. [PMID: 22305267 PMCID: PMC3292948 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneuploidy has been acknowledged as a major source of genomic instability in cancer, and it is often considered the result of chromosome segregation errors including those caused by defects in genes controlling the mitotic spindle assembly, centrosome duplication and cell-cycle checkpoints. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability has been also correlated with epigenetic alteration, however the molecular basis of this correlation is poorly understood. RESULTS To address the functional connection existing between epigenetic changes and aneuploidy, we used RNA-interference to silence the DNMT1 gene, encoding for a highly conserved member of the DNA methyl-transferases. DNMT1 depletion slowed down proliferation of near-diploid human tumor cells (HCT116) and triggered G1 arrest in primary human fibroblasts (IMR90), by inducing p53 stabilization and, in turn, p21waf1 transactivation. Remarkably, p53 increase was not caused by DNA damage and was not observed after p14-ARF post-transcriptional silencing. Interestingly, DNMT1 silenced cells with p53 or p14-ARF depleted did not arrest in G1 but, instead, underwent DNA hypomethylation and became aneuploid. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DNMT1 depletion triggers a p14ARF/p53 dependent cell cycle arrest to counteract the aneuploidy induced by changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Barra
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Science and Technology (STEMBIO) University of Palermo, Italy.
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83
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Yang Y, Zhang Q, Xu F, Wu L, He Q, Li X. Tumor suppressor gene BLU is frequently downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in myelodysplastic syndrome. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:729-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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84
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Epigenetic modulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene expression by equol in breast cancer cell lines. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451100657x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S-Equol is a metabolite resulting from the conversion of daidzein, a soya phyto-oestrogen, by the gut microflora. The potential protective effects of equol in breast cancer are still under debate. Consequently, we investigated the effects of equol on DNA methylation of breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) and oncosuppressors in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and in a dystrophic breast cell line (MCF-10a) following exposure to S-equol (2 μm) for 3 weeks. We demonstrated by quantitative analysis of methylated alleles a significant decrease in the methylation of the cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) islands in the promoters of BRCA1 and BRCA2 after the S-equol treatment in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and a trend in MCF-10a cells. We also showed that S-equol increases BRCA1 and BRCA2 protein expression in the nuclei and the cytoplasm in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10a cell lines by immunohistochemistry. The increase in BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins was also found after Western blotting in the studied cell lines. In summary, we demonstrated the demethylating effect of S-equol on the CpG islands inside the promoters of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, resulting in an increase in the level of expressed oncosuppressors in breast cancer cell lines.
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85
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González-Barrios R, Soto-Reyes E, Herrera LA. Assembling pieces of the centromere epigenetics puzzle. Epigenetics 2012; 7:3-13. [PMID: 22207360 PMCID: PMC3329500 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.1.18504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a key region for cell division where the kinetochore assembles, recognizes and attaches to microtubules so that each sister chromatid can segregate to each daughter cell. The centromeric chromatin is a unique rigid chromatin state promoted by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A, in which epigenetic histone modifications of both heterochromatin or euchromatin states and associated protein elements are present. Although DNA sequence is not regarded as important for the establishment of centromere chromatin, it has become clear that this structure is formed as a result of a highly regulated epigenetic event that leads to the recruitment and stability of kinetochore proteins. We describe an integrative model for epigenetic processes that conform regional chromatin interactions indispensable for the recruitment and stability of kinetochore proteins. If alterations of these chromatin regions occur, chromosomal instability is promoted, although segregation may still take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
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86
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Luo D, Ye T, Li TQ, Tang P, Min SD, Zhao GF, Huang H, Chang J, Wang Y, Lv L, Lu ML, Zheng MY. Ectopic expression of RASSF2 and its prognostic role for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:391-396. [PMID: 22969901 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
RASSF2 has recently been identified as a potential tumor suppressor that serves as a Ras effector in various types of human cancers. However, there have been few reports detailing this in gastric cancer. Samples of gastric adenocarcinoma from 276 Chinese patients with follow-up were analyzed for RASSF2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. RASSF2 was expressed in up to 31.2% (86/276) of this group of gastric carcinoma. The expression of RASSF2 was significantly lower in carcinomas than in normal mucosas (P<0.05). RASSF2 corresponded positively with patient age, histological differentiation, depth of tumor invasion, regional lymph node and distant metastasis, and TNM stage (all P<0.05). Further multivariate analysis revealed that patient gender, depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, TNM stage and the expression of RASSF2 were independent prognostic factors for patients with gastric cancer. The Kaplan-Meier plot showed that the overall mean survival time of the patients with RASSF2-negative expression was shorter than that of patients with positive expression (χ(2)=156.874, P<0.0001). Moreover, RASSF2-negative expression had a much more significant effect on the survival of those patients with early stage tumors (χ(2)=127.167, P<0.0001), highlighted by a >50.9% reduction in 3-year survival compared to that of patients with RASSF2-positive expression. In late stages, the difference was also significant (χ(2)=6.246, P=0.019), with a 35.5% reduction in 3-year survival. It is suggested that RASSF2 plays an important role in the evolution of gastric adenocarcinoma and should be considered as a potential marker for its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
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Luo D, Zhao GF, Lu ML, Huang H, Chang J, Zheng MY, Gastroenterology DO, University TSAHOKM, 650101 K, Province Y, China. Association of CHD5 and KLF5 expression with prognosis in gastric carcinoma Deng Luo, Gong-Fang Zhao, Ming-Liang Lu, Hua Huang, Jiang Chang, Meng-Yao Zheng. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3603-3609. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i35.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 5 (CHD5) and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in gastric cancer, and to evaluate whether CHD5 and KLF5 can be used as prognostic markers in gastric cancer.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to detect the expression of CHD5 and KLF5 proteins in 208 surgical specimens of gastric cancer and 68 noncancerous gastric tissue specimens. The association of CHD5 and KLF5 expression in gastric cancer with the survival time of patients was retrospectively analyzed.
RESULTS: Reduced expression of CHD5 and KLF5 frequently occurred in gastric cancer. The positive rates of CHD5 and KLF5 expression in gastric cancer were 29.33% (61/208) and 38.46% (80/208), respectively. CHD5 expression was correlated with age, histologic differentiation, depth of invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage (all P < 0.05). KLF5 expression was correlated with histologic differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage (all P < 0.05). Further multivariate analysis revealed that patient's gender, tumor location, histologic differentiation, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and expression of CHD5 and KLF5 were independent prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. The Kaplan-Meier plot showed that the median survival was 21.00 ± 1.36 months in patients with negative expression of CHD5 and 20.00 ± 1.54 months in those with negative expression of KLF5. The median survival time was 55.00 ± 6.97 months in patients with positive CHD5 expression and 45.00±3.27 months in patients with positive KLF5 expression. The cumulative 1- and 3-year survival rates were significantly lower in patients with negative expression of CHD5 and KLF5 than in those with positive expression of these two proteins.
CONCLUSION: Reduced expression of CHD5 and KLF5 in gastric cancer is associated with tumor metastasis and poor survival. Ectopic expression of CHD5 and KLF5 proteins may play an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma.
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Blood leukocyte Alu and LINE-1 methylation and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:585-91. [PMID: 22173668 PMCID: PMC3273339 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent data suggest a link between blood leukocyte DNA methylation, and cancer risk. However, reports on DNA methylation from a prospective study are unavailable for gastric cancer. Methods: We explored the association between methylation in pre-diagnostic blood leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk in a case–control study nested in the prospective Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort. Incident gastric cancer cases (n=192) and matched controls (n=384) were included in the study. Methylation of Alu and long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE)-1 were evaluated using bisulphite pyrosequencing. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Alu methylation was inversely associated with gastric cancer risk, mainly among cases diagnosed one or more years after blood collection. After excluding cases diagnosed during the first year of follow-up, the ORs for the third, second, and first quartiles of Alu methylation compared with the highest quartile were 2.43 (1.43–4.13), 1.47(0.85–2.57), and 2.22 (1.28–3.84), respectively. This association appeared to be modified by dietary intake, particularly isoflavone. In contrast, LINE-1 methylation levels were not associated with gastric cancer risk. Conclusion: Evidence from this prospective study is consistent with the hypothesis that DNA hypomethylation in blood leukocytes may be related to cancer risk, including risk of gastric cancer.
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Konkankit VV, Kim W, Koya RC, Eskin A, Dam MA, Nelson S, Ribas A, Liau LM, Prins RM. Decitabine immunosensitizes human gliomas to NY-ESO-1 specific T lymphocyte targeting through the Fas/Fas ligand pathway. J Transl Med 2011; 9:192. [PMID: 22060015 PMCID: PMC3229551 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of effective treatments for gliomas makes them a significant health problem and highlights the need for the development of novel and innovative treatment approaches. Immunotherapy is an appealing strategy because of the potential ability for immune cells to traffic to and destroy infiltrating tumor cells. However, the absence of well-characterized, highly immunogenic tumor-rejection antigens (TRA) in gliomas has limited the implementation of targeted immune-based therapies. Methods We hypothesized that treatment with the demethylating agent, decitabine, would upregulate the expression of TRA on tumor cells, thereby facilitating enhanced surveillance by TRA-specific T cells. Results and Discussion Treatment of human glioma cells with decitabine increased the expression of NY-ESO-1 and other well characterized cancer testes antigens. The upregulation of NY-ESO-1 made these tumors susceptible to NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell recognition and lysis. Interestingly, decitabine treatment of T98 glioma cells also sensitized them to Fas-dependent apoptosis with an agonistic antibody, while a Fas blocking antibody could largely prevent the enhanced functional recognition by NY-ESO-1 specific T cells. Thus, decitabine treatment transformed a non-immunogenic glioma cell into an immunogenic target that was efficiently recognized by NY-ESO-1--specific T cells. Conclusions Such data supports the hypothesis that agents which alter epigenetic cellular processes may "immunosensitize" tumor cells to tumor-specific T cell-mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerauo V Konkankit
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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90
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation contribute to phenotypic variation by regulating gene transcription, developmental plasticity, and interactions with the environment. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between the stability and distribution of DNA methylation within chromosomes and the ability to detect trait loci. Plant genomes have a distinct range of target sites and more extensive DNA methylation than animals. We analyzed the stability and distribution of epialleles within the complex genome of the oilseed crop plant Brassica napus. For methylation sensitive AFLP (MSAP) and retrotransposon (RT) epimarkers, we found a high degree of stability, with 90% of mapped markers retaining their allelic pattern in contrasting environments and developmental stages. Moreover, for two distinct parental lines 97% of epialleles were transmitted through five meioses and segregated in a mapping population. For the first time we have established the genetic position for 17 of the 19 centromeres within this amphidiploid species. Epiloci and genetic loci were distributed within distinct clusters, indicating differential detection of recombination events. This enabled us to identify additional significant QTL associated with seven important agronomic traits in the centromeric regions of five linkage groups.
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92
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Wu H, Zeng H, Lam R, Tempel W, Amaya MF, Xu C, Dombrovski L, Qiu W, Wang Y, Min J. Structural and histone binding ability characterizations of human PWWP domains. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18919. [PMID: 21720545 PMCID: PMC3119473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PWWP domain was first identified as a structural motif of 100-130 amino acids in the WHSC1 protein and predicted to be a protein-protein interaction domain. It belongs to the Tudor domain 'Royal Family', which consists of Tudor, chromodomain, MBT and PWWP domains. While Tudor, chromodomain and MBT domains have long been known to bind methylated histones, PWWP was shown to exhibit histone binding ability only until recently. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The PWWP domain has been shown to be a DNA binding domain, but sequence analysis and previous structural studies show that the PWWP domain exhibits significant similarity to other 'Royal Family' members, implying that the PWWP domain has the potential to bind histones. In order to further explore the function of the PWWP domain, we used the protein family approach to determine the crystal structures of the PWWP domains from seven different human proteins. Our fluorescence polarization binding studies show that PWWP domains have weak histone binding ability, which is also confirmed by our NMR titration experiments. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structures of the BRPF1 PWWP domain in complex with H3K36me3, and HDGF2 PWWP domain in complex with H3K79me3 and H4K20me3. CONCLUSIONS PWWP proteins constitute a new family of methyl lysine histone binders. The PWWP domain consists of three motifs: a canonical β-barrel core, an insertion motif between the second and third β-strands and a C-terminal α-helix bundle. Both the canonical β-barrel core and the insertion motif are directly involved in histone binding. The PWWP domain has been previously shown to be a DNA binding domain. Therefore, the PWWP domain exhibits dual functions: binding both DNA and methyllysine histones. ENHANCED VERSION This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Zeng
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Lam
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria F. Amaya
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chao Xu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ludmila Dombrovski
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Qiu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Gene Regulation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jinrong Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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93
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McKay JA, Williams EA, Mathers JC. Effect of maternal and post-weaning folate supply on gene-specific DNA methylation in the small intestine of weaning and adult apc and wild type mice. Front Genet 2011; 2:23. [PMID: 22303319 PMCID: PMC3268578 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the developmental origins of adult health and disease hypothesis which argues for a causal relationship between adverse early life nutrition and increased disease risk in adulthood. Modulation of epigenetic marks, e.g., DNA methylation and consequential altered gene expression, has been proposed as a mechanism mediating these effects. Via its role as a methyl donor, dietary folate supply may influence DNA methylation. As aberrant methylation is an early event in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis, we hypothesized low maternal and/or post-weaning folate intake may influence methylation of genes involved in CRC development. We investigated the effects of maternal folate depletion during pregnancy and lactation on selected gene methylation in the small intestine of wild type (WT) and Apc(+/Min) mice at weaning and as adults. We also investigated the effects of folate depletion post-weaning on gene methylation in adult mice. Female C57Bl6/J mice were fed low or normal folate diets from mating with Apc(+/Min) males to the end of lactation. A sub-set of offspring were killed at weaning. Remaining offspring were weaned on to low or normal folate diets, resulting in four treatment groups of Apc(+/Min) and WT mice. p53 was more methylated in weaning and adult WT compared with Apc(+/Min) mice (p > 0.001). Igf2 and Apc were hypermethylated in adult Apc(+/Min) compared with WT mice (p = 0.004 and 0.012 respectively). Low maternal folate reduced p53 methylation in adults (p = 0.04). Low post-weaning folate increased Apc methylation in Apc(+/Min) mice only (p = 0.008 for interaction). These observations demonstrate that folate depletion in early life can alter epigenetic marks in a gene-specific manner. Also, the differential effects of altered folate supply on DNA methylation in WT and Apc(+/Min) mice suggest that genotype may modulate epigenetic responses to environmental cues and may have implications for the development of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A McKay
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Nakatome M, Orii M, Hamajima M, Hirata Y, Uemura M, Hirayama S, Isobe I. Methylation analysis of circadian clock gene promoters in forensic autopsy specimens. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13:205-9. [PMID: 21596611 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation in gene promoter regions influences gene expression. Circadian clock genes play an important role in the formation of a biological clock and aberrant methylation of these genes contributes to several disorders. In this study, we examined forensic autopsy specimens to determine whether DNA methylation status in the promoter regions of nine circadian clock genes (Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Bmal1, Clock, Tim, and Ck1e) is related to a change in acquired diathesis and/or causes of death. Methylation-specific PCR and direct sequencing methods revealed that the promoters of Per1, Cry2, Bmal1, Clock, and Ck1e were unmethylated in all the forensic autopsy specimens, while the promoters of Per2, Per3, Cry1, and Tim were partially methylated. Methylation status varied between individuals and between tissues in the same patient. A detailed analysis of methylation patterns in the Cry1 promoter region revealed that the patterns also varied between individuals and the Cry1 promoter had highly methylated patterns in two cases that had been exposed to methamphetamine. These results suggest that the methylation status of clock gene promoters varies between individuals. Methamphetamine use may influence methylation in the Cry1 gene promoter region and disturb circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakatome
- Department of Legal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Kitkumthorn N, Mutirangura A. Long interspersed nuclear element-1 hypomethylation in cancer: biology and clinical applications. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:315-30. [PMID: 22704344 PMCID: PMC3365388 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in long interspersed nuclear element-1s (LINE-1s or L1s) occur early during the process of carcinogenesis. A lower methylation level (hypomethylation) of LINE-1 is common in most cancers, and the methylation level is further decreased in more advanced cancers. Consequently, several previous studies have suggested the use of LINE-1 hypomethylation levels in cancer screening, risk assessment, tumor staging, and prognostic prediction. Epigenomic changes are complex, and global hypomethylation influences LINE-1s in a generalized fashion. However, the methylation levels of some loci are dependent on their locations. The consequences of LINE-1 hypomethylation are genomic instability and alteration of gene expression. There are several mechanisms that promote both of these consequences in cis. Therefore, the methylation levels of different sets of LINE-1s may represent certain phenotypes. Furthermore, the methylation levels of specific sets of LINE-1s may indicate carcinogenesis-dependent hypomethylation. LINE-1 methylation pattern analysis can classify LINE-1s into one of three classes based on the number of methylated CpG dinucleotides. These classes include hypermethylation, partial methylation, and hypomethylation. The number of partial and hypermethylated loci, but not hypomethylated LINE-1s, is different among normal cell types. Consequently, the number of hypomethylated loci is a more promising marker than methylation level in the detection of cancer DNA. Further genome-wide studies to measure the methylation level of each LINE-1 locus may improve PCR-based methylation analysis to allow for a more specific and sensitive detection of cancer DNA or for an analysis of certain cancer phenotypes.
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Moreira PR, Cardoso FP, Brito JAR, Batista AC, Gomes CC, Gomez RS. Hypomethylation of tumor suppressor genes in odontogenic myxoma. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:422-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is an ectomesenchymal benign odontogenic tumor characterized by spindle or stellate-shaped cells embedded in an abundant myxoid or mucoid extracellular matrix. DNA methylation is characterized by the addition of methyl groups in cytosines within CpG islands in the promoter gene. DNA methylation can decrease the expression of tumor suppressor genes and contribute to the development of neoplastic lesions. The aim of study was to evaluate the methylation pattern of the tumor suppressor genes P16 (CDKN2A), P21 (CDKN1A), P27 (CDKN1B), P53 (TP53) and RB1 in OM and dental pulp. Methylation was evaluated using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The transcription was studied in some cases by using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. A higher frequency of unmethylated P27, P53, and RB1 samples was observed in the OM when compared with the dental pulp. OM expressed mRNA of all the genes evaluated. Considering all the samples together, the expression of Rb was higher in the unmethylated samples compared with the partially methylated samples. This investigation revealed hypomethylation of the genes P27, P53, and RB1 in OM. In addition, methylation of tumor suppressor genes was found to be an usual event in normal dental pulp.
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