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Yu D, Tomasiewicz JL, Yang SE, Miller BR, Wakai MH, Sherman DS, Cummings NE, Baar EL, Brinkman JA, Syed FA, Lamming DW. Calorie-Restriction-Induced Insulin Sensitivity Is Mediated by Adipose mTORC2 and Not Required for Lifespan Extension. Cell Rep 2019; 29:236-248.e3. [PMID: 31577953 PMCID: PMC6820997 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) extends the healthspan and lifespan of diverse species. In mammals, a broadly conserved metabolic effect of CR is improved insulin sensitivity, which may mediate the beneficial effects of a CR diet. This model has been challenged by the identification of interventions that extend lifespan and healthspan yet promote insulin resistance. These include rapamycin, which extends mouse lifespan yet induces insulin resistance by disrupting mTORC2 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2). Here, we induce insulin resistance by genetically disrupting adipose mTORC2 via tissue-specific deletion of the mTORC2 component Rictor (AQ-RKO). Loss of adipose mTORC2 blunts the metabolic adaptation to CR and prevents whole-body sensitization to insulin. Despite this, AQ-RKO mice subject to CR experience the same increase in fitness and lifespan on a CR diet as wild-type mice. We conclude that the CR-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity is dispensable for the effects of CR on fitness and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Shany E Yang
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Blake R Miller
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew H Wakai
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dawn S Sherman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Cummings
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma L Baar
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Faizan A Syed
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in recent years, our understanding of the evolution of ageing is still incomplete. A dominant paradigm maintains that ageing evolves due to the competing energy demands of reproduction and somatic maintenance leading to slow accumulation of unrepaired cellular damage with age. However, the centrality of energy trade-offs in ageing has been increasingly challenged as studies in different organisms have uncoupled the trade-off between reproduction and longevity. An emerging theory is that ageing instead is caused by biological processes that are optimized for early-life function but become harmful when they continue to run-on unabated in late life. This idea builds on the realization that early-life regulation of gene expression can break down in late life because natural selection is too weak to optimize it. Empirical evidence increasingly supports the hypothesis that suboptimal gene expression in adulthood can result in physiological malfunction leading to organismal senescence. We argue that the current state of the art in the study of ageing contradicts the widely held view that energy trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and longevity are the universal underpinning of senescence. Future research should focus on understanding the relative contribution of energy and function trade-offs to the evolution and expression of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Maklakov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Durmaz E, Rajpurohit S, Betancourt N, Fabian DK, Kapun M, Schmidt P, Flatt T. A clinal polymorphism in the insulin signaling transcription factor foxo contributes to life-history adaptation in Drosophila. Evolution 2019; 73:1774-1792. [PMID: 31111462 PMCID: PMC6771989 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental aim of adaptation genomics is to identify polymorphisms that underpin variation in fitness traits. In Drosophila melanogaster, latitudinal life-history clines exist on multiple continents and make an excellent system for dissecting the genetics of adaptation. We have previously identified numerous clinal single-nucleotide polymorphism in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS), a pathway known from mutant studies to affect life history. However, the effects of natural variants in this pathway remain poorly understood. Here we investigate how two clinal alternative alleles at foxo, a transcriptional effector of IIS, affect fitness components (viability, size, starvation resistance, fat content). We assessed this polymorphism from the North American cline by reconstituting outbred populations, fixed for either the low- or high-latitude allele, from inbred DGRP lines. Because diet and temperature modulate IIS, we phenotyped alleles across two temperatures (18°C, 25°C) and two diets differing in sugar source and content. Consistent with clinal expectations, the high-latitude allele conferred larger body size and reduced wing loading. Alleles also differed in starvation resistance and expression of insulin-like receptor, a transcriptional target of FOXO. Allelic reaction norms were mostly parallel, with few GxE interactions. Together, our results suggest that variation in IIS makes a major contribution to clinal life-history adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Durmaz
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
- Division of Biological and Life SciencesAhmedabad UniversityAhmedabadIndia
| | - Nicolas Betancourt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
| | - Daniel K. Fabian
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population, GeneticsViennaAustria
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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Barja G. Towards a unified mechanistic theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Chen S, Yan Z, Pei M. A prospect of cell immortalization combined with matrix microenvironmental optimization strategy for tissue engineering and regeneration. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30627420 PMCID: PMC6321683 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a major hurdle for primary cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Telomere erosion, oxidative stress, the expression of oncogenes and the loss of tumor suppressor genes all may account for the cellular senescence process with the involvement of various signaling pathways. To establish immortalized cell lines for research and clinical use, strategies have been applied including internal genomic or external matrix microenvironment modification. Considering the potential risks of malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of genetic manipulation, environmental modification methods, especially the decellularized cell-deposited extracellular matrix (dECM)-based preconditioning strategy, appear to be promising for tissue engineering-aimed cell immortalization. Due to few review articles focusing on this topic, this review provides a summary of cell senescence and immortalization and discusses advantages and limitations of tissue engineering and regeneration with the use of immortalized cells as well as a potential rejuvenation strategy through combination with the dECM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- 1Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196 USA.,2Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Song Chen
- 3Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, 610083 Sichuan China
| | - Zuoqin Yan
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ming Pei
- 1Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196 USA.,4WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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Justice JN, Ferrucci L, Newman AB, Aroda VR, Bahnson JL, Divers J, Espeland MA, Marcovina S, Pollak MN, Kritchevsky SB, Barzilai N, Kuchel GA. A framework for selection of blood-based biomarkers for geroscience-guided clinical trials: report from the TAME Biomarkers Workgroup. GeroScience 2018; 40:419-436. [PMID: 30151729 PMCID: PMC6294728 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that biological aging is a potentially modifiable driver of late-life function and chronic disease and have led to the development of geroscience-guided therapeutic trials such as TAME (Targeting Aging with MEtformin). TAME is a proposed randomized clinical trial using metformin to affect molecular aging pathways to slow the incidence of age-related multi-morbidity and functional decline. In trials focusing on clinical end-points (e.g., disease diagnosis or death), biomarkers help show that the intervention is affecting the underlying aging biology before sufficient clinical events have accumulated to test the study hypothesis. Since there is no standard set of biomarkers of aging for clinical trials, an expert panel was convened and comprehensive literature reviews conducted to identify 258 initial candidate biomarkers of aging and age-related disease. Next selection criteria were derived and applied to refine this set emphasizing: (1) measurement reliability and feasibility; (2) relevance to aging; (3) robust and consistent ability to predict all-cause mortality, clinical and functional outcomes; and (4) responsiveness to intervention. Application of these selection criteria to the current literature resulted in a short list of blood-based biomarkers proposed for TAME: IL-6, TNFα-receptor I or II, CRP, GDF15, insulin, IGF1, cystatin C, NT-proBNP, and hemoglobin A1c. The present report provides a conceptual framework for the selection of blood-based biomarkers for use in geroscience-guided clinical trials. This work also revealed the scarcity of well-vetted biomarkers for human studies that reflect underlying biologic aging hallmarks, and the need to leverage proposed trials for future biomarker discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Justice
- Internal Medicine Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, and the Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Vanita R Aroda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Hypertension Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Judy L Bahnson
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mark A Espeland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Internal Medicine Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, and the Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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Admasu TD, Chaithanya Batchu K, Barardo D, Ng LF, Lam VYM, Xiao L, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Tolwinski NS, Gruber J. Drug Synergy Slows Aging and Improves Healthspan through IGF and SREBP Lipid Signaling. Dev Cell 2018; 47:67-79.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Between the 1930s and 50s, evolutionary biologists developed a successful theory of why organisms age, firmly rooted in population genetic principles. By the 1980s the evolution of aging had a secure experimental basis. Since the force of selection declines with age, aging evolves due to mutation accumulation or a benefit to fitness early in life. Here we review major insights and challenges that have emerged over the last 35 years: selection does not always necessarily decline with age; higher extrinsic (i.e., environmentally caused) mortality does not always accelerate aging; conserved pathways control aging rate; senescence patterns are more diverse than previously thought; aging is not universal; trade-offs involving lifespan can be 'broken'; aging might be 'druggable'; and human life expectancy continues to rise but compressing late-life morbidity remains a pressing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute for Healthy Aging and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK.
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Chattopadhyay D, Thirumurugan K. Longevity promoting efficacies of different plant extracts in lower model organisms. Mech Ageing Dev 2018. [PMID: 29526449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Past investigations have shown that various plant extracts are capable of promoting longevity in lower model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bombyx mori etc. Longevity studies on such organisms provide a foundation to explore anti-aging efficacies of such plant extracts in higher organisms. Plant extracts of acai palm, apple, asparagus, blueberry, cinnamon, cocoa, Damnacanthus, maize, milk thistle, mistletoe, peach, pomegranate, Rhodiola, rose, Sasa, turmeric, and Withania have extended lifespan in lower model organisms via diverse mechanisms like insulin like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Knowledge of pathways altered by the extracts can be investigated as potential drug-targets for natural anti-aging interventions. Thus, the aim of the review is to scrutinize longevity promoting efficacies of various plant extracts in lower model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Chattopadhyay
- 206, Structural Biology Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- 206, Structural Biology Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Hsu PY, Lin WY, Lin RT, Juo SHH. MicroRNA let-7g inhibits angiotensin II-induced endothelial senescence via the LOX-1-independent mechanism. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2243-2251. [PMID: 29393358 PMCID: PMC5810198 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial senescence leads to cell dysfunction, which in turn eventually results in cardiovascular disease. Identifying factors that regulate endothelial senescence may provide insight into the pathogenesis of aging. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling has a significant role in the physiology of endothelial cells (ECs). Overactivation of IGF signaling has been implicated in promoting the aging process. Lectin‑like oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor‑1 (LOX‑1) is a scavenger receptor that mediates the internalization of oxLDL into cells. Previous studies by our group have indicated that microRNA let‑7g exerts an anti‑aging effect on ECs and also suppresses LOX-1 expression. Since LOX‑1 also induces the aging process, the present study we explored whether let‑7g still exerts an anti‑aging effect on ECs when LOX‑1 is suppressed. Angiotensin II (Ang II) was used to induce senescence in ECs. It was revealed that Ang II significantly increased the expression of aging markers, including β‑galactosidase, LOX‑1, IGF1 and its receptor IGF1R. On the contrary, Ang II decreased the expression of the anti‑aging gene sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). When LOX‑1 was knocked down by small interfering RNA, let‑7g still dose‑dependently decreased the expression of β‑galactosidase (β‑gal), LOX‑1, IGF1 and IGF1R, and SIRT1 was still upregulated. Using senescence‑associated β‑gal staining, it was confirmed that let‑7g exerts a LOX‑1‑independent anti‑aging effect on ECs. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that let‑7g has an anti‑aging effect regardless of the presence or absence of LOX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ruey-Tay Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Suh-Hang H Juo
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan R.O.C
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Lee SG, Kim MM. Pachymic acid promotes induction of autophagy related to IGF-1 signaling pathway in WI-38 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:82-87. [PMID: 29157832 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway has spotlighted as a mechanism to elucidate aging associated with autophagy in recent years. Therefore, we have tried to screen an effective compound capable of inducing autophagy to delay aging process. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate whether pachymic acid, a main compound in Poria cocos, induces autophagy in the aged cells. METHODS The aging of young cells was induced by treatment with IGF-1 at 50 ng/ml three times every two days. The effect of pachymic acid on cell viability was evaluated in human lung fibroblasts, WI-38 cells, using MTT assay. The induction of autophagy was detected using autophagy detection kit. The expression of proteins related to autophagy and IGF-1 signaling pathway was examined by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS In this study, pachymic acid showed cytotoxic effect in a dose dependent manner and remarkably induced autophagy at the same time. Moreover, pachymic acid increased the expression of proteins related to autophagy such as LC3-II and Beclin1 and decreased the levels of mTor phosphorylation and p70S6K in the aged cells. In particular, pachymic acid increased the expression of p-PI3K, p-FoxO and Catalase. In addition, pachymic acid remarkably increased the expression of IGFBP-3. CONCLUSION Above results suggest that pachymic acid could induce autophagy related to IGF-1 signaling pathway in the aged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Moo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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Protective effects of short-term dietary restriction in surgical stress and chemotherapy. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:68-77. [PMID: 28216454 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reduced caloric intake including fasting, as well as the dietary composition or the timing of food intake, impact longevity, likely through a modification in the onset or the severity of chronic aging-related diseases such as cancer. As with pre- and post-operative dietary recommendations, evidence-based nutritional advice from healthcare professionals during and after cancer treatment is often vague or conflicting. We hypothesize that preventive dietary recommendations can help in the context of both chronic cancer treatment efficacy and the avoidance of development of secondary malignancies, as well as in the context of protection from the acute stress of surgery. In this perspective review, we will discuss the latest findings on the potential role of short-term dietary restriction in cancer treatment and improvement of surgical outcome.
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Chmielewski P. Rethinking modern theories of ageing and their classification: the proximate mechanisms and the ultimate explanations. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For a very long time, ageing has been an insurmountable problem in biology. The collection of age-dependent changes that render ageing individuals progressively more likely to die seemed to be an intractable labyrinth of alterations and associations whose direct mechanisms and ultimate explanations were too complex and difficult to understand. The science of ageing has always been fraught with insuperable problems and obstacles. In 1990, Zhores Medvedev presented a list of roughly 300 different hypotheses to illustrate this remarkable complexity of the ageing process and various approaches to understanding its mechanisms, though none of these hypotheses or aspect theories could be the general theory of senescence. Moreover, in the light of current data some of these ideas are obsolete and inapplicable. Nonetheless, the misconception that there are hundreds of valid theories of ageing persists among many researchers and authors. In addition, some of these obsolete and discarded hypotheses, such as the rate of living theory, the wear and tear theory, the poisoning theory, or the entropy theory still can be found in today’s medical textbooks, scientific publications aimed at the general public, and even in scientific writing. In fact, there are only several modern theories of ageing supported by compelling evidence that attempt to explain most of the data in current gerontology. These theories are competing to be a general and integrated model of ageing, making it unlikely that all of them could be true. This review summarises briefly several selected modern theories of senescence in the light of the contemporary knowledge of the biological basis for ageing and current data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chmielewski
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Wrocław Medical University , Poland
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Woll SC, Podrabsky JE. Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2777-2786. [PMID: 28515235 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Annual killifishes exhibit a number of unique life history characters including the occurrence of embryonic diapause, unique cell movements associated with dispersion and subsequent reaggregation of the embryonic blastomeres, and a short post-embryonic life span. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is known to play a role in the regulation of metabolic dormancy in a number of animals but has not been explored in annual killifishes. The abundance of IGF proteins during development and the developmental effects of blocking IGF signaling by pharmacological inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) were explored in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus Blocking of IGF signaling in embryos that would normally escape entrance into diapause resulted in a phenotype that was remarkably similar to that of embryos entering diapause. IGF-I protein abundance spikes during early development in embryos that will not enter diapause. In contrast, IGF-I levels remain low during early development in embryos that will enter diapause II. IGF-II protein is packaged at higher levels in escape-bound embryos compared with diapause-bound embryos. However, IGF-II levels quickly decrease and remain low during early development and only increase substantially during late development in both developmental trajectories. Developmental patterns of IGF-I and IGF-II protein abundance under conditions that would either induce or bypass entrance into diapause are consistent with a role for IGF signaling in the regulation of developmental trajectory and entrance into diapause in this species. We propose that IGF signaling may be a unifying regulatory pathway that explains the larger suite of characters that are associated with the complex life history of annual killifishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cody Woll
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Jason E Podrabsky
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and among the leading major diseases in the world. It is anticipated to continue to increase because of the growth of the aging population and prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and/or poor dietary habits. Cancer treatment has remained relatively similar during the past 30 years with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in combination with surgery remaining the standard therapies although novel therapies are slowly replacing or complementing the standard ones. According to the American Cancer Society, the dietary recommendation for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy is to increase calorie and protein intake. In addition, there are no clear guidelines on the type of nutrition that could have a major impact on cancer incidence. Yet, various forms of reduced caloric intake such as calorie restriction (CR) or fasting demonstrate a wide range of beneficial effects able to help prevent malignancies and increase the efficacy of cancer therapies. Whereas chronic CR provides both beneficial and detrimental effects as well as major compliance challenges, periodic fasting (PF), fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs), and dietary restriction (DR) without a reduction in calories are emerging as interventions with the potential to be widely used to prevent and treat cancer. Here, we review preclinical and preliminary clinical studies on dietary restriction and fasting and their role in inducing cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance.
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Kayashima Y, Katayanagi Y, Tanaka K, Fukutomi R, Hiramoto S, Imai S. Alkylresorcinols activate SIRT1 and delay ageing in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43679. [PMID: 28252007 PMCID: PMC5333101 DOI: 10.1038/srep43679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are enzymes that catalyze NAD+ dependent protein deacetylation. The natural polyphenolic compound resveratrol received renewed interest when recent findings implicated resveratrol as a potent SIRT1 activator capable of mimicking the effects of calorie restriction. However, resveratrol directly interacts with fluorophore-containing peptide substrates. It was demonstrated that the SIRT1 activation of resveratrol is affected by the amino acid composition of the substrate. Resveratrol did increase the enzyme activity in cases in which hydrophobic amino acids are at the +1 position to the acetylated lysine in the substrate. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are compounds that belong to the family of phenolic lipids, and they are found in numerous biological species. Here we show that the natural activators ARs increased the Vmax of recombinant SIRT1 for NAD+ and peptide substrate, and that ARs decreased acetylated histone in human monocyte cells by stimulating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of substrates. ARs also extended the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, which was shown to be dependent on functional Sir2. Our results demonstrated that ARs are natural catalytic activators for sirtuin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Kayashima
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi 400-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayanagi
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., 5-3-1, Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., 5-3-1, Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fukutomi
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., 5-3-1, Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hiramoto
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., 5-3-1, Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Imai
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) fruit feeding extends lifespan and increases tolerance to environmental stresses by regulating aging-associated gene expression in Drosophila. Biogerontology 2017; 18:263-273. [PMID: 28251407 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) fruit has been utilized as an adjunct to alleviate medical symptoms including, but not limited to, anorexia, fatigue, anxiety and mild diarrhea for centuries. Despite a growing body of literature revealing jujube fruit's health promoting properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant effects (shown with cell-based in vitro platforms), there is a paucity of studies systemically examining its impact on whole organisms or throughout the entire course of life utilizing in vivo model systems. Thus, here in this study, we conducted a series of experiments to investigate if jujube fruit can modify an organism's longevity using a live Drosophila model. We found that jujube fruit feeding extended not only lifespan but also healthspan examined by stress assays such as starvation and paraquat treatment. In an effort to shed light on the mechanisms of these jujube-related benefits at the molecular level, we report that messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 14-3-3ε, a negative FoxO (Forkhead box O transcription factor) regulator, was dramatically diminished while the abundance of d4E-BP mRNA transcript (drosophila eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein), a FoxO target gene, was increased, suggesting enhanced FoxO activity with jujube fruit feeding. In conclusion, we hope our results will lead to multidisciplinary research to investigate the potential benefit of jujube fruit as a novel anti-aging agent.
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IGF-1 protects against Aβ25-35-induced neuronal cell death via inhibition of PUMA expression and Bax activation. Neurosci Lett 2017; 637:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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70
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Sanada F, Taniyama Y, Muratsu J, Otsu R, Iwabayashi M, Carracedo M, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Activated Factor X Induces Endothelial Cell Senescence Through IGFBP-5. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35580. [PMID: 27752126 PMCID: PMC5067718 DOI: 10.1038/srep35580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled coagulation contributes to the pathophysiology of several chronic inflammatory diseases. In these conditions, senescent cells are often observed and is involved in the generation of inflammation. The coincidence of hyper-coagulation, cell senescence, and inflammation suggests the existence of a common underlying mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that activated coagulation factor X (FXa) plays a role in the processes beyond blood coagulation. This non-hematologic function entails the mediation of inflammation and tissue remodeling. We therefore tested the hypothesis that FXa induces cell senescence resulting in tissue inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with FXa for 14 days. The proliferation of cells treated with FXa was significantly smaller, and the fraction of senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells was increased as compared to the control group. RT-qPCR array revealed that FXa increased the expression of IGFBP-5, EGR-1, p53, and p16INK4a. Inhibition of FXa by a direct FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, or IGFBP-5 by siRNA decreased FXa-induced cell senescence, restoring cell proliferation. Moreover, in an ischemic hind limb mouse model, FXa inhibited neovascularization by endothelial progenitor cell. However, rivaroxaban significantly restored FXa-induced impaired angiogenesis. In summary, FXa induced endothelial cell senescence through IGFBP-5, resulting in impaired angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sanada
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Taniyama
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Muratsu
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rei Otsu
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Miguel Carracedo
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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71
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Conover CA. Discrepancies in insulin-like growth factor signaling? No, not really. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:42-44. [PMID: 27792888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Why do studies on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF signaling seem so contradictory? The answer is "It depends". This mini- review will explore a few of the factors that are likely to contribute to a seemingly confusing message. Most of the evidence comes from experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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72
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Laron Z, Kauli R, Lapkina L, Werner H. IGF-I deficiency, longevity and cancer protection of patients with Laron syndrome. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:123-133. [PMID: 28528685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Laron syndrome (LS) is a unique model of congenital IGF-I deficiency. It is characterized by dwarfism and obesity, and is caused by deletion or mutations of the growth hormone receptor (GH-R) gene. It is hypothesized that LS is an old disease originating in Indonesia and that the mutated gene spread to South Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean region and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Rivka Kauli
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel
| | - Lena Lapkina
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Marthandan S, Menzel U, Priebe S, Groth M, Guthke R, Platzer M, Hemmerich P, Kaether C, Diekmann S. Conserved genes and pathways in primary human fibroblast strains undergoing replicative and radiation induced senescence. Biol Res 2016; 49:34. [PMID: 27464526 PMCID: PMC4963952 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular senescence is induced either internally, for example by replication exhaustion and cell division, or externally, for example by irradiation. In both cases, cellular damages accumulate which, if not successfully repaired, can result in senescence induction. Recently, we determined the transcriptional changes combined with the transition into replicative senescence in primary human fibroblast strains. Here, by γ-irradiation we induced premature cellular senescence in the fibroblast cell strains (HFF and MRC-5) and determined the corresponding transcriptional changes by high-throughput RNA sequencing. Results Comparing the transcriptomes, we found a high degree of similarity in differential gene expression in replicative as well as in irradiation induced senescence for both cell strains suggesting, in each cell strain, a common cellular response to error accumulation. On the functional pathway level, “Cell cycle” was the only pathway commonly down-regulated in replicative and irradiation-induced senescence in both fibroblast strains, confirming the tight link between DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. However, “DNA repair” and “replication” pathways were down-regulated more strongly in fibroblasts undergoing replicative exhaustion. We also retrieved genes and pathways in each of the cell strains specific for irradiation induced senescence. Conclusion We found the pathways associated with “DNA repair” and “replication” less stringently regulated in irradiation induced compared to replicative senescence. The strong regulation of these pathways in replicative senescence highlights the importance of replication errors for its induction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-016-0095-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Marthandan
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Uwe Menzel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
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74
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Balasubramanian P, Longo VD. Growth factors, aging and age-related diseases. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:66-68. [PMID: 26883276 PMCID: PMC5455771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple organisms including yeast and flies with mutations in the IGF-1 and Tor-S6K pathways are dwarfs, are highly protected from toxins, and survive up to 3 times longer. Similarly, dwarf mice with deficiencies in the growth hormone-IGF-I axis are also long lived and protected from diseases. We recently reported that humans with Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency (GHRD) rarely develop cancer or diabetes. These findings are in agreement with the effect of defects in the Tor-S6K pathways in causing dwarfism and protection of DNA. Because protein restriction reduces both GHR-IGF-1 axis and Tor-S6K activity, we examined links between protein intake, disease, and mortality in over 6000 US subjects in the NHANES CDC database. Respondents aged 50-65 reporting a high protein intake displayed an increase in IGF-I levels, a 75% increased risk of overall mortality and a 3-4 fold increased risk of cancer mortality in agreement with findings in mouse experiments. These studies point to a conserved link between proteins and amino acids, GHR-IGF-1/insulin, Tor-S6k signaling, aging, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy.
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75
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Slade JD, Staveley BE. Extended longevity and survivorship during amino-acid starvation in a Drosophila Sir2 mutant heterozygote. Genome 2016; 59:311-8. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of energy homeostasis is pivotal to survive periods of inadequate nutrition. A combination of intricate pathways and proteins are responsible for maximizing longevity during such conditions. The sirtuin deacetylase Sir2 is well conserved from single-celled yeast to mammals, and it controls a number of downstream targets that are active during periods of extreme stress. Overexpression of Sir2 has been established to enhance survival of a number of model organisms undergoing calorie restriction, during which insulin receptor signalling (IRS) is reduced, a condition that itself can enhance survivorship during starvation. Increased Sir2 expression and reduced IRS result in an increase in the activity of the transcription factor foxo, an advantageous activation during stress but lethal when overly active. We have found that a lowered gene dosage of Sir2, in mutant heterozygotes, can extend normal longevity and greatly augment survivorship during amino-acid starvation in Drosophila. Additionally, these mutants, in either heterozygous or homozygous form, do not appear to have any disadvantageous effects upon development or cell growth of the organism unlike IRS mutants. These results may advance the understanding of the biological response to starvation and allow for the development of a model organism to mimic the ability of individuals to tolerate nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Slade
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Brian E. Staveley
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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76
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Morsci NS, Hall DH, Driscoll M, Sheng ZH. Age-Related Phasic Patterns of Mitochondrial Maintenance in Adult Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1373-85. [PMID: 26818523 PMCID: PMC4728731 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2799-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline and increasing risk of neurodegeneration. Perturbation of mitochondrial function, dynamics, and trafficking are implicated in the pathogenesis of several age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Despite this fundamental importance, the critical understanding of how organismal aging affects lifetime neuronal mitochondrial maintenance remains unknown, particularly in a physiologically relevant context. To address this issue, we performed a comprehensive in vivo analysis of age-associated changes in mitochondrial morphology, density, trafficking, and stress resistance in individual Caenorhabditis elegans neurons throughout adult life. Adult neurons display three distinct stages of increase, maintenance, and decrease in mitochondrial size and density during adulthood. Mitochondrial trafficking in the distal neuronal processes declines progressively with age starting from early adulthood. In contrast, long-lived daf-2 mutants exhibit delayed age-associated changes in mitochondrial morphology, constant mitochondrial density, and maintained trafficking rates during adulthood. Reduced mitochondrial load at late adulthood correlates with decreased mitochondrial resistance to oxidative stress. Revealing aging-associated changes in neuronal mitochondria in vivo is an essential precedent that will allow future elucidation of the mechanistic causes of mitochondrial aging. Thus, our study establishes the critical foundation for the future analysis of cellular pathways and genetic and pharmacological factors regulating mitochondrial maintenance in aging- and disease-relevant conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, we address long-standing questions: How does aging affect neuronal mitochondrial morphology, density, trafficking, and oxidative stress resistance? Are these age-related changes amenable to genetic manipulations that slow down the aging process? Our study illustrates that mitochondrial trafficking declines progressively from the first day of adulthood, whereas mitochondrial size, density, and resistance to oxidative stress undergo three distinct stages: increase in early adulthood, maintenance at high levels during mid-adulthood, and decline during late adulthood. Thus, our study characterizes mitochondrial aging profile at the level of a single neuron in its native environment and establishes the critical foundation for the future genetic and pharmacological dissection of factors that influence long-term mitochondrial maintenance in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Morsci
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - David H Hall
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, and
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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Tie K, Tan Y, Deng Y, Li J, Ni Q, Magdalou J, Chen L, Wang H. Prenatal nicotine exposure induces poor articular cartilage quality in female adult offspring fed a high-fat diet and the intrauterine programming mechanisms. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 60:11-20. [PMID: 26769161 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) induces skeletal growth retardation and dyslipidemia in offspring displaying intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Cholesterol accumulation resulting from cholesterol efflux dysfunction may reduce the quality of articular cartilage through fetal programming. This study evaluated the quality of articular cartilage of female adult offspring fed a high-fat diet and explored the mechanisms using a rat IUGR model established by the administration of 2.0mg/kg/d of subcutaneous nicotine from gestational days 11-20. The results demonstrated an increased OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) score and total cholesterol content, decreased serum corticosterone, and increased IGF1 and dyslipidemia with catch-up growth in PNE adult offspring. Cartilage matrix, IGF1 and cholesterol efflux pathway expression were reduced in PNE fetuses and adult offspring. Therefore, PNE induced poor articular cartilage quality in female adult offspring fed a high-fat diet via a dual programming mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qubo Ni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jacques Magdalou
- UMR 7561CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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78
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Brohus M, Gorbunova V, Faulkes CG, Overgaard MT, Conover CA. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in the Long-Lived Naked Mole-Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145587. [PMID: 26694858 PMCID: PMC4694111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) (NMRs) are the longest living rodents known. They show negligible senescence, and are resistant to cancers and certain damaging effects associated with aging. The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have pluripotent actions, influencing growth processes in virtually every system of the body. They are established contributors to the aging process, confirmed by the demonstration that decreased IGF signaling results in life-extending effects in a variety of species. The IGFs are likewise involved in progression of cancers by mediating survival signals in malignant cells. This report presents a full characterization of the IGF system in the NMR: ligands, receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and IGFBP proteases. A particular emphasis was placed on the IGFBP protease, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), shown to be an important lifespan modulator in mice. Comparisons of IGF-related genes in the NMR with human and murine sequences indicated no major differences in essential parts of the IGF system, including PAPP-A. The protease was shown to possess an intact active site despite the report of a contradictory genome sequence. Furthermore, PAPP-A was expressed and translated in NMRs cells and retained IGF-dependent proteolytic activity towards IGFBP-4 and IGF-independent activity towards IGFBP-5. However, experimental data suggest differential regulatory mechanisms for PAPP-A expression in NMRs than those described in humans and mice. This overall description of the IGF system in the NMR represents an initial step towards elucidating the complex molecular mechanisms underlying longevity, and how these animals have evolved to ensure a delayed and healthy aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Brohus
- The Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Oe, Denmark
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, 434 Hutchinson Hall, River Campus, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States of America
| | - Chris G. Faulkes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Oe, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A. Conover
- The Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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79
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Mitteldorf J. An epigenetic clock controls aging. Biogerontology 2015; 17:257-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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80
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Conover CA, Bale LK, Marler RJ. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A deficiency improves survival of mice on a high fat diet. Exp Gerontol 2015; 70:131-4. [PMID: 26325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is on the rise in westernized countries, and visceral obesity in particular is associated with enhanced risk of developing metabolic disease and accelerated aging. Various dietary restriction regimens have been shown to extend healthy lifespan in a variety of species. However, identification of alternative approaches that could be more acceptable to humans is actively being pursued. We have shown previously that mice deficient in pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) have an extended healthy lifespan on a regular chow diet. In this study, we determined the lifespan of PAPP-A knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates fed a high fat diet (HFD) starting at 12 months of age. PAPP-A KO and WT mice had equivalent weight gain as measured over 25 weeks on HFD. However, PAPP-A KO mice on HFD had a significant increase in lifespan (P=0.018). Body composition and tissue pathology were assessed in a separate cohort of mice after 30 weeks on HFD. Percent body fat was equivalent in the two groups. However, there was a decrease in visceral fat depot weights and an increase in serum adiponectin levels in PAPP-A KO compared to WT mice. Major pathological differences were seen in kidney, heart and testes, with PAPP-A KO mice having little, if any, evidence of inflammation, mineralization, or degeneration in these tissues compared to WT mice. Thus, PAPP-A is a novel drug target with the potential to promote healthy longevity without a need for dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Ronald J Marler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.
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Tsang F, Lin SJ. Less is more: Nutrient limitation induces cross-talk of nutrient sensing pathways with NAD + homeostasis and contributes to longevity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:333-357. [PMID: 27683589 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing pathways and their regulation grant cells control over their metabolism and growth in response to changing nutrients. Factors that regulate nutrient sensing can also modulate longevity. Reduced activity of nutrient sensing pathways such as glucose-sensing PKA, nitrogen-sensing TOR and S6 kinase homolog Sch9 have been linked to increased life span in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and higher eukaryotes. Recently, reduced activity of amino acid sensing SPS pathway was also shown to increase yeast life span. Life span extension by reduced SPS activity requires enhanced NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and nicotinamide riboside (NR, a NAD+ precursor) homeostasis. Maintaining adequate NAD+ pools has been shown to play key roles in life span extension, but factors regulating NAD+ metabolism and homeostasis are not completely understood. Recently, NAD+ metabolism was also linked to the phosphate (Pi)-sensing PHO pathway in yeast. Canonical PHO activation requires Pi-starvation. Interestingly, NAD+ depletion without Pi-starvation was sufficient to induce PHO activation, increasing NR production and mobilization. Moreover, SPS signaling appears to function in parallel with PHO signaling components to regulate NR/NAD+ homeostasis. These studies suggest that NAD+ metabolism is likely controlled by and/or coordinated with multiple nutrient sensing pathways. Indeed, cross-regulation of PHO, PKA, TOR and Sch9 pathways was reported to potentially affect NAD+ metabolism; though detailed mechanisms remain unclear. This review discusses yeast longevity-related nutrient sensing pathways and possible mechanisms of life span extension, regulation of NAD+ homeostasis, and cross-talk among nutrient sensing pathways and NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Tsang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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82
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Cannon L, Bodmer R. Genetic manipulation of cardiac ageing. J Physiol 2015; 594:2075-83. [PMID: 26060055 DOI: 10.1113/jp270563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing in humans is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. We still do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning this correlation. However, a number of insights into which genes control cardiac ageing have come from studying hearts of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The fly's simple heart tube has similar molecular structure and basic physiology to the human heart. Also, both fly and human hearts experience significant age-related morphological and functional decline. Studies on the fly heart have highlighted the involvement of key nutrient sensing, ion channel and sarcomeric genes in cardiac ageing. Many of these genes have also been implicated in ageing of the mammalian heart. Genes that increase oxidative stress, or are linked to cardiac hypertrophy or neurodegenerative diseases in mammals also affect cardiac ageing in the fruit fly. Moreover, fly studies have demonstrated the potential of exercise and statins to treat age-related cardiac disease. These results show the value of Drosophila as a model to discover the genetic causes of human cardiac ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cannon
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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83
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Abstract
The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and has been shown to be protective in many disease models, but its effects on aging are not well studied. Therefore we determined the effect of βHB supplementation on the lifespan of C. elegans nematodes. βHB supplementation extended mean lifespan by approximately 20%. RNAi knockdown of HDACs hda-2 or hda-3 also increased lifespan and further prevented βHB-mediated lifespan extension. βHB-mediated lifespan extension required the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf longevity pathways, the sirtuin SIR-2.1, and the AMP kinase subunit AAK-2. βHB did not extend lifespan in a genetic model of dietary restriction indicating that βHB is likely functioning through a similar mechanism. βHB addition also upregulated βHB dehydrogenase activity and increased oxygen consumption in the worms. RNAi knockdown of F55E10.6, a short chain dehydrogenase and SKN-1 target gene, prevented the increased lifespan and βHB dehydrogenase activity induced by βHB addition, suggesting that F55E10.6 functions as an inducible βHB dehydrogenase. Furthermore, βHB supplementation increased worm thermotolerance and partially prevented glucose toxicity. It also delayed Alzheimer's amyloid-beta toxicity and decreased Parkinson's alpha-synuclein aggregation. The results indicate that D-βHB extends lifespan through inhibiting HDACs and through the activation of conserved stress response pathways.
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84
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Takemoto K, Kawakami Y. The proportion of genes in a functional category is linked to mass-specific metabolic rate and lifespan. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10008. [PMID: 25943793 PMCID: PMC4421859 DOI: 10.1038/srep10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate and lifespan are important biological parameters that are studied in a wide range of research fields. They are known to correlate with body mass, but their association with gene (protein) functions is poorly understood. In this study, we collected data on the metabolic rate and lifespan of various organisms and investigated the relationship of these parameters with their genomes. We showed that the proportion of genes in a functional category, but not genome size, was correlated with mass-specific metabolic rate and maximal lifespan. In particular, the proportion of genes in oxic reactions (which occur in the presence of oxygen) was significantly associated with these two biological parameters. Additionally, we found that temperature, taxonomy, and mode-of-life traits had little effect on the observed associations. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the biological functions of genes when investigating the relationships between genome, metabolic rate, and lifespan. Moreover, this provides further insights into these relationships, and may be useful for estimating metabolic rate and lifespan in individuals and the ecosystem using a combination of body mass measurements and genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takemoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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85
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Enhanced Locomotor Activity Is Required to Exert Dietary Restriction-Dependent Increase of Stress Resistance in Drosophila. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:813801. [PMID: 26060531 PMCID: PMC4427800 DOI: 10.1155/2015/813801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is known to be one of the most effective interventions to increase stress resistance, yet the mechanisms remain elusive. One of the most obvious DR-induced changes in phenotype is an increase in locomotor activity. Although it is conceptually perceivable that nutritional scarcity should prompt enhanced foraging behavior to garner additional dietary resources, the significance of enhanced movement activity has not been associated with the DR-dependent increase of stress resistance. In this study, we confirmed that flies raised on DR exhibited enhanced locomotive activity and increased stress resistance. Excision of fly wings minimized the DR-induced increase in locomotive activity, which resulted in attenuation of the DR-dependent increase of stress resistance. The possibility that wing clipping counteracts the DR by coercing flies to have more intake was ruled out since it did not induce any weight gain. Rather it was found that elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is enhanced by DR-induced upregulation of expression of antioxidant genes was significantly reduced by wing clipping. Collectively, our data suggests that DR increased stress resistance by increasing the locomotor activity, which upregulated expression of protective genes including, but not limited to, ROS scavenger system.
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86
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Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, Da Sacco S, Mirisola M, Quinn DI, Dorff TB, Kopchick JJ, Longo VD. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:810-23. [PMID: 24905167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune system defects are at the center of aging and a range of diseases. Here, we show that prolonged fasting reduces circulating IGF-1 levels and PKA activity in various cell populations, leading to signal transduction changes in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and niche cells that promote stress resistance, self-renewal, and lineage-balanced regeneration. Multiple cycles of fasting abated the immunosuppression and mortality caused by chemotherapy and reversed age-dependent myeloid-bias in mice, in agreement with preliminary data on the protection of lymphocytes from chemotoxicity in fasting patients. The proregenerative effects of fasting on stem cells were recapitulated by deficiencies in either IGF-1 or PKA and blunted by exogenous IGF-1. These findings link the reduced levels of IGF-1 caused by fasting to PKA signaling and establish their crucial role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell protection, self-renewal, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Cheng
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gregor B Adams
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Laura Perin
- Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ben S Lam
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mario Mirisola
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Forensics, University of Palermo, via Divisi 83, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - David I Quinn
- Translational Oncology Program, Kenneth J. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tanya B Dorff
- Translational Oncology Program, Kenneth J. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
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87
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Jalles A, Maciel P. The disruption of proteostasis in neurodegenerative disorders. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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88
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Neill D. Evolution of lifespan. J Theor Biol 2014; 358:232-45. [PMID: 24992233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Present-day evolutionary theory, modern synthesis and evo-devo, appear to explain evolution. There remain however several points of contention. These include: biological time, direction, macroevolution verses microevolution, ageing and the extent of internal as opposed to external mediation. A new theoretical model for the control of biological time in vertebrates/bilaterians is introduced. Rather than biological time being controlled solely by a molecular cascade domino effect, it is suggested there is also an intracellular oscillatory clock. This clock (life's timekeeper) is synchronised across all cells in an organism and runs at a constant frequency throughout life. Slower frequencies extend lifespan, increase body/brain size and advance behaviour. They also create a time void which could aid additional evolutionary change. Faster frequencies shorten lifespan, reduce body/brain size and diminish behaviour. They are therefore less likely to mediate evolution in vertebrates/mammals. It is concluded that in vertebrates, especially mammals, there is a direction in evolution towards longer lifespan/advanced behaviour. Lifespan extension could equate with macroevolution and subsequent modifications with microevolution. As life's timekeeper controls the rate of ageing it constitutes a new genetic theory of ageing. Finally, as lifespan extension is internally mediated, this suggests a major role for internal mediation in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Neill
- University of Newcastle, Wear Base Unit, Monkwearmouth Hospital, Newcastle Road, Sunderland SR5 1NB, UK.
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89
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Lamming DW, Mihaylova MM, Katajisto P, Baar EL, Yilmaz OH, Hutchins A, Gultekin Y, Gaither R, Sabatini DM. Depletion of Rictor, an essential protein component of mTORC2, decreases male lifespan. Aging Cell 2014; 13:911-7. [PMID: 25059582 PMCID: PMC4172536 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), robustly extends the lifespan of model organisms including mice. We recently found that chronic treatment with rapamycin not only inhibits mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), the canonical target of rapamycin, but also inhibits mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) in vivo. While genetic evidence strongly suggests that inhibition of mTORC1 is sufficient to promote longevity, the impact of mTORC2 inhibition on mammalian longevity has not been assessed. RICTOR is a protein component of mTORC2 that is essential for its activity. We examined three different mouse models of Rictor loss: mice heterozygous for Rictor, mice lacking hepatic Rictor, and mice in which Rictor was inducibly deleted throughout the body in adult animals. Surprisingly, we find that depletion of RICTOR significantly decreases male, but not female, lifespan. While the mechanism by which RICTOR loss impairs male survival remains obscure, we find that the effect of RICTOR depletion on lifespan is independent of the role of hepatic mTORC2 in promoting glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that inhibition of mTORC2 signaling is detrimental to males, which may explain in part why interventions that decrease mTOR signaling show greater efficacy in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53705USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI 53705USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Maria M. Mihaylova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - Emma L. Baar
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53705USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI 53705USA
| | - Omer H. Yilmaz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - Amanda Hutchins
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - Yetis Gultekin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - Rachel Gaither
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA 02142USA
- Department of Biology MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Seven Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge MA 02139USA
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90
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Mitteldorf J, Martins ACR. Programmed Life Span in the Context of Evolvability. Am Nat 2014; 184:289-302. [DOI: 10.1086/677387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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91
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Aljada A, Saleh AM, Al Suwaidan S. Modulation of insulin/IGFs pathways by sirtuin-7 inhibition in drug-induced chemoreistance. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:94. [PMID: 24885964 PMCID: PMC4229859 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of metabolism and growth. Recent evidences suggest a key role of these pathways in non-classical tissues and the metabolic pathways by which these hormones exert their effects in neoplasia is unclear. Aims To study insulin/IGFs pathways in drug sensitive and resistant cancer cells representing breast cancer (MCF-7), osteosarcoma (SaOS-2), and ovarian cancer (A2780) and to examine the effect of Sirtuin-7 (Sirt7) inhibition on insulin/IGFs pathways in MCF-7 cell line. Methods Drug resistant cells were generated by continuous incubation of parental cell lines with stepwise increases in Doxorubicin or Cisplatin over a period of 3 to 6 months. MCF-7 cells were transfected with cloned hairpin siRNA template for Sirt7 using the Amaxa GmbH transfection system. mRNA expression of Sirt7, INSR, IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-4, IGF-1, IGF-2, MDR-1, MRP-1, BCRP was measured by qPCR and Sirt7 by standard Western blotting. FITC-insulin uptake was imaged with Leica Confocal Microscope. Results Insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) were inhibited in drug-induced resistance, whereas IRS-2 was significantly induced in all the chemoresistant cells tested when compared to their parental counterparts. IGF-1 and IGF-2 were also upregulated in all the drug resistant cells tested. Sirt7 was significantly reduced in all chemoresistant cells tested. Knockdown of Sirt7 expression in human breast MCF-7 cell line by siRNA induced premature senescence-like phenotype and multi-drug resistance, suggesting that this gene may play an active role in regulating cancer cell response to stress. Suppression of Sirt7 selectively inhibited INSR and IRS-1, whereas it had minimal effect on that of IRS-2. Sirt7 suppression in MCF-7 also inhibited insulin uptake. Additionally, Sirt7 inhibition upregulated IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFR expression. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that stress-induced Sirt7 inhibition significantly increases stress resistance and modulates insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways. More importantly, this study links Sir2 family proteins to insulin/IGF signaling in drug-induced stress resistance in neoplasia. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1135426681234493
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P, O, Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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92
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Mitteldorf JJ. Adaptive aging in the context of evolutionary theory. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 77:716-25. [PMID: 22817534 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912070036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence for an adaptive origin of aging has clashed with traditional evolutionary theory based on exclusively individual selection. The consensus view has been to try to understand aging in the context of a narrow, restrictive evolutionary paradigm, called the Modern Synthesis, or neo-Darwinism. But neo-Darwinism has shown itself to be inadequate in other ways, failing to account for stable ecosystems, for the evolution of sex and the maintenance of diversity and the architecture of the genome, which appears to be optimized for evolvability. Thus aging is not the only reason to consider overhauling the standard theoretical framework. Selection for stable ecosystems is rapid and efficient, and so it is the easiest modification of the neo-Darwinian paradigm to understand and to model. Aging may be understood in this context. More profound and more mysterious are the ways in which the process of evolution itself has been transformed in a bootstrapping process of selection for evolvability. Evolving organisms have learned to channel their variation in ways that are likely to enhance their long-term prospects. This is an expanded notion of fitness. Only in this context can the full spectrum of sophisticated adaptations be understood, including aging, sex, diversity, ecological interdependence, and the structure of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mitteldorf
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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93
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Bereiter-Hahn J. Do we age because we have mitochondria? PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:3-23. [PMID: 23794102 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging remains a great riddle. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is an inevitable by-product of respiration, which has led to a hypothesis proposing the oxidative impairment of mitochondrial components (e.g., mtDNA, proteins, lipids) that initiates a vicious cycle of dysfunctional respiratory complexes producing more ROS, which again impairs function. This does not exclude other processes acting in parallel or targets for ROS action in other organelles than mitochondria. Given that aging is defined as the process leading to death, the role of mitochondria-based impairments in those organ systems responsible for human death (e.g., the cardiovascular system, cerebral dysfunction, and cancer) is described within the context of "garbage" accumulation and increasing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and glycation of proteins. Mitochondrial mass, fusion, and fission are important factors in coping with impaired function. Both biogenesis of mitochondria and their degradation are important regulatory mechanisms stimulated by physical exercise and contribute to healthy aging. The hypothesis of mitochondria-related aging should be revised to account for the limitations of the degradative capacity of the lysosomal system. The processes involved in mitochondria-based impairments are very similar across a large range of organisms. Therefore, studies on model organisms from yeast, fungi, nematodes, flies to vertebrates, and from cells to organisms also add considerably to the understanding of human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Lauestrasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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94
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Jové M, Naudí A, Aledo JC, Cabré R, Ayala V, Portero-Otin M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Plasma long-chain free fatty acids predict mammalian longevity. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3346. [PMID: 24284984 PMCID: PMC3842621 DOI: 10.1038/srep03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition is an important correlate of the rate of aging of animals and, therefore, the determination of their longevity. In the present work, the use of high-throughput technologies allowed us to determine the plasma lipidomic profile of 11 mammalian species ranging in maximum longevity from 3.5 to 120 years. The non-targeted approach revealed a specie-specific lipidomic profile that accurately predicts the animal longevity. The regression analysis between lipid species and longevity demonstrated that the longer the longevity of a species, the lower is its plasma long-chain free fatty acid (LC-FFA) concentrations, peroxidizability index, and lipid peroxidation-derived products content. The inverse association between longevity and LC-FFA persisted after correction for body mass and phylogenetic interdependence. These results indicate that the lipidomic signature is an optimized feature associated with animal longevity, emerging LC-FFA as a potential biomarker of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Aledo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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95
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Lin SJ, Austriaco N. Aging and cell death in the other yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:119-35. [PMID: 24205865 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How do cells age and die? For the past 20 years, the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used as a model organism to uncover the genes that regulate lifespan and cell death. More recently, investigators have begun to interrogate the other yeasts, the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, to determine if similar longevity and cell death pathways exist in these organisms. After summarizing the longevity and cell death phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, this mini-review surveys the progress made in the study of both aging and programed cell death (PCD) in the yeast models, with a focus on the biology of S. pombe and C. albicans. Particular emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences between the two types of aging, replicative aging, and chronological aging, and between the three types of cell death, intrinsic apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and regulated necrosis, found in these yeasts. The development of the additional microbial models for aging and PCD in the other yeasts may help further elucidate the mechanisms of longevity and cell death regulation in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Studies in mammals have demonstrated that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are important factors in aging and cancer. Inactivation of insulin/insulin-like signaling increases lifespan in nematodes, fruit flies, and mice. Life-prolonging effects of caloric restriction are in part due to reduction in IGF-1, insulin, and glucose levels. Antidiabetic biguanides such as metformin, which reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by decreasing insulin resistance, extend lifespan, and inhibit carcinogenesis in rodents. Will antidiabetic biguanides increase lifespan in humans?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Anisimov
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology; N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology; St.Petersburg, Russia
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97
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Role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in autogenous bone grafts to the mandible using guided bone regeneration and a deproteinized bovine bone material. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:560-7. [PMID: 24035733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in autogenous bone grafts to the mandible based on immunohistochemical analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a well-established sheep model autogenous bone grafts were harvested form the iliac bone. A combination of a Collagen Membrane (CM) and Deproteinized Bovine Bone Material (DBBM) was used to cover the bone graft (Experiment 2). This modification was compared with simple onlay bone grafts (Experiment 1). Immunohistochemically, the expression of specific stable degradation products of oxidative and nitrosative stress was compared between the two experimental groups. RESULTS Specific markers for oxidative and nitrosative stress showed statistically significant differences in expression in the different experimental groups. The influence of oxidative and nitrosative stress on osteoblasts (OB), osteoclasts (OC), and osteocytes (OCy) was analysed. Experiment 2 showed increased expression of markers in OB and decreased expression in OC. CONCLUSIONS Taking the result of this study and reports from the literature into consideration grafts in Experiment 2 showed less resorption and atrophy, higher activity of OB and inhibition of OC, and less expression of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) as markers of oxidative stress within the graft. These data illustrate the improved remodelling processes in grafts using CM and DBBM.
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98
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Nojima A, Yamashita M, Yoshida Y, Shimizu I, Ichimiya H, Kamimura N, Kobayashi Y, Ohta S, Ishii N, Minamino T. Haploinsufficiency of akt1 prolongs the lifespan of mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69178. [PMID: 23935948 PMCID: PMC3728301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that nutrient-sensing machinery is critically involved in the regulation of aging. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway is the best-characterized pathway with an influence on longevity in a variety of organisms, ranging from yeast to rodents. Reduced expression of the receptor for this pathway has been reported to prolong the lifespan; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Akt1 leads to an increase of the lifespan in mice. Akt1+/– mice had a lower body weight than their littermates with less fat mass and normal glucose metabolism. Ribosomal biogenesis and the mitochondrial DNA content were significantly reduced in these mice, along with a decrease of oxidative stress. Consistent with the results obtained in mice, inhibition of Akt-1 promoted longevity in nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), whereas activation of Akt-1 shortened the lifespan. Inhibition of Akt-1 led to a decrease of ribosomal gene expression and the mitochondrial DNA content in both human cells and nematodes. Moreover, deletion of ribosomal gene expression resulted in a decrease of the mitochondrial DNA content and normalized the lifespan shortened by Akt-1 activation in nematodes. These results suggest that an increase of mitochondrial amount and energy expenditure associated with enhanced protein synthesis accelerates both aging and the onset of age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Nojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Harumi Ichimiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Kamimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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99
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Sonntag WE, Deak F, Ashpole N, Toth P, Csiszar A, Freeman W, Ungvari Z. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in CNS and cerebrovascular aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:27. [PMID: 23847531 PMCID: PMC3698444 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important anabolic hormone that decreases with age. In the past two decades, extensive research has determined that the reduction in IGF-1 is an important component of the age-related decline in cognitive function in multiple species including humans. Deficiency in circulating IGF-1 results in impairment in processing speed and deficiencies in both spatial and working memory. Replacement of IGF-1 or factors that increase IGF-1 to old animals and humans reverses many of these cognitive deficits. Despite the overwhelming evidence for IGF-1 as an important neurotrophic agent, the specific mechanisms through which IGF-1 acts have remained elusive. Recent evidence indicates that IGF-1 is both produced by and has important actions on the cerebrovasculature as well as neurons and glia. Nevertheless, the specific regulation and actions of brain- and vascular-derived IGF-1 is poorly understood. The diverse effects of IGF-1 discovered thus far reveal a complex endocrine and paracrine system essential for integrating many of the functions necessary for brain health. Identification of the mechanisms of IGF-1 actions will undoubtedly provide critical insight into regulation of brain function in general and the causes of cognitive decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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100
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Melatonin prevents the development of the metabolic syndrome in male rats exposed to different light/dark regimens. Biogerontology 2013; 14:401-9. [PMID: 23784085 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effect of light regimens (standard 12:12 light/dark, constant light, natural lightning of the north-west of Russia) and that of melatonin on the development of metabolic syndrome during aging of rats was studied. It was found out that during the process of aging of rats kept in the conditions of the broken rhythm of day and night, different disturbances of metabolism in the form of abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia and glycosuria occurred. These disturbances can be considered to be metabolic syndrome or the syndrome of insulin resistance. The use of melatonin at night time starting in the rats of 4 month old allowed to decrease the age metabolism disorders in the rats. This fact indirectly proves the insufficiency of this hormone in human in the conditions of natural lighting of the north-west of Russia.
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