51
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Maximino C, Lima MG, Oliveira KRM, Batista EDJO, Herculano AM. “Limbic associative” and “autonomic” amygdala in teleosts: A review of the evidence. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 48-49:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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52
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Roy A, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Pierani A, Meyer G, Tole S. Lhx2 regulates the development of the forebrain hem system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:1361-72. [PMID: 23307637 PMCID: PMC3977624 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early brain development is regulated by the coordinated actions of multiple signaling centers at key boundaries between compartments. Three telencephalic midline structures are in a position to play such roles in forebrain patterning: The cortical hem, the septum, and the thalamic eminence at the diencephalic–telencephalic boundary. These structures express unique complements of signaling molecules, and they also produce distinct populations of Cajal–Retzius cells, which are thought to act as “mobile patterning units,” migrating tangentially to cover the telencephalic surface. We show that these 3 structures require the transcription factor Lhx2 to delimit their extent. In the absence of Lhx2 function, all 3 structures are greatly expanded, and the Cajal–Retzius cell population is dramatically increased. We propose that the hem, septum, and thalamic eminence together form a “forebrain hem system” that defines and regulates the formation of the telencephalic midline. Disruptions in the forebrain hem system may be implicated in severe brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly. Lhx2 functions as a central regulator of this system's development. Since all components of the forebrain hem system have been identified across several vertebrate species, the mechanisms that regulate them may have played a fundamental role in driving key aspects of forebrain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achira Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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53
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Morona R, López JM, Northcutt RG, González A. Comparative Analysis of the Organization of the Cholinergic System in the Brains of Two Holostean Fishes, the Florida GarLepisosteus platyrhincusand the BowfinAmia calva. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 81:109-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000347111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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54
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Neurochemical profiling of dopaminergic neurons in the forebrain of a cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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55
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de Esch C, Slieker R, Wolterbeek A, Woutersen R, de Groot D. Zebrafish as potential model for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:545-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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56
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Schärer YPZ, Shum J, Moressis A, Friedrich RW. Dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal activity patterns in the zebrafish homolog of olfactory cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:76. [PMID: 23109918 PMCID: PMC3478571 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important modulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity that is causally involved in fundamental brain functions and dysfunctions. We examined the dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission and sensory responses in telencephalic area Dp of zebrafish, the homolog of olfactory cortex. By combining anatomical tracing and immunohistochemistry, we detected no DA neurons in Dp itself but long-range dopaminergic input from multiple other brain areas. Whole-cell recordings revealed no obvious effects of DA on membrane potential or input resistance in the majority of Dp neurons. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory tracts produced a complex sequence of synaptic currents in Dp neurons. DA selectively decreased inhibitory currents with little or no effect on excitatory components. Multiphoton calcium imaging showed that population responses of Dp neurons to olfactory tract stimulation or odor application were enhanced by DA, consistent with its effect on inhibitory synaptic transmission. These effects of DA were blocked by an antagonist of D2-like receptors. DA therefore disinhibits and reorganizes sensory responses in Dp. This modulation may affect sensory perception and could be involved in the experience-dependent modification of odor representations.
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57
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Abstract
Emotional responses are triggered by environmental signals and involve profound changes at multiple levels, from molecular to behavior. Much has been learnt about two emotions, fear and anxiety, by studying mammalian models. In particular, neural circuits and the corresponding molecular mechanisms essential for the learning and retention of fear, as well as the activation of anxiety, are well known. In contrast, little is known about how these emotions are terminated. The zebrafish is a newcomer to the world of emotion research. A number of assays for fear and anxiety now exist, but the underlying neural circuitry is largely undefined. Recent experiments, however, appear to provide a hint as to how anxiety is downregulated. In particular, they point to an essential role for a circuit involving the posterior septum, medial habenula, and interpeduncular nucleus. This evolutionarily conserved circuit may fulfill a similar function in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Jesuthasan
- Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Neuroscience Research Partnership, Singapore.
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58
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Carrera I, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Development of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell populations and fiber pathways in the brain of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula: New perspectives on the evolution of the vertebrate catecholaminergic system. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:3574-603. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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59
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Lindsey BW, Darabie A, Tropepe V. The cellular composition of neurogenic periventricular zones in the adult zebrafish forebrain. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2275-316. [PMID: 22318736 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A central goal of adult neurogenesis research is to characterize the cellular constituents of a neurogenic niche and to understand how these cells regulate the production of new neurons. Because the generation of adult-born neurons may be tightly coupled to their functional requirement, the organization and output of neurogenic niches may vary across different regions of the brain or between species. We have undertaken a comparative study of six (D, Vd, Vv, Dm, Dl, Ppa) periventricular zones (PVZs) harboring proliferative cells present in the adult forebrain of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a species known to possess widespread neurogenesis throughout life. Using electron microscopy, we have documented for the first time the detailed cytoarchitecture of these zones, and propose a model of the cellular composition of pallial and subpallial PVZs, as well as a classification scheme for identifying morphologically distinct cell types. Immunolabeling of resin-embedded tissue confirmed the phenotype of three constitutively proliferating (bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU]+) cell populations, including a radial glial-like (type IIa) cell immunopositive for both S100β and glutamine synthetase (GS). Our data revealed rostrocaudal differences in the density of distinct proliferative populations, and cumulative labeling studies suggested that the cell cycle kinetics of these populations are not uniform between PVZs. Although the peak numbers of differentiated neurons were generated after ~2 weeks among most PVZs, niche-specific decline in the number of newborn neurons in some regions occurred after 4 weeks. Our data suggest that the cytoarchitecture of neurogenic niches and the tempo of neuronal production are regionally distinct in the adult zebrafish forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lindsey
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
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60
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Akle V, Guelin E, Yu L, Brassard-Giordano H, Slack BE, Zhdanova IV. F-spondin/spon1b expression patterns in developing and adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37593. [PMID: 22768035 PMCID: PMC3387172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
F-spondin, an extracellular matrix protein, is an important player in embryonic morphogenesis and CNS development, but its presence and role later in life remains largely unknown. We generated a transgenic zebrafish in which GFP is expressed under the control of the F-spondin (spon1b) promoter, and used it in combination with complementary techniques to undertake a detailed characterization of the expression patterns of F-spondin in developing and adult brain and periphery. We found that F-spondin is often associated with structures forming long neuronal tracts, including retinal ganglion cells, the olfactory bulb, the habenula, and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF). F-spondin expression coincides with zones of adult neurogenesis and is abundant in CSF-contacting secretory neurons, especially those in the hypothalamus. Use of this new transgenic model also revealed F-spondin expression patterns in the peripheral CNS, notably in enteric neurons, and in peripheral tissues involved in active patterning or proliferation in adults, including the endoskeleton of zebrafish fins and the continuously regenerating pharyngeal teeth. Moreover, patterning of the regenerating caudal fin following fin amputation in adult zebrafish was associated with F-spondin expression in the blastema, a proliferative region critical for tissue reconstitution. Together, these findings suggest major roles for F-spondin in the CNS and periphery of the developing and adult vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Akle
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Guelin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Brassard-Giordano
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Slack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irina V. Zhdanova
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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61
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Kato T, Yamada Y, Yamamoto N. Ascending gustatory pathways to the telencephalon in goldfish. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2475-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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62
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Moreno N, Morona R, López JM, Domínguez L, Joven A, Bandín S, González A. Characterization of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the forebrain of anuran amphibians. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:330-63. [PMID: 21674496 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Major common features have been reported for the organization of the basal telencephalon in amniotes, and most characteristics were thought to be acquired in the transition from anamniotes to amniotes. However, gene expression, neurochemical, and hodological data obtained for the basal ganglia and septal and amygdaloid complexes in amphibians (anamniotic tetrapods) have strengthened the idea of a conserved organization in tetrapods. A poorly characterized region in the forebrain of amniotes has been the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), but numerous recent investigations have characterized it as a member of the extended amygdala. Our study analyzes the main features of the BST in anuran amphibians to establish putative homologies with amniotes. Gene expression patterns during development identified the anuran BST as a subpallial, nonstriatal territory. The BST shows Nkx2.1 and Lhx7 expression and contains an Islet1-positive cell subpopulation derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence. Immunohistochemistry for diverse peptides and neurotransmitters revealed that the distinct chemoarchitecture of the BST is strongly conserved among tetrapods. In vitro tracing techniques with dextran amines revealed important connections between the BST and the central and medial amygdala, septal territories, medial pallium, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, and prethalamus. The BST receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area and is connected with the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the rostral raphe in the brainstem. All these data suggest that the anuran BST shares many features with its counterpart in amniotes and belongs to a basal continuum, likely controlling similar reflexes, reponses, and behaviors in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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63
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Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. Gaseous transmitters in the brain of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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64
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Quintana-Urzainqui I, Sueiro C, Carrera I, Ferreiro-Galve S, Santos-Durán G, Pose-Méndez S, Mazan S, Candal E, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Contributions of Developmental Studies in the DogfishScyliorhinus caniculato the Brain Anatomy of Elasmobranchs: Insights on the Basal Ganglia. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:127-41. [DOI: 10.1159/000339871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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65
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López JM, Domínguez L, Morona R, Northcutt RG, González A. Organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:549-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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66
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Wullimann MF. Secondary neurogenesis and telencephalic organization in zebrafish and mice: a brief review. Integr Zool 2011; 4:123-133. [PMID: 21392282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Most zebrafish neurodevelopmental studies have focused on the embryo, which is characterized by primary neurogenesis of mostly transient neurons. Secondary neurogenesis becomes dominant in the hatching larva, when major brain parts are established and begin to differentiate. This developmental period allows for a comparative analysis of zebrafish brain organization with amniotes at equivalent stages of neurogenesis. Within a particular time window, the early forebrains of mice (Embyronic stage [E] 12.5/13.5 days [d]) and zebrafish (3 d) reveal highly comparable expression patterns of genes involved in neurogenesis, for example proneural and other transcription factors (Neurogenin1, NeuroD, Mash1/Zashla and Pax6). Further topological correspondences are seen in the expression of LIM and homeobox genes, such as Lhx6/7, Tbr2 and Dlx2a. When this analysis is extended to gamma-aminobutyric acid/glutamic acid decarboxylase (GABA/GAD) cell patterns during this critical time window, an astonishing degree of similarity between the two species is again seen, for example regarding the presence of GABA/GAD cells in the subpallium, with the pallium only starting to be invaded by such cells from the subpallium. Furthermore, the expression of proneural and other genes correlates with GABA cell patterns (e.g. Mash1/Zash1a gene expression in GABA-positive and Neurogenin1/NeuroD in GABA-negative telencephalic regions) in mice and zebrafish. Data from additional vertebrates, such as Xenopus, are also highly consistent with this analysis. Therefore, the vertebrate forebrain appears to undergo a phylotypic stage of secondary neurogenesis, characterized by regionally separated GABAergic (inhibitory) versus glutamatergic (excitatory) cell production sites, which are obscured later in development by tangential migration. This period is highly advantageous for molecular neuroanatomical cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Wullimann
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
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67
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Yu M, Xi Y, Pollack J, Debiais‐Thibaud M, MacDonald RB, Ekker M. Activity of
dlx5a
/
dlx6a
regulatory elements during zebrafish GABAergic neuron development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Man Yu
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa451 Smyth RoadOttawaONCanadaK1H 8M5
| | - Yanwei Xi
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
| | - Jacob Pollack
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
| | - Mélanie Debiais‐Thibaud
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
| | - Ryan B. MacDonald
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
| | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa20 Marie CurieOttawaONCanadaK1N 6N5
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa451 Smyth RoadOttawaONCanadaK1H 8M5
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68
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Dorsomedial pallium lesions impair taste aversion learning in goldfish. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:297-305. [PMID: 21689770 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work shows that the dorsomedial telencephalic pallium of teleost fish, proposed as homologous to the amygdala of mammals, is involved in taste aversion learning (TAL). To analyze the behavioral properties of TAL in goldfish, in Experiment 1, we used a delayed procedure similar to that employed with mammals, which consists of the presentation of two flavors on different days, one followed by lithium chloride and the other by saline, both after a 10-min delay. The results showed that goldfish developed a strong aversion to the gustatory stimulus followed by visceral discomfort and that, as in mammals, this learning was rapidly acquired, highly flexible and maintained for a long time. Experiment 2 showed that dorsomedial pallium lesions and the ablation of the telencephalic lobes impaired the acquisition of taste aversion in goldfish, whereas damage to the dorsolateral pallium (hippocampus homologue) or cerebellar corpus did not produce significant changes in this learning. Experiment 3 showed that these TAL deficits were not due to a lesion-related disruption of taste discrimination; goldfish with telencephalon ablation were able to learn to distinguish between the two tested flavors in a differential conditioning procedure. These functional data demonstrate that the dorsomedial pallium in teleosts is, like the amygdala, an essential component of the telencephalon-dependent taste aversion memory system and provide further support concerning the homology between both structures.
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69
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Zhao X, Kuja-Panula J, Rouhiainen A, Chen YC, Panula P, Rauvala H. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1; amphoterin) is required for zebrafish brain development. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23200-13. [PMID: 21527633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.223834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hmgb1 (high mobility group box-1; amphoterin) is highly expressed in brain during early development of vertebrate and nonvertebrate species. However, its role in brain development remains elusive. Here we have cloned the zebrafish Hmgb1 and specifically manipulated Hmgb1 expression using injection of morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or Hmgb1 cRNA. The HMGB1 knockdown morphants produced by injection of three different morpholino oligonucleotides display a characteristic phenotype with smaller size, smaller brain width, and shorter distance between the eyes. Closer examination of the phenotype reveals severe defects in the development of the forebrain that largely lacks catecholaminergic neural networks. The HMGB1 morphant is deficient in survival and proliferation of neural progenitors and displays fewer cell groups expressing the transcription factor Pax6a in the forebrain and aberrant Wnt8 signaling. The mechanism of HMGB1-dependent progenitor survival involves the neuronal transmembrane protein AMIGO (amphoterin-induced gene and orf), the expression of which is regulated by HMGB1 in vivo. Our data demonstrate that HMGB1 is a critical factor for brain development, enabling survival and proliferation of neural progenitors that will form the forebrain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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70
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Murray E, Wise S, Rhodes S. What Can Different Brains Do with Reward? NEUROBIOLOGY OF SENSATION AND REWARD 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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71
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Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. Cystathionine β-synthase in the CNS of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Salmonidae) and carp Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae). NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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72
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Jesuthasan SJ, Mathuru AS. The alarm response in zebrafish: innate fear in a vertebrate genetic model. J Neurogenet 2011; 22:211-28. [PMID: 19039707 DOI: 10.1080/01677060802298475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The alarm response is an antipredator behavior displayed by many fish species and was first described 70 years ago. It is triggered through the olfactory system by substances released from injured skin and is characterized by dramatic, measurable changes in locomotion as well as physiology. We propose that this is an ideal time to revisit this response and to utilize it as an assay for understanding how neural circuits mediate innate fear. A suitable organism for these studies is the zebrafish, a genetic model with a rapidly expanding toolkit for molecular manipulation of the nervous system. Individual neurons mediating the response, ranging from receptor neurons to those in higher brain centers, should first be identified. New tools, specifically transgenic lines that allow spatial and temporal control of neural activity, provide a way to define and test the role of specific neurons, while genetic screens provide a route to identifying individual molecules essential for a normal response. Optical recording, which has proven successful in studies of information processing in the bulb, will provide valuable insights into neural circuitry function during the alarm response. When carried out on mutants, physiological analysis can provide insight into aspects of signal processing that are essential for normal behavior. The alarm response thus provides a paradigm to examine innate fear in a vertebrate system, enabling analysis at multiple levels from genes to the entire neural circuit. Additionally, the context dependency of the response can be utilized to investigate attention and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J Jesuthasan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University in Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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73
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Dewan AK, Ramey ML, Tricas TC. Arginine vasotocin neuronal phenotypes, telencephalic fiber varicosities, and social behavior in butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): potential similarities to birds and mammals. Horm Behav 2011; 59:56-66. [PMID: 20950619 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) influences many social behaviors through its action in the forebrain of mammals. However, the function of the homologous arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the forebrain of fishes, specifically the telencephalon remains unresolved. We tested whether the density of AVT-immunoreactive (-ir) fiber varicosities, somata size or number of AVT-ir neuronal phenotypes within the forebrain were predictive of social behavior in reproductive males of seven species of butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae) in four phylogenetic clades. Similar to other fishes, the aggressive (often territorial) species in most cases had larger AVT-ir cells within the gigantocellular preoptic cell group. Linear discriminant function analyses demonstrated that the density of AVT-ir varicosities within homologous telencephalic nuclei to those important for social behavior in mammals and birds were predictive of aggressive behavior, social affiliations, and mating system. Of note, the density of AVT-ir varicosities within the ventral nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, thought to be homologous to the septum of other vertebrates, was the strongest predictor of aggressive behavior, social affiliation, and mating system. These results are consistent with the postulate that AVT within the telencephalon of fishes plays an important role in social behavior and may function in a similar manner to that of AVT/AVP in birds and mammals despite having cell populations solely within the preoptic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Dewan
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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74
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O'Connell LA, Fontenot MR, Hofmann HA. Characterization of the dopaminergic system in the brain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 2010; 519:75-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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75
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Nieuwenhuys R. The development and general morphology of the telencephalon of actinopterygian fishes: synopsis, documentation and commentary. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:141-57. [PMID: 20976604 PMCID: PMC3041917 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Actinopterygii or ray-finned fishes comprise, in addition to the large superorder of teleosts, four other superorders, namely the cladistians, the chondrosteans, the ginglymodes, and the halecomorphs, each with a limited number of species. The telencephalon of actinopterygian fishes differs from that in all other vertebrates in that it consists of a pair of solid lobes. Lateral ventricles surrounded by nervous tissue are entirely lacking. At the end of the nineteenth century, the theory was advanced that the unusual configuration of the forebrain in actinopterygians results from an outward bending or eversion of its lateral walls. This theory was accepted by some authors, rejected or neglected by others, and modified by some other authors. The present paper is based on the data derived from the literature, complemented by new observations on a large collection of histological material comprising specimens of all five actinopterygian superorders. The paper consists of three parts. In the first, a survey of the development of the telencephalon in actinopterygian fishes is presented. The data collected show clearly that an outward bending or eversion of the pallial parts of the solid hemispheres is the principal morphogenetic event in all five actinopterygian superorders. In all of these superorders, except for the cladistians, eversion is coupled with a marked thickening of the pallial walls. In the second part, some aspects of the general morphology of the telencephalon in mature actinopterygians are highlighted. It is pointed out that (1) the degree of eversion varies considerably among the various actinopterygian groups; (2) eversion leads to the transformation of the telencephalic roof plate into a wide membrane or tela choroidea, which is bilaterally attached to the lateral or ventrolateral aspect of the solid hemispheres; (3) the lines of attachment or taeniae of the tela choroidea form the most important landmarks in the telencephalon of actinopterygians, indicating the sites where the greatly enlarged ventricular surface of the hemispheres ends and its reduced meningeal surface begins; (4) the meningeal surface of the telencephalon shows in most actinopterygians bilaterally a longitudinally oriented sulcus externus, the depth of which is generally positively correlated with the degree of eversion; (5) a distinct lateral olfactory tract, occupying a constant topological position close to the taenia, is present in all actinopterygians studied; and (6) this tract is not homologous to the tract of the same name in the evaginated and inverted forebrains of other groups of vertebrates. In the third and final section, the concept that the structural organization of the pallium in actinopterygians can be fully explained by a simple eversion of its walls, and the various theories, according to which the eversion is complicated by extensive shifts of its constituent cell groups, are discussed and evaluated. It is concluded that there are no reasons to doubt that the pallium of actinopterygian fishes is the product of a simple and complete eversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Nieuwenhuys
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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76
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Munchrath LA, Hofmann HA. Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the brain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3302-26. [PMID: 20575061 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones released from the gonads play an important role in mediating social behavior across all vertebrates. Many effects of these gonadal hormones are mediated by nuclear steroid hormone receptors, which are crucial for integration in the brain of external (e.g., social) signals with internal physiological cues to produce an appropriate behavioral output. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni presents an attractive model system for the study of how internal cues and external social signals are integrated in the brain as males display robust plasticity in the form of two distinct, yet reversible, behavioral and physiological phenotypes depending on the social environment. In order to better understand where sex steroid hormones act to regulate social behavior in this species, we have determined the distribution of the androgen receptor, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and progesterone receptor mRNA and protein throughout the telencephalon and diencephalon and some mesencephalic structures of A. burtoni. All steroid hormone receptors were found in key brain regions known to modulate social behavior in other vertebrates including the proposed teleost homologs of the mammalian amygdalar complex, hippocampus, striatum, preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area. Overall, there is high concordance of mRNA and protein labeling. Our results significantly extend our understanding of sex steroid pathways in the cichlid brain and support the important role of nuclear sex steroid hormone receptors in modulating social behaviors in teleosts and across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Munchrath
- Section of Integrative Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705, USA
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77
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März M, Chapouton P, Diotel N, Vaillant C, Hesl B, Takamiya M, Lam CS, Kah O, Bally-Cuif L, Strähle U. Heterogeneity in progenitor cell subtypes in the ventricular zone of the zebrafish adult telencephalon. Glia 2010; 58:870-88. [PMID: 20155821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a new model for adult neurogenesis, owing to its abundant neurogenic areas in most brain subdivisions. Radial glia-like cells, actively proliferating cells, and label-retaining progenitors have been described in these areas. In the telencephalon, this complexity is enhanced by an organization of the ventricular zone (VZ) in fast and slow-dividing domains, suggesting the existence of heterogeneous progenitor types. In this work, we studied the expression of various transgenic or immunocytochemical markers for glial cells (gfap:gfp, cyp19a1b:gfp, BLBP, and S100beta), progenitors (nestin:gfp and Sox2), and neuroblasts (PSA-NCAM) in cycling progenitors of the adult zebrafish telencephalon (identified by expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), MCM5, or bromodeoxyuridine incorporation). We demonstrate the existence of distinct populations of dividing cells at the adult telencephalic VZ. Progenitors of the overall slow-cycling domains express high levels of Sox2 and nestin:gfp as well as all glial markers tested. In contrast, domains with an overall fast division rate are characterized by low or missing expression of glial markers. PCNA-positive cells in fast domains further display a morphology distinct from radial glia and co-express PSA-NCAM, suggesting that they are early neuronal precursors. In addition, the VZ contains cycling progenitors that express neither glial markers nor nestin:gfp, but are positive for Sox2 and PSA-NCAM, identifying them as committed neuroblasts. On the basis of the marker gene expression and distinct cell morphologies, we propose a classification for the dividing cell states at the zebrafish adult telencephalic VZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin März
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in the Helmholtz Association, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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78
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Yoshimoto M, Yamamoto N. Ascending general visceral sensory pathways from the brainstem to the forebrain in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3570-603. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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79
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Sager JJ, Bai Q, Burton EA. Transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:285-302. [PMID: 20162303 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the zebrafish as a model for the study of vertebrate developmental biology, an extensive array of techniques for its experimental manipulation and analysis has been developed. Recently it has become apparent that these powerful methodologies might be deployed in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases and to identify candidate therapeutic approaches. In this article, we consider evidence that the zebrafish central nervous system provides an appropriate setting in which to model human neurological disease and we review techniques and resources available for generating transgenic models. We then examine recent publications showing that appropriate phenotypes can be provoked in the zebrafish through transgenic manipulations analogous to genetic abnormalities known to cause human tauopathies, polyglutamine diseases or motor neuron degenerations. These studies show proof of concept that findings in zebrafish models can be applicable to the pathogenic mechanisms underlying human diseases. Consequently, the prospects for providing novel insights into neurodegenerative diseases by exploiting transgenic zebrafish models and discovery-driven approaches seem favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Sager
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 7015 Biomedical Sciences Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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80
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YAMAMOTO NAOYUKI. Studies on the teleost brain morphology in search of the origin of cognition. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2009.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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81
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Development and evolution of the subpallium. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:735-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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82
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Abellán A, Medina L. Subdivisions and derivatives of the chicken subpallium based on expression of LIM and other regulatory genes and markers of neuron subpopulations during development. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:465-501. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Seibt KJ, Oliveira RDL, Rico EP, Dias RD, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. Typical and atypical antipsychotics alter acetylcholinesterase activity and ACHE expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:10-5. [PMID: 19444963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic agents are widely used for the treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with several brain disorders. Antipsychotic drugs principally affect dopamine systems with the newer ones also affecting serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine systems. Other transmitter systems can be involved with selected antipsychotic drugs but effects on cholinergic system are less known. Considerable evidence has shown that complex interactions between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems are critical for the proper regulation of motor control and memory. These neurotransmitter systems have been studied in zebrafish, which has recently become a focus of neurobehavioral studies. Therefore, we have evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of sulpiride, olanzapine, and haloperidol on acetylcholinesterase activity and ache expression pattern in zebrafish brain. For in vitro studies, all drugs were able to promote a decrease on acetylcholinesterase activity. For in vivo studies, olanzapine and sulpiride exposure did not change acetylcholinesterase activity. In contrast, this enzyme activity was significantly increased at 5 and 9 microM haloperidol (29.9% and 20.4%, respectively). Haloperidol exposure was able to increase acetylcholinesterase mRNA transcripts. These findings have suggested that the alterations in zebrafish acetylcholinesterase could reveal molecular mechanisms related to cholinergic signaling induced by antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Juliana Seibt
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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84
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Facchin L, Burgess HA, Siddiqi M, Granato M, Halpern ME. Determining the function of zebrafish epithalamic asymmetry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1021-32. [PMID: 19064346 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As in many fishes, amphibians and reptiles, the epithalamus of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops with pronounced left-right (L-R) asymmetry. For example, in more than 95 per cent of zebrafish larvae, the parapineal, an accessory to the pineal organ, forms on the left side of the brain and the adjacent left habenular nucleus is larger than the right. Disruption of Nodal signalling affects this bias, producing equal numbers of larvae with the parapineal on the left or the right side and corresponding habenular reversals. Pre-selection of live larvae using fluorescent transgenic reporters provides a useful substrate for studying the effects of neuroanatomical asymmetry on behaviour. Previous studies had suggested that epithalamic directionality is correlated with lateralized behaviours such as L-R eye preference. We find that the randomization of epithalamic asymmetry, through perturbation of the nodal-related gene southpaw, does not alter a variety of motor behaviours, including responses to lateralized stimuli. However, we discovered significant deficits in swimming initiation and in the total distance navigated by larvae with parapineal reversals. We discuss these findings with respect to previous studies and recent work linking the habenular region with control of the motivation/reward pathway of the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Facchin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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85
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Morris JA. Zebrafish: a model system to examine the neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 179:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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86
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Popesku JT, Martyniuk CJ, Mennigen J, Xiong H, Zhang D, Xia X, Cossins AR, Trudeau VL. The goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model for neuroendocrine signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 293:43-56. [PMID: 18657592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) are excellent model organisms for the neuroendocrine signaling and the regulation of reproduction in vertebrates. Goldfish also serve as useful model organisms in numerous other fields. In contrast to mammals, teleost fish do not have a median eminence; the anterior pituitary is innervated by numerous neuronal cell types and thus, pituitary hormone release is directly regulated. Here we briefly describe the neuroendocrine control of luteinizing hormone. Stimulation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and a multitude of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides is opposed by the potent inhibitory actions of dopamine. The stimulatory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin are also discussed. We will focus on the development of a cDNA microarray composed of carp and goldfish sequences which has allowed us to examine neurotransmitter-regulated gene expression in the neuroendocrine brain and to investigate potential genomic interactions between these key neurotransmitter systems. We observed that isotocin (fish homologue of oxytocin) and activins are regulated by multiple neurotransmitters, which is discussed in light of their roles in reproduction in other species. We have also found that many novel and uncharacterized goldfish expressed sequence tags in the brain are also regulated by neurotransmitters. Their sites of production and whether they play a role in neuroendocrine signaling and control of reproduction remain to be determined. The transcriptomic tools developed to study reproduction could also be used to advance our understanding of neuroendocrine-immune interactions and the relationship between growth and food intake in fish.
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87
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Ampatzis K, Kentouri M, Dermon CR. Neuronal and glial localization of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:72-93. [PMID: 18300261 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor (AR) subtype, a G protein-coupled receptor located both pre- and postsynaptically, mediates adrenaline/noradrenaline functions. The present study aimed to determine the alpha(2A)-AR distribution in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain by means of immunocytochemistry. Detailed mapping showed labeling of alpha(2A)-ARs, in neuropil, neuronal somata and fibers, glial processes, and blood vessels. A high density of alpha(2A)-AR immunoreactivity was found in the ventral telencephalic area, preoptic, pretectal, hypothalamic areas, torus semicircularis, oculomotor nucleus (NIII), locus coreruleus (LC), medial raphe, medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), magnocellular octaval nucleus (MaON), reticular formation (SRF, IMRF, IRF), rhombencephalic nerves and roots (DV, V, VII, VIII, X), and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. Moderate levels of alpha(2A)-ARs were observed in the medial and central zone nuclei of dorsal telencephalic area, in the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum, in the dorsomedial part of optic tectum layers, and in the molecular and granular layers of all cerebellum subdivisions. Glial processes were found to express alpha(2A)-ARs in rhombencephalon, intermingled with neuronal fibers. Medium-sized neurons were labeled in telencephalic, diencephalic, and mesencephlic areas, whereas densely labeled large neurons were found in rhombencephalon, locus coeruleus, reticular formation, oculomotor area, medial octavolateralis and magnocellular octaval nuclei, and Purkinje cell somata. The functional role of alpha(2A)-ARs on neurons and glial processes is not known at present; however, their strong relation to the ventricular system, somatosensory nuclei, and nerves supports a possible regulatory role of alpha(2A)-ARs in autonomic functions, nerve output, and sensory integration in adult zebrafish brain.
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88
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Sanek NA, Grinblat Y. A novel role for zebrafish zic2a during forebrain development. Dev Biol 2008; 317:325-35. [PMID: 18358464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of transcription factor expression establish a blueprint for the vertebrate forebrain early in embryogenesis. In the future diencephalon, several genes with patterned expression have been identified, yet their specific functions and interactions between them are not well understood. We have uncovered a crucial role for one such gene, zic2a, during formation of the anterior diencephalon in zebrafish. We show that zic2a is required for transcription of the prethalamic markers arx and dlx2a. This function is required during early steps of prethalamic development, soon after its specification. zic genes are evolutionarily related to glis, transcription factors that mediate hedgehog signaling. Intriguingly, the hedgehog signaling pathway also acts to promote development of the prethalamus. We asked if zic2a interacts with hedgehog signaling in the context of forebrain development in zebrafish. Our data show that hedgehog signaling and zic2a function at different times, and therefore act in parallel pathways during forebrain development. Taken together, our results identify Zic2a as a novel regulator of prethalamic development, and show that it functions independently of hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Sanek
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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89
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Yamamoto N, Ito H. Visual, lateral line, and auditory ascending pathways to the dorsal telencephalic area through the rostrolateral region of the lateral preglomerular nucleus in cyprinids. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:615-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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90
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Mueller T, Wullimann MF, Guo S. Early teleostean basal ganglia development visualized by ZebrafishDlx2a,Lhx6,Lhx7,Tbr2 (eomesa), andGAD67 gene expression. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1245-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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91
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Strähle U, Rastegar S. Conserved non-coding sequences and transcriptional regulation. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:225-30. [PMID: 18331875 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes coding for transcription factors and developmental regulators have a high likelihood to harbour cis-regulatory regions that are structurally conserved among orthologous genes in the vertebrate lineage. These regions can span up to several hundred basepairs with 70 and more percent sequence identity between fish and mammals. Even though this conservation is an efficient tool to discover cis-regulatory regions, we know little about why these specific genes maintain such highly conserved regulatory sequences. Here, we summarise work of the past few years on the regulatory modules of the sonic hedgehog and neurogenin1 genes. We will discuss the high sequence conservation of the regulatory elements in the context of models of enhancer evolution. Our data suggest that conservation of sequence does not necessarily imply a conserved function in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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92
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Carpenter RE, Watt MJ, Forster GL, Øverli Ø, Bockholt C, Renner KJ, Summers CH. Corticotropin releasing factor induces anxiogenic locomotion in trout and alters serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. Horm Behav 2007; 52:600-11. [PMID: 17826776 PMCID: PMC3889481 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) are strongly linked to stress and anxiety in vertebrates. As a neuromodulator in the brain, CRF has anxiogenic properties often characterized by increased locomotion and stereotyped behavior in familiar environments. We hypothesized that expression of anxiogenic behavior in response to CRF will also be exhibited in a teleost fish. Rainbow trout were treated with intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), 500 or 2000 ng ovine CRF, or not injected. Treatment with either dose of CRF elicited greater locomotion and pronounced head shaking behavior but did not influence water column position. Locomotor and head shaking behaviors may be analogous to the increased stereotypy evoked by icv CRF in rats and may reflect the expression of stress/anxiety behavior. Injection with either aCSF or CRF produced significant increases in plasma cortisol. The absence of behavioral changes in aCSF-injected fish suggests that the behavioral responses following CRF were not due to cortisol. Treatment with 2000 ng CRF significantly increased serotonin, 5-HIAA and dopamine concentrations in the subpallium and raphé and increased 5-HIAA in the preoptic hypothalamus (POA). Concurrent effects of CRF on central monoamines, locomotion and head shaking in trout suggest that anxiogenic properties of CRF are evolutionarily conserved. In addition, positive linear correlations between locomotion and serotonergic and dopaminergic function in the subpallium, POA and raphé nuclei suggest a locomotory function for these monoamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ E. Carpenter
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Michael J. Watt
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Gina L. Forster
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Craig Bockholt
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gavins Point National Fish Hatchery, Yankton, SD 57078 USA
| | - Kenneth J. Renner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Cliff H. Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- Corresponding author: Cliff H. Summers, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069-2390, 605 677 6177, , fax: 605 677 6557
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93
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Northcutt RG. Forebrain evolution in bony fishes. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:191-205. [PMID: 18331871 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The bony fishes consist of ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. In ray-finned fishes, the forebrain forms a morphocline from the cladistian bichirs through teleosts regarding the number and increasing complexity of pallial connections. The nuclei of the posterior tubercle parallel this increase in complexity, but the dorsal thalamic nuclei do not. The primary targets of the dorsal thalamic nuclei are the subpallial nuclei, whereas the primary targets of the posterior tubercle are various pallial divisions. Primitively, nucleus medianus is the primary projection nucleus of the posterior tubercle. It is either reduced or lost in teleosts, and its role is taken over by the preglomerular complex, which appears to develop from proliferative zones in both the thalamic alar plate and the posterior tubercle. Although there are numerous hodological data for the pallium in ray-finned fishes, there is no consensus regarding its homologies with other vertebrates. In contrast to ray-finned fishes, very few experimental data exist for lobe-finned fishes. The coelacanth, Latimeria, is extremely rare, and lungfishes are the best source for new experimental data. At this point, there are sufficient data to suggest that lungfishes are characterized by a pallium that is divided into four components, separate dorsal and ventral striatopallidal systems, and an amygdala that consists of anterior, central, lateral, and medial nuclei. The data suggest that telencephalic organization in lungfishes is far more similar to that in amphibians than was previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Northcutt
- Neurobiology Unit, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201, USA.
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94
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Pushchina EV, Fleishman MY, Timoshin SS. Proliferative zones in the brain of the Amur sturgeon fry. Interactions with neuromeres and migration of secondary matrix zones. Russ J Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360407050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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95
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Piñuela C, Northcutt RG. Immunohistochemical Organization of the Forebrain in the White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 69:229-53. [PMID: 17299256 DOI: 10.1159/000099612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in the forebrain of the white sturgeon in order to evaluate several anatomical hypotheses based on cytoarchitectonics, and to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the forebrain in ray-finned fishes. The subpallium of the telencephalon has the highest concentration of the neuropeptides SP and LENK, allowing the pallial-subpallial border to be easily distinguished. The distribution of dopamine is similar to that of serotonin in the subpallium, fibers positive for these transmitters are particularly dense in the dorsal and ventral divisions of the subpallium. In addition, a small population of DA- and 5HT-positive cell bodies--which appear to be unique to sturgeons--was identified at the level of the anterior commissure. The internal granular layer of the olfactory bulbs had large numbers of TH-positive cell bodies and fibers, as did the rostral subpallium. The occurrence of cell bodies positive for LENK in the dorsal nucleus of the rostral subpallium supports the hypothesis that this nucleus is homologous to the striatum in other vertebrates. This is further reinforced by the apparent origin of an ascending dopaminergic pathway from cells in the posterior tubercle that are likely homologous to the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra in land vertebrates. Finally, the differential distribution of SP and TH in the pallium supports the hypothesis that the pallium, or area dorsalis, can be divided medially into a rostral division (Dm), a caudal division (Dp) that is the main pallial target of secondary olfactory projections, and a narrow lateral division (Dd+Dl) immediately adjacent to the attachment of the tela choroidea along the entire rostrocaudal length of the telencephalic hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Piñuela
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
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96
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Nikonov AA, Caprio J. Responses of olfactory forebrain units to amino acids in the channel catfish. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:2490-8. [PMID: 17251362 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01198.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A paucity of information exists concerning the processing of odorant information by single neurons in any vertebrate above the level of the olfactory bulb (OB). In this report, odorant specificity to four types of L-alpha-amino acids (neutral with long side-chains, neutral with short side-chains, basic and acidic), known biologically relevant odorants for teleosts, was determined for 217 spontaneously active forebrain (FB) neurons in the channel catfish. Group I FB units were identified that were excited by only one of four types of amino acids; no Group I unit was encountered that was excited by an acidic amino acid. The Group I FB units exhibited similar preferences as described previously for OB neurons, suggesting that no major modifications of olfactory information for at least some of these units occurred between the OB and FB. Evidence, however, for the convergence of odor information between the OB and FB was suggested by Group II FB units that exhibited a broader excitatory molecular receptive range (EMRR) than those of previously recorded types of OB units or the Group I FB units. Group II FB units were excited by both neutral and basic amino acids and a few also by acidic amino acids, EMRRs not observed previously in OB units. Stimulus-induced inhibition, likely for contrast enhancement, was also often observed for the many of the FB units encountered. The observed EMRRs of the FB units presently identified and those of the OB units previously studied are consistent with the ability of catfish to behaviorally discriminate these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Nikonov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg., Rm 202, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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97
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Ishikawa Y, Yamamoto N, Yoshimoto M, Yasuda T, Maruyama K, Kage T, Takeda H, Ito H. Developmental Origin of Diencephalic Sensory Relay Nuclei in Teleosts. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 69:87-95. [PMID: 17230016 DOI: 10.1159/000095197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We propose here a novel interpretation of the embryonic origin of cells of diencephalic sensory relay nuclei in teleosts based on our recent studies of gene expression patterns in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryonic brain and comparative hodological studies. It has been proposed that the diencephalic sensory relay system in teleosts is unique among vertebrates. Teleost relay nuclei, the preglomerular complex (PG), have been assumed to originate from the basal plate (the posterior tuberculum) of the diencephalon, whereas relay nuclei in mammals are derived from the alar plate (dorsal thalamus) of the diencephalon. Our results using in situ hybridization show, however, that many pax6- or dlx2-positive cells migrate laterally and ventrocaudally from the diencephalic alar plate to the basal plate during development. Massive clusters of the migrated alar cells become localized in the mantle layer lateral to the posterior tubercular neuroepithelium, from which main nuclei of the PG appear to differentiate. We therefore consider most if not all neurons in the PG to be of alar, not basal, origin. Thus, the teleost PG, at least in part, can be regarded as migrated alar nuclei. Developmental and hodological data strongly suggest that the teleost PG is homologous to a part of the mammalian dorsal thalamus. The organization and origin of the diencephalic sensory relay system might have been conserved across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishikawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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98
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Vieira C, Martinez S. Sonic hedgehog from the basal plate and the zona limitans intrathalamica exhibits differential activity on diencephalic molecular regionalization and nuclear structure. Neuroscience 2006; 143:129-40. [PMID: 17045408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The diencephalon is the most complex area of the vertebrate brain, being particularly complex in amniotes. It has been suggested that diencephalic regionalization partially depends on local signaling mediated by sonic hedgehog (Shh). However, since the Shh gene is expressed in both the diencephalic basal plate and the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), it is still unclear which of these tissues exerts morphogenetic influence on thalamic regionalization. In the present study using chick and quail embryos, we have found that although Shh from the ZLI and the basal plate induces ectopic expression of diencephalic genes in the posterior prosencephalic alar plate, only Shh originating from the ZLI can induce ectopic gene expression in the anterior alar plate, indicating that the ZLI exerts specific activity in the anterior epithelium. By introducing microbarriers between the diencephalic alar neuroepithelium and either the ZLI or the basal plate, we generated local loss of Shh expression in the ZLI, leading to alterations in molecular regionalization and subsequently, in the nuclear organization of the alar diencephalic derivatives on both sides of the ZLI. We thus demonstrate in vivo that basal signals are required to induce Shh expression in the ZLI and that Shh from the ZLI plays a pivotal role in regionalizing the alar diencephalon. The structural phenotype of Shh abolition in the ZLI consisted of a progressive pattern of alterations in diencephalic organization which were associated with the observed gradient effects in the molecular regionalization of the diencephalon. We conclude that the ZLI is a secondary organizer which exerts its morphogenetic activity through Shh.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vieira
- Alicante Institute of Neuroscience, UMH-CSIC, Miguel Hernandez University, Campus de San Juan, N-332 Km 87, E-03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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99
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Ettl AK, Holzschuh J, Driever W. The zebrafish mutation m865 affects formation of dopaminergic neurons and neuronal survival, and maps to a genetic interval containing the sepiapterin reductase locus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211 Suppl 1:73-86. [PMID: 17024299 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish mutation m865 was isolated during a large-scale mutagenesis screen aimed at identifying genes involved in the development and maintenance of subgroups of neurons in the zebrafish central nervous system. The phenotype of m865 mutant embryos shows defects in the development of dopaminergic neurons in the pretectum and of retinal amacrine cells, as well as abnormal caudal dopaminergic cluster in the diencephalon. The effects of the mutation appear not to be restricted to dopaminergic neurons, as development of other neurotransmitter systems (serotonergic and cholinergic) is impaired as well. Furthermore, increased apoptosis is localized to the m865 mutant retina and in the optic tectum starting at 24hpf, and may lead to the observed reduced size of the mutant head and eye. Early patterning is not affected in m865 mutant embryos, and expression of genes known to play a role in dopaminergic cell differentiation is normal except for reduced expression of nurr1 in the mutant retina. Thus the m865 mutation does not specifically affect dopaminergic neuron development. m865 was genetically mapped to linkage group 5, and the critical genomic interval could be narrowed down to a region of 110 kb, containing four candidate genes. For one of these candidate genes, sepiapterin reductase (spr), a requirement for neuronal survival has previously been implicated, including dopaminergic neurons. Identification of the mutated gene should lead to a more detailed understanding of the defects observed in m865 mutant embryos, and potentially could enhance the understanding of the development and maintenance of specific dopaminergic neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Ettl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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100
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Salas C, Broglio C, Durán E, Gómez A, Ocaña FM, Jiménez-Moya F, Rodríguez F. Neuropsychology of Learning and Memory in Teleost Fish. Zebrafish 2006; 3:157-71. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Salas
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Broglio
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilio Durán
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonia Gómez
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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