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Petrova VA, Panevin AA, Zhuravskii SG, Gasilova ER, Vlasova EN, Romanov DP, Poshina DN, Skorik YA. Preparation of N-succinyl-chitin nanoparticles and their applications in otoneurological pathology. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1023-1029. [PMID: 30172812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Succinyl-chitin (SCH) nanoparticles were obtained by acylation of partially deacetylated chitin (DCH) nanofibers. Introduction of the succinyl moiety induced a partial amorphization of DCH, as viewed by X-ray diffraction, and increased the fractal dimension of the colloids from df = 1.2 (DCH) to 1.5-1.7 (SCH), as revealed by light scattering. The spherically symmetric form of the colloids remained almost unchanged, as indicated by the range of structure-sensitive ratios 1.0 < Rg/Rh < 1.2; the hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 200 to 300 nm. The cytoprotective activity of the SCH nanoparticles was evaluated in vivo in an acute hearing pathology model (220-250 g male Wistar rats, n = 90) following prophylactic and therapeutic administrations. Ototropic action was estimated using the amplitude of otoacoustic emissions at the frequency of the distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the range of 4-6.4 kHz before acoustic stimulation, as well as at 1 h, 24 h, and 7 days after acoustic stimulation. A dispersion of 0.3% SCH nanoparticles demonstrated prolonged ototropic action and earlier regeneration of hearing functions when compared to a meglumine sodium succinate solution. Thus, intravenous administration of the SCH nanoparticles increases the cycling time of exogenous succinate and improves biodistribution in tissues possessing a hemato-labyrinth barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Petrova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey A Panevin
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, ul. Lva Tolstogo 6/8, St. Petersburg 197022, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, ul. Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G Zhuravskii
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, ul. Lva Tolstogo 6/8, St. Petersburg 197022, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, ul. Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina R Gasilova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N Vlasova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry P Romanov
- Institute of Silicate Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, nab. Adm. Makarova 2, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Daria N Poshina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, ul. Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation.
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Shi S, Guo P, Wang W. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ménière's Disease After Intravenous Administration of Gadolinium. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:777-782. [PMID: 30156867 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418794699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A three-dimensional (3D) inversion-recovery (IR) sequence with real reconstruction (3D-real IR) sequence 4 hours after intravenous (IV) gadolinium injection has been used to visualize the endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in Ménière's disease (MD). This study was designed to investigate the ELH characteristics in clinically diagnosed definite MD and to explore the pathology of MD with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS One hundred fifty-four patients with definite MD were included in this study. All patients underwent the IV method. The grades of ELH were analyzed on each image, regions of interest of the cochlear perilymph and the cerebellum white matter were determined, and the signal intensity ratio of the former to the latter (CC ratio) on both sides in patients with unilateral MD was subsequently evaluated. RESULTS Endolymphatic hydrops was observed in 148 patients (96.1%) on the clinically affected side; the remaining 6 patients (3.9%) had no apparent ELH. One hundred fifteen patients (74.7%) had unilateral ELH, and 33 patients (21.4%) had bilateral ELH. Eighteen patients (11.7%) had ELH on the clinically silent side. Patients with moderate and significant grades of ELH in the vestibule and cochlea accounted for 88.3% and 90.3%, respectively. The CC ratio of the affected side (1.39 ± 0.37) was higher than that of the unaffected side (1.18 ± 0.29) ( P < .01) in 115 patients with unilateral MD. CONCLUSIONS Moderate and significant grades of ELH are common in MD; however, the proposed diagnostic criteria are not fully consistent with ELH. The elevated contrast effect in the affected side in patients with unilateral MD may better reflect the pathologic condition of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suming Shi
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Guo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wuqing Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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Sheppard AM, Zhao DL, Salvi R. Isoflurane anesthesia suppresses distortion product otoacoustic emissions in rats. J Otol 2018; 13:59-64. [PMID: 30559766 PMCID: PMC6291629 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A commonly used anesthetic, isoflurane, can impair auditory function in a dose-dependent manner. However, in rats, isoflurane-induced auditory impairments have only been assessed with auditory brainstem responses; a measure which is unable to distinguish if changes originate from the central or peripheral auditory system. Studies performed in other species, such as mice and guinea-pigs, suggests auditory impairment stems from disrupted OHC amplification. Despite the wide use of the rat in auditory research, these observations have yet to be replicated in the rat animal model. This study used distortion product otoacoustic emissions to assess outer hair cell function in rats that were anesthetized with either isoflurane or a ketamine/xylazine cocktail for approximately 45 min. Results indicate that isoflurane can significantly reduce DPOAE amplitudes compared to ketamine/xylazine, and that responses were more variable with isoflurane than ketamine/xylazine over the 45-min test period. Based on these observations, isoflurane should be used with caution when assessing peripheral auditory function to avoid potentially confounding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sheppard
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Deng-Ling Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Providence, China
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Kong TH, Yu S, Jung B, Choi JS, Seo YJ. Monitoring blood-flow in the mouse cochlea using an endoscopic laser speckle contrast imaging system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191978. [PMID: 29489849 PMCID: PMC5830291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) enables continuous high-resolution assessment of microcirculation in real-time. We applied an endoscope to LSCI to measure cochlear blood-flow in an ischemia–reperfusion mouse model. We also explored whether using xenon light in combination with LSCI facilitates visualization of anatomical position. Based on a previous preliminary study, the appropriate wavelength for penetrating the thin bony cochlea was 830 nm. A 2.7-mm-diameter endoscope was used, as appropriate for the size of the mouse cochlea. Our endoscopic LSCI system was used to illuminate the right cochlea after dissection of the mouse. We observed changes in the speckle signals when we applied the endoscopic LSCI system to the ischemia-reperfusion mouse model. The anatomical structure of the mouse cochlea and surrounding structures were clearly visible using the xenon light. The speckle signal of the cochlea was scattered, with an intensity that varied between that of the stapes (with the lowest signal), the negative control, and the stapedial artery (with the highest signal), the positive control. In the cochlear ischemia–reperfusion mouse model, the speckle signal of the cochlea decreased during the ischemic phase, and increased during the reperfusion phase, clearly reflecting cochlear blood-flow. The endoscopic LSCI system generates high-resolution images in real-time, allowing visualization of blood-flow and its changes in the mouse cochlea. Anatomical structures were clearly matched using LSCI along with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Sunkon Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Health Science, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Byungjo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Health Science, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jin Sil Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Seo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kurihara S, Fujioka M, Yoshida T, Koizumi M, Ogawa K, Kojima H, Okano HJ. A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553522 DOI: 10.3791/56574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, easy-to-handle New World monkey which has a similar anatomy of the temporal bone, including the middle ear ossicular chains and inner ear to humans, than in comparison with that of rodents. Here, we report a reproducible, safe, and rational surgical approach to the cochlear round window niche for the drug delivery to the inner ear of the common marmoset. We adopted posterior tympanotomy, a procedure used clinically in human surgery, to avoid manipulation of the tympanic membrane that may cause conductive hearing loss. This surgical procedure did not lead to any significant hearing loss. This approach was possible due to the large bulla structure of the common marmoset, although the lateral semicircular canal and vertical portion of the facial nerve should be carefully considered. This surgical method allows us to perform the safe and accurate administration of drugs without hearing loss, which is of great importance in obtaining pre-clinical proof of concept for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kurihara
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine;
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Makoto Koizumi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine
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Cochlear Implantation in a Patient With Sickle Cell Disease With Early Cochlear Sclerosis. Otol Neurotol 2017; 39:e87-e89. [PMID: 29210948 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report a case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and early cochlear sclerosis in a patient with sickle cell disease. METHODS A 19-year-old female presented with sequential bilateral sudden SNHL and early cochlear sclerosis. Cochlear implantation was performed. RESULTS Early cochlear fibrosis in the hook region and basal turn was encountered within a few months of deafness. Implantation required serial dilation using various insertion guides. Postsurgical telemetry readings revealed 19 electrodes (7 paired basal electrodes, 5 single apical electrodes) in a good working order with low impedances in bilateral ears. Activation of the processors successfully provided access to the speech frequency range in both the ears. CONCLUSION This is the first case of intraoperative documentation of rapid cochlear sclerosis in a patient with SNHL caused by sickle cell disease. Early cochlear implantation should be considered in these patients, and otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of rapid cochlear sclerosis without ossification in these patients.
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Bow hunter's syndrome in a patient with vertebral artery atresia, an arcuate foramen, and unilateral deafness: a case report. Radiol Case Rep 2017; 12:597-601. [PMID: 28828133 PMCID: PMC5551958 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS) is a rare cause of vertebrobasilar insufficiency that occurs when the vertebral artery (VA) is occluded on rotation of the head and neck. This dynamic occlusion of the VA can occur anywhere along its course after it arises from the subclavian artery. Although most cases are associated with compression by osteophytes, cervical spondylosis, or lateral disc herniation, BHS has a highly variable clinical course that depends on the patient's specific anatomy. Therefore, it may be important for clinicians to be aware of anatomical variants that predispose individuals to BHS. Here, we report on a patient with BHS who was found to have two uncommon anatomical anomalies: an atretic right VA and a left-sided arcuate foramen.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Decrease of Cochlear Blood Flow Can Be Reversed by Etanercept or JTE-013. Otol Neurotol 2017; 37:e203-8. [PMID: 27295443 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to quantify the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor Etanercept and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist JTE-013 on cochlear blood flow in guinea pigs after TNF-induced decrease. BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a common cause for disability and reduced quality of life. Good understanding of the pathophysiology and strong evidence-based therapy concepts are still missing. In various inner ear disorders, inflammation and impairment of cochlear blood flow (CBF) have been considered factors in the pathophysiology. A central mediator of inflammation and microcirculation in the cochlea is TNF. S1P acts downstream in one TNF pathway. METHODS Cochlea lateral wall vessels were exposed surgically and assessed by intravital microscopy in guinea pigs in vivo. Twenty-eight animals were randomly distributed into four groups of seven each. Exposed vessels were superfused by TNF (5.0 ng/ml) and afterward repeatedly either by Etanercept (1.0 μg/ml), JTE-013 (10 μmol/L), or vehicle (0.9 % NaCl solution or ethanol: phosphate-buffered saline buffer, respectively). RESULTS After decreasing CBF with TNF (p <0.001, two-way RM ANOVA), both treatments reversed CBF, compared with vehicle (p <0.001, two-way RM ANOVA). The comparison of the vehicle groups showed no difference (p = 0.969, two-way RM ANOVA), while there was also no difference between the treatment groups (p = 0.850, two-way RM ANOVA). CONCLUSION Both Etanercept and JTE-013 reverse the decreasing effect of TNF on cochlear blood flow and, therefore, TNF and the S1P-signalling pathway might be targets for treatment of microcirculation-related hearing loss.
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Schieffer KM, Chuang CH, Connor J, Pawelczyk JA, Sekhar DL. Association of Iron Deficiency Anemia With Hearing Loss in US Adults. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 143:350-354. [PMID: 28033450 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Hearing loss in the US adult population is linked to hospitalization, poorer self-reported health, hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use. Because iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common and easily correctable condition, further understanding of the association between IDA and all types of hearing loss in a population of US adults may help to open new possibilities for early identification and appropriate treatment. Objective To evaluate the association between sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and conductive hearing loss and IDA in adults aged 21 to 90 years in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants The prevalence of IDA and hearing loss (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 389.1 [SNHL], 389.0 [conductive hearing loss], and 389 [combined hearing loss]) was identified in this retrospective cohort study at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Iron deficiency anemia was determined by low hemoglobin and ferritin levels for age and sex in 305 339 adults aged 21 to 90 years. Associations between hearing loss and IDA were evaluated using χ2 testing, and logistic regression was used to model the risk of hearing loss among those with IDA. The study was conducted from January 1, 2011, to October 1, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Hearing loss. Results Of 305 339 patients in the study population, 132 551 were men (43.4%); mean (SD) age was 50.1 (18.5) years. There was a 1.6% (n = 4807) prevalence of combined hearing loss and 0.7% (n = 2274) prevalence of IDA. Both SNHL (present in 26 of 2274 individuals [1.1%] with IDA; P = .005) and combined hearing loss (present in 77 [3.4%]; P < .001) were significantly associated with IDA. Logistic regression analysis confirmed increased odds of SNHL (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% CI, 1.18-2.66) and combined hearing loss (adjusted OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.90-3.01) among adults with IDA, after adjusting for sex. Conclusions and Relevance Iron deficiency anemia was associated with SNHL and combined hearing loss in a population of adult patients. Further research is needed to better understand the potential links between IDA and hearing loss and whether screening and treatment of IDA in adults could have clinical implications in patients with hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Schieffer
- Doctoral student, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Cynthia H Chuang
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - James A Pawelczyk
- Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, State College
| | - Deepa L Sekhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
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Idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss is associated with endothelial dysfunction. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2017; 12:32-33. [PMID: 28616539 PMCID: PMC5454133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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El Mashad GM, Abo El Fotoh WMM, Zein El Abedein AM, Abd El Sadek FAER. Biochemical alteration in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome associated with an increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss; additional insights in cochlear renal relationship. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 97:206-210. [PMID: 28483237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS) are at risk of hearing loss due to the adverse impact of medications and related immunological and genetic factors on both cochlea and kidney. So this work was planned to evaluate hearing status in children with INS and to clarify the possible associated risk factors by interpreting the clinical and laboratory profiles of those children. METHODS Ninety children with INS aged 5-14 years [30 patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), 30 patients with steroid dependent/frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (SDNS/FRNS), and 30 patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)], and 90 age and sex matched normal controls were enrolled into this study. Laboratory measurements of serum calcium, creatinine, cholesterol, blood urea and other relevant investigations were done. Pure tone audiometry was done with the sensory-neural hearing loss (SNHL) diagnosed when the level bone conduction was >20 dB and the difference in air to the bone gap was <15 dB. RESULTS 40% children with INS had SNHL, mostly of mild degree HL and primarily occurred at the lower frequencies. A highly significant statistical difference between controls and various types of nephrotic syndrome regarding pure tone audiometry measurements at frequencies 250, 500, 1000 Hz, whereas insignificant difference interpreting pure tone audiometry measurements in 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. CONCLUSIONS Children with different phenotypes of nephrotic syndrome are at risk of sensorineural hearing impairment. The hazards associated with this impairment were higher blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia.
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Lee JJ, Jang JH, Choo OS, Lim HJ, Choung YH. Steroid intracochlear distribution differs by administration method: Systemic versus intratympanic injection. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:189-194. [PMID: 28304075 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Steroids have been widely used to treat inner-ear diseases such as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and Meniere's disease. They can be given via either systemic or intratympanic (IT) injection. The purpose of the present study was to explore differences in intracochlear steroid distribution by the administration method employed (systemic vs. IT injection). STUDY DESIGN Animal study. METHODS Twenty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were given fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dexamethasone (FITC-DEX) three times (on successive days) via intraperitoneal (IP) or IT injection. Cochlear uptake of FITC-DEX was evaluated via immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry at 6 hours, and 3 and 7 days after the final injection. RESULTS FITC-DEX uptake was evident in spiral ganglion cells (SGs), the organ of Corti (OC), and the lateral walls (LWs), the basal turns of which were stained relatively prominently in both groups. Animals receiving IP injections exhibited higher FITC-DEX uptakes by the SGs and OC, whereas IT injection triggered higher-level FITC-DEX accumulation by the OC and LWs. Flow cytometry revealed that intracochlear FITC-DEX uptake by IT-injected animals was higher and more prolonged than in animals subjected to IP injections. CONCLUSION We thus describe differences in cochlear steroid distributions after systemic and IT injections. This finding could help our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of steroids in the cochlea. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:189-194, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Joo Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oak-Sung Choo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Bk21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Wen J, Duan N, Wang Q, Jing GX, Xiao Y. Protective effect of propofol on noise-induced hearing loss. Brain Res 2016; 1657:95-100. [PMID: 27931773 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iatrogenic noise produced by mastoid or craniotomy drills may cause hearing damage, which is induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of cochlear blood flow (CoBF). This study investigated whether propofol could reduce noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in a guinea pig model. METHODS Sixty-four male pigmented guinea pigs were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups: control, noise, propofol and propofol+noise. Propofol was infused intravenously for 20min prior to noise exposure with a loading dose of 5mg·kg-1 for 5min and a maintenance infusion of 20mg·kg-1·h-1 for 135min. For noise exposure, an octave band noise at a 124dB sound pressure level (SPL) was administered to animals for 2h. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CoBF were monitored continuously. Auditory function was measured by the level of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) before and at 1h, 72h and 240h after noise exposure. Cochlear levels of 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured immediately after the termination of noise exposure. Cochlear silver nitrate staining and outer hair cell (OHC) counting were performed after the final functional test. RESULTS Noise exposure caused decreases in the CoBF and DPOAE amplitudes, over-generation of 8-iso-PGF2α and the loss of OHCs. Pre-treatment with propofol significantly increased the CoBF and DPOAE amplitudes, decreased 8-iso-PGF2α and the loss of OHCs. CONCLUSIONS Propofol exerted protective effects against NIHL in this animal model by suppressing a lipid peroxidation reaction and improving CoBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Na Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Gui-Xia Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China.
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Krishnamoorthy G, Reimann K, Wangemann P. Ryanodine-induced vasoconstriction of the gerbil spiral modiolar artery depends on the Ca 2+ sensitivity but not on Ca 2+ sparks or BK channels. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 27806708 PMCID: PMC5093982 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-016-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background In many vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ sparks activate large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels leading to lowered SMC [Ca2+]i and vasodilation. Here we investigated whether Ca2+ sparks regulate SMC global [Ca2+]i and diameter in the spiral modiolar artery (SMA) by activating BK channels. Methods SMAs were isolated from adult female gerbils, loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive flourescent dye fluo-4 and pressurized using a concentric double-pipette system. Ca2+ signals and vascular diameter changes were recorded using a laser-scanning confocal imaging system. Effects of various pharmacological agents on Ca2+ signals and vascular diameter were analyzed. Results Ca2+ sparks and waves were observed in pressurized SMAs. Inhibition of Ca2+ sparks with ryanodine increased global Ca2+ and constricted SMA at 40 cmH2O but inhibition of Ca2+ sparks with tetracaine or inhibition of BK channels with iberiotoxin at 40 cmH2O did not produce a similar effect. The ryanodine-induced vasoconstriction observed at 40 cmH2O was abolished at 60 cmH2O, consistent with a greater Ca2+-sensitivity of constriction at 40 cmH2O than at 60 cmH2O. When the Ca2+-sensitivity of the SMA was increased by prior application of 1 nM endothelin-1, ryanodine induced a robust vasoconstriction at 60 cmH2O. Conclusions The results suggest that Ca2+ sparks, while present, do not regulate vascular diameter in the SMA by activating BK channels and that the regulation of vascular diameter in the SMA is determined by the Ca2+-sensitivity of constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Krishnamoorthy
- Anatomy & Physiology Department, Cell Physiology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-5802, USA
| | - Katrin Reimann
- Anatomy & Physiology Department, Cell Physiology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-5802, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, and Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philine Wangemann
- Anatomy & Physiology Department, Cell Physiology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-5802, USA.
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Pirodda A, Brandolini C, Raimondi MC, Pelligra I, Strocchi E, Cicero AF, Rosticci M, Borghi C. Cardiovascular risk factors and hearing impairment: a non-automatic correlation. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2016.1236597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pirodda
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Brandolini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Raimondi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Pelligra
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Strocchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arrigo F.G. Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Rosticci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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von Kirschbaum C, Gürkov R. Audiovestibular Function Deficits in Vestibular Schwannoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4980562. [PMID: 27747231 PMCID: PMC5055915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4980562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumours of the vestibular nerve and can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, facial palsy, and brainstem compression. Audiovestibular diagnostic tests are essential for detection and treatment planning. Methods. Medline was used to perform a systematic literature review with regard to how audiovestibular test parameters correlate with symptoms, tumour size, and tumour location. Results. The auditory brainstem response can be used to diagnose retrocochlear lesions caused by VS. Since hearing loss correlates poorly with tumour size, a retrocochlear lesion is probably not the only cause for hearing loss. Also cochlear mechanisms seem to play a role. This can be revealed by abnormal otoacoustic emissions, despite normal ABR and new MRI techniques which have demonstrated endolymphatic hydrops of the inner ear. Caloric and head impulse tests show frequency specific dynamics and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials may help to identify the location of the tumour regarding the involved nerve parts. Conclusion. In order to preserve audiovestibular function in VS, it is important to stop the growth of the tumour and to avoid degenerative changes in the inner ear. A detailed neurotological workup helps to diagnose VS of all sizes and can also provide useful prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin von Kirschbaum
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Gürkov
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Nakashima T, Hattori T, Sone M, Sato E, Tominaga M, Sugiura M. Blood Flow in the Ears of Patients Receiving Cochlear Implants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 113:426-30. [PMID: 15224823 DOI: 10.1177/000348940411300602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We measured cochlear blood flow (CBF) in 55 patients who received cochlear implants, using a laser-Doppler probe placed over the site of drilling in the cochlear bony wall. The subjects included 29 patients with congenital deafness of unknown cause, 8 with idiopathic progressive sensorineural hearing loss, 4 with postmeningitic deafness, 3 with Waardenburg's syndrome, 3 with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, and 8 whose deafness had other causes. There was a wide range of CBF values in patients with congenital deafness of unknown cause. In the patients with idiopathic progressive sensorineural hearing loss, the CBF was significantly lower in patients more than 40 years old. Intracochlear calcification following meningitis appears to be associated with a reduced CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakashima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Ezerarslan H, Sanhal EO, Kurukahvecioğlu S, Ataç GK, Kocatürk S. Presence of vascular loops entering internal acoustic channel may increase risk of Sudden sensorineural hearing loss and reduce recovery of these patients. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:210-215. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hande Ezerarslan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ufuk University Medical School; Ankara Turkey
| | - Ebru Ozan Sanhal
- Department of Radiology; Ufuk University Medical School; Ankara Turkey
| | - Selma Kurukahvecioğlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ankara Numune Education and Training Hospital; Ankara Turkey
| | - Gökçe Kaan Ataç
- Department of Radiology; Ufuk University Medical School; Ankara Turkey
| | - Sinan Kocatürk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ufuk University Medical School; Ankara Turkey
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Abstract
Meniere's disease (MD) is a disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo attacks, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. The aetiology of MD is multifactorial. A characteristic sign of MD is endolymphatic hydrops (EH), a disorder in which excessive endolymph accumulates in the inner ear and causes damage to the ganglion cells. In most patients, the clinical symptoms of MD present after considerable accumulation of endolymph has occurred. However, some patients develop symptoms in the early stages of EH. The reason for the variability in the symptomatology is unknown and the relationship between EH and the clinical symptoms of MD requires further study. The diagnosis of MD is based on clinical symptoms but can be complemented with functional inner ear tests, including audiometry, vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing, caloric testing, electrocochleography or head impulse tests. MRI has been optimized to directly visualize EH in the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals, and its use is shifting from the research setting to the clinic. The management of MD is mainly aimed at the relief of acute attacks of vertigo and the prevention of recurrent attacks. Therapeutic options are based on empirical evidence and include the management of risk factors and a conservative approach as the first line of treatment. When medical treatment is unable to suppress vertigo attacks, intratympanic gentamicin therapy or endolymphatic sac decompression surgery is usually considered. This Primer covers the pathophysiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, management, quality of life and prevention of MD.
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Fetoni AR, Eramo SLM, Paciello F, Rolesi R, Samengo D, Paludetti G, Troiani D, Pani G. The redox protein p66(shc) mediates cochlear vascular dysfunction and transient noise-induced hearing loss. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25450. [PMID: 27157635 PMCID: PMC4860599 DOI: 10.1038/srep25450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p66shc, a member of the ShcA protein family, is essential for cellular response to oxidative stress, and elicits the formation of mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), thus promoting vasomotor dysfunction and inflammation. Accordingly, mice lacking the p66 isoform display increased resistance to oxidative tissue damage and to cardiovascular disorders. Oxidative stress also contributes to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL); we found that p66shc expression and serine phosphorylation were induced following noise exposure in the rat cochlea, together with markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and ischemia as indicated by the levels of the hypoxic inducible factor (HIF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the highly vascularised cochlear lateral region and spiral ganglion. Importantly, p66shc knock-out (p66 KO) 126 SvEv adult mice were less vulnerable to acoustic trauma with respect to wild type controls, as shown by preserved auditory function and by remarkably lower levels of oxidative stress and ischemia markers. Of note, decline of auditory function observed in 12 month old WT controls was markedly attenuated in p66KO mice consistent with delayed inner ear senescence. Collectively, we have identified a pivotal role for p66shc -induced vascular dysfunction in a common pathogenic cascade shared by noise-induced and age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fetoni
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - S L M Eramo
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - F Paciello
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - R Rolesi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - D Samengo
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - G Paludetti
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - D Troiani
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - G Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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El-Zarea GAER, Hassan YEM, Mahmoud AMA. Hearing Profile in Patients with Dilated and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2030-8. [PMID: 27054015 PMCID: PMC4821321 DOI: 10.19082/2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiomyopathy may cause disruptions in the micro-vascular system of the stria vascularis in the cochlea, and, subsequently, may result in cochlear degeneration. Degeneration in the stria vascularis affects the physical and chemical processes in the organ of Corti, thereby causing a possible hearing impairment. The objective of this study was to assess the hearing profiles of patients with dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies to determine the relationship between the degree of hearing loss and the degree and duration of the disease and to compare the dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies as regards hearing profile. METHODS In this case control study, we studied 21 patients (cases/study group/group 1) and 15 healthy individuals (controls/group 2). Six patients (group 1a) had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 15 patients (group 1b) had dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Multiple Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The results of this study showed that 80% of those patients with DCM (group 1b) had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and 100% of the patients with HCM (group 1a) had mild to severe bilateral sloping SNHL. Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs) were present in 14% of the study group and in 100 % of the control group. The results of the measurements of auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed that 50% of the study group had abnormal latencies compared to the control group, and there was no correlation between the duration of the disease and the degree of hearing loss or DPOAE. Fifty percent of the patients with HCM and 35% of the patients with DCM had positive family histories of similar conditions, and 35% of those with HCM had a positive family history of sudden death. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that the link between heart disease and hearing loss and early identification of hearing loss in patients with cardiomyopathy may reduce morbidity since hearing deficits sometimes precede heart disease.
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Ng L, Cordas E, Wu X, Vella KR, Hollenberg AN, Forrest D. Age-Related Hearing Loss and Degeneration of Cochlear Hair Cells in Mice Lacking Thyroid Hormone Receptor β1. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3853-65. [PMID: 26241124 PMCID: PMC4588828 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key function of the thyroid hormone receptor β (Thrb) gene is in the development of auditory function. However, the roles of the 2 receptor isoforms, TRβ1 and TRβ2, expressed by the Thrb gene are unclear, and it is unknown whether these isoforms promote the maintenance as well as development of hearing. We investigated the function of TRβ1 in mice with a Thrb(b1) reporter allele that expresses β-galactosidase instead of TRβ1. In the immature cochlea, β-galactosidase was detected in the greater epithelial ridge, sensory hair cells, spiral ligament, and spiral ganglion and in adulthood, at low levels in the hair cells, support cells and root cells of the outer sulcus. Although deletion of all TRβ isoforms causes severe, early-onset deafness, deletion of TRβ1 or TRβ2 individually caused no obvious hearing loss in juvenile mice. However, over subsequent months, TRβ1 deficiency resulted in progressive loss of hearing and loss of hair cells. TRβ1-deficient mice had minimal changes in serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels, indicating that hormonal imbalances were unlikely to cause hearing loss. The results suggest mutually shared roles for TRβ1 and TRβ2 in cochlear development and an unexpected requirement for TRβ1 in the maintenance of hearing in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Emily Cordas
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (L.N., E.C., X.W., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Koning HM, Dyrbye BA, van Hemert FJ. Percutaneous Radiofrequency Lesion of the Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion in Patients with Tinnitus. Pain Pract 2015; 16:994-1000. [PMID: 26311111 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of radiofrequency lesioning of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion for patients with tinnitus. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective long-term clinical review of patients with tinnitus treated with a blockade of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. SETTING The human subjects were 366 consecutive patients who came to the DC Klinieken in Almere and Amsterdam from January 2010 to January 2014 for consultations on their tinnitus that persisted for 1 month or longer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data were recorded from patients whose charts were reviewed retrospectively to identify the patients who were treated with a blockade of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion for tinnitus. An independent observer conducted a long-term follow-up assessment of the therapy by telephone interview. RESULTS Relief of tinnitus at 7-week follow-up was achieved in 64% of the patients treated with a radiofrequency lesion of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion after a positive test blockade of this structure. Two years after the treatment, the maintenance of a tinnitus relief occurred in almost 40% of the patients with a follow-up period of two years or longer. CONCLUSIONS A radiofrequency lesion of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion may be a useful alternative for patients with tinnitus not responding to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk M Koning
- Department of Pain therapy, DC Klinieken, Amsterdam and Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A Dyrbye
- Department of Pain therapy, DC Klinieken, Amsterdam and Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Frits J van Hemert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bartok Clinic, Almere, The Netherlands
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Abu-Nameh ESM, Abu-Shandi K, Mohammad M, Tayyem R, Mohammad Y. Determination of the major metabolite of betahistine (2-pyridyl acetic acid) in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481508002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ghavami Y, Mahboubi H, Yau AY, Maducdoc M, Djalilian HR. Migraine features in patients with Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:163-8. [PMID: 26109273 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To better understand the features of migraine in Meniere's disease (MD). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of prospectively obtained surveys in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary medical center. METHODS Detailed questionnaires on headaches and dizziness were given to consecutive patients presenting with dizziness. The responses were verified by the clinician with the patient. The data, in addition to the clinical history and audiogram, were used to diagnose patients with migraine headaches and MD using criteria set by the International Headache Society (IHS) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, respectively. The prevalence of migraine-like symptoms in those patients with MD, who did not fit the diagnostic criteria for migraine, was evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients with definite MD were included. There was a predominance of females (female/male:26/11). Mean age of patients was 52 ± 14 years. Nineteen patients (51%) had migraine headaches. Fifteen patients fulfilled the criteria for definite vestibular migraine. Of those who did not fulfill the IHS migraine criteria, a majority had characteristics such as a family history of migraine, visual motion sensitivity, or lifelong motion sickness that were highly suggestive of a migraine disorder. CONCLUSIONS A majority of patients with MD have migraine headaches as defined by the IHS. Sensitivity to visual motion, light and sound, head motion, smells, weather changes, or medication was present in 95% of all patients with definite MD and 82% of non-IHS migraine MD patients. This may suggest that MD may be an atypical variant of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Ghavami
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Hossein Mahboubi
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Amy Y Yau
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Marlon Maducdoc
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Hamid R Djalilian
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
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Lasisi TJ, Lasisi AO. Evaluation of serum antioxidants in age-related hearing loss. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015; 27:265-9. [PMID: 25362621 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-014-0282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) has been linked to the shift in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant ratio. Our objectives were to assess serum levels of retinol and zinc among the elderly individuals and to correlate the levels with hearing threshold. METHODS Prospective study of apparently healthy individuals aged ≥60 years of age. Participants had complete clinical history, physical examination and pure tone average conducted. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum levels of retinol and zinc. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare retinol and zinc values. Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the relationship between hearing threshold and serum levels of retinol and zinc. RESULTS Among 126 elderly participants with mean age 67 ± 2.7 years; the mean pure tone average for air conduction was 29.3 ± 1.6 dBHL while the mean bone conduction was 36.5 ± 1.8 dBHL. The median values of serum retinol and zinc levels in the elderly participants who had hearing loss in the speech frequencies were 52 and 83.3 μg/L, respectively, while among participants with normal hearing threshold, values were 50 and 89.9 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.59 and 0.99, respectively). For the high frequencies, the median value of serum retinol and zinc levels among the elderly participants with normal hearing threshold was 70.3 and 99.9 μg/L, while among those with hearing loss, it was 46.9 and 83.2 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.000 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION Serum retinol and zinc levels were significantly lower among elderly with hearing loss involving the high frequencies. This is added evidence to extant literature on the possible role of antioxidants in the development of ARHL and suggests further study on the effect of antioxidants supplementation in the control of ARHL which is presently controversial and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Jemilat Lasisi
- Departments of Physiology and Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 22040, Ibadan, Nigeria,
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Yang D, Zhou H, Zhang J, Liu L. Increased endothelial progenitor cell circulation and VEGF production in a rat model of noise-induced hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 2015; 135:622-8. [PMID: 25720428 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2014.1003092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated mechanism of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, migration, and differentiation may occur in response to noise-induced acoustic trauma of the cochlea, leading to the protection of cochlear function. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the cochlear vessel under an intensive noise environment. METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups. Acoustic trauma was induced by 120 dB SPL white noise for 4 h. Auditory function was evaluated by the auditory brainstem response threshold. Morphological changes of the cochleae, the expression of VEGF, and the circulation of EPCs in the peripheral blood were studied by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Vascular recovery of the cochlea began after noise exposure. The change in the number of EPCs was consistent with the expression of VEGF at different time points after noise exposure. We propose that VEGF evokes specific permeable and chemotactic effects on the vascular endothelial cells. These effects can mobilize EPCs into the peripheral blood, leading the EPCs to target damaged sites and to exert a neoangiogenic effect.
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Two-photon microscopy allows imaging and characterization of cochlear microvasculature in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:154272. [PMID: 25883941 PMCID: PMC4390612 DOI: 10.1155/2015/154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of cochlear blood flow has been discussed as factor in the pathophysiology of various inner ear disorders. However, the microscopic study of cochlear microcirculation is limited due to small scale and anatomical constraints. Here, two-photon fluorescence microscopy is applied to visualize cochlear microvessels. Guinea pigs were injected with Fluorescein isothiocyanate- or Texas red-dextrane as plasma marker. Intravital microscopy was performed in four animals and explanted cochleae from four animals were studied. The vascular architecture of the cochlea was visualized up to a depth of 90.0±22.7 μm. Imaging yielded a mean contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 3.3±1.7. Mean diameter in vivo was 16.5±6.0 μm for arterioles and 8.0±2.4 μm for capillaries. In explanted cochleae, the diameter of radiating arterioles and capillaries was measured with 12.2±1.6 μm and 6.6±1.0 μm, respectively. The difference between capillaries and arterioles was statistically significant in both experimental setups (P<0.001 and P=0.022, two-way ANOVA). Measured vessel diameters in vivo and ex vivo were in agreement with published data. We conclude that two-photon fluorescence microscopy allows the investigation of cochlear microvessels and is potentially a valuable tool for inner ear research.
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81
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Neuroglobin Expression in the Mammalian Auditory System. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1461-1477. [PMID: 25636685 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The energy-yielding pathways that provide the large amounts of metabolic energy required by inner ear sensorineural cells are poorly understood. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a neuron-specific hemoprotein of the globin family, which is suggested to be involved in oxidative energy metabolism. Here, we present quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical, and Western blot evidence that neuroglobin is highly expressed in the mouse and rat cochlea. For primary cochlea neurons, Ngb expression is limited to the subpopulation of type I spiral ganglion cells, those which innervate inner hair cells, while the subpopulation of type II spiral ganglion cells which innervate the outer hair cells do not express Ngb. We further investigated Ngb distribution in rat, mouse, and human auditory brainstem centers, and found that the cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex (SOC) also express considerable amounts of Ngb. Notably, the majority of olivocochlear neurons, those which provide efferent innervation of outer hair cells as identified by neuronal tract tracing, were Ngb-immunoreactive. We also observed that neuroglobin in the SOC frequently co-localized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production. Our findings suggest that neuroglobin is well positioned to play an important physiologic role in the oxygen homeostasis of the peripheral and central auditory nervous system, and provides the first evidence that Ngb signal differentiates the central projections of the inner and outer hair cells.
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82
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Desai P, Dejoie-Brewer M, Ballas SK. Deafness and sickle cell disease: three case reports and review of the literature. J Clin Med Res 2014; 7:189-92. [PMID: 25584106 PMCID: PMC4285067 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2028w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The otological complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) in general and the audiological complications in particular are not well documented and studied. Because the general management of patients with SCD has improved after the advent of newborn screening, antibiotic prophylaxis, safer blood transfusion and hydroxyurea therapy, patients with SCD are doing better in general and living longer than before. With longer longevity, the incidence of new complications of SCD became apparent and previously milder complications became more severe and more common. The dental and otological complications of SCD are examples of these changes that have become more common than before. Unfortunately with this increase, there are no guidelines or recommendations based on evidence on how to manage and treat these complications. The aim of this study was to describe three patients with SCD and deafness due to three different causes that were not adequately treated and to review the literature of deafness in SCD. We hope this may initiate more controlled trials on the incidence, prevalence and management of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Desai
- Division of Hematology, the James Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marjorie Dejoie-Brewer
- Sickle Cell Disease Association, Philadelphia/Delaware Valley Chapter, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samir K Ballas
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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83
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Pettersson H, Burström L, Hagberg M, Lundström R, Nilsson T. Risk of hearing loss among workers with vibration-induced white fingers. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:1311-8. [PMID: 25348822 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the risk of hearing loss for workers who use hand-held vibrating tools with vibration-induced white fingers (VWF) compared to workers without VWF. METHODS Data on 184 participants from a 21-year cohort were gathered with questionnaires and measurements. The effects on hearing status of VWF, hand-arm vibration exposure, smoking habits, age and two-way interactions of these independent variables were examined with binary logistic regression. Analyses were made for the right hand and ear as well as for the hand with VWF and the ear with worse categorized hearing status. RESULTS Workers with VWF in their right hand had an increased risk of hearing loss (odds ratio 2.2-2.3) in the right ear. Workers with VWF in any hand did not have any increased risk of hearing loss in the ear with worse hearing status. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that VWF increases the risk of hearing loss among workers who use hand-held vibrating tools in a noisy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Pettersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Lage Burström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Mats Hagberg
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ronnie Lundström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Tohr Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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84
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Ayoob AM, Borenstein JT. The role of intracochlear drug delivery devices in the management of inner ear disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:465-79. [PMID: 25347140 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.974548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases of the inner ear include those of the auditory and vestibular systems, and frequently result in disabling hearing loss or vertigo. Despite a rapidly expanding pipeline of potential cochlear therapeutics, the inner ear remains a challenging organ for targeted drug delivery, and new technologies are required to deliver these therapies in a safe and efficacious manner. In addition to traditional approaches for direct inner ear drug delivery, novel microfluidics-based systems are under development, promising improved control over pharmacokinetics over longer periods of delivery, ultimately with application towards hair cell regeneration in humans. AREAS COVERED Advances in the development of intracochlear drug delivery systems are reviewed, including passive systems, active microfluidic technologies and cochlear prosthesis-mediated delivery. This article provides a description of novel delivery systems and their potential future clinical applications in treating inner ear disease. EXPERT OPINION Recent progresses in microfluidics and miniaturization technologies are enabling the development of wearable and ultimately implantable drug delivery microsystems. Progress in this field is being spurred by the convergence of advances in molecular biology, microfluidic flow control systems and models for drug transport in the inner ear. These advances will herald a new generation of devices, with near-term applications in preclinical models, and ultimately with human clinical use for a range of diseases of the inner ear.
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85
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Terzi H, Kale A, Hasdemir PS, Selcuk A, Yavuz A, Genc S. Hearing loss: An unknown complication of pre-eclampsia? J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 41:188-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Terzi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic; Derince Education and Research Hospital; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kale
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic; Derince Education and Research Hospital; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Pinar Solmaz Hasdemir
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; Celal Bayar University Hospital; Manisa Turkey
| | - Adin Selcuk
- Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic; Derince Education and Research Hospital; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Arzu Yavuz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic; Derince Education and Research Hospital; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Selahattin Genc
- Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic; Derince Education and Research Hospital; Kocaeli Turkey
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86
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Role of cysteinyl leukotriene signaling in a mouse model of noise-induced cochlear injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9911-6. [PMID: 24958862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402261111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common types of sensorineural hearing loss. In this study, we examined the expression and localization of leukotriene receptors and their respective changes in the cochlea after hazardous noise exposure. We found that the expression of cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor (CysLTR1) was increased until 3 d after noise exposure and enhanced CysLTR1 expression was mainly observed in the spiral ligament and the organ of Corti. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase was increased similar to that of CysLTR1, and there was an accompanying elevation of CysLT concentration. Posttreatment with leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), montelukast, for 4 consecutive days after noise exposure significantly decreased the permanent threshold shift and also reduced the hair cell death in the cochlea. Using RNA-sequencing, we found that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was up-regulated after noise exposure, and it was significantly inhibited by montelukast. Posttreatment with a MMP-3 inhibitor also protected the hair cells and reduced the permanent threshold shift. These findings suggest that acoustic injury up-regulated CysLT signaling in the cochlea and cochlear injury could be attenuated by LTRA through regulation of MMP-3 expression. This study provides mechanistic insights into the role of CysLTs signaling in noise-induced hearing loss and the therapeutic benefit of LTRA.
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87
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Toktas H, Okur E, Dundar U, Dikici A, Kahveci OK. Infliximab has no apparent effect in the inner ear hearing function of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33:1481-7. [PMID: 24770796 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha blockers may pass to the inner ear in adequate concentration. In this prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of infliximab on the inner ear hearing function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The patients with high disease activity, who were planned to begin infliximab for therapy by physical medicine and rehabilitation department, were referred to ear-nose-throat clinic for consultation. After physical and otoscopic examination, audiological tests were performed. Air conduction thresholds between 250 and 8,000 Hz, bone conduction thresholds between 500 and 4,000 Hz, pure tone average, speech discrimination scores, distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) were used to evaluate the hearing function. The tests were repeated 2 and 6 months after the initiation of the drug "infliximab." A total of 44 ears of 22 patients (17 males and 5 females) were evaluated. Fifteen patients had a diagnosis of AS, and seven patients had RA. After initiation of infliximab therapy, statistically significant improvement was observed in disease activity scores [Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) for AS, Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS-28) for RA] after 2 and 6 months (p < 0.05). We did not find any statistically significant difference between the air conduction thresholds, bone conduction thresholds, pure tone average, speech discrimination scores, and measurements of DPOAE before the initiation of treatment and after 2 and 6 months (p > 0.05). Any problem about the balance, vertigo, or dizziness was not reported from the patients during the treatment period. As a result, our study showed that there was no notable change or deterioration in the hearing function of the patients with AS and RA who were treated with infliximab. Further studies with higher number of patients with AS and RA and also with different TNF alpha inhibitors are needed to make more valid conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toktas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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88
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Shi X, Zhang F, Urdang Z, Dai M, Neng L, Zhang J, Chen S, Ramamoorthy S, Nuttall AL. Thin and open vessel windows for intra-vital fluorescence imaging of murine cochlear blood flow. Hear Res 2014; 313:38-46. [PMID: 24780131 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal microvessel structure and function in the cochlea is essential for maintaining the ionic and metabolic homeostasis required for hearing function. Abnormal cochlear microcirculation has long been considered an etiologic factor in hearing disorders. A better understanding of cochlear blood flow (CoBF) will enable more effective amelioration of hearing disorders that result from aberrant blood flow. However, establishing the direct relationship between CoBF and other cellular events in the lateral wall and response to physio-pathological stress remains a challenge due to the lack of feasible interrogation methods and difficulty in accessing the inner ear. Here we report on new methods for studying the CoBF in a mouse model using a thin or open vessel-window in combination with fluorescence intra-vital microscopy (IVM). An open vessel-window enables investigation of vascular cell biology and blood flow permeability, including pericyte (PC) contractility, bone marrow cell migration, and endothelial barrier leakage, in wild type and fluorescent protein-labeled transgenic mouse models with high spatial and temporal resolution. Alternatively, the thin vessel-window method minimizes disruption of the homeostatic balance in the lateral wall and enables study CoBF under relatively intact physiological conditions. A thin vessel-window method can also be used for time-based studies of physiological and pathological processes. Although the small size of the mouse cochlea makes surgery difficult, the methods are sufficiently developed for studying the structural and functional changes in CoBF under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zachary Urdang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Min Dai
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lingling Neng
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Songlin Chen
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sripriya Ramamoorthy
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alfred L Nuttall
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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89
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Honeder C, Engleder E, Schöpper H, Gabor F, Reznicek G, Wagenblast J, Gstoettner W, Arnoldner C. Sustained release of triamcinolone acetonide from an intratympanically applied hydrogel designed for the delivery of high glucocorticoid doses. Audiol Neurootol 2014; 19:193-202. [PMID: 24714604 PMCID: PMC4717230 DOI: 10.1159/000358165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of a triamcinolone acetonide poloxamer 407 hydrogel for intratympanic application were investigated in a guinea pig model. Evaluation of in vivo release kinetics showed very high initial perilymph drug levels, with clinically relevant levels present for a minimum of 10 days. Assessment of auditory brainstem response thresholds showed a minimal, delayed and transient threshold shift, which was apparent on day 3 and resolved by day 10. No relevant histological changes of the middle and inner ear structures were noted, and hair cell counts showed no significant differences between treated and untreated ears. Thus, the triamcinolone-acetonide-loaded poloxamer 407 hydrogel is an effective vehicle for sustained high-dose inner ear glucocorticoid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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90
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Otoacoustic emission responses of the cochlea to acute and total ischemia. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 65:582-6. [PMID: 24427718 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-012-0561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present experimental study, we sought to monitor distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) as an indicator of cochlear function, after sudden, total, and irreversible interruption of cochlear blood flow, to provide information on the time course of cochlear response to ischemia. Twenty rats with normal hearing function were included. Complete and abrupt ischemia was provided by decapitation. DPOAEs at 3-8 kHz frequencies were recorded at baseline and exactly every consecutive minute after decapitation, until emissions in all frequencies disappeared completely. Mean DPOAE values decreased significantly and progressively after decapitation for all frequencies. The mean duration of emissions was 8.20 ± 1.96 min (minimum 3 min, maximum 11 min). The longest durations of DPOAEs were observed with 4 and 5 kHz frequencies, and 3 and 6 kHz had the shortest durations. The outer hair cells exposed to acute ischemia seem to exhibit a rapid functional loss; thus, cautious handling of the cochlear vasculature and surrounding structures is necessary in surgical interventions. Additionally, our results provide some idea of the normal tolerance range of the cochlea to ischemia, which could be useful for future studies.
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91
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Ihler F, Sharaf K, Bertlich M, Strieth S, Reichel CA, Berghaus A, Canis M. Etanercept Prevents Decrease of Cochlear Blood Flow Dose-Dependently Caused by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2013; 122:468-73. [DOI: 10.1177/000348941312200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a mediator of inflammation and microcirculation in the cochlea. This study aimed to quantify the effect of a local increase of TNF-alpha and study the effect of its interaction with etanercept on cochlear microcirculation. Methods: Cochlear lateral wall vessels were exposed surgically and assessed by intravital microscopy in guinea pigs in vivo. First, 24 animals were randomly distributed into 4 groups of 6 each. Exposed vessels were superfused repeatedly either with 1 of 3 different concentrations of TNF-alpha (5.0, 0.5, and 0.05 ng/mL) or with placebo (0.9% saline solution). Second, 12 animals were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 6 each. Vessels were pretreated with etanercept (1.0 μg/mL) or placebo (0.9% saline solution), and then treated by repeated superfusion with TNF-alpha (5.0 ng/mL). Results: TNF-alpha was shown to be effective in decreasing cochlear blood flow at a dose of 5.0 ng/mL (p < 0.01, analysis of variance on ranks). Lower concentrations or placebo treatment did not lead to significant changes. After pretreatment with etanercept, TNF-alpha at a dose of 5.0 ng/mL no longer led to a change in cochlear blood flow. Conclusions: The decreasing effect that TNF-alpha has on cochlear blood flow is dose-dependent. Etanercept abrogates this effect.
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92
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Hori R, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto N, Hamaguchi K, Ito J. Prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP4 agonist serves better to protect cochlea than prostaglandin E1. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013; 40:539-42. [PMID: 23735735 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine whether an E-prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) agonist has superior protective effects to those of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in a guinea pig model of noise trauma. METHODS Drugs were locally applied on the round window membrane of guinea pig cochleae, followed by exposure of the test animals to intense noise. Protective effects mediated by an EP4 agonist were compared with those mediated by PGE1. Auditory function was monitored by measurements of the auditory brainstem response (ABR), and histological damage was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of cochlear specimens. RESULTS Animals treated with an EP4 agonist exhibited significantly better hearing recovery than those pretreated with PGE1. Histologically, the numbers of remaining outer hair cells in cochleae treated with the EP4 agonist were significantly higher than in those treated with PGE1. CONCLUSION The selective activation of EP4 has a stronger protective effect on cochleae against noise trauma than does the broad activation of EPs by PGE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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93
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Sudden Unilateral Hearing Loss as First Sign of Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis? A 3-Year Retrospective Analysis. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34:657-61. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31828dae68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Abstract
The senses are our window to the world, our interface with the habitat in which we live in and the basis for our communication with each other. Although sensory systems are not generally viewed as major targets of endocrine regulation, sensory development is profoundly influenced by thyroid hormone (T(3)) signalling. In this article, we discuss this developmental role of T(3) and highlight the auditory system as the best-studied example of the interplay between systemic and local tissue mechanisms by which T(3) stimulates the onset of sensory function. Several genes that mediate the action of T(3) are known to promote sensory development in mice, including genes that encode T(3) receptors and deiodinase enzymes that amplify or deplete levels of T(3). We also discuss the current knowledge of sensory defects in human genetic disorders in which T(3) signalling is impaired. As sensory input provides the only means of acquiring information from the environment, the stimulation of sensory development is one of the most fundamental functions of T(3) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gyo K. Experimental study of transient cochlear ischemia as a cause of sudden deafness. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 3:1-15. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of sudden deafness or idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) remains unclear. Over the past 15 years, we have investigated the mechanisms of ischemic-induced hearing loss using a gerbil model of transient cochlear ischemia. In the gerbil, cochlear ischemia can be induced by occluding the bilateral vertebral arteries simultaneously at the neck, because the posterior communicating arteries of the Circle of Willis close spontaneously around 1 mo after birth. When 15 min ischemia was loaded on this animal, permanent hearing loss of about 25 dB and the death of hair cells, especially inner hair cells were induced. These pathological changes were mainly due to lack of an energy source, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the production of free radicals, especially superoxide and nitrous oxide species. Ischemic damage could be prevented by various procedures, such as cooling the cochlea, intratympanic administration of insulin-like growth factor 1 or AM-111 (an anti-apoptotic agent), and systemic administration of prednisolone (steroid), edarabone (free radical scavenger), ginsenoside Rb1 (Kanpo), hematopoietic stem cells, glia-cell derived neurotrophic factor, and liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (artificial red blood cells). We also found that the cochlea was protected by the ischemic tolerance, indicating that minor cochlear ischemia alleviates or prevents inner ear damage in subsequent severe cochlear ischemia. As ISSHL usually occurs suddenly, with no preceding sign or symptom, we suggest that most ISSHL cases are caused by circulatory disturbance, probably at the stria vascularis.
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96
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Fujita T, Yamashita D, Katsunuma S, Hasegawa S, Tanimoto H, Nibu KI. Increased inner ear susceptibility to noise injury in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:2980-6. [PMID: 22851574 PMCID: PMC3478526 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the pathophysiology of diabetes-associated hearing impairment in type 1 diabetes using mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (C57BL/6J; male). Hearing function was evaluated 1, 3, and 5 months after induction of diabetes (five diabetic and five control animals per time point) using auditory-evoked brain stem responses (ABRs). Mice (four diabetic and four control) were exposed to loud noise (105 dB) 5 months after induction of diabetes. ABRs were measured before and after noise exposure. Cochlear blood flows were measured by laser-Doppler flowmeter. Spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) were counted. Vessel endothelial cells were observed by CD31 immunostaining. Chronologic changes in the ABR threshold shift were not significantly different between the diabetic and control groups. However, vessel walls in the modiolus of the cochleae were significantly thicker in the diabetic group than the control group. Additionally, recovery from noise-induced injury was significantly impaired in diabetic mice. Reduced cochlea blood flows and SGC loss were observed in diabetic mice cochleae after noise exposure. Our data suggest that diabetic cochleae are more susceptible than controls to loud noise exposure, and decreased cochlear blood flow due to sclerosis of the vessels and consequent loss of SGCs are possible mechanisms of hearing impairment in diabetic patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Cochlea/blood supply
- Cochlea/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Ear, Inner/blood supply
- Ear, Inner/pathology
- Ear, Inner/physiopathology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/complications
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/rehabilitation
- Laser-Doppler Flowmetry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microcirculation
- Microvessels/pathology
- Microvessels/physiopathology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Sclerosis
- Spiral Ganglion/pathology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujita
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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97
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Sönmez O, Külahlı I, Vural A, Sahin MI, Aydın M. The evaluation of ozone and betahistine in the treatment of tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 270:1999-2006. [PMID: 23100082 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone and betahistine treatments in the treatment of tinnitus. Sixty-eight patients were enrolled in this randomized, prospective controlled study. The ozone group consisted of 27, betahistine group consisted of 26 and control group consisted of 15 patients. The patients in ozone group received 10 sessions of ozone treatment via major autohemotherapy. Betahistine group received 48 mg/day betahistine tablets per oral for 3 months duration. The control group was followed up without any treatment given. The evaluation of tinnitus was made by tinnitus loudness and tinnitus handicap inventory (THI). The changes in findings from baseline to 3rd and 6th months were assessed, and the group results were compared. Comparison of the initial mean tinnitus loudness and 3 and 6 months after treatment in each of the three groups did not reveal a significant difference. The comparison between the groups in terms of the improvement of tinnitus loudness was not significant (p = 0.821). Comparison of the initial mean THI and 3 and 6 months after treatment revealed a significant difference in ozone and betahistine groups but not in the control group. When the delta (Δ) THI (the change of mean THI between the initial and 6th month) was compared between the groups, there was no significant difference. This randomized controlled study investigating the effects of ozone in tinnitus tries to shed light to a new method of treatment in tinnitus. The findings of the study does not provide enough evidence to support ozone and betahistine as a treatment for tinnitus and further research on the subject is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Sönmez
- Nevsehir Dr. I. Sevki Atasagun State Hospital, Nevsehir, Turkey.
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98
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Dziennis S, Reif R, Zhi Z, Nuttall AL, Wang RK. Effects of hypoxia on cochlear blood flow in mice evaluated using Doppler optical microangiography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:106003. [PMID: 23224002 PMCID: PMC3461130 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.10.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced cochlear blood flow (CoBF) is a main contributor to hearing loss. Studying CoBF has remained a challenge due to the lack of available tools. Doppler optical microangiography (DOMAG), a method to quantify single-vessel absolute blood flow, and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), a method for measuring the relative blood flow within a large volume of tissue, were used for determining the changes in CoBF due to systemic hypoxia in mice. DOMAG determined the change in blood flow in the apical turn (AT) with single-vessel resolution, while LDF averaged the change in the blood flow within a large volume of the cochlea (hemisphere with ∼1 to 1.5 mm radius). Hypoxia was induced by decreasing the concentration of oxygen-inspired gas, so that the oxygen saturation was reduced from >95% to ∼80%. DOMAG determined that during hypoxia the blood flow in two areas of the AT near and far from the helicotrema were increased and decreased, respectively. The LDF detected a decrease in blood flow within a larger volume of the cochlea (several turns averaged together). Therefore, the use of DOMAG as a tool for studying cochlear blood flow due to its ability to determine absolute flow values with single-vessel resolution was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Dziennis
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Roberto Reif
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Zhongwei Zhi
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Alfred L. Nuttall
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Hearing Research Center, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195
- Address all correspondence to: Ruikang K. Wang, University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195. Tel: 206 616 5025; Fax: 206 685 3300; E-mail:
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99
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Gadolinium distribution in cochlear perilymph: differences between intratympanic and intravenous gadolinium injection. Neuroradiology 2012; 54:1161-9. [PMID: 22864525 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-012-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR) imaging 24 h after intratympanic gadolinium injection (IT method) or 4 h after intravenous injection (IV method) has been used to visualize endolymphatic hydrops in Ménière's disease. The aims of this study were to evaluate the difference in gadolinium distribution in cochlear perilymph between the two methods by comparing the enhancement of the basal and apical turns and clarify the pharmacokinetics in cochlear perilymph. METHODS A total of 24 ears of 22 patients who underwent the IT method (gadolinium-diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid was diluted eightfold with saline) and 28 ears of 17 patients who underwent the IV method (double dose of gadoteridol (0.5 mmol/ml); 0.2 mmol/kg body weight in total amount) at 3 T was analyzed retrospectively. Regions of interest of the perilymph of the cochlear basal turn (B), of the apical turn (A), and the medulla oblongata (M) were determined on each patient. The signal intensity ratios between B and M (BMR), A and M (AMR), and A and B (ABR) were subsequently evaluated. RESULTS The IT-BMR (2.63 ± 1.22) was higher than the IV-BMR (1.46 ± 0.45) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the IT- (1.46 ± 0.76) and IV-AMRs (1.21 ± 0.48) (p = 0.15). The IT-ABR (0.58 ± 0.17) was lower than the IV-ABR (0.84 ± 0.22) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gadolinium was predominantly distributed in the basal turn compared with the apical turn in the IT method, whereas it was more uniformly distributed in the IV method. These characteristics might reflect the distribution of therapeutic medications administered either intratympanically or systemically.
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100
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Wang Y, Qiao L, Qiu J, Mi W, Han Y, Zhong C. Establishing primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells from the spiral modiolar artery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1082-6. [PMID: 22444733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article is reporting a method for establishment primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the spiral modiolar artery (SMA). METHODS VSMCs were isolated from guinea pig SMAs. Arterial tissues were cut and enzymatically digested at 37 °C for 20 min using a 0.1% trypsin solution. After digestion, tissue fragments were explanted in a 35-mm culture dish. Contaminated fibroblasts were separated from VSMCs because of their different adhesion abilities. The cells migrated from the explants within 7-10 days and grew to confluence in approximately 4 weeks. RESULTS We obtained pure and viable VSMCs from the confluent third passage. The morphological and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated a "hill-and-valley" growth pattern that is characteristics of VSMCs, and the expression of cell type-specific markers (α-smooth muscle actin and myosin), respectively. The change of intracellular calcium concentration induced by angiotensin II and CaCl(2) showed that the VSMCs had good cell viability. CONCLUSION We obtained purified VSMCs using this method. All cell cultures expressed smooth muscle markers (α-SM actin, and myosin) and were negative for vWF. This article provides a simple method to obtain VSMCs for in vitro studies of physiology and pathophysiology in the circulation disturbances of the inner ear. In addition, VSMCs are regarded to be an excellent model to evaluate drugs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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