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Yin S, Zhang X, Lai F, Liang T, Wen J, Lin W, Qiu J, Liu S, Li L. Trilobatin as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the HIV-1 Gp41 envelope. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2361-2377. [PMID: 29802645 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transmembrane protein gp41 plays a crucial role by forming a stable six-helix bundle during HIV entry. Due to highly conserved sequence of gp41, the development of an effective and safe small-molecule compound targeting gp41 is a good choice. Currently, natural polyanionic ingredients with anti-HIV activities have aroused concern. Here, we first discovered that a glycosylated dihydrochalcone, trilobatin, exhibited broad anti-HIV-1 activity and low cytotoxicity in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis suggested that the hydrophobic residue (I564) located in gp41 pocket-forming site is pivotal for anti-HIV activity of trilobatin. Furthermore, trilobatin displayed synergistic anti-HIV activities combined with other antiretroviral agents. Trilobatin has a good potential to be developed as a small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor for clinical combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayong Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pradhan P, Nguyen ML. Herpes simplex virus virucidal activity of MST-312 and epigallocatechin gallate. Virus Res 2018; 249:93-98. [PMID: 29604359 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is the cause of cold sores, blindness and encephalitis and often leads to recurrent infections. Use of current anti-viral therapies can be limited when drug resistant HSV mutants arise. Thus, novel drugs for the treatment of HSV are needed. Previous research in our laboratory has determined that the telomerase inhibitor, MST-312, interferes with multiple steps of the HSV life cycle. The structure of MST-312 contains moieties related to a natural compound found in green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG has been reported to possess direct virucidal activities toward HSV-1. Here, we tested the virucidal activity of MST-312 and compared it to that of EGCG. Specifically, HSV-1 was exposed to various concentrations of MST-312 or EGCG for time periods between 1 and 60 min and then the ability of the treated virions to form plaques on Vero cells was assessed. When treated for 60 min, 40 μM MST-312 and 0.5-1.0 μM EGCG significantly reduced the number of HSV-1 plaque forming units. The temperature at which treatment occurred impacted the ability of the compounds to limit viral replication. Both compounds were effective when treatment occurred at 37 °C and room temperature (RT). However, no inhibition was seen when virions were treated with MST-312 at 4 °C. 1 min treatment with 2 μM EGCG at RT was sufficient to significantly reduce HSV titers. Higher concentrations of MST-312 were required to inactivate HSV-1 virions compared to EGCG. These data indicate that both EGCG and MST-312 possess direct virucidal properties on HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Marie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, United States.
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Inhibitory effect of the green tea molecule EGCG against dengue virus infection. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1649-1655. [PMID: 29429035 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide; however, specific antiviral drugs against it are not available. Hence, identifying effective antiviral agents for the prevention of DENV infection is important. In this study, we showed that the reportedly highly biologically active green-tea component epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibited dengue virus infection regardless of infecting serotype, but no or minimal inhibition was observed with other flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus. EGCG exerted its antiviral effect mainly at the early stage of infection, probably by interacting directly with virions to prevent virus infection. Our results suggest that EGCG specifically targets DENV and might be used as a lead structure to develop an antiviral drug for use against the virus.
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Sanna C, Rigano D, Corona A, Piano D, Formisano C, Farci D, Franzini G, Ballero M, Chianese G, Tramontano E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Esposito F. Dual HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors from Limonium morisianum Arrigoni, an endemic species of Sardinia (Italy). Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1798-1803. [PMID: 29397771 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1434649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During our search for potential templates of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) dual inhibitors, the methanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of Limonium morisianum was investigated. Repeated bioassay-guided chromatographic purifications led to the isolation of the following secondary metabolites: myricetin, myricetin 3-O-rutinoside, myricetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, tryptamine, ferulic and phloretic acids. The isolated compounds were tested on both HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H and IN activities. Interestingly, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and myricetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside potently inhibited both enzyme activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.21 to 10.9 μM. Differently, tryptamine and ferulic acid exhibited a significant inhibition only on the IN strand transfer reaction, showing a selectivity for this viral enzyme. Taken together these results strongly support the potential of this plant as a valuable anti HIV-1 drugs source worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Sanna
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Daniela Rigano
- b Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Carmen Formisano
- b Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Domenica Farci
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Genni Franzini
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Mauro Ballero
- c Cosmese, Consorzio per lo Studio dei Metaboliti Secondari , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- b Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy.,d Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute , National Research Council (CNR) , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- b Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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Song JM. Anti-infective potential of catechins and their derivatives against viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2018; 7:37-42. [PMID: 29399578 PMCID: PMC5795043 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols including catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) have been reported to have anti-infective activities against a broad spectrum of viruses and other pathogens. During the last two decades, antiviral activities of catechins with different modes of action have been demonstrated on diverse families of viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, Herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B and C virus. In this study, we focused on the antiviral properties of catechins and their derivatives against viral hepatitis which have become a key public health issue due to their serious impact on human health with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Health & Wellness College, Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
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Ben Saad A, Rjeibi I, Alimi H, Ncib S, Bouhamda T, Zouari N. Protective effects ofMentha spicataagainst nicotine-induced toxicity in liver and erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:77-83. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Mentha spicata supplementation against nicotine-induced oxidative damage in the liver and erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Bioactive substances were determined by liquid chromatography – electrospray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each: a normal control group, a nicotine-treated group (1 mg/kg), a group receiving M. spicata extract (100 mg/kg), and a group receiving both M. spicata extract (100 mg/kg) and nicotine (1 mg/kg). Many phenolic acids were identified in the M. spicata aqueous extract. After 2 months of treatment, nicotine induced an increase in the level of white blood cells and a marked decrease in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and haematocrit. Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were also found to be higher in nicotine-treated group than those of the control group. Furthermore, nicotine-treated rats exhibited oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in lipid peroxidation level in liver and erythrocytes. Interestingly, the oral administration of M. spicata extract by nicotine-treated rats alleviated such disturbances. M. spicata contained bioactive compounds that possess important antioxidant potential and protected liver and erythrocytes against nicotine-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Ben Saad
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Rjeibi
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Alimi
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ncib
- Unit of Common Services, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Talel Bouhamda
- Central Laboratory of the Institute of Arid Areas of Medenine, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
| | - Nacim Zouari
- High Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
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Saeed M, Naveed M, Arif M, Kakar MU, Manzoor R, Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN, Dadar M, Sun C. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and l-theanine: Medicinal values and beneficial applications in humans-A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1260-1275. [PMID: 28938517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicinal system. In this context, several studies have revealed its health benefits and medicinal potentialities for several ailments. With ever increasing scientific knowledge, search for safer, potential and novel type of health-related supplements quest, scientists are re-directing their research interests to explore natural resources i.e. medicinal herbs/plant derived compounds. Green tea consumption has gained a special attention and popularity in the modern era of changing lifestyle. The present review is aimed to extend the current knowledge by highlighting the importance and beneficial applications of green tea in humans for safeguarding various health issues. Herein, we have extensively reviewed, analyzed, and compiled salient information on green tea from the authentic published literature available in PubMed and other scientific databases. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents including caffeine, l-theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans. This review also provides in-depth insights on the medicinal values of green tea which will be useful for researchers, medical professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical industry. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines, and effective drugs as well as popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Science and Technology, NW A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China; Department of Urology Surgery, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mohib Ullah Kakar
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3800, Pakistan
| | - Robina Manzoor
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3800, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 001, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462 026 M.P., India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462 026 M.P., India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600051, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, NW A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits TLR4 signaling through the 67-kDa laminin receptor and effectively alleviates acute lung injury induced by H9N2 swine influenza virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:24-33. [PMID: 28858723 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was found to inhibit the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway involved in influenza virus pathogenesis. Here, the effect of EGCG on TLR4 in an H9N2 virus-induced acute lung injury mouse model was investigated. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with A/Swine/Hebei/108/2002 (H9N2) virus or noninfectious allantoic fluid, and treated with EGCG and E5564 or normal saline orally for 5 consecutive days. PMVECs were treated with EGCG or anti-67kDa laminin receptor (LR). Lung physiopathology, inflammation, oxidative stress, viral replication, and TLR4/NF-κB/Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) pathway in lung tissue and/or PMVECs were investigated. EGCG attenuated lung histological lesions, decreased lung W/D ratio, cytokines levels, and inhibited MPO activity and prolonged mouse survival. EGCG treatment also markedly downregulated TLR4 and NF-κB protein levels but Tollip expression was upregulated compared with that in untreated H9N2-infected mice (P<0.05). In PMVECs, anti-67LR antibody treatment significantly downregulated Tollip levels; however, the TLR4 and NF-κB protein levels dramatically increased compared with that in the EGCG-treated group (P<0.05). EGCG remarkably downregulated TLR4 protein levels through 67LR/Tollip, decreased MPO activity and inflammatory cytokine levels, supporting EGCG as a potential therapeutic agent for managing acute lung injury induced by H9N2 SIV.
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Jain J, Kumari A, Somvanshi P, Grover A, Pai S, Sunil S. In silico analysis of natural compounds targeting structural and nonstructural proteins of chikungunya virus. F1000Res 2017; 6:1601. [PMID: 29333236 PMCID: PMC5747330 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12301.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chikungunya fever presents as a high-grade fever during its acute febrile phase and can be prolonged for months as chronic arthritis in affected individuals. Currently, there are no effective drugs or vaccines against this virus. The present study was undertaken to evaluate protein-ligand interactions of all chikungunya virus (CHIKV) proteins with natural compounds from a MolBase library in order to identify potential inhibitors of CHIKV. Methods: Virtual screening of the natural compound library against four non-structural and five structural proteins of CHIKV was performed. Homology models of the viral proteins with unknown structures were created and energy minimized by molecular dynamic simulations. Molecular docking was performed to identify the potential inhibitors for CHIKV. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) toxicity parameters for the potential inhibitors were predicted for further prioritization of the compounds. Results: Our analysis predicted three compounds, Catechin-5-O-gallate, Rosmarinic acid and Arjungenin, to interact with CHIKV proteins; two (Catechin-5-O-gallate and Rosmarinic acid) with capsid protein, and one (Arjungenin) with the E3. Conclusion: The compounds identified show promise as potential antivirals, but further in vitro studies are required to test their efficacy against CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Disease group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Teri University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Somnath Pai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Disease group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081337. [PMID: 28805687 PMCID: PMC6152177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the centuries, infectious diseases caused by viruses have seriously threatened human health globally. Viruses are responsible not only for acute infections but also many chronic infectious diseases. To prevent diseases caused by viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral drugs, in addition to vaccine development, is important. Green tea catechins (GTCs) are polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Camelliasinensis. In recent decades, GTCs have been reported to provide various health benefits against numerous diseases. Studies have shown that GTCs, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have antiviral effects against diverse viruses. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments regarding the antiviral activities of GTCs, to discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects and to offer suggestions for future research directions and perspectives on the antiviral effects of EGCG.
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Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Macaque SEVI-Mediated Enhancement of SIV or SHIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:232-240. [PMID: 28328549 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human semen contains a factor that can enhance HIV infection up to 10-fold in cultures. This factor is termed semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) and is composed of proteolytic fragments (PAP248-286) from prostatic acid phosphatase in semen. In this study, we examined whether macaque SEVI can facilitate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. We also studied the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on macaque SEVI-mediated SIV or SHIV enhancement. METHODS SIV or SHIV was mixed with different concentrations of macaque SEVI in the presence or absence of EGCG. The mixture was added to cultures of TZM-bl cells or macaque PBMCs. The effect of EGCG on macaque SEVI was measured by Congo-red staining assay and thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay and was visualized by a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS We identified that there is one amino acid difference at the site of 277 between human PAP248-286 and macaque PAP248-286. Macaque SEVI significantly enhanced SIV or SHIV infection of TZM-bl cells and macaque PBMCs. EGCG could block macaque SEVI-mediated enhancement of SIV or SHIV infection. Mechanistically, EGCG could degrade the formation of macaque SEVI amyloid fibrils that facilitates HIV attachment to the target cells. CONCLUSIONS The finding that macaque SEVI could enhance SIV or SHIV infection indicates the possibility to use the macaque SEVI in vivo studies with the macaque models. In addition, future studies are necessary to examine whether EGCG can be used as an effective microbicide for preventing SIV or SHIV mucosal transmission.
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Laudadio E, Mobbili G, Minnelli C, Massaccesi L, Galeazzi R. Salts Influence Cathechins and Flavonoids Encapsulation in Liposomes: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Mol Inform 2017. [PMID: 28635075 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathechins and flavonoids are responsible of numerous health benefits. Two of the most representatives' compounds for their antioxidant and therapeutic effects are Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG), from green tea extracts, and morelloflavone (MF), from Garcinia dulcis. Here we explore, by atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations, how EGCG and MF interact with lipid bilayers and we show the salts' influence on their encapsulation degree in neutral liposomes. As a result, we found out that EGCGs naturally bind to the hydrophilic regions of phospholipids, positioning themselves mostly at the interface between water and lipid phases. The presence of a salt clearly influences the EGCG molecules' absorption and the total effect depends strongly on the salt nature and concentration. Beside, for MF, we observed a high stability of the intermolecular MFs aggregates in water that strongly penalizes the flavonoid's interaction with the lipid polar heads. However, salts can influence MF's liposomal penetration, even if they are not able to promote completely its absorption inside the bilayer. For both compounds, the increase of penetration is more marked in presence of magnesium chloride, whilst calcium chloride showed the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Laudadio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona -, ITALY
| | - Giovanna Mobbili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona -, ITALY
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona -, ITALY
| | - Luca Massaccesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona -, ITALY
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona -, ITALY
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Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2539-2551. [PMID: 28547385 PMCID: PMC7087220 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities and several of them exhibited significant antiviral properties in in vitro and even in vivo studies. This review summarizes the evidence for antiviral activity of different flavonoids, highlighting, where investigated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action on viruses. We also present future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections.
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Carneiro BM, Batista MN, Braga ACS, Nogueira ML, Rahal P. The green tea molecule EGCG inhibits Zika virus entry. Virology 2016; 496:215-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yamashita D, Ishizaki A. Characterization of Catechins in Water by Photoemission Yield Spectroscopy in Air. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:577-80. [PMID: 27169659 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoemission yield spectroscopy in air (PYSA) was applied for the characterization of catechins in water in ambient conditions. According to the results of measurements on aqueous solutions of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) of various concentrations, the photoemission yield is almost proportional to the concentration of EGCg. Contrarily, the threshold energy of photoemission, EPET, is almost constant at 5.46 ± 0.02 eV. Moreover, we measured aqueous solutions of epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin gallate (ECg). The values of EPET of EC, EGC, ECg were estimated to be 5.72 ± 0.02, 5.68 ± 0.01, and 5.45 ± 0.02 eV, respectively, and a dependence on the molecular structure was found. Furthermore, changes in the photoemission yield spectra of heated EGCg were well explained by molecular orbital calculations on the basis of an assumption of epimerization.
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66
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Stotani S, Giordanetto F, Medda F. DYRK1A inhibition as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:681-96. [PMID: 27073990 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In total, 47,500,000 people worldwide are affected by dementia and this number is estimated to double by 2030 and triple within 2050 resulting in a huge burden on public health. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of all the cases. The cause of AD is still poorly understood but several brain abnormalities (e.g., loss of neuronal connections and neuronal death) have been identified in affected patients. In addition to the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain tissue, aberrant phosphorylation of tau proteins has proved to increase neuronal death. DYRK1A phosphorylates tau on 11 different Ser/Thr residues, resulting in the formation of aggregates called 'neurofibrillary tangles' which, together with amyloid plaques, could be responsible for dementia, neuronal degeneration and cell death. Small molecule inhibition of DYRK1A could thus represent an interesting approach toward the treatment of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we review the current progress in the identification and development of DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stotani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Giordanetto
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- DE Shaw Research, 120W 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Federico Medda
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Kurapati KRV, Atluri VS, Samikkannu T, Garcia G, Nair MPN. Natural Products as Anti-HIV Agents and Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND): A Brief Overview. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1444. [PMID: 26793166 PMCID: PMC4709506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As the threat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) persists to rise, effective drug treatments are required to treat the infected people. Even though combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) provides stable viral suppression, it is not devoid of undesirable side effects, especially in persons undergoing long-term treatment. The present therapy finds its limitations in the emergence of multidrug resistance and accordingly finding new drugs and novel targets is the need of the hour to treat the infected persons and further to attack HIV reservoirs in the body like brain, lymph nodes to achieve the ultimate goal of complete eradication of HIV and AIDS. Natural products such as plant-originated compounds and plant extracts have enormous potential to become drug leads with anti-HIV and neuroprotective activity. Accordingly, many research groups are exploring the biodiversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action and for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The basic challenge that still persists is to develop viral replication-targeted therapy using novel anti-HIV compounds with new mode of action, accepted toxicity and less resistance profile. Against this backdrop, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested the need to evaluate ethno-medicines for the management of HIV/AIDS. Consequently, there is need to evaluate traditional medicine, particularly medicinal plants and other natural products that may yield effective and affordable therapeutic agents. Although there are a good number of reports on traditional uses of plants to treat various diseases, knowledge of herbal remedies used to manage HIV/AIDS and HAND are scanty, vague and not well documented. In this review, plant substances showing a promising action that is anti-HIV and HAND will be explored along with what they interact. Since some plant substances are also known to modulate several cellular factors which are also involved in the replication of HIV and hence their role as potential candidates will be discussed. HIV/AIDS being an exceptional epidemic, demands an exceptional approach and that forms very much focus for the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Madhavan P. N. Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, MiamiFL, USA
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Bahramsoltani R, Sodagari HR, Farzaei MH, Abdolghaffari AH, Gooshe M, Rezaei N. The preventive and therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols on influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 14:57-80. [PMID: 26567957 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae family. This virus is a major public health problems, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic choices inhibiting specific sequences of pathological process of influenza, developing more effective therapeutic options is an immediate challenge. In this paper, a comprehensively review of natural polyphenolic products used worldwide for the management of influenza infection is presented. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the natural polyphenols on influenza infection including suppressing virus replication cycle, viral hemagglutination, viral adhesion and penetration into the host cells, also intracellular transductional signaling pathways have been discussed in detail. Based on cellular, animal, and human evidence obtained from several studies, the current paper demonstrates that natural polyphenolic compounds possess potential effects on both prevention and treatment of influenza, which can be used as adjuvant therapy with conventional chemical drugs for the management of influenza and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Reza Sodagari
- b Young Researchers and Elite Club , Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- c Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,d Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- e Medicinal Plants Research Center , Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,f International Campus, ICTUMS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maziar Gooshe
- g Faculty of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- h Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,i Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,j Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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Botten D, Fugallo G, Fraternali F, Molteni C. Structural Properties of Green Tea Catechins. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12860-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Botten
- Physics
Department, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Fugallo
- Laboratoire
des Solides Irradiés, École Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall
Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Molteni
- Physics
Department, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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70
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Liang W, He L, Ning P, Lin J, Li H, Lin Z, Kang K, Zhang Y. (+)-Catechin inhibition of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in swine testicular cells is involved its antioxidation. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:28-33. [PMID: 26679792 PMCID: PMC7111882 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), especially in newborn piglets, which severely threatens the worldwide pig industry. In this study, (+)-catechin was evaluated for its antiviral effect against TGEV in vitro. Viability assays revealed that (+)-catechin treatment exerted a dose-dependent rescue effect in TGEV-infected ST cells, and this result was only obtained with the post-treatment application of (+)-catechin. The viral yields in (+)-catechin-treated cultures were reduced by almost three log10 units. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the TGEV genome revealed that TGEV RNA replication was restricted after (+)-catechin treatment. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection showed that (+)-catechin alleviated ROS conditions induced by TGEV infection. Our results showed that (+)-catechin exerts an inhibitory effect on TGEV proliferation in vitro and is involved its antioxidation. (+)-Catechin has anti-TGEV effect. Anti-TGEV effect was working after TGEV infection. (+)-Catechin could relieve CPE caused by TGEV in ST cells. TGEV proliferation was decreased after (+)-catechin incubation. Antioxidation of (+)-catechin is related to its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulong Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lei He
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province, The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jihui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Helin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Kai Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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71
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Castellano LM, Hammond RM, Holmes VM, Weissman D, Shorter J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate rapidly remodels PAP85-120, SEM1(45-107), and SEM2(49-107) seminal amyloid fibrils. Biol Open 2015; 4:1206-12. [PMID: 26319581 PMCID: PMC4582112 DOI: 10.1242/bio.010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen harbors amyloid fibrils formed by proteolytic fragments of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP248-286 and PAP85-120) and semenogelins (SEM1 and SEM2) that potently enhance HIV infectivity. Amyloid but not soluble forms of these peptides enhance HIV infection. Thus, agents that remodel these amyloid fibrils could prevent HIV transmission. Here, we confirm that the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), slowly remodels fibrils formed by PAP248-286 termed SEVI (semen derived enhancer of viral infection) and also exerts a direct anti-viral effect. We elucidate for the first time that EGCG remodels PAP85-120, SEM1(45-107), and SEM2(49-107) fibrils more rapidly than SEVI fibrils. We establish EGCG as the first small molecule that can remodel all four classes of seminal amyloid. The combined anti-amyloid and anti-viral properties of EGCG could have utility in preventing HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca M Hammond
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Veronica M Holmes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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72
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Lipson SM, Ozen FS, Louis S, Karthikeyan L. Comparison of α-glucosyl hesperidin of citrus fruits and epigallocatechin gallate of green tea on the Loss of Rotavirus Infectivity in Cell Culture. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:359. [PMID: 25972850 PMCID: PMC4413797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of secondary plant metabolites (e.g., flavonoids) possess antiviral/antimicrobial activity. Most flavonoids, however, are difficult to study, as they are immiscible in water-based systems. The relatively new semisynthetic α-glucosyl hesperitin (GH), and the natural plant product epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are unique among most flavonoids, as these flavonoids are highly soluble. The antiviral activity of these plant metabolites were investigated using the rotavirus as a model enteric virus system. Direct loss of virus structural integrity in cell-free suspension and titration of amplified RTV in host cell cultures was measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (qEIA). After 30 min. 100 × 10(3) μg/ml GH reduced RTV antigen levels by ca. 90%. The same compound reduced infectivity (replication in cell culture) by a similar order of magnitude 3 to 4 days post inoculation. After 3 days in culture, EGCG concentrations of 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml reduced RTV infectivity titer levels to ca. 50, 20, and 15% of the control, respectively. Loss of RTV infectivity titers occurred following viral treatment by parallel testing of both GH and EGCG, with the latter, markedly more effective. Cytotoxicity testing showed no adverse effects by the phenolic concentrations used in this study. The unique chemical structure of each flavonoid rather than each phenolic's inherent solubility may be ascribed to those marked differences between each molecule's antiviral (anti-RTV) effects. The solubility of EGCG and GH obviated our need to use potentially confounding or obfuscating carrier molecules (e.g., methanol, ethanol, DMSO) denoting our use of a pure system environ. Our work further denotes the need to address the unique chemical nature of secondary plant metabolites before any broad generalizations in flavonoid (antiviral) activity may be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Lipson
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Fatma S. Ozen
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Samantha Louis
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Laina Karthikeyan
- Department of Biology, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New YorkBrooklyn, NY, USA
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73
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Linear and branched alkyl-esters and amides of gallic acid and other (mono-, di- and tri-) hydroxy benzoyl derivatives as promising anti-HCV inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:656-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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74
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Pang JY, Zhao KJ, Wang JB, Ma ZJ, Xiao XH. Green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, possesses the antiviral activity necessary to fight against the hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:533-9. [PMID: 24903990 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although several antiviral drugs and vaccines are available for use against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis caused by HBV remains a major public health problem worldwide, which has not yet been resolved, and new anti-HBV drugs are in great demand. The present study was performed to investigate the anti-HBV activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural-origin compound, in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. The antiviral activity of EGCG was examined by detecting the levels of HBsAg and HBeAg in the supernatant and extracellular HBV DNA. EGCG effectively suppressed the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg from HepG2 2.2.15 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and it showed stronger effects at the level of 0.11-0.44 μmol/ml (50-200 μg/ml) than lamivudine (3TC) at 0.87 μmol/ml (200 μg/ml). EGCG also suppressed the amount of extracellular HBV DNA. The data indicated that EGCG possessed anti-HBV activity and suggested the potential of EGCG as an effective anti-HBV agent with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-yao Pang
- Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; Integrative Medicine Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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75
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The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2014; 113:1-3. [PMID: 25446334 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever and has infected millions of people mainly in developing countries. The associated disease is characterized by rash, high fever and severe arthritis that can persist for years. CHIKV has adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions, including Europe and the United States of America and might cause new, large outbreaks there. No treatment or licensed CHIKV vaccine exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has, among other beneficial properties, antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined if EGCG has antiviral activity against CHIKV. EGCG inhibited CHIKV infection in vitro, blocked entry of CHIKV Env-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and inhibited CHIKV attachment to target cells. Thus EGCG might be used as a lead structure to develop more effective antiviral drugs.
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76
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Westermaier Y, Barril X, Scapozza L. Virtual screening: an in silico tool for interlacing the chemical universe with the proteome. Methods 2014; 71:44-57. [PMID: 25193260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico screening both in the forward (traditional virtual screening) and reverse sense (inverse virtual screening (IVS)) are helpful techniques for interlacing the chemical universe of small molecules with the proteome. The former, which is using a protein structure and a large chemical database, is well-known by the scientific community. We have chosen here to provide an overview on the latter, focusing on validation and target prioritization strategies. By comparing it to complementary or alternative wet-lab approaches, we put IVS in the broader context of chemical genomics, target discovery and drug design. By giving examples from the literature and an own example on how to validate the approach, we provide guidance on the issues related to IVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Westermaier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Computational Biology & Drug Design Group, Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Barril
- Computational Biology & Drug Design Group, Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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77
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A small molecule inhibits virion attachment to heparan sulfate- or sialic acid-containing glycans. J Virol 2014; 88:7806-17. [PMID: 24789779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary attachment to cellular glycans is a critical entry step for most human viruses. Some viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), bind to heparan sulfate, whereas others, such as influenza A virus (IAV), bind to sialic acid. Receptor mimetics that interfere with these interactions are active against viruses that bind to either heparan sulfate or to sialic acid. However, no molecule that inhibits the attachment of viruses in both groups has yet been identified. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, is active against many unrelated viruses, including several that bind to heparan sulfate or to sialic acid. We sought to identify the basis for the broad-spectrum activity of EGCG. Here, we show that EGCG inhibits the infectivity of a diverse group of enveloped and nonenveloped human viruses. EGCG acts directly on the virions, without affecting the fluidity or integrity of the virion envelopes. Instead, EGCG interacts with virion surface proteins to inhibit the attachment of HSV-1, HCV, IAV, vaccinia virus, adenovirus, reovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions. We further show that EGCG competes with heparan sulfate for binding of HSV-1 and HCV virions and with sialic acid for binding of IAV virions. Therefore, EGCG inhibits unrelated viruses by a common mechanism. Most importantly, we have identified EGCG as the first broad-spectrum attachment inhibitor. Our results open the possibility for the development of small molecule broad-spectrum antivirals targeting virion attachment. Importance: This study shows that it is possible to develop a small molecule antiviral or microbicide active against the two largest groups of human viruses: those that bind to glycosaminoglycans and those that bind to sialoglycans. This group includes the vast majority of human viruses, including herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, poxvirus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, and many others.
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78
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Peek J, Shi T, Christendat D. Identification of Novel Polyphenolic Inhibitors of Shikimate Dehydrogenase (AroE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1090-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114527127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents due to its conserved and essential nature in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Here, we have performed an in vitro screen using a collection of more than 5500 compounds and identified 24 novel inhibitors of AroE from Pseudomonas putida. The IC50 values for the two most potent inhibitors we identified, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), were 3.0 ± 0.2 µM and 3.7 ± 0.5 µM, respectively. Based on the high level of structural conservation between AroE orthologs, we predicted that the identified compounds would also inhibit AroE enzymes from other organisms. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that EGCG and ECG inhibit the AroE domain of the bifunctional dehydroquinate dehydratase-shikimate dehydrogenase (DHQ-SDH) from Arabidopsis thaliana with IC50 values of 2.1 ± 0.3 µM and 2.0 ± 0.2 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peek
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Shi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dinesh Christendat
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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79
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Helfer M, Koppensteiner H, Schneider M, Rebensburg S, Forcisi S, Müller C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schindler M, Brack-Werner R. The root extract of the medicinal plant Pelargonium sidoides is a potent HIV-1 attachment inhibitor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87487. [PMID: 24489923 PMCID: PMC3906173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Global HIV-1 treatment would benefit greatly from safe herbal medicines with scientifically validated novel anti-HIV-1 activities. The root extract from the medicinal plant Pelargonium sidoides (PS) is licensed in Germany as the herbal medicine EPs®7630, with numerous clinical trials supporting its safety in humans. Here we provide evidence from multiple cell culture experiments that PS extract displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity. We show that PS extract protects peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages from infection with various X4 and R5 tropic HIV-1 strains, including clinical isolates. Functional studies revealed that the extract from PS has a novel mode-of-action. It interferes directly with viral infectivity and blocks the attachment of HIV-1 particles to target cells, protecting them from virus entry. Analysis of the chemical footprint of anti-HIV activity indicates that HIV-1 inhibition is mediated by multiple polyphenolic compounds with low cytotoxicity and can be separated from other extract components with higher cytotoxicity. Based on our data and its excellent safety profile, we propose that PS extract represents a lead candidate for the development of a scientifically validated herbal medicine for anti-HIV-1 therapy with a mode-of-action different from and complementary to current single-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Helfer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herwig Koppensteiner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martha Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rebensburg
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Forcisi
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Constanze Müller
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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80
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Shin HA, Shin YS, Kang SU, Kim JH, Oh YT, Park KH, Lee BH, Kim CH. Radioprotective effect of epicatechin in cultured human fibroblasts and zebrafish. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:32-40. [PMID: 23955052 PMCID: PMC3885118 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced normal cell damage limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to targeted cancer. This study investigated the effect of epicatechin (EC), a minor component of green tea extracts, on radiation-induced cellular damage in vitro in primary cultured human fibroblasts and in vivo in a zebrafish model. Cell viability, proliferation and wound-healing efficacy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as changes in the signaling pathway related to apoptosis were investigated in fibroblasts. The therapeutic effects of EC were explored in a zebrafish model. EC increased clonogenic survival and restored the migration ability of the fibroblasts after irradiation. EC inhibited radiation-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. EC significantly reduced the expression of p-JNK, p-38, and cleaved caspase-3 compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. EC attenuated the radiation-induced embryotoxicity in a zebrafish model. These results suggest that EC represents an effective means of reducing cellular damage and facilitating wound healing after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Ae Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan Street, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang, 410-719, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Sung Un Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Jang Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Young-Taek Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Keun Hyung Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Bum Hei Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 442–749, Korea
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81
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Steinmann J, Buer J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1059-73. [PMID: 23072320 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been shown to have many physiological and pharmacological health benefits. In the past two decades several studies have reported that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea, has anti-infective properties. Antiviral activities of EGCG with different modes of action have been demonstrated on diverse families of viruses, such as Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Flaviviridae and include important human pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and the hepatitis C virus. Furthermore, the molecule interferes with the replication cycle of DNA viruses like hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus and adenovirus. Most of these studies demonstrated antiviral properties within physiological concentrations of EGCG in vitro. In contrast, the minimum inhibitory concentrations against bacteria were 10-100-fold higher. Nevertheless, the antibacterial effects of EGCG alone and in combination with different antibiotics have been intensively analysed against a number of bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Furthermore, the catechin EGCG has antifungal activity against human-pathogenic yeasts like Candida albicans. Although the mechanistic effects of EGCG are not fully understood, there are results indicating that EGCG binds to lipid membranes and affects the folic acid metabolism of bacteria and fungi by inhibiting the cytoplasmic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future perspectives on the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects of the green tea constituent EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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82
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Botten D, Fugallo G, Fraternali F, Molteni C. A computational exploration of the interactions of the green tea polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate with cardiac muscle troponin C. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70556. [PMID: 23923004 PMCID: PMC3726641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to its polyphenols and phytochemicals, green tea is believed to have a number of health benefits, including protecting from heart disease, but its mechanism of action at the molecular level is still not understood. Here we explore, by means of atomistic simulations, how the most abundant of the green tea polyphenols, (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCg), interacts with the structural C terminal domain of cardiac muscle troponin C (cCTnC), a calcium binding protein that plays an important role in heart contractions. We find that EGCg favourably binds to the hydrophobic cleft of cCTnC consistently with solution NMR experiments. It also binds to cCTnC in the presence of the anchoring region of troponin I (cTnI(34-71)) at the interface between the E and H helices. This appears to affect the strength of the interaction between cCTnC and cTnI(34-71) and also counter-acts the effects of the Gly159Asp mutation, related to dilated cardiomyopathy. Our simulations support the picture that EGCg interacting with the C terminal domain of troponin C may help in regulating the calcium signalling either through competitive binding with the anchoring domain of cTnI or by affecting the interaction between cCTnC and cTnI(34-71).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Botten
- Physics Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Fugallo
- Physics Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Molteni
- Physics Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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83
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Tala VRS, Candida da Silva V, Rodrigues CM, Nkengfack AE, Campaner dos Santos L, Vilegas W. Characterization of proanthocyanidins from Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don. (Fabaceae) by Flow Injection Analysis-Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2013; 18:2803-20. [PMID: 23455671 PMCID: PMC6269974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the chemical composition of the African plant Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae) roots and barks by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization and Direct Injection Tandem Mass Spectrometry analysis. Mass spectral data indicated that B-type oligomers are present, namely procyanidins and prodelphinidins, with their gallate and glucuronide derivatives, some of them in different isomeric forms. The analysis evidenced the presence of up to 40 proanthocyanidins, some of which are reported for the first time. In this study, the antiradical activity of extracts of roots and barks from Parkia biglobosa was evaluated using DPPH method and they showed satisfactory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Raïssa Sipowo Tala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 14800-900, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Viviane Candida da Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 14800-900, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clenilson Martins Rodrigues
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 14800-900, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Chemical and Instrumental Analysis, Embrapa Agroenergy, PqEB, W3 North, 70770-901, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Augustin Ephrem Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 14800-900, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 14800-900, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Experimental Campus of Sao Vicente, UNESP—Sao Paulo State University, 11350-000, Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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84
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Kumari D, Bandyopadhyay P, Suryaprakash N. Discrimination of α-amino acids using green tea flavonoid (-)-epigallocatechin gallate as a chiral solvating agent. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2373-8. [PMID: 23394110 DOI: 10.1021/jo3025016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a special, hitherto-unexplored property of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a chiral solvating agent for enantiodiscrimination of α-amino acids in the polar solvent DMSO. This phenomenon has been investigated by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The mechanism of the interaction property of EGCG with α-amino acids has been understood as arising out of hydrogen-bonded noncovalent interactions, where the -OH groups of two phenyl rings of EGCG play dominant roles. The conversion of the enantiomeric mixture into diastereomers yielded well-resolved peaks for D and L amino acids permitting the precise measurement of enantiomeric composition. Often one encounters complex situations when the spectra are severely overlapped or partially resolved hampering the testing of enantiopurity and the precise measurement of enantiomeric excess (ee). Though higher concentration of EGCG yielded better discrimination, the use of lower concentration being economical, we have exploited an appropriate 2D NMR experiment in overcoming such problems. Thus, in the present study we have successfully demonstrated the utility of the bioflavonoid (-)-EGCG, a natural product as a chiral solvating agent for the discrimination of large number of α-amino acids in a polar solvent DMSO. Another significant advantage of this new chiral sensing agent is that it is a natural product and does not require tedious multistep synthesis unlike many other chiral auxiliaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kumari
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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85
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Ueda K, Kawabata R, Irie T, Nakai Y, Tohya Y, Sakaguchi T. Inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: strong effects of extracts from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55343. [PMID: 23372851 PMCID: PMC3555825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannins, plant-derived polyphenols and other related compounds, have been utilized for a long time in many fields such as the food industry and manufacturing. In this study, we investigated the anti-viral effects of tannins on 12 different viruses including both enveloped viruses (influenza virus H3N2, H5N3, herpes simplex virus-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus) and non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus, coxsachievirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, feline calicivirus and mouse norovirus). We found that extracts from persimmon (Diospyros kaki), which contains ca. 22% of persimmon tannin, reduced viral infectivity in more than 4-log scale against all of the viruses tested, showing strong anti-viral effects against a broad range of viruses. Other tannins derived from green tea, acacia and gallnuts were effective for some of the viruses, while the coffee extracts were not effective for any of the virus. We then investigated the mechanism of the anti-viral effects of persimmon extracts by using mainly influenza virus. Persimmon extracts were effective within 30 seconds at a concentration of 0.25% and inhibited attachment of the virus to cells. Pretreatment of cells with the persimmon extracts before virus infection or post-treatment after virus infection did not inhibit virus replication. Protein aggregation seems to be a fundamental mechanism underlying the anti-viral effect of persimmon tannin, since viral proteins formed aggregates when purified virions were treated with the persimmon extracts and since the anti-viral effect was competitively inhibited by a non-specific protein, bovine serum albumin. Considering that persimmon tannin is a food supplement, it has a potential to be utilized as a safe and highly effective anti-viral reagent against pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ueda
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawabata
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Biosource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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86
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de Oliveira A, Adams SD, Lee LH, Murray SR, Hsu SD, Hammond JR, Dickinson D, Chen P, Chu TC. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the modified green tea polyphenol palmitoyl-epigallocatechin gallate. Food Chem Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23182741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a strong antioxidant that has previously been shown to reduce the number of plaques in HIV-infected cultured cells. Modified EGCG, palmitoyl-EGCG (p-EGCG), is of interest as a topical antiviral agent for herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infections. This study evaluated the effect of p-EGCG on HSV-infected Vero cells. Results of cell viability and cell proliferation assays indicate that p-EGCG is not toxic to cultured Vero cells and show that modification of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with palmitate increases the effectiveness of EGCG as an antiviral agent. Furthermore, p-EGCG is a more potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) than EGCG and can be topically applied to skin, one of the primary tissues infected by HSV. Viral binding assay, plaque forming assay, PCR, real-time PCR, and fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate that p-EGCG concentrations of 50 μM and higher block the production of infectious HSV-1 particles. p-EGCG was found to inhibit HSV-1 adsorption to Vero cells. Thus, p-EGCG may provide a novel treatment for HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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87
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Smith B, Medda F, Gokhale V, Dunckley T, Hulme C. Recent advances in the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selective DYRK1A inhibitors: a new avenue for a disease modifying treatment of Alzheimer's? ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:857-72. [PMID: 23173067 PMCID: PMC3503344 DOI: 10.1021/cn300094k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With 24.3 million people affected in 2005 and an estimated rise to 42.3 million in 2020, dementia is currently a leading unmet medical need and costly burden on public health. Seventy percent of these cases have been attributed to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative pathology whose most evident symptom is a progressive decline in cognitive functions. Dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase-1A (DYRK1A) is important in neuronal development and plays a variety of functional roles within the adult central nervous system. The DYRK1A gene is located within the Down syndrome critical region (DSCR) on human chromosome 21 and current research suggests that overexpression of DYRK1A may be a significant factor leading to cognitive deficits in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Currently, treatment options for cognitive deficiencies associated with Down syndrome, as well as Alzheimer's disease, are extremely limited and represent a major unmet therapeutic need. Small molecule inhibition of DYRK1A activity in the brain may provide an avenue for pharmaceutical intervention of mental impairment associated with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. We herein review the current state of the art in the development of DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breland Smith
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
| | - Federico Medda
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Travis Dunckley
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational
Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix,
Arizona 85013, United States
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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88
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Chatterjee A, Saluja M, Agarwal G, Alam M. Green tea: A boon for periodontal and general health. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 16:161-7. [PMID: 23055579 PMCID: PMC3459493 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.99256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea is particularly rich in health-promoting flavonoids (which account for 30% of the dry weight of a leaf), including catechins and their derivatives. The most abundant catechin in green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is thought to play a pivotal role in the green tea's anticancer and antioxidant effects. Catechins should be considered right alongside of the better-known antioxidants like vitamins E and C as potent free radical scavengers and health-supportive for this reason. It has been suggested that green tea also promotes periodontal health by reducing inflammation, preventing bone resorption and limiting the growth of certain bacteria associated with periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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89
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HUANG N, YANG LM, LI XL, ZHENG CB, WANG RR, YANG YP, Zheng YT. Anti-HIV activities of extracts from Pu-erh tea. Chin J Nat Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(12)60069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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Fan K, Luo X, Ping J, Tang W, Wu J, Ying Y, Zhou Q. Sensitive determination of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in tea infusion using a novel ionic liquid carbon paste electrode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6333-6340. [PMID: 22676480 DOI: 10.1021/jf300498e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the electrocatalytic oxidation of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main monomer flavanol found in green tea, with a novel ionic liquid, n-octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPFP) carbon paste electrode (CPE). Due to the natural viscosity and high conductivity of OPFP, this novel OPFP-CPE exhibited very attractive properties, such as high stability and electrochemical reactivity, low background current, and wide electrochemical window. Therefore, this electrode is a very good alternative to traditional chemically modified electrodes because the electrocatalytic effect can achieved without any further electrode modification. Comparative experiments were carried out using CPE and a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). With OPFP-CPE, highly reproducible and well-defined cyclic voltammograms were obtained for EGCG. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response increased linearly with EGCG concentration over the range of 5.0 × 10(-7)-1.25 × 10(-5) M. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.32 × 10(-7) and 4.35 × 10(-7) M, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of EGCG in green tea infusion samples, and the recovery of the spiked EGCG to the diluted (10-fold) tea extract was from 87.62 to 99.51%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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91
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Zhao Y, Jiang F, Liu P, Chen W, Yi K. Catechins containing a galloyl moiety as potential anti-HIV-1 compounds. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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92
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Yamanaka D, Tamiya Y, Motoi M, Ishibashi KI, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N. The effect of enzymatically polymerised polyphenols on CD4 binding and cytokine production in murine splenocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36025. [PMID: 22540016 PMCID: PMC3335072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-molecular weight polymerised polyphenols have been shown to exhibit anti-influenza virus, anti-HIV, and anti-cancer activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulating activities of enzymatically polymerised polyphenols, and to clarify the underlying mechanisms of their effects. The cytokine-inducing activity of the enzymatically polymerised polyphenols derived from caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), and p-coumaric acid (CoA) was investigated using murine splenocytes. Polymerised polyphenols, but not non-polymerised polyphenols, induced cytokine synthesis in murine splenocytes. Polymerised polyphenols induced several cytokines in murine splenocytes, with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) being the most prominent. The underlying mechanisms of the effects of the polymerised polyphenols were then studied using neutralising antibodies and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Our results show that polymerised polyphenols increased IFN-γ and GM-CSF production in splenocytes. In addition, the anti-CD4 neutralised monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited polymerised polyphenol-induced IFN-γ and GM-CSF secretion. Moreover, polymerised polyphenols bound directly to a recombinant CD4 protein, and FACS analysis confirmed that interaction occurs between polymerised polyphenols and CD4 molecules expressed on the cell surface. In this study, we clearly demonstrated that enzymatic polymerisation confers immunoactivating potential to phenylpropanoic acids, and CD4 plays a key role in their cytokine-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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93
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Chen C, Qiu H, Gong J, Liu Q, Xiao H, Chen XW, Sun BL, Yang RG. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the replication cycle of hepatitis C virus. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1301-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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94
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Lee KH, Morris-Natschke SL, Yang X, Huang R, Zhou T, Wu SF, Shi Q, Itokawa H. Recent progress of research on medicinal mushrooms, foods, and other herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Complement Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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95
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Matsumoto Y, Kaihatsu K, Nishino K, Ogawa M, Kato N, Yamaguchi A. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:53. [PMID: 22355295 PMCID: PMC3280433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) has useful antiviral, antimicrobial, antitoxin, and antitumor properties. Previously, Mori et al. (2008) found that addition of long acyl chains (C16–18) to EGCG enhanced its anti-influenza virus activity up to 44-fold. The chemical stability of EGCG against oxidative degradation was also enhanced by acylation. We further evaluated the in vitro activity spectrum of the EGCG derivatives against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. A series of EGCG O-acyl derivatives were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. These derivatives exhibited several-fold higher activities than EGCG, particularly against Gram-positive organisms. Antifungal MICs of the derivatives were also two to fourfold lower than those of EGCG. The activities of the EGCG derivatives against Gram-negative bacteria were not distinguishable from those of EGCG. Among the derivatives evaluated, MICs of dioctanoate and palmitate (C16) for 17 Staphylococcus aureus strains were 4–32 μg/ml, although MIC of EGCG for these 17 strains was ≥128 μg/ml. C16 demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC43300 at ≥16 μg/ml. The enhanced activity of C16 against S. aureus was supported by its increased membrane-permeabilizing activity determined by increased SYTOX Green uptake. The EGCG derivatives were exported in Escherichia coli using the efflux pump AcrAB–TolC. The tolC deletion mutant exhibited higher sensitivity to EGCG and the derivatives than wild-type. Addition of long alkyl chains to EGCG significantly enhanced its activities against several bacteria and fungi, particularly against S. aureus including MRSA. C16 might potentially become under specified circumstances an alternative or supplement to antibiotics and disinfectants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Matsumoto
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki Osaka, Japan
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96
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Al-Malki AL, Moselhy SS. Protective effect of vitamin E and epicatechin against nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:202-8. [PMID: 22287617 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711430976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a major pharmacologically active and addictive component of tobacco smoke, which is regarded to be a primary risk factor in the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Epicatechin is one of the most potent antioxidants present in the human diet. Particularly high levels of this compound are found in tea, apples and chocolate. It has been reported that tea extracts and/or its constituents have antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidative, antitumor and antimutagenic activities. Vitamin E is a major lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and free radical scavenger, presents as an integral component of cellular membranes and has important biological functions. The primary mechanism by which vitamin E is proposed to prevent cancer is through their antioxidant properties. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of epicatechin alone or combined with vitamin E in inhibiting the oxidative stress induced by nicotine in rats. Results obtained indicated that there was a significant elevation in the levels of malondialdhyde (MDA) in nicotine injected rats. The combined treatment (epicatechin + Vit E) group showed a potential reduction of these parameters more than individual treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were found significantly higher in combined treated than untreated rats. In nicotine group, a negative significant correlation between reduced glutathione and MDA (r = -0.92) was observed. In conclusion, these results suggested that the supplementation of diet with epicatechin and vitamin E provided antioxidant defense with strong chemopreventive activity against nicotine-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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97
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Ciesek S, von Hahn T, Colpitts CC, Schang LM, Friesland M, Steinmann J, Manns MP, Ott M, Wedemeyer H, Meuleman P, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. Hepatology 2011; 54:1947-55. [PMID: 21837753 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current antiviral therapy fails to clear infection in a substantial proportion of cases. Drug development is focused on nonstructural proteins required for RNA replication. Individuals undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation face rapid, universal reinfection of the graft. Therefore, antiviral strategies targeting the early stages of infection are urgently needed for the prevention of HCV infection. In this study, we identified the polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), as an inhibitor of HCV entry. Green tea catechins, such as EGCG and its derivatives, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), have been previously found to exert antiviral and antioncogenic properties. EGCG had no effect on HCV RNA replication, assembly, or release of progeny virions. However, it potently inhibited Cell-culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) entry into hepatoma cell lines as well as primary human hepatocytes. The effect was independent of the HCV genotype, and both infection of cells by extracellular virions and cell-to-cell spread were blocked. Pretreatment of cells with EGCG before HCV inoculation did not reduce HCV infection, whereas the application of EGCG during inoculation strongly inhibited HCV infectivity. Moreover, treatment with EGCG directly during inoculation strongly inhibited HCV infectivity. Expression levels of all known HCV (co-)receptors were unaltered by EGCG. Finally, we showed that EGCG inhibits viral attachment to the cell, thus disrupting the initial step of HCV cell entry. CONCLUSION The green tea molecule, EGCG, potently inhibits HCV entry and could be part of an antiviral strategy aimed at the prevention of HCV reinfection after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ciesek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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98
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Roh C, Jo SK. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral protein NS5B. Talanta 2011; 85:2639-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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99
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Zheng R, Chen TS, Lu T. A comparative reverse docking strategy to identify potential antineoplastic targets of tea functional components and binding mode. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5200-12. [PMID: 21954353 PMCID: PMC3179160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main functional components of green tea, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC), are found to have a broad antineoplastic activity. The discovery of their targets plays an important role in revealing the antineoplastic mechanism. Therefore, to identify potential target proteins for tea polyphenols, we have taken a comparative virtual screening approach using two reverse docking systems, one based on Autodock software and the other on Tarfisdock. Two separate in silico workflows were implemented to derive a set of target proteins related to human diseases and ranked by the binding energy score. Several conventional clinically important proteins with anti-tumor effects are screened out from the PDTD protein database as the potential receptors by both procedures. To further analyze the validity of docking results, we study the binding mode of EGCG and the potential target protein Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in detail. We indicate that interactions mediated by electrostatic and hydrogen bond play a key role in ligand binding. EGCG binds to the enzyme with certain orientation and conformation that is suitable for nucleophilic attacks by several electrical residues inside the enzyme's activity cavity. This study provides useful information for studying the antitumor mechanism of tea's functional components. The comparative reverse docking strategy presented generates a tractable set of antineoplastic proteins for future experimental validation as drug targets against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zheng
- Institute of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tuan-sheng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tun Lu
- Institute of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; E-Mail:
- Fujian Supercomputer Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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100
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Li S, Hattori T, Kodama EN. Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the HIV Reverse Transcription Step. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:239-43. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea, has been reported to inhibit HIV-1 replication prior to its integration into host DNA via various proposed mechanisms; however, the specific main target(s) of EGCG remain unclear. In this study, we investigated a number of these proposed detailed mechanism(s) using a cell-based model. Methods: Multinuclear activation of galactosidase indicator assays were used for all experiments, including examination of the time of addition and the synergisms with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). Results: The experiments revealed that EGCG suppressed both HIV-1IIIB and HIV-2EHO infection in HeLa-CD4-LTR-β-gal cells, with relatively low 50% effective concentrations of 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively. The inhibitory profile of EGCG generated using a time-of-addition assay was identical to that of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), MKC-442. Furthermore, synergistic inhibition was observed in EGCG with AZT. Conclusions: Based on our findings, EGCG appears to act mainly as an allosteric reverse transcriptase inhibitor with mechanisms different from those of currently approved NNRTIs that directly interact with the NNRTI binding pocket. Thus, EGCG is a good candidate for use as an additional or supportive anti-HIV agent derived from natural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenwei Li
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiichi N Kodama
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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