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Tian J, Yang F, Cui H, Zhou Y, Ruan X, Gu N. A Novel Approach to Making the Gas-Filled Liposome Real: Based on the Interaction of Lipid with Free Nanobubble within the Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26579-26584. [PMID: 26567461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubbles with a size less than 1 μm could make a promising application in ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery. However, the fabrication of stable gas encapsulation nanobubbles is still challenging. In this study, a novel method for preparation of lipid- encapsulated nanobubbles was reported. The dispersed phospholipid molecules in the prefabricated free nanobubbles solution can be assembled to form controllable stable lipid encapsulation gas-filled ultrasound-sensitive liposome (GU-Liposome). The optimized preparation parameters and formation mechanism of GU-Liposome were investigated in detail. Results showed that this type of GU-Liposome had mean diameter of 194.4 ± 6.6 nm and zeta potential of -25.2 ± 1.9 mV with layer by layer self-assembled lipid structure. The acoustic imaging analysis in vitro indicated that ultrasound imaging enhancement could be acquired by both perfusion imaging and accumulation imaging. The imaging enhancement level and duration time was related with the ratios of lipid to gas in the GU-Liposome structure. All in all, by this novel and controllable nanobubble construction technique, it will broaden the future theranostic applications of nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huating Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaobo Ruan
- Xuzhou Central Hospital , Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
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Song KH, Fan AC, Brlansky JT, Trudeau T, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Calvisi ML, Borden MA. High Efficiency Molecular Delivery with Sequential Low-Energy Sonoporation Bursts. Theranostics 2015; 5:1419-27. [PMID: 26681986 PMCID: PMC4672022 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubbles interact with ultrasound to induce transient microscopic pores in the cellular plasma membrane in a highly localized thermo-mechanical process called sonoporation. Theranostic applications of in vitro sonoporation include molecular delivery (e.g., transfection, drug loading and cell labeling), as well as molecular extraction for measuring intracellular biomarkers, such as proteins and mRNA. Prior research focusing mainly on the effects of acoustic forcing with polydisperse microbubbles has identified a "soft limit" of sonoporation efficiency at 50% when including dead and lysed cells. We show here that this limit can be exceeded with the judicious use of monodisperse microbubbles driven by a physiotherapy device (1.0 MHz, 2.0 W/cm(2), 10% duty cycle). We first examined the effects of microbubble size and found that small-diameter microbubbles (2 µm) deliver more instantaneous power than larger microbubbles (4 & 6 µm). However, owing to rapid fragmentation and a short half-life (0.7 s for 2 µm; 13.3 s for 6 µm), they also deliver less energy over the sonoporation time. This translates to a higher ratio of FITC-dextran (70 kDa) uptake to cell death/lysis (4:1 for 2 µm; 1:2 for 6 µm) in suspended HeLa cells after a single sonoporation. Sequential sonoporations (up to four) were consequently employed to increase molecular delivery. Peak uptake was found to be 66.1 ± 1.2% (n=3) after two sonoporations when properly accounting for cell lysis (7.0 ± 5.6%) and death (17.9 ± 2.0%), thus overcoming the previously reported soft limit. Substitution of TRITC-dextran (70 kDa) on the second sonoporation confirmed the effects were multiplicative. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of utilizing monodisperse small-diameter microbubbles as a means to achieve multiple low-energy sonoporation bursts for efficient in vitro cellular uptake and sequential molecular delivery.
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Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides or Plasmid DNA to the Brain by the Combination of Bubble Liposomes and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:344-62. [PMID: 26402694 PMCID: PMC4588205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle that prevents therapeutic drugs or genes from being delivered to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to enhance the permeability of the BBB. We have developed echo-contrast gas (C3F8) entrapping liposomes (Bubble liposomes, BLs) that can work as a gene delivery tool in combination with ultrasound (US) exposure. Here, we studied whether the permeability of the BBB can be enhanced by the combination of BLs and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Mice were intravenously injected with Evans blue (EB). BLs were subsequently injected, and the right hemispheres were exposed to HIFU. As a result, the accumulation of EB in the HIFU-exposed brain hemispheres was increased over that observed in the non-HIFU-exposed hemispheres, depending on the intensity and the duration of the HIFU. Similarly, the combination of BLs and HIFU allowed fluorescent-labeled antisense oligonucleotides to be delivered into the HIFU-exposed left hemispheres of the treated mice. Furthermore, a firefly luciferase-expressing plasmid DNA was delivered to the brain by the combination method of BLs and HIFU, which resulted in the increased gene expression in the brain at the focused-US exposure site. These results suggest that the method of combining BLs and HIFU together serves as a useful means for accelerating the permeability of BBB and thereby enabling antisense oligonucleotides or genes to be delivered to the focused brain site.
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Timbie KF, Mead BP, Price RJ. Drug and gene delivery across the blood-brain barrier with focused ultrasound. J Control Release 2015; 219:61-75. [PMID: 26362698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains one of the most significant limitations to treatments of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. It is now well-established that focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with contrast agent microbubbles may be used to non-invasively and temporarily disrupt the BBB, allowing localized delivery of systemically administered therapeutic agents as large as 100nm in size to the CNS. Importantly, recent technological advances now permit FUS application through the intact human skull, obviating the need for invasive and risky surgical procedures. When used in combination with magnetic resonance imaging, FUS may be applied precisely to pre-selected CNS targets. Indeed, FUS devices capable of sub-millimeter precision are currently in several clinical trials. FUS mediated BBB disruption has the potential to fundamentally change how CNS diseases are treated, unlocking potential for combinatorial treatments with nanotechnology, markedly increasing the efficacy of existing therapeutics that otherwise do not cross the BBB effectively, and permitting safe repeated treatments. This article comprehensively reviews recent studies on the targeted delivery of therapeutics into the CNS with FUS and offers perspectives on the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie F Timbie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian P Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Dokun AO, Chen L, Okutsu M, Farber CR, Hazarika S, Jones WS, Craig D, Marchuk DA, Lye RJ, Shah SH, Annex BH. ADAM12: a genetic modifier of preclinical peripheral arterial disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H790-803. [PMID: 26163448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00803.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In prior studies from multiple groups, outcomes following experimental peripheral arterial disease (PAD) differed considerably across inbred mouse strains. Similarly, in humans with PAD, disease outcomes differ, even when there are similarities in risk factors, disease anatomy, arteriosclerotic burden, and hemodynamic measures. Previously, we identified a locus on mouse chromosome 7, limb salvage-associated quantitative trait locus 1 (LSq-1), which was sufficient to modify outcomes following experimental PAD. We compared expression of genes within LSq-1 in Balb/c mice, which normally show poor outcomes following experimental PAD, with that in C57Bl/6 mice, which normally show favorable outcomes, and found that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase gene 12 (ADAM12) had the most differential expression. Augmentation of ADAM12 expression in vivo improved outcomes following experimental PAD in Balb/c mice, whereas knockdown of ADAM12 made outcomes worse in C57Bl/6 mice. In vitro, ADAM12 expression modulates endothelial cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis in ischemia, and this appeared to be dependent on tyrosine kinase with Ig-like and EGF-like domain 2 (Tie2) activation. ADAM12 is sufficient to modify PAD severity in mice, and this likely occurs through regulation of Tie2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayotunde O Dokun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - Lingdan Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mitsuharu Okutsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Charles R Farber
- Division of Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Surovi Hazarika
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - W Schuyler Jones
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Damian Craig
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R John Lye
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Svati H Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Brian H Annex
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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56
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Nie F, Wang XF, Zhao SY, Bu L, Liu XH. Gene silencing of Rac1 with RNA interference mediated by ultrasound and microbubbles in human LoVo cells: evaluation of cell invasion inhibition and metastatic. J Drug Target 2015; 23:380-6. [PMID: 25673262 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.1002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the change of cytoskeleton and cell cycle in LoVo (human colorectal cancer) cell via gene silencing of Rac1 with RNA interference mediated by microbubble (SonoVue) and ultrasound (US). METHODS The compound of plasmid Rac1-shRNA, LoVo cells, and SonoVue was exposed to US (1 MHz, 2 W/cm(2), 5 min). The expression of Rac1 mRNA and Rac1 protein was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cytoskeleton was taken by confocal microscope in a random fashion. Cell invasion was assayed using modified Boyden chambers, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry in LoVo cells. RESULTS Rac1 gene is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer cells, gene silencing of Rac1 with RNA interference mediated by microbubble and US strongly inhibited lamellipodia formation, cell invasion, and delayed cell cycle, as well as enhanced cell apoptosis of LoVo cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Silencing Rac1 gene mediated by microbubble and US may become a new treatment option for the inhibition of the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Nie
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou, Gansu , China and
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57
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Zhou Y, Gu H, Xu Y, Li F, Kuang S, Wang Z, Zhou X, Ma H, Li P, Zheng Y, Ran H, Jian J, Zhao Y, Song W, Wang Q, Wang D. Targeted antiangiogenesis gene therapy using targeted cationic microbubbles conjugated with CD105 antibody compared with untargeted cationic and neutral microbubbles. Theranostics 2015; 5:399-417. [PMID: 25699099 PMCID: PMC4329503 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to develop targeted cationic microbubbles conjugated with a CD105 antibody (CMB105) for use in targeted vascular endothelial cell gene therapy and ultrasound imaging. We compared the results with untargeted cationic microbubbles (CMB) and neutral microbubbles (NMB). Methods CMB105 were prepared and compared with untargeted CMB and NMB. First, the microbubbles were characterized in terms of size, zeta-potential, antibody binding ability and plasmid DNA loading capacity. A tumor model of subcutaneous breast cancer in nude mice was used for our experiments. The ability of different types of microbubbles to target HUVECs in vitro and tumor neovascularization in vivo was measured. The endostatin gene was selected for its outstanding antiangiogenesis effect. For in vitro experiments, the transfection efficiency and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the transcription and expression of endostatin were measured by qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Vascular tube cavity formation and tumor cell invasion were used to evaluate the antiangiogenesis gene therapy efficiency in vitro. Tumors were exposed to ultrasound irradiation with different types of microbubbles, and the gene therapy effects were investigated by detecting apoptosis induction and changes in tumor volume. Results CMB105 and CMB differed significantly from NMB in terms of zeta-potential, and the DNA loading capacities were 16.76±1.75 μg, 18.21±1.22 μg, and 0.48±0.04 μg per 5×108 microbubbles, respectively. The charge coupling of plasmid DNA to CMB105 was not affected by the presence of the CD105 antibody. Both CMB105 and CMB could target to HUVECs in vitro, whereas only CMB105 could target to tumor neovascularization in vivo. In in vitro experiments, the transfection efficiency of CMB105 was 24.7-fold higher than the transfection efficiency of NMB and 1.47-fold higher than the transfection efficiency of CMB (P<0.05). With ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD)-mediated gene therapy, the transcription and expression of endostatin were the highest in the CMB105 group (P<0.001); the antiangiogenesis effect and inhibition of tumor cells invasion was better with CMB105 than CMB or NMB in vitro (P<0.01). After gene therapy, the tumor volumes of CMB105 group were significantly smaller than that of CMB and NMB, and many tumor cells had begun apoptosis in the CMB105 group, which had the highest apoptosis index (P<0.001). Conclusions As a contrast agent and plasmid carrier, CMB105 can be used not only for targeted ultrasound imaging but also for targeted gene therapy both in vitro and in vivo. The plasmid DNA binding ability of the CMB was not affected by conjugation of the CMB with the CD105 antibody, and because of its targeting ability, the gene transfection efficiency and therapeutic effect were better compared with the untargeted CMB and NMB. The advantages of targeted gene therapy with CMB105 in vivo were more prominent than with CMB or NMB because neither can target the endothelia in vivo.
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Kwekkeboom RFJ, Lei Z, Bogaards SJP, Aiazian E, Kamp O, Paulus WJ, Sluijter JPG, Musters RJP. Ultrasound and microbubble-induced local delivery of MicroRNA-based therapeutics. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:163-176. [PMID: 25438841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in many pathologic processes and are a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, successful, localized delivery of microRNA-based therapeutics is lacking. In this study, cationic ultrasound-responsive microbubbles (MBs) were used to deliver microRNA blockers and mimics in vitro and in vivo. Cationic MBs successfully delivered microRNA blockers to human endothelial cells on ultrasound (US) exposure in vitro. This in vitro US protocol did not successfully deliver microRNA mimics to skeletal muscle of mice, whereas an US protocol that is routinely used for contrast imaging did. Additionally, we used cationic MBs and US to locally deliver antimiR and antagomiR molecules with US causing inertial cavitation. Delivery of antimiR to the extracellular compartments of the muscle was only slightly increased, whereas delivery of antagomiR to the capillaries, myocytes and extracellular space was significantly increased. AntagomiR seems to be a more suitable microRNA blocker than antimiR for use in combination with MBs and US for local delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick F J Kwekkeboom
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia J P Bogaards
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Aiazian
- Axle International, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Kamp
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René J P Musters
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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59
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Tzu-Yin W, Wilson KE, Machtaler S, Willmann JK. Ultrasound and microbubble guided drug delivery: mechanistic understanding and clinical implications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2014; 14:743-52. [PMID: 24372231 DOI: 10.2174/1389201014666131226114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound mediated drug delivery using microbubbles is a safe and noninvasive approach for spatially localized drug administration. This approach can create temporary and reversible openings on cellular membranes and vessel walls (a process called "sonoporation"), allowing for enhanced transport of therapeutic agents across these natural barriers. It is generally believed that the sonoporation process is highly associated with the energetic cavitation activities (volumetric expansion, contraction, fragmentation, and collapse) of the microbubble. However, a thorough understanding of the process was unavailable until recently. Important progress on the mechanistic understanding of sonoporation and the corresponding physiological responses in vitro and in vivo has been made. Specifically, recent research shed light on the cavitation process of microbubbles and fluid motion during insonation of ultrasound, on the spatio-temporal interactions between microbubbles and cells or vessel walls, as well as on the temporal course of the subsequent biological effects. These findings have significant clinical implications on the development of optimal treatment strategies for effective drug delivery. In this article, current progress in the mechanistic understanding of ultrasound and microbubble mediated drug delivery and its implications for clinical translation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jurgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H1307, Stanford, CA 94305-5621, USA.
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60
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Targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases: opportunities and challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:351-65. [PMID: 24895056 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been associated with many cardiovascular diseases in animal models, as well as in patients. In the present review, we summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases and discuss the opportunities, possibilities and challenges of using miRNAs as future therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we focus on the different approaches that can be used to deliver these newly developed miRNA therapeutics to their sites of action. Since siRNAs are structurally homologous with the miRNA therapeutics, important lessons learned from siRNA delivery strategies are discussed that might be applicable to targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics, thereby reducing costs and potential side effects, and improving efficacy.
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61
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62
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Shim CY, Lindner JR. Cardiovascular molecular imaging with contrast ultrasound: principles and applications. Korean Circ J 2014; 44:1-9. [PMID: 24497883 PMCID: PMC3905109 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2014.44.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for imaging the molecular or cellular profile of tissue are being developed for all forms of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging. It is thought that these technologies will potentially improve patient outcomes by allowing diagnosis of disease at an early-stage, monitoring disease progression, providing important information on patient risk, and for tailoring therapy to the molecular basis of disease. Molecular imaging is also already assuming an important role in science by providing a better understanding of the molecular basis of cardiovascular pathology, for assessing response to new therapies, and for rapidly optimizing new or established therapies. Ultrasound-based molecular imaging is one of these new approaches. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging relies on the detection of novel site-targeted microbubbles (MB) or other acoustically active particles which are administered by intravenous injection, circulate throughout the vascular compartment, and are then retained and imaged within regions of disease by ligand-directed binding. The technique is thought to be advantageous in practical terms of cost, time, and ease of use. The aim of this review is to discuss the molecular participants of cardiovascular disease that have been targeted for ultrasound imaging, general features of site-targeted MB, imaging protocols, and potential roles of ultrasound molecular imaging in cardiovascular research and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Shim
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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63
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Chen Y, Lee S. Manipulation of Biological Objects Using Acoustic Bubbles: A Review. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:959-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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64
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Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery with microbubbles has emerged as an attractive nonviral vector system for site-specific and noninvasive gene therapy. Ultrasound promotes intracellular uptake of therapeutic agents, particularly in the presence of microbubbles, by increasing vascular and cell membrane permeability. Several preclinical studies have reported successful gene delivery into solid tumors with significant therapeutic effects using this novel approach. This review provides background information on gene therapy and ultrasound bioeffects and discusses the current progress and overall perspectives on the application of ultrasound and microbubble-mediated gene delivery in cancer.
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65
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Rychak JJ, Klibanov AL. Nucleic acid delivery with microbubbles and ultrasound. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:82-93. [PMID: 24486388 PMCID: PMC4204336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapy is a growing field of drug delivery research. Although ultrasound has been suggested to enhance transfection decades ago, it took a combination of ultrasound with nucleic acid carrier systems (microbubbles, liposomes, polyplexes, and viral carriers) to achieve reasonable nucleic acid delivery efficacy. Microbubbles serve as foci for local deposition of ultrasound energy near the target cell, and greatly enhance sonoporation. The major advantage of this approach is in the minimal transfection in the non-insonated non-target tissues. Microbubbles can be simply co-administered with the nucleic acid carrier or can be modified to carry nucleic acid themselves. Liposomes with embedded gas or gas precursor particles can also be used to carry nucleic acid, release and deliver it by the ultrasound trigger. Successful testing in a wide variety of animal models (myocardium, solid tumors, skeletal muscle, and pancreas) proves the potential usefulness of this technique for nucleic acid drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1394, USA.
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66
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Kooiman K, Vos HJ, Versluis M, de Jong N. Acoustic behavior of microbubbles and implications for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:28-48. [PMID: 24667643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents are valuable in diagnostic ultrasound imaging, and they increasingly show potential for drug delivery. This review focuses on the acoustic behavior of flexible-coated microbubbles and rigid-coated microcapsules and their contribution to enhanced drug delivery. Phenomena relevant to drug delivery, such as non-spherical oscillations, shear stress, microstreaming, and jetting will be reviewed from both a theoretical and experimental perspective. Further, the two systems for drug delivery, co-administration and the microbubble as drug carrier system, are reviewed in relation to the microbubble behavior. Finally, future prospects are discussed that need to be addressed for ultrasound contrast agents to move from a pre-clinical tool into a clinical setting.
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67
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Sun RR, Noble ML, Sun SS, Song S, Miao CH. Development of therapeutic microbubbles for enhancing ultrasound-mediated gene delivery. J Control Release 2014; 182:111-20. [PMID: 24650644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-mediated gene delivery has emerged as a promising non-viral method for safe and selective gene delivery. When enhanced by the cavitation of microbubbles (MBs), US exposure can induce sonoporation that transiently increases cell membrane permeability for localized delivery of DNA. The present study explores the effect of generalizable MB customizations on MB facilitation of gene transfer compared to Definity®, a clinically available contrast agent. These modifications are 1) increased MB shell acyl chain length (RN18) for elevated stability and 2) addition of positive charge on MB (RC5K) for greater DNA associability. The MB types were compared in their ability to facilitate transfection of luciferase and GFP reporter plasmid DNA in vitro and in vivo under various conditions of US intensity, MB dosage, and pretreatment MB-DNA incubation. The results indicated that both RN18 and RC5K were more efficient than Definity®, and that the cationic RC5K can induce even greater transgene expression by increasing payload capacity with prior DNA incubation without compromising cell viability. These findings could be applied to enhance MB functions in a wide range of therapeutic US/MB gene and drug delivery approach. With further designs, MB customizations have the potential to advance this technology closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Sun
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Misty L Noble
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Samuel S Sun
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Shuxian Song
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Carol H Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Endo-Takahashi Y, Negishi Y, Nakamura A, Ukai S, Ooaku K, Oda Y, Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Takagi N, Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Aramaki Y. Systemic delivery of miR-126 by miRNA-loaded Bubble liposomes for the treatment of hindlimb ischemia. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3883. [PMID: 24457599 PMCID: PMC3900923 DOI: 10.1038/srep03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, micro RNA (miRNA) is considered an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. A significant obstacle to the miRNA-based treatments is the efficient delivery of miRNA to the target tissue. We have developed polyethylene glycol-modified liposomes (Bubble liposomes (BLs)) that entrap ultrasound (US) contrast gas and can serve as both plasmid DNA (pDNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers and US contrast agents. In this study, we investigated the usability of miRNA-loaded BLs (mi-BLs) using a hindlimb ischemia model and miR-126. It has been reported that miR-126 promotes angiogenesis via the inhibition of negative regulators of VEGF signaling. We demonstrated that mi-BLs could be detected using diagnostic US and that mi-BLs with therapeutic US could deliver miR-126 to an ischemic hindlimb, leading to the induction of angiogenic factors and the improvement of blood flow. These results suggest that combining mi-BLs with US may be useful for US imaging and miRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Endo-Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Arisa Nakamura
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Saori Ukai
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ooaku
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oda
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Fuminori Moriyasu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Aramaki
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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70
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Holowka EP, Bhatia SK. Smart Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Deliv 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1998-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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71
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Jin Q, Wang Z, Yan F, Deng Z, Ni F, Wu J, Shandas R, Liu X, Zheng H. A novel cationic microbubble coated with stearic acid-modified polyethylenimine to enhance DNA loading and gene delivery by ultrasound. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76544. [PMID: 24086748 PMCID: PMC3784428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cationic microbubble (MB) for improvement of the DNA loading capacity and the ultrasound-mediated gene delivery efficiency has been developed; it has been prepared with commercial lipids and a stearic acid modified polyethylenimine 600 (Stearic-PEI600) polymer synthesized via acylation reaction of branched PEI600 and stearic acid mediated by N, N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The MBs’ concentration, size distribution, stability and zeta potential (ζ-potential) were measured and the DNA loading capacity was examined as a function of the amount of Stearic-PEI600. The gene transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity were also examined using breast cancer MCF-7 cells via the reporter plasmid pCMV-Luc, encoding the firefly luciferase gene. The results showed that the Stearic-PEI600 polymer caused a significant increase in magnitude of ζ-potential of MBs. The addition of DNA into cationic MBs can shift ζ-potentials from positive to negative values. The DNA loading capacity of the MBs grew linearly from (5±0.2) ×10−3 pg/µm2 to (20±1.8) ×10−3 pg/µm2 when Stearic-PEI600 was increased from 5 mol% to 30 mol%. Transfection of MCF-7 cells using 5% PEI600 MBs plus ultrasound exposure yielded 5.76±2.58×103 p/s/cm2/sr average radiance intensity, was 8.97- and 7.53-fold higher than those treated with plain MBs plus ultrasound (6.41±5.82) ×102 p/s/cm2/sr, (P<0.01) and PEI600 MBs without ultrasound (7.65±6.18) ×102 p/s/cm2/sr, (P<0.01), respectively. However, the PEI600 MBs showed slightly higher cytotoxicity than plain MBs. The cells treated with PEI600-MBs and plain MBs plus ultrasound showed 59.5±6.1% and 71.4±7.1% cell viability, respectively. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the novel cationic MBs were able to increase DNA loading capacity and gene transfection efficiency and could be potentially applied in targeted gene delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Jin
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (FY)
| | - Zhiting Deng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Ni
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for MRI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (FY)
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72
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Cavalli R, Bisazza A, Lembo D. Micro- and nanobubbles: a versatile non-viral platform for gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:437-45. [PMID: 24008081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanobubbles provide a promising non-viral strategy for ultrasound mediated gene delivery. Microbubbles are spherical gas-filled structures with a mean diameter of 1-8 μm, characterised by their core-shell composition and their ability to circulate in the bloodstream following intravenous injection. They undergo volumetric oscillations or acoustic cavitation when insonified by ultrasound and, most importantly, they are able to resonate at diagnostic frequencies. It is due to this behaviour that microbubbles are currently being used as ultrasound contrast agents, but their use in therapeutics is still under investigation. For example, microbubbles could play a role in enhancing gene delivery to cells: when combined with clinical ultrasound exposure, microbubbles are able to favour gene entry into cells by cavitation. Two different delivery strategies have been used to date: DNA can be co-administered with the microbubbles (i.e. the contrast agent) or 'loaded' in purposed-built bubble systems - indeed a number of different technological approaches have been proposed to associate genes within microbubble structures. Nanobubbles, bubbles with sizes in the nanometre order of magnitude, have also been developed with the aim of obtaining more efficient gene delivery systems. Their small sizes allow the possibility of extravasation from blood vessels into the surrounding tissues and ultrasound-targeted site-specific release with minimal invasiveness. In contrast, microbubbles, due to their larger sizes, are unable to extravasate, thus and their targeting capacity is limited to specific antigens present within the vascular lumen. This review provides an overview of the use of microbubbles as gene delivery systems, with a specific focus on recent research into the development of nanosystems. In particular, ultrasound delivery mechanisms, formulation parameters, gene-loading approaches and the advantages of nanometric systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Klibanov AL. Ultrasound contrast materials in cardiovascular medicine: from perfusion assessment to molecular imaging. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:729-39. [PMID: 23913363 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging is widely used in cardiovascular diagnostics. Contrast agents expand the range of tasks that ultrasound can perform. In the clinic in the USA, endocardial border delineation and left ventricle opacification have been an approved indication for more than a decade. However, myocardial perfusion contrast ultrasound studies are still at the clinical trials stage. Blood pool contrast and perfusion in other tissues might be an easier indication to achieve: general blood pool ultrasound contrast is in wider use in Europe, Canada, Japan, and China. Targeted (molecular) contrast microbubbles will be the next generation of ultrasound imaging probes, capable of specific delineation of the areas of disease by adherence to molecular targets. The shell of targeted microbubbles (currently in the preclinical research and early stage clinical trials) is decorated with the ligands (antibodies, peptides or mimetics, hormones, and carbohydrates) that ensure firm binding to the molecular markers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Klibanov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
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74
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Huang P, You X, Pan M, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang M, Hong Y, Pu Z, Chen L, Yang G, Guo Y. A novel therapeutic strategy using ultrasound mediated microbubbles destruction to treat colon cancer in a mouse model. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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75
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Zhou Z, Zhang P, Ren J, Ran H, Zheng Y, Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Wang Z. Synergistic effects of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction and TAT peptide on gene transfection: an experimental study in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2013; 170:437-44. [PMID: 23791980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) and ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) have tremendous potential for gene delivery. However, their applications are limited due to nonspecificity of CPPs and low transfection efficiency of UTMD. Here, we developed a 'smart' gene delivery system by encapsulating TAT peptide (TATp) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene within lipid microbubbles, in which TATp was protected from being enzymatically cleaved and HGF gene was protected from degradation. This new strategy had synergistic effects of UTMD and TATp on gene transfection. We investigated the efficacy and safety of HGF gene transfection mediated by the combination of UTMD and TATp in vitro and in vivo. The results from MTT assay and flow cytometry analyses indicated that the combination of UTMD and TATp could enhance HGF gene expression in HUVECs without any significant side effect on cell viability. In rat myocardial infarction models, we demonstrated that the protein and mRNA expressions of HGF in myocardium caused by the combination of UTMD and TATp were the highest. Histopathological findings demonstrated that the combination of UTMD and TATp enhanced myocardial microvasculature and ameliorated myocardial fibrosis. In conclusion, the combination of UTMD and TATp might be a safe and efficient technique for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, China
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76
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Villanueva FS. Getting good vibes: the therapeutic power of microbubbles and ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 5:1263-6. [PMID: 23236977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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77
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Optimization of Ultrasound-mediated Anti-angiogenic Cancer Gene Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e94. [PMID: 23695537 PMCID: PMC4817934 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) can be used to deliver silencing gene therapy to tumors. We hypothesized that UTMD would be effective in suppressing angiogenesis within tumors, and that modulation of the ultrasound pulsing intervals (PI) during UTMD would affect the magnitude of target knockdown. We performed UTMD of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) short hairpin (sh)RNA plasmid in an heterotopic mammary adenocarcinoma model in rats, evaluating PIs of 2, 5, 10, and 20 seconds. We demonstrated that UTMD with a PI of 10 seconds resulted in the greatest knockdown of VEGFR2 by PCR, immunostaining, western blotting, smaller tumor volumes and perfused areas, and lower tumor microvascular blood volume (MBV) and flow by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) compared with UTMD-treated tumors at 2, 5, and 20 seconds, control tumors, tumors treated with intravenous shRNA plasmid and scrambled plasmid. CEU perfusion assessment using the therapeutic probe demonstrated that tumors were fully replenished with microbubbles within 10 seconds, but incompletely replenished at PI-2 and PI-5 seconds. In conclusion, for anti-VEGFR2 cancer gene therapy by UTMD, PI of 10 seconds results in higher target knockdown and a greater anti-angiogenic effect. Complete replenishment of tumor vasculature with silencing gene-bearing microbubbles in between destructive pulses of UTMD is required to maximize the efficacy of anti-angiogenic cancer gene therapy.Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e94; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.20; published online 21 May 2013.
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78
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Xie A, Belcik T, Qi Y, Morgan TK, Champaneri SA, Taylor S, Davidson BP, Zhao Y, Klibanov AL, Kuliszewski MA, Leong-Poi H, Ammi A, Lindner JR. Ultrasound-mediated vascular gene transfection by cavitation of endothelial-targeted cationic microbubbles. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 5:1253-62. [PMID: 23236976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery can be amplified by acoustic disruption of microbubble carriers that undergo cavitation. We hypothesized that endothelial targeting of microbubbles bearing cDNA is feasible and, through optimizing proximity to the vessel wall, increases the efficacy of gene transfection. BACKGROUND Contrast ultrasound-mediated gene delivery is a promising approach for site-specific gene therapy, although there are concerns with the reproducibility of this technique and the safety when using high-power ultrasound. METHODS Cationic lipid-shelled decafluorobutane microbubbles bearing a targeting moiety were prepared and compared with nontargeted microbubbles. Microbubble targeting efficiency to endothelial adhesion molecules (P-selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1) was tested using in vitro flow chamber studies, intravital microscopy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated murine cremaster muscle, and targeted contrast ultrasound imaging of P-selectin in a model of murine limb ischemia. Ultrasound-mediated transfection of luciferase reporter plasmid charge coupled to microbubbles in the post-ischemic hindlimb muscle was assessed by in vivo optical imaging. RESULTS Charge coupling of cDNA to the microbubble surface was not influenced by the presence of targeting ligand, and did not alter the cavitation properties of cationic microbubbles. In flow chamber studies, surface conjugation of cDNA did not affect attachment of targeted microbubbles at microvascular shear stresses (0.6 and 1.5 dyne/cm(2)). Attachment in vivo was also not affected by cDNA according to intravital microscopy observations of venular adhesion of ICAM-1-targeted microbubbles and by ultrasound molecular imaging of P-selectin-targeted microbubbles in the post-ischemic hindlimb in mice. Transfection at the site of high acoustic pressures (1.0 and 1.8 MPa) was similar for control and P-selectin-targeted microbubbles but was associated with vascular rupture and hemorrhage. At 0.6 MPa, there were no adverse bioeffects, and transfection was 5-fold greater with P-selectin-targeted microbubbles. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ultrasound-mediated transfection at safe acoustic pressures can be markedly augmented by endothelial juxtaposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Xie
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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79
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Liu F, Zhu J, Huang Y, Guo W, Rui M, Xu Y, Hu B. Hypolipidemic effect of SR‑BI gene delivery by combining cationic liposomal microbubbles and ultrasound in hypercholesterolemic rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1965-9. [PMID: 23615624 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a key mediator in reverse cholesterol transport and is involved in a mechanism known as 'selective lipid uptake', a process mediated by scavenger receptor B type I (SR‑BI), which is a HDL receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of the SR‑BI gene when delivered by combining cationic liposomal microbubbles (CLMs) and ultrasound (US) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by administration of excessive doses of vitamin D3 and cholesterol in rats. The CLMs consisted of perfluoropropane gas encapsulated in a phospholipid shell using the sonication‑lyophilization method. The SR‑BI gene, mixed with the self‑made microbubbles, was transfected into hypercholesterolemic rat arteries using therapeutic US. SR‑BI protein expression was determined by western blot analysis 2 days post-transfection. Two weeks after transfection, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL serum concentrations were measured. Transfection efficiency of the SR‑BI gene in the SR‑BI + US/CLM group increased 6‑7‑fold compared with the SR‑BI group. Two weeks after transfection, plasma lipid levels in treated hypercholesterolemic rats were observed to be significantly reduced compared with rats that did not receive treatment. However, no significant change was observed in the SR‑BI group compared with that in the SR‑BI + US/CLM group. Results of the present study indicate that the combination of US and CLMs loaded with the SR‑BI gene may exert a protective role in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Leong-Poi H. Contrast ultrasound and targeted microbubbles: diagnostic and therapeutic applications in progressive diabetic nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2013; 32:494-504. [PMID: 23062991 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy remains one of the most common causes for end-stage renal disease worldwide. Although therapies aimed at optimizing glycemic control and systemic blood pressure have benefit, the reduction in progressive nephropathy remains modest at best. Thus, research continues to focus on newer therapies to address the unmet needs for additional renal protective strategies. The ability to noninvasively image the molecular and cellular processes that underlie diabetic nephropathy would be useful in risk stratifying patients with diabetes, and more importantly would aid in the evaluation of novel therapies to prevent and treat nephropathy. In addition, the development of ultrasound technologies that allow targeted gene delivery using high-power ultrasound and DNA-bearing microbubbles may have applicability for gene therapy to prevent diabetic nephropathy. This review highlights contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging techniques for the evaluation of renal pathologies, including perfusion and molecular imaging techniques, and ultrasound-mediated gene delivery for therapeutic applications in diabetic nephropathy, that have potential for translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Leong-Poi
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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81
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Tokarczyk A, Rivens I, van Bavel E, Symonds-Tayler R, ter Haar G. An experimental system for the study of ultrasound exposure of isolated blood vessels. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:2281-304. [PMID: 23478592 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/7/2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An experimental system designed for the study of the effects of diagnostic or therapeutic ultrasound exposure on isolated blood vessels in the presence or absence of intraluminal contrast agent is described. The system comprised several components. A microscope was used to monitor vessel size (and thus vessel functionality), and potential leakage of intraluminal 70 kDa FITC-dextran fluorescence marker. A vessel chamber allowed the mounting of an isolated vessel whilst maintaining its viability, with pressure regulation for the control of intraluminal pressure and induction of flow for the infusion of contrast microbubbles. A fibre-optic hydrophone sensor mounted on the vessel chamber using a micromanipulator allowed pre-exposure targeting of the vessel to within 150 µm, and monitoring of acoustic cavitation emissions during exposures. Acoustic cavitation was also detected using changes in the ultrasound drive voltage and by detection of audible emissions using a submerged microphone. The suitability of this system for studying effects in the isolated vessel model has been demonstrated using a pilot study of 6 sham exposed and 18 high intensity focused ultrasound exposed vessels, with or without intraluminal contrast agent (SonoVue) within the vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tokarczyk
- Therapeutic Ultrasound, Joint Department of Physics, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust: Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK
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82
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Delalande A, Kotopoulis S, Postema M, Midoux P, Pichon C. Sonoporation: mechanistic insights and ongoing challenges for gene transfer. Gene 2013; 525:191-9. [PMID: 23566843 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbubbles first developed as ultrasound contrast agents have been used to assist ultrasound for cellular drug and gene delivery. Their oscillation behavior during ultrasound exposure leads to transient membrane permeability of surrounding cells, facilitating targeted local delivery. The increased cell uptake of extracellular compounds by ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles is attributed to a phenomenon called sonoporation. In this review, we summarize current state of the art concerning microbubble-cell interactions and cellular effects leading to sonoporation and its application for gene delivery. Optimization of sonoporation protocol and composition of microbubbles for gene delivery are discussed.
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83
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Endo-Takahashi Y, Negishi Y, Nakamura A, Suzuki D, Ukai S, Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Takagi N, Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Aramaki Y. pDNA-loaded Bubble liposomes as potential ultrasound imaging and gene delivery agents. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2807-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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84
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Martin KH, Dayton PA. Current status and prospects for microbubbles in ultrasound theranostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:329-45. [PMID: 23504911 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated microbubbles have been developed over the past two decades to provide improvements both in imaging as well as new therapeutic applications. Microbubble contrast agents are used currently for clinical imaging where increased sensitivity to blood flow is required, such as echocardiography. These compressible spheres oscillate in an acoustic field, producing nonlinear responses which can be uniquely distinguished from surrounding tissue, resulting in substantial enhancements in imaging signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, with sufficient acoustic energy the oscillation of microbubbles can mediate localized biological effects in tissue including the enhancement of membrane permeability or increased thermal energy deposition. Structurally, microbubbles are comprised of two principal components--an encapsulating shell and an inner gas core. This configuration enables microbubbles to be loaded with drugs or genes for additional therapeutic effect. Application of sufficient ultrasound energy can release this payload, resulting in site-specific delivery. Extensive preclinical studies illustrate that combining microbubbles and ultrasound can result in enhanced drug delivery or gene expression at spatially selective sites. Thus, microbbubles can be used for imaging, for therapy, or for both simultaneously. In this sense, microbubbles combined with acoustics may be one of the most universal theranostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heath Martin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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85
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Konofagou EE, Tung YS, Choi J, Deffieux T, Baseri B, Vlachos F. Ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 13:1332-45. [PMID: 22201586 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800624364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 4 million U.S. men and women suffer from Alzheimer's disease; 1 million from Parkinson's disease; 350,000 from multiple sclerosis (MS); and 20,000 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Worldwide, these four diseases account for more than 20 million patients. In addition, aging greatly increases the risk of neurodegenerative disease. Although great progress has been made in recent years toward understanding of these diseases, few effective treatments and no cures are currently available. This is mainly due to the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that allows only 5% of the 7000 small-molecule drugs available to treat only a tiny fraction of these diseases. On the other hand, safe and localized opening of the BBB has been proven to present a significant challenge. Of the methods used for BBB disruption shown to be effective, Focused Ultrasound (FUS), in conjunction with microbubbles, is the only technique that can induce localized BBB opening noninvasively and regionally. FUS may thus have a huge impact in trans-BBB brain drug delivery. The primary objective in this paper is to elucidate the interactions between ultrasound, microbubbles and the local microenvironment during BBB opening with FUS, which are responsible for inducing the BBB disruption. The mechanism of the BBB opening in vivo is monitored through the MRI and passive cavitation detection (PCD), and the safety of BBB disruption is assessed using H&E histology at distinct pressures, pulse lengths and microbubble diameters. It is hereby shown that the BBB can be disrupted safely and transiently under specific acoustic pressures (under 0.45 MPa) and microbubble (diameter under 8 μm) conditions.
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86
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Konofagou EE. Optimization of the ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1223-37. [PMID: 23382778 PMCID: PMC3563154 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are limited due to the lack of a truly non-invasive, transient, and regionally selective brain drug delivery method. The brain is particularly difficult to deliver drugs to because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The impermeability of the BBB is due to the tight junctions connecting adjacent endothelial cells and highly regulatory transport systems of the endothelial cell membranes. The main function of the BBB is ion and volume regulation to ensure conditions necessary for proper synaptic and axonal signaling. However, the same permeability properties that keep the brain healthy also constitute the cause of the tremendous obstacles posed in its pharmacological treatment. The BBB prevents most neurologically active drugs from entering the brain and, as a result, has been isolated as the rate-limiting factor in brain drug delivery. Until a solution to the trans-BBB delivery problem is found, treatments of neurological diseases will remain impeded. Over the past decade, methods that combine Focused Ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles have been shown to offer the unique capability of noninvasively, locally and transiently open the BBB so as to treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Four of the main challenges that have been taken on by our group and discussed in this paper are: 1) assess its safety profile, 2) unveil the mechanism by which the BBB opens and closes, 3) control and predict the opened BBB properties and duration of the opening and 4) assess its premise in brain drug delivery. All these challenges will be discussed, findings in both small (mice) and large (non-human primates) animals are shown and finally the clinical potential for this technique is shown.
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87
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Sirsi SR, Borden MA. Advances in ultrasound mediated gene therapy using microbubble contrast agents. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1208-22. [PMID: 23382777 PMCID: PMC3563148 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents have the potential to dramatically improve gene therapy treatments by enhancing the delivery of therapeutic DNA to malignant tissue. The physical response of microbubbles in an ultrasound field can mechanically perturb blood vessel walls and cell membranes, enhancing drug permeability into malignant tissue. In this review, we discuss literature that provided evidence of specific mechanisms that enhance in vivo gene delivery utilizing microbubble contrast agents, namely their ability to 1) improving cell membrane permeability, 2) modulate vascular permeability, and 3) enhance endocytotic uptake in cells. Additionally, we review novel microbubble vectors that are being developed in order to exploit these mechanisms and deliver higher gene payloads with greater target specificity. Finally, we discuss some future considerations that should be addressed in the development of next-generation microbubbles in order to improve in vivo microbubble gene delivery. Overall, microbubbles are rapidly gaining popularity as efficient gene carriers, and combined with their functionality as imaging contrast agents, they represent powerful theranostic tools for image guided gene therapy applications.
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88
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Ultrasound and microbubble-assisted gene delivery: recent advances and ongoing challenges. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1199-215. [PMID: 23116012 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having first been developed for ultrasound imaging, nowadays, microbubbles are proposed as tools for ultrasound-assisted gene delivery, too. Their behavior during ultrasound exposure causes transient membrane permeability of surrounding cells, facilitating targeted local delivery. The increased cell uptake of extracellular compounds by ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles is attributed to a phenomenon called sonoporation. Sonoporation has been successfully applied to deliver nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo in a variety of therapeutic applications. However, the biological and physical mechanisms of sonoporation are still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss recent data concerning microbubble--cell interactions leading to sonoporation and we report on the progress in ultrasound-assisted therapeutic gene delivery in different organs. In addition, we outline ongoing challenges of this novel delivery method for its clinical use.
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89
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Tlaxca JL, Rychak JJ, Ernst PB, Konkalmatt PR, Shevchenko TI, Pizarro TT, Pizzaro TT, Rivera-Nieves J, Klibanov AL, Lawrence MB. Ultrasound-based molecular imaging and specific gene delivery to mesenteric vasculature by endothelial adhesion molecule targeted microbubbles in a mouse model of Crohn's disease. J Control Release 2012; 165:216-25. [PMID: 23142578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) for which treatments with immunosuppressive drugs have significant side-effects. Consequently, there is a clinical need for site-specific and non-toxic delivery of therapeutic genes or drugs for CD and related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to validate a gene delivery platform based on ultrasound-activated lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) targeted to inflamed mesenteric endothelium in the CD-like TNFΔARE mouse model. MBs bearing luciferase plasmid were functionalized with antibodies to MAdCAM-1 (MB-M) or VCAM-1 (MB-V), biomarkers of gut endothelial cell inflammation and evaluated in an in vitro flow chamber assay with appropriate ligands to confirm targeting specificity. Following MB retro-orbital injection in TNFΔARE mice, the mean contrast intensity in the ileocecal region from accumulated MB-M and MB-V was 8.5-fold and 3.6-fold greater, respectively, compared to MB-C. Delivery of luciferase plasmid to the GI tract in TNFΔARE mice was achieved by insonating the endothelial cell-bound agents using a commercial sonoporator. Luciferase expression in the midgut was detected 48 h later by bioluminescence imaging and further confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. The liver, spleen, heart, and kidney had no detectable bioluminescence following insonation. Transfection of the microcirculation guided by a targeted, acoustically-activated platform such as an ultrasound contrast agent microbubble has the potential to be a minimally-invasive treatment strategy to ameliorate CD and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Tlaxca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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90
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Panje CM, Wang DS, Pysz MA, Paulmurugan R, Ren Y, Tranquart F, Tian L, Willmann JK. Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery with cationic versus neutral microbubbles: effect of DNA and microbubble dose on in vivo transfection efficiency. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1078-91. [PMID: 23227124 PMCID: PMC3516840 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of varying microbubble (MB) and DNA doses on the overall and comparative efficiencies of ultrasound (US)-mediated gene delivery (UMGD) to murine hindlimb skeletal muscle using cationic versus neutral MBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cationic and control neutral MBs were characterized for size, charge, plasmid DNA binding, and ability to protect DNA against endonuclease degradation. UMGD of a codon optimized firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter plasmid to endothelial cells (1 MHz, 1 W/cm², 20% duty cycle, 1 min) was performed in cell culture using cationic, neutral, or no MBs. In vivo UMGD to mouse hindlimb muscle was performed by insonation (1 MHz, 2 W/cm², 50% duty cycle, 5 min) after intravenous administration of Fluc combined with cationic, neutral, or no MBs. Gene delivery efficiency was assessed by serial in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Efficiency of in vivo UMGD with cationic versus neutral MBs was systematically evaluated by varying plasmid DNA dose (10, 17.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 µg) while maintaining a constant MB dose of 1x10(8) MBs and by changing MB dose (1x10(7), 5x10(7), 1x10(8), or 5x10(8) MBs) while keeping a constant DNA dose of 50 µg. RESULTS Cationic and size-matched control neutral MBs differed significantly in zeta potential with cationic MBs being able to bind plasmid DNA (binding capacity of 0.03 pg/MB) and partially protect DNA from nuclease degradation while neutral MBs could not. Cationic MBs enhanced UMGD compared to neutral MBs as well as no MB and no US controls both in cell culture (P < 0.001) and in vivo (P < 0.05). Regardless of MB type, in vivo UMGD efficiency increased dose-dependently with DNA dose and showed overall maximum transfection with 50 µg DNA. However, there was an inverse correlation (ρ = -0.90; P = 0.02) between DNA dose and the degree of enhanced UMGD efficiency observed with using cationic MBs instead of neutral MBs. The delivery efficiency advantage associated with cationic MBs was most prominent at the lowest investigated DNA dose (7.5-fold increase with cationic versus neutral MBs at a DNA dose of 10 µg; P = 0.02) compared to only a 1.4-fold increase at a DNA dose of 50 µg (P < 0.01). With increasing MB dose, overall in vivo UMGD efficiency increased dose-dependently with a maximum reached at a dose of 1x10(8) MBs with no further significant increase with 5x10(8) MBs (P = 0.97). However, compared to neutral MBs, cationic MBs enhanced UMGD efficiency the most at low MB doses. Relative enhancement of UMGD efficiency using cationic over neutral MBs decreased from a factor of 27 for 1x10(7) MBs (P = 0.02) to a factor of 1.4 for 1x10(8) MBs (P < 0.01) and no significant difference for 5x10(8) MBs. CONCLUSIONS Cationic MBs enhance UMGD to mouse skeletal muscle relative to neutral MBs but this is dependent on MB and DNA dose. The enhancement effect of cationic MBs on UMGD efficiency is more evident when lower doses of MBs or DNA are used, whereas the advantage of cationic MBs over neutral MBs is substantially reduced in the presence of excess MBs or DNA.
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91
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Alzaraa A, Gravante G, Chung WY, Al-Leswas D, Bruno M, Dennison AR, Lloyd DM. Targeted microbubbles in the experimental and clinical setting. Am J Surg 2012; 204:355-66. [PMID: 22920405 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbubbles have improved ultrasonography imaging techniques over the past 2 decades. Their safety, versatility, and easiness of use have rendered them equal or even superior in some instances to other imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Herein, we conducted a literature review to present their types, general behavior in tissues, and current and potential use in clinical practice. METHODS A literature search was conducted for all preclinical and clinical studies involving microbubbles and ultrasonography. RESULTS Different types of microbubbles are available. These generally improve the enhancement of tissues during ultrasonography imaging. They also can be attached to ligands for the target of several conditions such as inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis, apoptosis, and might have the potential of carrying toxic drugs to diseased sites, thereby limiting the systemic adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS The use of microbubbles is evolving rapidly and can have a significant impact on the management of various conditions. The potential for their use as targeting agents and gene and drug delivery vehicles looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alzaraa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd., Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
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92
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Zhang Y, Tachibana R, Okamoto A, Azuma T, Sasaki A, Yoshinaka K, Tei Y, Takagi S, Matsumoto Y. Ultrasound-mediated gene transfection in vitro: effect of ultrasonic parameters on efficiency and cell viability. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:290-9. [PMID: 22621731 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.665568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-mediated gene transfection in the presence of microbubbles is a recently developed and promising non-viral gene delivery method. Optimising the parameters used in ultrasonic transfection is urgently required in order to realise higher transfection efficiencies in clinical settings. This study examined the effect of ultrasound exposure parameters on plasmid DNA transfection in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines using perfluorobutane bubbles. Variations in US intensity (0-11 W/cm2), pulse repetition frequency (PRF, 50-50,000 Hz), duty ratio (10 to 50%), exposure time (0-120 s) and microbubble volume concentration (0 to 10%) were tested, and the microbubble volume concentration was also monitored during exposure. Through the experiments, the mechanism of how variations in parameters influence US-mediated gene transfection was discussed, which can provide a basis for future applications of ultrasound mediated transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Kilroy JP, Klibanov AL, Wamhoff BR, Hossack JA. Intravascular ultrasound catheter to enhance microbubble-based drug delivery via acoustic radiation force. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:2156-66. [PMID: 23143566 PMCID: PMC4668332 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that acoustic radiation force enhances intravascular microbubble adhesion to blood vessels in the presence of flow for moleculartargeted ultrasound imaging and drug delivery. A prototype acoustic radiation force intravascular ultrasound (ARFIVUS) catheter was designed and fabricated to displace a microbubble contrast agent in flow representative of conditions encountered in the human carotid artery. The prototype ARFIVUS transducer was designed to match the resonance frequency of 1.4- to 2.6-μm-diameter microbubbles modeled by an experimentally verified 1-D microbubble acoustic radiation force translation model. The transducer element was an elongated Navy Type I (hard) lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic designed to operate at 3 MHz. Fabricated devices operated with center frequencies of 3.3 and 3.6 MHz with -6-dB fractional bandwidths of 55% and 50%, respectively. Microbubble translation velocities as high as 0.86 m/s were measured using a high-speed streak camera when insonating with the ARFIVUS transducer. Finally, the prototype was used to displace microbubbles in a flow phantom while imaging with a commercial 45-MHz imaging IVUS transducer. A sustained increase of 31 dB in average video intensity was measured following insonation with the ARFIVUS, indicating microbubble accumulation resulting from the application of acoustic radiation force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Kilroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Alexander L. Klibanov
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brian R. Wamhoff
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - John A. Hossack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. ()
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94
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Carson AR, McTiernan CF, Lavery L, Grata M, Leng X, Wang J, Chen X, Villanueva FS. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction to deliver siRNA cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6191-9. [PMID: 23010078 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble contrast agents can specifically deliver nucleic acids to target tissues when exposed to ultrasound treatment parameters that mediate microbubble destruction. In this study, we evaluated whether microbubbles and ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) could be used to enhance delivery of EGF receptor (EGFR)-directed siRNA to murine squamous cell carcinomas. Custom-designed microbubbles efficiently bound siRNA and mediated RNAse protection. UTMD-mediated delivery of microbubbles loaded with EGFR-directed siRNA to murine squamous carcinoma cells in vitro reduced EGFR expression and EGF-dependent growth, relative to delivery of control siRNA. Similarly, serial UTMD-mediated delivery of EGFR siRNA to squamous cell carcinoma in vivo decreased EGFR expression and increased tumor doubling time, relative to controls receiving EGFR siRNA-loaded microbubbles but not ultrasound or control siRNA-loaded microbubbles and UTMD. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for customized microbubbles and UTMD to deliver gene-targeted siRNA for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Carson
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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95
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Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials for gene delivery and imaging applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1046-59. [PMID: 22329941 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple extra- and intracellular obstacles, including low stability in blood, poor cellular uptake, and inefficient endosomal escape and disassembly in the cytoplasm, have to be overcome in order to deliver nucleic acids for gene therapy. This review introduces the recent advances in tackling the key challenges in achieving efficient, targeted, and safe nonviral gene delivery using various nucleic acid-containing nanomaterials that are designed to respond to various extra- and intracellular biological stimuli (e.g., pH, redox potential, and enzyme) as well as external artificial triggers (e.g., light and ultrasound). Gene delivery in combination with molecular imaging and targeting enables diagnostic assessment, treatment monitoring and quantification of efficiency, and confirmation of cure, thus fulfilling the great promise of efficient and personalized medicine. Nanomaterials platform for combined imaging and gene therapy, nanotheragnostics, using stimuli-responsive materials is also highlighted in this review. It is clear that developing novel multifunctional nonviral vectors, which transform their physico-chemical properties in response to various stimuli in a timely and spatially controlled manner, is highly desired to translate the promise of gene therapy for the clinical success.
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96
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Burke CW, Suk JS, Kim AJ, Hsiang YHJ, Klibanov AL, Hanes J, Price RJ. Markedly enhanced skeletal muscle transfection achieved by the ultrasound-targeted delivery of non-viral gene nanocarriers with microbubbles. J Control Release 2012; 162:414-21. [PMID: 22800583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to enhance ultrasound (US)-targeted skeletal muscle transfection through the use of poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)/polyethylenimine (PEI) nanocomplex gene carriers and adjustments to US and microbubble (MB) parameters. C57BL/6 mice received an intravenous infusion of MBs and either "naked" luciferase plasmid or luciferase plasmid condensed in PEG/PEI nanocomplexes. Pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz; 0.6 MPa or 0.8 MPa) was applied to the right hindlimb for 12 min. Luciferase activity in both hindlimbs was assessed at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-treatment by bioluminescent imaging. When targeted to hindlimb using unsorted MBs and 0.6 MPa US, 7 days after treatment, we observed a >60-fold increase in luciferase activity in PEG/PEI nanocomplex-treated muscles over muscles treated with "naked" plasmid DNA. Luciferase activity was consistently greater after treatment with PEG/PEI nanocomplexes at 0.6 MPa as compared to 0.8 MPa. The combination of small diameter MBs and 0.6 MPa US also resulted in significantly greater gene expression when compared to concentration matched intramuscular injections, a control condition in which considerably more PEG/PEI nanocomplexes were present in tissue. This result suggests that, in addition to facilitating PEG/PEI nanocomplex delivery from the bloodstream to tissue, US enhances transfection via one or more secondary mechanisms, including increased cellular uptake and/or trafficking to the nucleus of PEG/PEI nanocomplexes. We conclude that PEG/PEI nanocomplexes may be used to markedly enhance the amplitude of US-MB-targeted skeletal muscle transfection and that activating "small" MBs with a moderate level (0.6 MPa) of acoustic pressure can further enhance these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin W Burke
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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97
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Phillips LC, Klibanov AL, Wamhoff BR, Hossack JA. Intravascular ultrasound detection and delivery of molecularly targeted microbubbles for gene delivery. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:1596-1601. [PMID: 22828854 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We are investigating the combination of microbubble-based targeted drug delivery and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging as a potential therapy to reduce incidence of restenosis following stent placement in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The goal of these studies was to determine whether IVUS could be used to detect targeted microbubbles and enhance drug/gene delivery through targeting. Quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were stimulated with cytokine IL-1β to induce the inflammatory cell surface marker vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Molecular-targeted (VCAM-1 Ab or IgG control Ab), fluorescent-labeled microbubbles were conjugated with plasmid DNA expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP, pMax-GFP) and exposed to the inflamed SMCs under flow to measure adhesion compared with control microbubbles. Gene delivery was performed using a modified IVUS catheter to generate 1.5-MHz ultrasound at 200 kPa. Detection of adherent microbubbles to inflamed SMCs in culture and flow chambers was measured using an IVUS catheter and scanner. VCAM-1-targeted microbubbles enhanced adhesion to inflamed SMCs 100-fold over nontargeted microbubbles. Compared with noninflamed SMCs, VCAM-1-targeted microbubbles exhibited a 7.9-fold increase in adhesion to IL-1β-treated cells. Targeted microbubbles resulted in a 5.5-fold increase in plasmid DNA transfection over nontargeted microbubbles in conjunction with a focused 2.54-cm (1-in) diameter 1-MHz transducer and also enhanced transfection by the modified IVUS transducer at 1.5 MHz. Targeted microbubbles (at a density of 3 × 10⁴ microbubbles/mm²) increased IVUS image intensity 13.2 dB over non-microbubble-coated surfaces. Rupture of microbubbles from the modified IVUS transducer resulted in a 53% reduction in image intensity. Taken together, these results indicate that IVUS may be used to detect targeted microbubbles to inflamed vasculature and subsequently deliver a gene/drug locally.
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98
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Wang DS, Panje C, Pysz MA, Paulmurugan R, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS, Schneider M, Willmann JK. Cationic versus neutral microbubbles for ultrasound-mediated gene delivery in cancer. Radiology 2012; 264:721-32. [PMID: 22723497 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether plasmid-binding cationic microbubbles (MBs) enhance ultrasound-mediated gene delivery efficiency relative to control neutral MBs in cell culture and in vivo tumors in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal studies were approved by the institutional animal care committee. Cationic and neutral MBs were characterized in terms of size, charge, circulation time, and DNA binding. Click beetle luciferase (CBLuc) reporter plasmids were mixed with cationic or neutral MBs. The ability of cationic MBs to protect bound plasmids from nuclease degradation was tested by means of a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) protection assay. Relative efficiencies of ultrasound-mediated transfection (ultrasound parameters: 1 MHz, 1 W/cm(2), 20% duty cycle, 1 minute) of CBLuc to endothelial cells by using cationic, neutral, or no MBs were compared in cell culture. Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery to mouse hind limb tumors was performed in vivo (n = 24) with insonation (1 MHz, 2 W/cm(2), 50% duty cycle, 5 minutes) after intravenous administration of CBLuc with cationic, neutral, or no MBs. Tumor luciferase activity was assessed by means of serial in vivo bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo analysis. Results were compared by using analysis of variance. RESULTS Cationic MBs (+15.8 mV; DNA binding capacity, 0.03 pg per MB) partially protected bound DNA from DNase degradation. Mean CBLuc expression of treated endothelial cells in culture was 20-fold higher with cationic than with neutral MBs (219.0 relative light units [RLUs]/µg protein ± 92.5 [standard deviation] vs 10.9 RLUs/µg protein ± 2.7, P = .001) and was significantly higher (P < .001) than that in the no MB and no ultrasound control groups. Serial in vivo bioluminescence of mouse tumors was significantly higher with cationic than with neutral MBs ([5.9 ± 2.2] to [9.3 ± 5.2] vs [2.4 ± 0.8] to [2.9 ± 1.1] × 10(4) photons/sec/cm(2)/steradian, P < .0001) and versus no MB and no ultrasound controls (P < .0001). Results of ex vivo analysis confirmed these results (ρ = 0.88, P < .0001). CONCLUSION Plasmid-binding cationic MBs enhance ultrasound-mediated gene delivery efficiency relative to neutral MBs in both cell culture and mouse hind limb tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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99
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Negishi Y, Endo-Takahashi Y, Matsuki Y, Kato Y, Takagi N, Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Aramaki Y. Systemic Delivery Systems of Angiogenic Gene by Novel Bubble Liposomes Containing Cationic Lipid and Ultrasound Exposure. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1834-40. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200554c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suwarashi,
Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suwarashi,
Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
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Nomikou N, Tiwari P, Trehan T, Gulati K, McHale AP. Studies on neutral, cationic and biotinylated cationic microbubbles in enhancing ultrasound-mediated gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1273-80. [PMID: 21958669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated gene transfer is emerging as a practical means of facilitating targeted gene expression and is significantly enhanced in the presence of exogenously added microbubbles. This study explores the influence of microbubble surface modifications on their interaction with plasmid DNA and target cells, and the functional consequences of those interactions in terms of ultrasound-mediated gene transfer. Polyethylene glycol-stabilized, lipid-shelled microbubbles with neutral (SDM201), cationic (SDM202) and biotinylated cationic (SDM302) surfaces were compared in terms of their abilities to interact with a luciferase-encoding reporter plasmid DNA and with target cells in vitro. The results demonstrate that the biotinylated cationic microbubble>cationic microbubble>neutral microbubble, in terms of their abilities to interact with target cells and to enhance ultrasound-mediated gene transfer, particularly at low microbubble concentration. The presence of a net positive charge on both cationic microbubbles promoted the formation of microbubble-nucleic acid complexes, although preformation of the complexes prior to addition to target cells inhibited the interaction between the microbubbles and target cells in vitro. The impact of these findings on potential in vitro or ex vivo therapeutic applications of microbubble-enhanced ultrasound-mediated gene transfer is discussed. All three microbubble preparations could be used to facilitate gene transfer in vivo and the potential advantages associated with the use of the cationic microbubbles for targeted gene delivery are discussed.
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