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Kopechek JA, Carson AR, McTiernan CF, Chen X, Klein EC, Villanueva FS. Cardiac Gene Expression Knockdown Using Small Inhibitory RNA-Loaded Microbubbles and Ultrasound. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159751. [PMID: 27471848 PMCID: PMC4966949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference has potential therapeutic value for cardiac disease, but targeted delivery of interfering RNA is a challenge. Custom designed microbubbles, in conjunction with ultrasound, can deliver small inhibitory RNA to target tissues in vivo. The efficacy of cardiac RNA interference using a microbubble-ultrasound theranostic platform has not been demonstrated in vivo. Therefore, our objective was to test the hypothesis that custom designed microbubbles and ultrasound can mediate effective delivery of small inhibitory RNA to the heart. Microbubble and ultrasound mediated cardiac RNA interference was tested in transgenic mice displaying cardiac-restricted luciferase expression. Luciferase expression was assayed in select tissues of untreated mice (n = 14). Mice received intravenous infusion of cationic microbubbles bearing small inhibitory RNA directed against luciferase (n = 9) or control RNA (n = 8) during intermittent cardiac-directed ultrasound at mechanical index of 1.6. Simultaneous echocardiography in a separate group of mice (n = 3) confirmed microbubble destruction and replenishment during treatment. Three days post treatment, cardiac luciferase messenger RNA and protein levels were significantly lower in ultrasound-treated mice receiving microbubbles loaded with small inhibitory RNA directed against luciferase compared to mice receiving microbubbles bearing control RNA (23±7% and 33±7% of control mice, p<0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Passive cavitation detection focused on the heart confirmed that insonification resulted in inertial cavitation. In conclusion, small inhibitory RNA-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound directed at the heart significantly reduced the expression of a reporter gene. Ultrasound-targeted destruction of RNA-loaded microbubbles may be an effective image-guided strategy for therapeutic RNA interference in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Kopechek
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Carson
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles F. McTiernan
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Xucai Chen
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Dept. of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Levis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim Stenzel
- Laboratory for Personalized Molecular Medicine, San Diego, CA
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Kopechek JA, Carson AR, McTiernan CF, Chen X, Hasjim B, Lavery L, Sen M, Grandis JR, Villanueva FS. Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Delivery of a Transcription Factor Decoy Inhibits STAT3 Signaling and Tumor Growth. Theranostics 2015; 5:1378-87. [PMID: 26681983 PMCID: PMC4672019 DOI: 10.7150/thno.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in many cancers where it acts to promote tumor progression. A STAT3-specific transcription factor decoy has been developed to suppress STAT3 downstream signaling, but a delivery strategy is needed to improve clinical translation. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been shown to enhance image-guided local delivery of molecular therapeutics to a target site. The objective of this study was to deliver STAT3 decoy to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors using UTMD to disrupt STAT3 signaling and inhibit tumor growth. Studies performed demonstrated that UTMD treatment with STAT3 decoy-loaded microbubbles inhibited STAT3 signaling in SCC cells in vitro. Studies performed in vivo demonstrated that UTMD treatment with STAT3 decoy-loaded microbubbles induced significant tumor growth inhibition (31-51% reduced tumor volume vs. controls, p < 0.05) in mice bearing SCC tumors. Furthermore, expression of STAT3 downstream target genes (Bcl-xL and cyclin D1) was significantly reduced (34-39%, p < 0.05) in tumors receiving UTMD treatment with STAT3 decoy-loaded microbubbles compared to controls. In addition, the quantity of radiolabeled STAT3 decoy detected in tumors eight hours after treatment was significantly higher with UTMD treatment compared to controls (70-150%, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that UTMD can increase delivery of a transcription factor decoy to tumors in vivo and that the decoy can inhibit STAT3 signaling and tumor growth. These results suggest that UTMD treatment holds potential for clinical use to increase the concentration of a transcription factor signaling inhibitor in the tumor.
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Becker PS, Schmitt MW, Loeb LA, Gu W, Wei Q, Xie Z, Carson AR, Martins T, Blau CA, Oehler V, Yeung KY. Correlation of genomic analysis by MyAML with chemotherapy drug sensitivity. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiyi Gu
- University of Washington, Tacoma, WA
| | - Qi Wei
- University of Washington, Tacoma, WA
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Carson AR, Patay BA, Graham SM, Cubbon R, Miller JE. Comprehensive genetic characterization of 12 AML cell lines using a novel AML targeted sequencing strategy. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen YZ, Friedman JR, Chen DH, Chan GCK, Bloss CS, Hisama FM, Topol SE, Carson AR, Pham PH, Bonkowski ES, Scott ER, Lee JK, Zhang G, Oliveira G, Xu J, Scott-Van Zeeland AA, Chen Q, Levy S, Topol EJ, Storm D, Swanson PD, Bird TD, Schork NJ, Raskind WH, Torkamani A. Gain-of-function ADCY5 mutations in familial dyskinesia with facial myokymia. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:542-9. [PMID: 24700542 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the cause of childhood onset involuntary paroxysmal choreiform and dystonic movements in 2 unrelated sporadic cases and to investigate the functional effect of missense mutations in adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5) in sporadic and inherited cases of autosomal dominant familial dyskinesia with facial myokymia (FDFM). METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed on 2 parent-child trios. The effect of mutations in ADCY5 was studied by measurement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation under stimulatory and inhibitory conditions. RESULTS The same de novo mutation (c.1252C>T, p.R418W) in ADCY5 was found in both studied cases. An inherited missense mutation (c.2176G>A, p.A726T) in ADCY5 was previously reported in a family with FDFM. The significant phenotypic overlap with FDFM was recognized in both cases only after discovery of the molecular link. The inherited mutation in the FDFM family and the recurrent de novo mutation affect residues in different protein domains, the first cytoplasmic domain and the first membrane-spanning domain, respectively. Functional studies revealed a statistically significant increase in β-receptor agonist-stimulated intracellular cAMP consistent with an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity for both mutants relative to wild-type protein, indicative of a gain-of-function effect. INTERPRETATION FDFM is likely caused by gain-of-function mutations in different domains of ADCY5-the first definitive link between adenylyl cyclase mutation and human disease. We have illustrated the power of hypothesis-free exome sequencing in establishing diagnoses in rare disorders with complex and variable phenotype. Mutations in ADCY5 should be considered in patients with undiagnosed complex movement disorders even in the absence of a family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhang Chen
- Department of Medicine/Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Carson AR, McTiernan CF, Lavery L, Grata M, Leng X, Wang J, Chen X, Villanueva FS. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction to deliver siRNA cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6191-9. [PMID: 23010078 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble contrast agents can specifically deliver nucleic acids to target tissues when exposed to ultrasound treatment parameters that mediate microbubble destruction. In this study, we evaluated whether microbubbles and ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) could be used to enhance delivery of EGF receptor (EGFR)-directed siRNA to murine squamous cell carcinomas. Custom-designed microbubbles efficiently bound siRNA and mediated RNAse protection. UTMD-mediated delivery of microbubbles loaded with EGFR-directed siRNA to murine squamous carcinoma cells in vitro reduced EGFR expression and EGF-dependent growth, relative to delivery of control siRNA. Similarly, serial UTMD-mediated delivery of EGFR siRNA to squamous cell carcinoma in vivo decreased EGFR expression and increased tumor doubling time, relative to controls receiving EGFR siRNA-loaded microbubbles but not ultrasound or control siRNA-loaded microbubbles and UTMD. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for customized microbubbles and UTMD to deliver gene-targeted siRNA for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Carson
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ha SH, Carson AR, Kim K. Ferritin as a novel reporter gene for photoacoustic molecular imaging. Cytometry A 2012; 81:910-5. [PMID: 22949299 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reporter genes may serve as endogenous contrast agents in the field of photoacoustic (PA) molecular imaging (PMI), enabling greater characterization of detailed cellular processes and disease progression. To demonstrate the feasibility of using ferritin as a reporter gene, human melanoma SK-24 (SK-MEL-24) cells were co-transfected with plasmid expressing human heavy chain ferritin (H-FT) and plasmid expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-C1) using lipofectamine™ 2000. Nontransfected SK-MEL-24 cells served as a negative control. Fluorescent imaging of GFP confirmed transfection and transgene expression in co-transfected cells. To detect iron accumulation due to ferritin overexpression in SK-MEL-24 cells, a focused high-frequency ultrasonic transducer (60 MHz, f/1.5), synchronized to a pulsed laser (fluence < 5 mJ/cm(2)) was used to scan the PA signal at a wide range NIR wavelengths (850-950 nm). PA signal intensity from H-FT transfected SK-MEL-24 cells was about 5-9 dB higher than nontransfected SK-MEL-24 cells at 850-950 nm. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis both indicate high levels of ferritin expression in H-FT transfected SK-MEL24 cells, with little ferritin expression in nontransfected SK-MEL-24 cells. In this study, the feasibility of using ferritin as a reporter gene for PMI has been demonstrated in vitro. The use of ferritin as a reporter gene represents a novel concept for PMI using an endogenous contrast agent and may provide various opportunities for molecular imaging and basic science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Han Ha
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Pacella JJ, Carson AR. Sonic boon: ultrasound enhances angiogenic cell therapy. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:401-2. [PMID: 22843701 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Carson AR, McTiernan CF, Lavery L, Hodnick A, Grata M, Leng X, Wang J, Chen X, Modzelewski RA, Villanueva FS. Gene therapy of carcinoma using ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37:393-402. [PMID: 21256666 PMCID: PMC4111473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
When microbubble contrast agents are loaded with genes and systemically injected, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) facilitates focused delivery of genes to target tissues. A mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma was used to test the hypothesis that UTMD would specifically transduce tumor tissue and slow tumor growth when treated with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) and ganciclovir. UTMD-mediated delivery of reporter genes resulted in tumor expression of luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in perivascular areas and individual tumor cells that exceeded expression in control tumors (p=0.02). The doubling time of TK-treated tumors was longer than GFP-treated tumors (p=0.02), and TK-treated tumors displayed increased apoptosis (p=0.04) and more areas of cellular drop-out (p=0.03). These data indicate that UTMD gene therapy can transduce solid tumors and mediate a therapeutic effect. UTMD is a promising nonviral method for targeting gene therapy that may be useful in a spectrum of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Carson
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Charles F. McTiernan
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Linda Lavery
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Abigail Hodnick
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Michelle Grata
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Xiaoping Leng
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Xucai Chen
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Flordeliza S. Villanueva
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Noor A, Whibley A, Marshall CR, Gianakopoulos PJ, Piton A, Carson AR, Orlic-Milacic M, Lionel AC, Sato D, Pinto D, Drmic I, Noakes C, Senman L, Zhang X, Mo R, Gauthier J, Crosbie J, Pagnamenta AT, Munson J, Estes AM, Fiebig A, Franke A, Schreiber S, Stewart AFR, Roberts R, McPherson R, Guter SJ, Cook EH, Dawson G, Schellenberg GD, Battaglia A, Maestrini E, Jeng L, Hutchison T, Rajcan-Separovic E, Chudley AE, Lewis SME, Liu X, Holden JJ, Fernandez B, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson SE, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Gallagher L, Stratton MR, Gecz J, Brady AF, Schwartz CE, Schachar RJ, Monaco AP, Rouleau GA, Hui CC, Lucy Raymond F, Scherer SW, Vincent JB. Disruption at the PTCHD1 Locus on Xp22.11 in Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:49ra68. [PMID: 20844286 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex mode of inheritance. It is one of the most highly heritable of the complex disorders, although the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. Here, we report mutations in the X-chromosome PTCHD1 (patched-related) gene in seven families with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in three families with intellectual disability. A 167-kilobase microdeletion spanning exon 1 was found in two brothers, one with ASD and the other with a learning disability and ASD features; a 90-kilobase microdeletion spanning the entire gene was found in three males with intellectual disability in a second family. In 900 probands with ASD and 208 male probands with intellectual disability, we identified seven different missense changes (in eight male probands) that were inherited from unaffected mothers and not found in controls. Two of the ASD individuals with missense changes also carried a de novo deletion at another ASD susceptibility locus (DPYD and DPP6), suggesting complex genetic contributions. In additional males with ASD, we identified deletions in the 5' flanking region of PTCHD1 that disrupted a complex noncoding RNA and potential regulatory elements; equivalent changes were not found in male control individuals. Thus, our systematic screen of PTCHD1 and its 5' flanking regions suggests that this locus is involved in ~1% of individuals with ASD and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Noor
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Anney R, Klei L, Pinto D, Regan R, Conroy J, Magalhaes TR, Correia C, Abrahams BS, Sykes N, Pagnamenta AT, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bölte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Carson AR, Casallo G, Casey J, Chu SH, Cochrane L, Corsello C, Crawford EL, Crossett A, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Drmic I, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Goldberg J, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Heron EA, Hill M, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Korvatska O, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Laskawiec M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lionel AC, Liu XQ, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mahoney W, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Melhem NM, Merikangas A, Migita O, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Noakes C, Noor A, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Piven J, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Prasad A, Ragoussis J, Renshaw K, Rickaby J, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Salt J, Sansom K, Sato D, Segurado R, Senman L, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stoppioni V, Strawbridge C, Tancredi R, Tansey K, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Wallace S, Wang K, Wang Z, Wassink TH, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Yaspan BL, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Gallagher L, Geschwind DH, Gill M, Haines JL, Miller J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Paterson AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Vicente AM, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Devlin B, Ennis S, Hallmayer J. A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4072-82. [PMID: 20663923 PMCID: PMC2947401 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). To identify common risk variation, the Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium genotyped 1558 rigorously defined ASD families for 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed these SNP genotypes for association with ASD. In one of four primary association analyses, the association signal for marker rs4141463, located within MACROD2, crossed the genome-wide association significance threshold of P < 5 × 10−8. When a smaller replication sample was analyzed, the risk allele at rs4141463 was again over-transmitted; yet, consistent with the winner's curse, its effect size in the replication sample was much smaller; and, for the combined samples, the association signal barely fell below the P < 5 × 10−8 threshold. Exploratory analyses of phenotypic subtypes yielded no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. They did, however, yield strong signals within several genes, KIAA0564, PLD5, POU6F2, ST8SIA2 and TAF1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Pinto D, Pagnamenta AT, Klei L, Anney R, Merico D, Regan R, Conroy J, Magalhaes TR, Correia C, Abrahams BS, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bader GD, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bölte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Bryson SE, Carson AR, Casallo G, Casey J, Chung BHY, Cochrane L, Corsello C, Crawford EL, Crossett A, Cytrynbaum C, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Drmic I, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Goldberg J, Green A, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Heron EA, Hill M, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Korvatska O, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Laskawiec M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lionel AC, Liu XQ, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mahoney W, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Merikangas A, Migita O, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Noakes C, Noor A, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Pilorge M, Piven J, Ponting CP, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Prasad A, Ragoussis J, Renshaw K, Rickaby J, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Salt J, Sansom K, Sato D, Segurado R, Sequeira AF, Senman L, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stein O, Sykes N, Stoppioni V, Strawbridge C, Tancredi R, Tansey K, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Wallace S, Wang K, Wang Z, Wassink TH, Webber C, Weksberg R, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Wu J, Yaspan BL, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Devlin B, Ennis S, Gallagher L, Geschwind DH, Gill M, Haines JL, Hallmayer J, Miller J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Paterson AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Szatmari P, Vicente AM, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Betancur C. Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2010; 466:368-72. [PMID: 20531469 DOI: 10.1038/nature09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1441] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. Although ASDs are known to be highly heritable ( approximately 90%), the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown. Here we analysed the genome-wide characteristics of rare (<1% frequency) copy number variation in ASD using dense genotyping arrays. When comparing 996 ASD individuals of European ancestry to 1,287 matched controls, cases were found to carry a higher global burden of rare, genic copy number variants (CNVs) (1.19 fold, P = 0.012), especially so for loci previously implicated in either ASD and/or intellectual disability (1.69 fold, P = 3.4 x 10(-4)). Among the CNVs there were numerous de novo and inherited events, sometimes in combination in a given family, implicating many novel ASD genes such as SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the X-linked DDX53-PTCHD1 locus. We also discovered an enrichment of CNVs disrupting functional gene sets involved in cellular proliferation, projection and motility, and GTPase/Ras signalling. Our results reveal many new genetic and functional targets in ASD that may lead to final connected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Carson AR, Mctiernan CF, Lavery L, Schwartz A, Grata M, Leng X, Wang J, Chen X, Modzelewski RA, Villanueva FS. Abstract 585: Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma with ultrasound and microbubble mediated gene therapy. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Ultrasound contrast agents are gas-filled microbubbles (MB) that can be induced to vibrate or cavitate in an ultrasound field. When the MB are loaded with genes and systemically injected, ultrasound-targeted MB destruction (UTMD) has been shown to facilitate focused delivery and transduction of genes to the target site. An experimental model of mouse squamous cell carcinoma was used to test the hypothesis that delivery of a suicide gene via UTMD would slow tumor growth. Methods: Lipid based perfluorobutane gas-filled MBs (2 μm diameter) were synthesized incorporating a cationic phospholipid to enable loading with DNA (100 ug per 109 MB). DNA loading was confirmed using electrophoresis and DNAseI challenge. Primary cultured mouse squamous carcinoma cells were subcutaneously injected into mice. 3-5 days after cell injection, mice were intravenously infused over 30 min with MB (5 × 108) loaded with plasmids containing reporter genes GFP (n = 3) or luciferase (n = 6). During MB infusion, ultrasound (1.3MHz) was intermittently delivered using a clinical scanner at high acoustic power, with simultaneous ultrasound imaging used to confirm MB destruction within the tumor. To assess the therapeutic potential of the system, tumors were allowed to grow to 100 µl, and MB (5 × 108) loaded with plasmid containing either the suicide gene thymidine kinase (TK) (n = 6) or GFP control (n = 6) was given to separate groups of mice along with ultrasound treatment. Gancyclovir was administered 3 days after UTMD and tumors were serially measured until they were 2ml in volume, after which animals were euthanized and tissue harvested for histology. Results: UTMD-mediated delivery of reporter genes resulted in tumor expression of luciferase (1568 RLU/min/mg) and GFP (<1%) that exceeded expression in control tumors treated with microbubbles + plasmid only (p = 0.02). GFP expression was seen in both peri-vascular areas as well as individual tumor cells, both in small percentages. The doubling rate of TK-treated tumors (2.91 days) was lower than that of GFP treated tumors (3.44 days, p = 0.02) despite equal ultrasound and gancyclovir treatment regimes. Relative to GFP-treated tumors, TK-treated tumors had greater apoptosis (p = 0.04) and increased microvascular density (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the principle that the acoustic behavior of MB can be exploited to therapeutic end. Single dose UTMD-mediated delivery of suicide gene slows the growth of squamous cell carcinoma in this experimental model. Tumor growth suppression could be through an anti-angiogenic mechanism, as reporter gene expression was largely peri-vascular in location. Increased microvasculature seen in TK-treated tumors might be a result of compensatory angiogenesis, although this requires further study. UTMD is a promising non-viral method for targeting gene therapy which may be useful in the treatment of a spectrum of tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 585.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xucai Chen
- 1University of Pittsburgh, pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Abstract
The genome era in medicine is upon us. Questions that arise from patient and family care are a watershed for research and technology, which in turn fuel the cycle of opportunity for impact through delivery of health services, which feeds back to families. Medical infrastructure needs to adapt to the dramatic pace of technology development in the wake of the Human Genome Project, in order for genome data to be delivered as information and applied as knowledge to benefit health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Buchanan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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16
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Parker-Katiraee L, Carson AR, Yamada T, Arnaud P, Feil R, Abu-Amero SN, Moore GE, Kaneda M, Perry GH, Stone AC, Lee C, Meguro-Horike M, Sasaki H, Kobayashi K, Nakabayashi K, Scherer SW. Identification of the imprinted KLF14 transcription factor undergoing human-specific accelerated evolution. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e65. [PMID: 17480121 PMCID: PMC1865561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner and are located in clusters throughout the genome. Aberrations in the expression of imprinted genes on human Chromosome 7 have been suggested to play a role in the etiologies of Russell-Silver Syndrome and autism. We describe the imprinting of KLF14, an intronless member of the Krüppel-like family of transcription factors located at Chromosome 7q32. We show that it has monoallelic maternal expression in all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues studied, in both human and mouse. We examine epigenetic modifications in the KLF14 CpG island in both species and find this region to be hypomethylated. In addition, we perform chromatin immunoprecipitation and find that the murine Klf14 CpG island lacks allele-specific histone modifications. Despite the absence of these defining features, our analysis of Klf14 in offspring from DNA methyltransferase 3a conditional knockout mice reveals that the gene's expression is dependent upon a maternally methylated region. Due to the intronless nature of Klf14 and its homology to Klf16, we suggest that the gene is an ancient retrotransposed copy of Klf16. By sequence analysis of numerous species, we place the timing of this event after the divergence of Marsupialia, yet prior to the divergence of the Xenarthra superclade. We identify a large number of sequence variants in KLF14 and, using several measures of diversity, we determine that there is greater variability in the human lineage with a significantly increased number of nonsynonymous changes, suggesting human-specific accelerated evolution. Thus, KLF14 may be the first example of an imprinted transcript undergoing accelerated evolution in the human lineage. Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner, where one of the two inherited copies of the imprinted gene is silenced. Aberrations in the expression of these genes, which generally regulate growth, are associated with various developmental disorders, emphasizing the importance of their discovery and analysis. In this study, we identify a novel imprinted gene, named KLF14, on human Chromosome 7. It is predicted to bind DNA and regulate transcription and was shown to be expressed from the maternally inherited chromosome in all human and mouse tissues examined. Surprisingly, we did not identify molecular signatures generally associated with imprinted regions, such as DNA methylation. Additionally, the identification of numerous DNA sequence variants led to an in-depth analysis of the gene's evolution. It was determined that there is greater variability in KLF14 in the human lineage, when compared to other primates, with a significantly increased number of polymorphisms encoding for changes at the protein level, suggesting human-specific accelerated evolution. As the first example of an imprinted transcript undergoing accelerated evolution in the human lineage, we propose that the accumulation of polymorphisms in KLF14 may be aided by the silencing of the inactive allele, allowing for stronger selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Parker-Katiraee
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Carson
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Sayeda N Abu-Amero
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - George H Perry
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Biochemical Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Advances in genome scanning technologies are revealing that copy number variants (CNVs) and polymorphisms, ranging from a few kilobases to several megabases in size, are present in genomes at frequencies much greater than previously known. Discoveries of additional forms of genomic variation, including inversions, insertions, deletions and complex rearrangements, are also occurring at an increased rate. Along with CNVs, these sequence alterations are collectively known as structural variants, and their discovery has had an immediate impact on the interpretation of basic research and clinical diagnostic data. This paper discusses different methods, experimental strategies and technologies that are currently available to study copy number variation and other structural variants in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Carson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lars Feuk
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Redon R, Ishikawa S, Fitch KR, Feuk L, Perry GH, Andrews TD, Fiegler H, Shapero MH, Carson AR, Chen W, Cho EK, Dallaire S, Freeman JL, Gonzalez JR, Gratacos M, Huang J, Kalaitzopoulos D, Komura D, MacDonald JR, Marshall CR, Mei R, Montgomery L, Nishimura K, Okamura K, Shen F, Somerville MJ, Tchinda J, Valsesia A, Woodwark C, Yang F, Zhang J, Zerjal T, Zhang J, Armengol L, Conrad DF, Estivill X, Tyler-Smith C, Carter NP, Aburatani H, Lee C, Jones KW, Scherer SW, Hurles ME. Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 2006; 444:444-54. [PMID: 17122850 PMCID: PMC2669898 DOI: 10.1038/nature05329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2932] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) of DNA sequences is functionally significant but has yet to be fully ascertained. We have constructed a first-generation CNV map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in Europe, Africa or Asia (the HapMap collection). DNA from these individuals was screened for CNV using two complementary technologies: single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays, and clone-based comparative genomic hybridization. A total of 1,447 copy number variable regions (CNVRs), which can encompass overlapping or adjacent gains or losses, covering 360 megabases (12% of the genome) were identified in these populations. These CNVRs contained hundreds of genes, disease loci, functional elements and segmental duplications. Notably, the CNVRs encompassed more nucleotide content per genome than SNPs, underscoring the importance of CNV in genetic diversity and evolution. The data obtained delineate linkage disequilibrium patterns for many CNVs, and reveal marked variation in copy number among populations. We also demonstrate the utility of this resource for genetic disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Redon
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | | | - Lars Feuk
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - George H. Perry
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - T. Daniel Andrews
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Heike Fiegler
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Andrew R. Carson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto
| | | | - Eun Kyung Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Stephanie Dallaire
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Jennifer L. Freeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Juan R. Gonzalez
- Genes and Disease Program, and Barcelona CeGen Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Monica Gratacos
- Genes and Disease Program, and Barcelona CeGen Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Dimitrios Kalaitzopoulos
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Dependable and High Performance Computing, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | - Jeffrey R. MacDonald
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - Rui Mei
- Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Lyndal Montgomery
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kunihiro Nishimura
- Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | - Kohji Okamura
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - Fan Shen
- Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Martin J. Somerville
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joelle Tchinda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Armand Valsesia
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cara Woodwark
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Junjun Zhang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tatiana Zerjal
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Lluis Armengol
- Genes and Disease Program, and Barcelona CeGen Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Donald F. Conrad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Genes and Disease Program, and Barcelona CeGen Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel P. Carter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | | | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, MaRS Centre- East Tower, 101 College Street, Rm. 14-701, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - Matthew E. Hurles
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Kwaśnicka-Crawford DA, Carson AR, Scherer SW. IQCJ-SCHIP1, a novel fusion transcript encoding a calmodulin-binding IQ motif protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:890-9. [PMID: 17045569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of transcripts that span two adjacent, independent genes is considered rare in the human genome. This study characterizes a novel human fusion gene named IQCJ-SCHIP1. IQCJ-SCHIP1 is the longest isoform of a complex transcriptional unit that bridges two separate genes that encode distinct proteins, IQCJ, a novel IQ motif containing protein and SCHIP1, a schwannomin interacting protein that has been previously shown to interact with the Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) protein. IQCJ-SCHIP1 is located on the chromosome 3q25 and comprises a 1692-bp transcript encompassing 11 exons spanning 828kb of the genomic DNA. We show that IQCJ-SCHIP1 mRNA is highly expressed in the brain. Protein encoded by the IQCJ-SCHIP1 gene was localized to cytoplasm and actin-rich regions and in differentiated PC12 cells was also seen in neurite extensions.
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20
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Abstract
The first wave of information from the analysis of the human genome revealed SNPs to be the main source of genetic and phenotypic human variation. However, the advent of genome-scanning technologies has now uncovered an unexpectedly large extent of what we term 'structural variation' in the human genome. This comprises microscopic and, more commonly, submicroscopic variants, which include deletions, duplications and large-scale copy-number variants - collectively termed copy-number variants or copy-number polymorphisms - as well as insertions, inversions and translocations. Rapidly accumulating evidence indicates that structural variants can comprise millions of nucleotides of heterogeneity within every genome, and are likely to make an important contribution to human diversity and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Feuk
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Carson AR, Cheung J, Scherer SW. Duplication and relocation of the functional DPY19L2 gene within low copy repeats. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:45. [PMID: 16526957 PMCID: PMC1475853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low copy repeats (LCRs) are thought to play an important role in recent gene evolution, especially when they facilitate gene duplications. Duplicate genes are fundamental to adaptive evolution, providing substrates for the development of new or shared gene functions. Moreover, silencing of duplicate genes can have an indirect effect on adaptive evolution by causing genomic relocation of functional genes. These changes are theorized to have been a major factor in speciation. RESULTS Here we present a novel example showing functional gene relocation within a LCR. We characterize the genomic structure and gene content of eight related LCRs on human Chromosomes 7 and 12. Two members of a novel transmembrane gene family, DPY19L, were identified in these regions, along with six transcribed pseudogenes. One of these genes, DPY19L2, is found on Chromosome 12 and is not syntenic with its mouse orthologue. Instead, the human locus syntenic to mouse Dpy19l2 contains a pseudogene, DPY19L2P1. This indicates that the ancestral copy of this gene has been silenced, while the descendant copy has remained active. Thus, the functional copy of this gene has been relocated to a new genomic locus. We then describe the expansion and evolution of the DPY19L gene family from a single gene found in invertebrate animals. Ancient duplications have led to multiple homologues in different lineages, with three in fish, frogs and birds and four in mammals. CONCLUSION Our results show that the DPY19L family has expanded throughout the vertebrate lineage and has undergone recent primate-specific evolution within LCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Carson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Kwasnicka-Crawford DA, Carson AR, Roberts W, Summers AM, Rehnström K, Järvelä I, Scherer SW. Characterization of a novel cation transporter ATPase gene (ATP13A4) interrupted by 3q25-q29 inversion in an individual with language delay. Genomics 2005; 86:182-94. [PMID: 15925480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Specific language impairment (SLI) is defined as failure to acquire normal language skills despite adequate intelligence and environmental stimulation. Although SLI disorders are often heritable, the genetic basis is likely to involve a number of risk factors. This study describes a 7-year-old girl carrying an inherited paracentric inversion of the long arm of chromosome 3 [46XX, inv(3)(q25.32-q29)] having clinically defined expressive and receptive language delay. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus-specific bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BACs) as probes was used to characterize the inverted chromosome 3. The proximal and distal inversion breakpoint was found to reside between markers D3S3692/D3S1553 and D3S3590/D3S2305, respectively. ATP13A4, a novel gene coding for a cation-transporting P-type ATPase, was found to be disrupted by the distal breakpoint. The ATP13A4 gene was shown to comprise a 3591-bp transcript encompassing 30 exons spanning 152 kb of the genomic DNA. This study discusses the characterization of ATP13A4 and its possible involvement in speech-language disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Northern
- Cations
- Child
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Language Disorders/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Risk Factors
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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23
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Feuk L, MacDonald JR, Tang T, Carson AR, Li M, Rao G, Khaja R, Scherer SW. Discovery of human inversion polymorphisms by comparative analysis of human and chimpanzee DNA sequence assemblies. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:e56. [PMID: 16254605 PMCID: PMC1270012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With a draft genome-sequence assembly for the chimpanzee available, it is now possible to perform genome-wide analyses to identify, at a submicroscopic level, structural rearrangements that have occurred between chimpanzees and humans. The goal of this study was to investigate chromosomal regions that are inverted between the chimpanzee and human genomes. Using the net alignments for the builds of the human and chimpanzee genome assemblies, we identified a total of 1,576 putative regions of inverted orientation, covering more than 154 mega-bases of DNA. The DNA segments are distributed throughout the genome and range from 23 base pairs to 62 mega-bases in length. For the 66 inversions more than 25 kilobases (kb) in length, 75% were flanked on one or both sides by (often unrelated) segmental duplications. Using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization we experimentally validated 23 of 27 (85%) semi-randomly chosen regions; the largest novel inversion confirmed was 4.3 mega-bases at human Chromosome 7p14. Gorilla was used as an out-group to assign ancestral status to the variants. All experimentally validated inversion regions were then assayed against a panel of human samples and three of the 23 (13%) regions were found to be polymorphic in the human genome. These polymorphic inversions include 730 kb (at 7p22), 13 kb (at 7q11), and 1 kb (at 16q24) fragments with a 5%, 30%, and 48% minor allele frequency, respectively. Our results suggest that inversions are an important source of variation in primate genome evolution. The finding of at least three novel inversion polymorphisms in humans indicates this type of structural variation may be a more common feature of our genome than previously realized. Chimpanzee is the closest relative to humans having DNA sequences about 98% identical to each other. Small DNA sequence changes and probably more importantly, larger structural changes of chromosomes, led to the divergence of the two species some 6 million years ago. Until recently, there were ten structural differences visible under the microscope between chimpanzee and human, and nine of these were inversions of DNA. Through computational comparisons of genome sequences, the current study identifies another 1,576 putative inversion events. Thirty-three of these were larger than 100,000 base pairs in size and 29 intersect genes, prioritizing them for evolutionary studies. Twenty-three of the inversions have been confirmed experimentally with the largest being 4.3 million base pairs in size on human Chromosome 7. Surprisingly, three of the “inverted” regions were found to be variable in their orientation in the human population (in some cases the inversion was in the ancestral orientation found in chimpanzee). These observations indicate the human genome is still evolving in structure. Moreover, since such variable inversions have been shown to predispose to other (sometimes deleterious) changes in chromosomes, the new data delineate potential disease-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Feuk
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R MacDonald
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence Tang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Carson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Li
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Girish Rao
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Razi Khaja
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Yamada T, Carson AR, Caniggia I, Umebayashi K, Yoshimori T, Nakabayashi K, Scherer SW. Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Antisense (NOS3AS) Gene Encodes an Autophagy-related Protein (APG9-like2) Highly Expressed in Trophoblast. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18283-90. [PMID: 15755735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413957200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation system for the majority of proteins and some organelles that is conserved in all eukaryotic species. The precise role of autophagy in mammalian development and potential involvement in disease remain to be discerned. Yeast Atg9p is the first integral membrane protein shown to be essential for the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway and autophagy, whereas its mammalian functional orthologue has yet to be identified. We have identified two human genes homologous to yeast Atg9p and designated these as APG9L1 and APG9L2. We have previously identified APG9L2 as NOS3AS, which participates in the post-transcriptional regulation of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (NOS3) gene on chromosome 7 through its antisense overlap. In human adult tissues, APG9L1 was ubiquitously expressed, whereas APG9L2 was highly expressed in placenta (trophoblast cells) and pituitary gland. In transient transfection assays we found that both proteins were primarily localized to the perinuclear region and also scattered throughout the cytosol as dots, a subset of which colocalized with an autophagosome-specific marker LC3 under starvation conditions. Finally, by the small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of APG9L1 in HeLa cells, we demonstrated that APG9L1 is essential for starvation-induced autophagosome formation. In addition, APG9L2 can functionally complement APG9L1 in this process. These results, taken together with those of phylogenetic and sequence analyses, suggest that both APG9L1 and APG9L2 are functionally orthologous to the yATG9 in autophagosome formation. Moreover, APG9L2 is a vertebrate-specific gene that may have gained critical roles in mammalian-specific developmental events, such as placentation, through rapid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Flory MR, Carson AR, Muller EG, Aebersold R. An SMC-Domain Protein in Fission Yeast Links Telomeres to the Meiotic Centrosome. Mol Cell 2004; 16:619-30. [PMID: 15546621 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal centrosomal structures similar to those occurring in human cancers are induced in fission yeast by overexpression of the pericentrin homolog Pcp1p. Analysis of abnormal Pcp1p-containing structures with quantitative mass spectrometry and isotope-coded affinity tags identified a coiled-coil, structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) domain protein. This protein, termed Ccq1p (coiled-coil protein quantitatively enriched), localizes with Taz1p to telomeres in normal vegetative cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements indicate that Ccq1p also interacts with centrosomal Pcp1p in mating pheromone-stimulated cells containing centrosomally clustered telomeres. We provide evidence that the Ccq1p-Pcp1p interaction, while essential for meiosis, is deleterious when forced to occur during vegetative growth. Cells lacking one ccq1 allele exhibit a loss-of-function phenotype including abnormally long cell length, chromosome segregation failure, telomeric shortening, and defective telomeric clustering during meiotic prophase. Our data indicate a mechanism underlying meiotic chromosomal bouquet formation and suggest a recruitment model for supernumerary centrosome toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Flory
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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Robb GB, Carson AR, Tai SC, Fish JE, Singh S, Yamada T, Scherer SW, Nakabayashi K, Marsden PA. Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by an overlapping antisense mRNA transcript. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37982-96. [PMID: 15234981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400271200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA levels are abnormal in diseases of the cardiovascular system, but changes in gene expression cannot be accounted for by transcription alone. We found evidence for the existence of an antisense mRNA (sONE) that is derived from a transcription unit (NOS3AS) on the opposite DNA strand from which the human eNOS (NOS3) mRNA is transcribed at human chromosome 7q36. The genes are oriented in a tail-to-tail configuration, and the mRNAs encoding sONE and eNOS are complementary for 662 nucleotides. The mRNA for sONE could be detected in a variety of cell types, both in vivo and in vitro, but not vascular endothelial cells. In contrast, expression of eNOS is highly restricted to vascular endothelium. Most surprisingly, interrogation of transcriptional events across NOS3/NOS3AS genomic regions, using single- and double-stranded probes for nuclear run-off analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation-based assessments of RNA polymerase II distribution, indicated that NOS3 and NOS3AS gene transcription did not correlate with steady-state mRNA levels. We found strong evidence supporting a role for NOS3AS in the post-transcriptional regulation of NOS3 expression. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of sONE expression in vascular smooth muscle cells increased eNOS expression. Overexpression of sONE in endothelial cells blunted eNOS expression. Finally, the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A is known to regulate the expression of eNOS via a post-transcriptional mechanism. We found that trichostatin A treatment of vascular endothelial cells increased expression of sONE mRNA levels prior to the observed decrease in eNOS mRNA expression. Taken together, these results indicate that an antisense mRNA (sONE) participates in the post-transcriptional regulation of eNOS and provide a newer model for endothelial cell-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brett Robb
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HHQ, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GAP, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJT, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Döhner H, Döhner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC. Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science 2003; 300:767-72. [PMID: 12690205 PMCID: PMC2882961 DOI: 10.1126/science.1083423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA sequence and annotation of the entire human chromosome 7, encompassing nearly 158 million nucleotides of DNA and 1917 gene structures, are presented. To generate a higher order description, additional structural features such as imprinted genes, fragile sites, and segmental duplications were integrated at the level of the DNA sequence with medical genetic data, including 440 chromosome rearrangement breakpoints associated with disease. This approach enabled the discovery of candidate genes for developmental diseases including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Carson
- Department of Nursing, Miami University, Middletown, OH, USA
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Dziewanowska K, Carson AR, Patti JM, Deobald CF, Bayles KW, Bohach GA. Staphylococcal fibronectin binding protein interacts with heat shock protein 60 and integrins: role in internalization by epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6321-8. [PMID: 11035741 PMCID: PMC97715 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.11.6321-6328.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by nonprofessional phagocytes involves an interaction between fibronectin (Fn) binding protein (FnBP) and the host cell, resulting in signal transduction, tyrosine kinase activity, and cytoskeletal rearrangement (K. Dziewanowska, J. M. Patti, C. F. Deobald, K. W. Bayles, W. R. Trumble, and G. A. Bohach, Infect. Immun. 67:4673-4678, 1999). The goal of the present study was to identify the host molecules responsible for uptake of the organism through an interaction with FnBP. First, Fn was required for internalization. Addition of small amounts of exogenous Fn stimulated the uptake of S. aureus by HEp-2 cells, which are deficient in Fn synthesis. Fn antibodies blocked internalization of the organism by MAC-T cell monolayers, a bovine epithelial cell line which expresses Fn. Second, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for beta(1) integrins dramatically reduced S. aureus invasion, suggesting that the formation of a Fn bridge linking the host cell beta(1) integrin and FnBP precedes internalization. However, ligand blotting of cell membrane proteins with a functional fragment of FnBP consistently identified an additional approximately 55-kDa receptor on both human and bovine epithelial cells. This protein was purified and identified by N-terminal microsequencing as heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). The interaction between FnBP and Hsp60 also occurred when the whole cells were used. Cell membrane localization of Hsp60 was confirmed by biotinylation with an agent nonpermeable to the cell membrane. Pretreatment of epithelial cells with a MAb specific for eukaryotic Hsp60 significantly reduced internalization of S. aureus. Combined, these results suggest that the FnBP binds directly to both Hsp60 and Fn and is linked to beta(1) integrins through a Fn bridge. The simultaneous involvement of Fn and two host cell ligands, beta(1) integrins and Hsp60, suggests that FnBP is a multifunctional adhesin that mediates internalization in a manner similar to that proposed for OpaA, the Neisseria gonorrhoeae FnBP homolog (J. P. M. van Putten, T. D. Duensing, and R. L. Cole, Mol. Microbiol. 29:369-379, 1998).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziewanowska
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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Carson AR, Ellsworth JA. Learning links: pediatric students and the American Red Cross. Nurse Educ 1999; 24:27, 37. [PMID: 10876530 DOI: 10.1097/00006223-199911000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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