51
|
Abbott DW, Boraston AB. Quantitative approaches to the analysis of carbohydrate-binding module function. Methods Enzymol 2012; 510:211-31. [PMID: 22608728 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415931-0.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are important components of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Their primary functions are to assist in substrate turnover by targeting appended catalytic modules to substrate and concentrating appended catalytic modules on the surface of substrate. Presented here are four well-established methodologies for investigating and quantifying the CBM-polysaccharide binding relationship. These methods include: (1) the solid state depletion assay, (2) affinity gel electrophoresis, (3) UV difference and fluorescence spectroscopy, and (4) isothermal titration calorimetry. In addition, entropy-driven CBM-crystalline cellulose binding events and differential approaches to calculating stoichiometry with polyvalent polysaccharide ligands are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Liu YS, Ding SY, Himmel ME. Single-molecule tracking of carbohydrate-binding modules on cellulose using fluorescence microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 908:129-140. [PMID: 22843396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence detection is an invaluable technique for the study of molecular behavior in biological systems, both in vitro and in vivo. In this chapter, we focus on detailed protocols that utilize Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRF-M) to visualize single molecules of carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The content describes step-by-step sample preparation and data acquisition, processing, and analysis. These methods can also be further used to study interactions between domains of cellulase molecules and between cellulases and cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-San Liu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Caparrós C, López C, Torrell M, Lant N, Smets J, Cavaco-Paulo A. Treatment of cotton with an alkaline Bacillus spp cellulase: Activity towards crystalline cellulose. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
54
|
Harrison MD, Geijskes J, Coleman HD, Shand K, Kinkema M, Palupe A, Hassall R, Sainz M, Lloyd R, Miles S, Dale JL. Accumulation of recombinant cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase in the leaves of mature transgenic sugar cane. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:884-96. [PMID: 21356003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A major strategic goal in making ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass a cost-competitive liquid transport fuel is to reduce the cost of production of cellulolytic enzymes that hydrolyse lignocellulosic substrates to fermentable sugars. Current production systems for these enzymes, namely microbes, are not economic. One way to substantially reduce production costs is to express cellulolytic enzymes in plants at levels that are high enough to hydrolyse lignocellulosic biomass. Sugar cane fibre (bagasse) is the most promising lignocellulosic feedstock for conversion to ethanol in the tropics and subtropics. Cellulolytic enzyme production in sugar cane will have a substantial impact on the economics of lignocellulosic ethanol production from bagasse. We therefore generated transgenic sugar cane accumulating three cellulolytic enzymes, fungal cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), CBH II and bacterial endoglucanase (EG), in leaves using the maize PepC promoter as an alternative to maize Ubi1 for controlling transgene expression. Different subcellular targeting signals were shown to have a substantial impact on the accumulation of these enzymes; the CBHs and EG accumulated to higher levels when fused to a vacuolar-sorting determinant than to an endoplasmic reticulum-retention signal, while EG was produced in the largest amounts when fused to a chloroplast-targeting signal. These results are the first demonstration of the expression and accumulation of recombinant CBH I, CBH II and EG in sugar cane and represent a significant first step towards the optimization of cellulolytic enzyme expression in sugar cane for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Harrison
- Syngenta Centre for Sugarcane Biofuels Development, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mahadevan SA, Wi SG, Kim YO, Lee KH, Bae HJ. In planta differential targeting analysis of Thermotoga maritima Cel5A and CBM6-engineered Cel5A for autohydrolysis. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:877-86. [PMID: 21152978 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of glycosyl hydrolases in bioenergy crops can improve the lignocellulosic conversion process for ethanol production. We attempted to obtain high-level expression of an intact Thermotoga maritima endoglucanase, Cel5A, and CBM6-engineered Cel5A in transgenic tobacco plants for the mass production and autohydrolysis of endoglucanase. Cel5A expression was targeted to different subcellular compartments, namely, the cytosol, apoplast, and chloroplast, using the native form of the pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR1a) and Rubisco activase (RA) transit peptides. Cel5A transgenic tobacco plants with the chloroplast transit peptide showed the highest average endoglucanase activity and protein accumulation up to 4.5% total soluble protein. Cel5A-CBM6 was targeted to the chloroplast and accumulated up to 5.2% total soluble protein. In terms of the direct conversion of plant tissue into free sugar, the Cel5A-CBM6 transgenic plant was 33% more efficient than the Cel5A transgenic plant. The protein stability of Cel5A and Cel5A-CBM6 in lyophilized leaf material is an additional advantage in the bioconversion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Arumugam Mahadevan
- Department of Forest Products and Technology (BK21 Program), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Quantitative investigation of non-hydrolytic disruptive activity on crystalline cellulose and application to recombinant swollenin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1353-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
57
|
Wan W, Wang D, Gao X, Hong J. Expression of family 3 cellulose-binding module (CBM3) as an affinity tag for recombinant proteins in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:789-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
58
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Harris JM, Epting KL, Kelly RM. N-terminal fusion of a hyperthermophilic chitin-binding domain to xylose isomerase from Thermotoga neapolitana enhances kinetics and thermostability of both free and immobilized enzymes. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:993-1000. [PMID: 20730758 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of a thermostable D-xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) from Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 (TNXI) on chitin beads was accomplished via a N-terminal fusion with a chitin-binding domain (CBD) from a hyperthermophilic chitinase produced by Pyrococcus furiosus (PF1233) to create a fusion protein (CBD-TNXI). The turnover numbers for glucose to fructose conversion for both unbound and immobilized CBD-TNXI were greater than the wild-type enzyme: k(cat) (min(-1)) was approximately 1,000, 3,800, and 5,800 at 80 degrees C compared to 1,140, 10,350, and 7,000 at 90 degrees C, for the wild-type, unbound, and immobilized enzymes, respectively. These k(cat) values for the glucose to fructose isomerization measured are the highest reported to date for any XI at any temperature. Enzyme kinetic inactivation at 100 degrees C, as determined from a bi-phasic inactivation model, showed that the CBD-TNXI bound to chitin had a half-life approximately three times longer than the soluble wild-type TNXI (19.9 hours vs. 6.8 hours, respectively). Surprisingly, the unbound soluble CBD-TNXI had a significantly longer half-life (56.5 hours) than the immobilized enzyme. Molecular modeling results suggest that the N-terminal fusion impacted subunit interactions, thereby contributing to the enhanced thermostability of both the unbound and immobilized CBD-TNXI. These interactions likely also played a role in modifying active site structure, thereby diminishing substrate-binding affinities and generating higher turnover rates in the unbound fusion protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Harris
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Chimeric lactase capable of spontaneous and strong immobilization on cellulose and development of a continuous-flow system for lactose hydrolysis at high temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:8071-5. [PMID: 20935120 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01517-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant plasmids containing fusion proteins composed of two different modules were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. The modules encoded the lactase LacA (LacZ) from the thermophilic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus and the cellulase CelD, a cellulose-binding module (CBM) from Anaerocellum thermophilum. The CelD CBM provides a spontaneous and strong sorption of the fusion proteins onto a cellulose carrier. The enzymatic activities of both the free LacA protein and LacA-CelD CBM fusion proteins immobilized onto the cellulose carrier were assessed. The LacA activity of the fusion protein was dependent upon its position with respect to the CBM. The highest level of lactase activity and stability was observed when the lactase domain was localized at its N terminus. A continuous-flow column reactor of lactase immobilized on a cellulose carrier was constructed, and its activity was assessed. The lactose hydrolysis rate for a 150 mM (5%) solution at a flow rate of 1 reactor volume per min was 75%, which is a value optimal for further whey transformation into glucose/galactose syrup.
Collapse
|
61
|
Characterization of Thermobifida fusca cutinase-carbohydrate-binding module fusion proteins and their potential application in bioscouring. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6870-6. [PMID: 20729325 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00896-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutinase from Thermobifida fusca is thermally stable and has potential application in the bioscouring of cotton in the textile industry. In the present study, the carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) from T. fusca cellulase Cel6A (CBM(Cel6A)) and Cellulomonas fimi cellulase CenA (CBM(CenA)) were fused, separately, to the carboxyl terminus of T. fusca cutinase. Both fusion enzymes, cutinase-CBM(Cel6A) and cutinase-CBM(CenA), were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Enzyme characterization showed that both displayed similar catalytic properties and pH stabilities in response to T. fusca cutinase. In addition, both fusion proteins displayed an activity half-life of 53 h at their optimal temperature of 50°C. Compared to T. fusca cutinase, in the absence of pectinase, the binding activity on cotton fiber was enhanced by 2% for cutinase-CBM(Cel6A) and by 28% for cutinase-CBM(CenA), whereas in the presence of pectinase, the binding activity was enhanced by 40% for the former and 45% for the latter. Notably, a dramatic increase of up to 3-fold was observed in the amount of released fatty acids from cotton fiber by both cutinase-CBM fusion proteins when acting in concert with pectinase. This is the first report of improving the scouring efficiency of cutinase by fusing it with CBM. The improvement in activity and the strong synergistic effect between the fusion proteins and pectinase suggest that they may have better applications in textile bioscouring than the native cutinase.
Collapse
|
62
|
Arantes V, Saddler JN. Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2010; 3:4. [PMID: 20178562 PMCID: PMC2844368 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient enzymatic saccharification of cellulose at low cellulase (protein) loadings continues to be a challenge for commercialization of a process for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol. Currently, effective pretreatment followed by high enzyme loading is needed to overcome several substrate and enzyme factors that limit rapid and complete hydrolysis of the cellulosic fraction of biomass substrates. One of the major barriers faced by cellulase enzymes is their limited access to much of the cellulose that is buried within the highly ordered and tightly packed fibrillar architecture of the cellulose microfibrils. Rather than a sequential 'shaving' or 'planing' of the cellulose fibrils from the outside, it has been suggested that these inaccessible regions are disrupted or loosened by non-hydrolytic proteins, thereby increasing the cellulose surface area and making it more accessible to the cellulase enzyme complex. This initial stage in enzymatic saccharification of cellulose has been termed amorphogenesis. In this review, we describe the various amorphogenesis-inducing agents that have been suggested, and their possible role in enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Arantes
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Karpol A, Kantorovich L, Demishtein A, Barak Y, Morag E, Lamed R, Bayer EA. Engineering a reversible, high-affinity system for efficient protein purification based on the cohesin-dockerin interaction. J Mol Recognit 2009; 22:91-8. [PMID: 18979459 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of cellulose by the anaerobic thermophilic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, is carried out by the multi-enzyme cellulosome complex. The enzymes on the complex are attached in a calcium-dependent manner via their dockerin (Doc) module to a cohesin (Coh) module of the cellulosomal scaffoldin subunit. In this study, we have optimized the Coh-Doc interaction for the purpose of protein affinity purification. A C. thermocellum Coh module was thus fused to a carbohydrate-binding module, and the resultant fusion protein was applied directly onto beaded cellulose, thereby serving as a non-covalent "activation" procedure. A complementary Doc module was then fused to a model protein target: xylanase T-6 from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. However, the binding to the immobilized Coh was only partially reversible upon treatment with EDTA, and only negligible amounts of the target protein were eluted from the affinity column. In order to improve protein elution, a series of truncated Docs were designed in which the calcium-coordinating function was impaired without appreciably affecting high-affinity binding to Coh. A shortened Doc of only 48 residues was sufficient to function as an effective affinity tag, and highly purified target protein was achieved directly from crude cell extracts in a single step with near-quantitative recovery of the target protein. Effective EDTA-mediated elution of the sequestered protein from the column was the key step of the procedure. The affinity column was reusable and maintained very high levels of capacity upon repeated rounds of loading and elution. Reusable Coh-Doc affinity columns thus provide an efficient and attractive approach for purifying proteins in high yield by modifying the calcium-binding loop of the Doc module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Karpol
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kurek DV, Lopatin SA, Varlamov VP. Prospects of application of the chitin-binding domains to isolation and purification of recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683809010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
66
|
Ye L, Filipe CDM, Kavoosi M, Haynes CA, Pelton R, Brook MA. Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto paper modification through bioconjugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b818410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
67
|
Wang Y, Yuan H, Wang J, Yu Z. Truncation of the cellulose binding domain improved thermal stability of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis JA18. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:345-9. [PMID: 18632263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminus region of endo-beta-glucanase Egl499 from Bacillus subtilis JA18 was suggested to be a putative family 3 cellulose-binding domain (CBD) by computer analysis. To prove this proposal, C-terminus truncation mutant Egl330 was constructed and expressed. Compared with Egl499, Egl330 lost the cellulose binding capability at 4 degrees C, confirming the C-terminus region was a CBD. Binding of the CBD to Avicel was inhibited by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), but not by barley beta-glucan and glucose at concentration of 0.1% and 0.5%. Kinetic analysis showed both the turnover rate (k(cat)) and the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of Egl330 increased for the substrate CMC compared to Egl499. A great improvement in thermal stability was observed in Egl330. The half life of Egl330 at 65 degrees C increased to three folds that of Egl499, from 10 to 29 min. After treated at 80 degrees C for 10 min, Egl330 could recover more than 60% of its original activity while Egl499 only recovered 12% activity. UV spectrometry analysis showed Egl330 and Egl499 differed in refolding efficiency after heat treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Nahálka J, Vikartovská A, Hrabárová E. A crosslinked inclusion body process for sialic acid synthesis. J Biotechnol 2008; 134:146-53. [PMID: 18313163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The propensity of a recombinant protein produced in bacteria to aggregate has been assumed to be unpredictable, and inclusion bodies have been thought of as wasted cell material. However, a target protein can be purposely driven to inclusion bodies, which demonstrate full cell tolerable activity. Sialic acid aldolase, N-terminally fused with the cellulose-binding module of Clostridium cellulovorans, was almost quantitatively physiologically aggregated into active inclusion bodies. These inclusion bodies were entrapped in alginate beads and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The immobilized biocatalyst generated by this crosslinked inclusion bodies (CLIB) technology was used in a repetitive batch protocol for sialic acid production that was monitored on-line by flow calorimetry. The required substrate, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, was obtained by partially improved alkaline epimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahálka
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Cao Y, Zhang Q, Wang C, Zhu Y, Bai G. Preparation of novel immunomagnetic cellulose microspheres via cellulose binding domain-protein A linkage and its use for the isolation of interferon alpha-2b. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:228-35. [PMID: 17391680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel method for immobilizing antibodies onto magnetic cellulose microspheres (MCMS) using a cellulose binding domain-protein A (CBD-ProA) linkage. Biospecific connection between antibodies and MCMS exhibited significant advantages compared to chemical coupling, including convenient and simple preparation, elimination of toxic compounds, and highly efficient antibody utilization. To evaluate the application of this method, interferon alpha-2b (IFN alpha-2b) was chosen as a model target for detailed analysis of method parameters, such as protein adsorption, antibody efficiency, and reproducibility of the matrix. After optimization and characterization, IFN alpha-2b was successfully purified from crude cell lysate in a single step by cross-linked anti-IFN alpha-2b IgG protein A-CBD-MCMS, purifying 106.1 microg IFN alpha-2b/mL matrix, corresponding to a 13-fold increase over the chemical coupling method. Size-exclusion HPLC identified that the IFN alpha-2b isolated by this method had an overall purity of 95.5%, while immunological and biological assays showed an activity recovery of 91.9% and specific antiviral activity of 2.67 x 10(8)IU/mg. Overall, this study effectively illustrates the favorable qualities of this immobilization method with precisely defined properties that provide an attractive strategy for developing large-scale purification suitable for targeting compounds in highly complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Santiago-Hernández A, Vega-Estrada J, del Carmen Montes-Horcasitas M, Hidalgo-Lara ME. Purification and characterization of two sugarcane bagasse-absorbable thermophilic xylanases from the mesophilic Cellulomonas flavigena. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:331-8. [PMID: 17219190 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the purification and characterization of two thermophilic xylanases from the mesophilic bacteria Cellulomonas flavigena grown on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as the only carbon source. Extracellular xylanase activity produced by C. flavigena was found both free in the culture supernatant and associated with residual SCB. To identify some of the molecules responsible for the xylanase activity in the substrate-bound fraction, residual SCB was treated with 3 M guanidine hydrochloride and then with 6 M urea. Further analysis of the eluted material led to the identification of two xylanases Xyl36 (36 kDa) and Xyl53 (53 kDa). The pI for Xyl36 was 5.0, while the pI for Xyl53 was 4.5. Xyl36 had a Km value of 1.95 mg/ml, while Xyl53 had a Km value of 0.78 mg/ml. In addition to SCB, Xyl36 and Xyl53 were also able to bind to insoluble oat spelt xylan and Avicel, as shown by substrate-binding assays. Xyl36 and Xyl53 showed optimal activity at pH 6.5, and at optimal temperature 65 and 55 degrees C, respectively. Xyl36 and Xyl53 retained 24 and 35%, respectively, of their original activity after 8 h of incubation at their optimal temperature. As far as we know, this is the first study on the thermostability properties of purified xylanases from microorganisms belonging to the genus Cellulomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santiago-Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, Mexico D. F., CP 07360, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Nahalka J, Nidetzky B. Fusion to a pull-down domain: a novel approach of producingTrigonopsis variabilisD-amino acid oxidase as insoluble enzyme aggregates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:454-61. [PMID: 17089401 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble protein particles showing high specific enzyme activity are potentially useful biocatalysts. The commercialized crosslinked enzyme crystals and aggregates have the disadvantage that their preparation requires isolation of the protein before the critical precipitation step. We introduce a novel concept of controlled precipitation in vivo in which the target enzyme is fused to the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) of Clostridium cellulovorans, and expression in Escherichia coli is performed under conditions that induce selective pull down of the folded chimeric protein via intermolecular self-aggregation of the CBD. The case of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis shows that upon fusion of the CBD to its N-terminus, the otherwise mainly soluble recombinant enzyme was quantitatively precipitated in protein particles, which displayed 40% of the specific activity of the highly purified oxidase. By contrast, inclusion bodies derived from an enzyme chimera, which harbored a C-terminal peptide tag, showed only little oxidase activity (<or= 10%). The aggregated CBD retained the ability to bind microcrystalline cellulose and flocculated polysaccharide particles upon attachment to them. The cellulose-bound oxidase was stabilized about 36 times against inactivation of the soluble enzyme during conversion of D-methionine and bubble aeration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, c/o Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Nahálka J, Gemeiner P. Thermoswitched immobilization—A novel approach in reversible immobilization. J Biotechnol 2006; 123:478-82. [PMID: 16442658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work is based on the finding that the mesophilic carbohydrate-binding domain from Clostridium cellulovorans fused with thermophilic enzymes from Pyrococcus furiosus can be reversibly denaturated and renaturated by a simple switch of temperature. Modular recombinant enzymes are active and free in the reaction mixture at 80-90 degrees C and deactivated and immobilized by affinity adsorption on cellulose at 40-30 degrees C. The temperature transition between both modes is rather sharp and occurs within the range of 40-50 degrees C. Due to the elevated temperature, there is no limitation by a diffusion step, and contamination does not occur during the reaction. After the reaction, the enzymes are quickly deactivated, adsorbed on the affinity matrix, removed from the reaction mixture, and ready for use in another reaction cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahálka
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Shoseyov O, Shani Z, Levy I. Carbohydrate binding modules: biochemical properties and novel applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:283-95. [PMID: 16760304 PMCID: PMC1489539 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms express a repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes that act in synergy on plant cell wall and other natural polysaccharides to elicit the degradation of often-recalcitrant substrates. These enzymes, particularly those that hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose, have a complex molecular architecture comprising discrete modules which are normally joined by relatively unstructured linker sequences. This structure is typically comprised of a catalytic module and one or more carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind to the polysaccharide. CBMs, by bringing the biocatalyst into intimate and prolonged association with its substrate, allow and promote catalysis. Based on their properties, CBMs are grouped into 43 families that display substantial variation in substrate specificity, along with other properties that make them a gold mine for biotechnologists who seek natural molecular "Velcro" for diverse and unusual applications. In this article, we review recent progress in the field of CBMs and provide an up-to-date summary of the latest developments in CBM applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Shoseyov
- The Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
To explore chitin-binding domain (ChBD)-based cell immobilization, a tripartite gene fusion consisting of an in-frame fusion of ChBD to lpp and ompA was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. ChBD-displayed cells exhibited highly specific and stable binding to chitin within a wide range of pHs (5 to 8) and temperatures (15 to 37 degrees C). These results illustrate the promising use of this approach for engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-You Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100 Wenhwa Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ofir K, Berdichevsky Y, Benhar I, Azriel-Rosenfeld R, Lamed R, Barak Y, Bayer EA, Morag E. Versatile protein microarray based on carbohydrate-binding modules. Proteomics 2005; 5:1806-14. [PMID: 15825150 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-DNA microarrays, such as protein, peptide and small molecule microarrays, can potentially revolutionize the high-throughput screening tools currently used in basic and pharmaceutical research. However, fundamental obstacles remain that limit their rapid and widespread implementation as an alternative bioanalytical approach. These include the prerequisite for numerous proteins in active and purified form, ineffectual immobilization strategies and inadequate means for quality control of the considerable numbers of multiple reagents. This study describes a simple yet efficient strategy for the production of non-DNA microarrays, based on the tenacious affinity of a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) for its three-dimensional substrate, i.e., cellulose. Various microarray formats are described, e.g., conventional and single-chain antibody microarrays and peptide microarrays for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus patients. CBM-based microarray technology overcomes many of the previous obstacles that have hindered fabrication of non-DNA microarrays and provides a technically simple but effective alternative to conventional microarray technology.
Collapse
|
76
|
Reed DC, Barnard GC, Anderson EB, Klein LT, Gerngross TU. Production and purification of self-assembling peptides in Ralstonia eutropha. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 46:179-88. [PMID: 16249097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides have emerged as an attractive scaffold material for tissue engineering, yet the expense associated with solid phase chemical synthesis has limited their broad use. In addition, the fidelity of chemical synthesis constrains the length of polypeptides that can be produced homogeneously by this method. Template-derived biosynthesis by recombinant DNA technology may overcome both of these problems. However, recovery of polypeptides from recombinant protein expression systems typically involves multi-step purification schemes. In this study, we report an integrated approach to recombinantly produce and purify self-assembling peptides from the recently developed expression host Ralstonia eutropha. The purification is based on the specific affinity of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) to cellulose. In a first step, we identified CBMs that express well in R. eutropha by assembling a fusion library of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and CBMs and determining the fluorescence of cell-free extracts. Three GFP::CBM fusions were found to express at levels similar to GFP alone, of which two CBMs were able to mediate cellulose binding of the GFP::CBM fusion. These two CBMs were then fused to multiple repeats of the self-assembling peptide RAD16-I::E (N-RADARADARADARADAE-C). The fusion protein CBM::E::(RAD16-I::E)4 was expressed in R. eutropha and purified using the CBM's affinity for cellulose. Subsequent proteolytic cleavage with endoproteinase GluC liberated RAD16-I::E peptide monomers with similar properties to the chemically synthesized counterpart RAD16-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Reed
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Huang HB, Chi MC, Hsu WH, Liang WC, Lin LL. Construction and one-step purification of Bacillus kaustophilus leucine aminopeptidase fused to the starch-binding domain of Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 α-amylase. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 27:389. [PMID: 16041515 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-005-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The starch-binding domain of Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 alpha-amylase was introduced into the C-terminal end of Bacillus kaustophilus leucine aminopeptidase (BkLAP) to generate a chimeric enzyme (BkLAPsbd) with raw-starch-binding activity. BkLAPsbd, with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 65 kDa, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli M15 cells and purified to homogeneity by nickel-chelate chromatography. Native PAGE and chromatographic analyses revealed that the purified fusion protein has a hexameric structure. The half-life for BkLAPsbd was 12 min at 70 degrees C, while less than 20% of wild-type enzyme activity retained at the same heating condition. Compared with the wild-type enzyme, the 60% decrease in the catalytic efficiency of BkLAPsbd was due to a 91% increase in K (m) value. Starch-binding assays showed that the K (d) and B (max) values for the fusion enzyme were 2.3 microM and 0.35 micromol/g, respectively. The adsorption of the crude BkLAPsbd onto raw starch was affected by starch concentration, pH, and temperature. The adsorbed enzyme could be eluted from the adsorbent by 2% soluble starch in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0). About 49% of BkLAPsbd in the crude extract was recovered through one adsorption-elution cycle with a purification of 11.4-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Bin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hwei Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 402-27, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chaiyi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi, 60083, Taiwan
| | - Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chaiyi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi, 60083, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Nakamura I, Yoneda H, Maeda T, Makino A, Ohmae M, Sugiyama J, Ueda M, Kobayashi S, Kimura S. Enzymatic Polymerization Behavior Using Cellulose-Binding Domain Deficient Endoglucanase II. Macromol Biosci 2005; 5:623-8. [PMID: 15988789 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mutant enzyme, EGII(core), in which the cellulose-binding domain was deleted from endoglucanase II from Trichoderma viride, was expressed in yeast, and the secreted enzyme was examined for the enzymatic polymerization to obtain artificial cellulose. EGII(core) polymerized beta-cellobiosyl fluoride to afford crystalline cellulose of type II. Comparison of the polymerization behavior of EGII(core) with that of EGII revealed the following: i) the crystalline product obtained with EGII(core) was stable in the polymerization solution, although the product was readily hydrolyzed in the presence of EGII; ii) the turnover number of EGII(core) was as high as that of EGII; iii) EGII(core) produced highly crystalline cellulose. EGII(core) is therefore advantageous for enzymatic polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Nakamura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hildén L, Johansson G. Recent developments on cellulases and carbohydrate-binding modules with cellulose affinity. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 26:1683-93. [PMID: 15604820 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-4579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review concerns basic research on cellulases and cellulose-specific carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). As a background, glycosyl hydrolases are also briefly reviewed. The nomenclature of cellulases and CBMs is discussed. The main cellulase-producing organisms and their cellulases are described. Synergy, enantioseparation, cellulases in plants, cellulosomes, cellulases and CBMs as analytical tools and cellulase-like enzymes are also briefly reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hildén
- WURC, Department of Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7008, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Yeh M, Craig S, Lum MG, Foong FC. Effects of the PT region of EngD and HLD of CbpA on solubility, catalytic activity and purification characteristics of EngD-CBDCbpA fusions from Clostridium cellulovorans. J Biotechnol 2005; 116:233-44. [PMID: 15707684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric proteins combining the catalytic N-terminal region of native EngD with its proline-threonine-threonine (PT) linker region, hydrophilic domain (HLD) and cellulose binding domain (CBD) of cellulose binding protein A (CbpA) from Clostridium cellulovorans were constructed, expressed, and analyzed. The chimeric proteins with CBD(CbpA) all demonstrated strong affinity to Avicel. The chimeric protein with the PT region of EngD and the HLD had the best catalytic activity and the highest estimated percentage of soluble protein amongst the chimeric proteins. Native EngD and two of the chimeric proteins (EngD-PT-HLD-CBD and EngD-CBD) were purified and their characteristics analyzed. Their binding affinities to Avicel as well as their enzymatic activities against various substrates were found to be consistent with the results we saw from protein lysate samples, which was good binding to Avicel but a decrease in solubility and catalytic activities in chimeric proteins without PT and/or HLD. The reasons for these are discussed. These fusion proteins may be important in applications, such as immobilization to solid cellulose substrate for purification of proteins and enrichment/aggregation of protein complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yeh
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Degani O, Gepstein S, Dosoretz CG. A new method for measuring scouring efficiency of natural fibers based on the cellulose-binding domain-beta-glucuronidase fused protein. J Biotechnol 2004; 107:265-73. [PMID: 14736462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) are characterized by their ability to strongly bind to different forms of cellulose. This study examined the use of a recombinant CBD fused to the reporter enzyme beta-glucuronidase (CBD-GUS) to determine the extent of removal of the water-repellent waxy component of cotton fiber cuticles following hydrolytic treatment, i.e., scouring. The CBD-GUS test displayed higher sensitivity and repeatability than conventional water absorb techniques applied in the textile industry. Increases in the levels of CBD-GUS bound to the exposed cellulose correlated to increases in the fabric's hydrophilicity as a function of the severity of the scouring treatment applied, clearly indicating that the amount of bound enzyme increases proportionally with the amount of available binding sites. The binding of CBD-GUS also gave measurable and repeatable results when used on untreated or raw fabrics in comparison with conventional water drop techniques. The quantitative response of the reaction as bound enzyme activity was optimized for fully wettable fabrics. A minimal free enzyme concentration-to-swatch weight ratio of 75:1 was found to be necessary to ensure enzyme saturation (i.e., a linear response), corresponding to a free enzyme-to-bound enzyme ratio of at least 3:5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Degani
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, South Industrial Zone, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Doi
- Section of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Lammerts van Bueren A, Boraston AB. Binding Sub-site Dissection of a Carbohydrate-binding Module Reveals the Contribution of Entropy to Oligosaccharide Recognition at “Non-primary” Binding Subsites. J Mol Biol 2004; 340:869-79. [PMID: 15223327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The optimal ligands for many carbohydrate-binding proteins are often oligosaccharides comprising two, three, or more monosaccharide units. The binding affinity for these sugars is increased incrementally by contributions from binding subsites on the protein that accommodate the individual monosaccharide residues of the oligosaccharide. Here, we use CsCBM6-1, a xylan-specific type B carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) from Clostridium stercorarium falling into amino acid sequence family CBM6, as a model system to investigate the structural and thermodynamic contributions of binding subsites in this protein to carbohydrate recognition. The three-dimensional structures of uncomplexed CsCBM6-1 (at 1.8 A resolution) and bound to the oligosaccharides xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose (at 1.70 A, 1.89 A, and 1.69 A resolution, respectively) revealed the sequential occupation of four subsites within the binding site in the order of subsites 2, 3, 4 then 1. Overall, binding to all of the xylooligosaccharides tested was enthalpically favourable and entropically unfavourable, like most protein-carbohydrate interactions, with the primary subsites 2 and 3 providing the bulk of the free energy and enthalpy of binding. In contrast, the contributions to the changes in entropy of the non-primary subsites 1 and 4 to xylotriose and xylotetraose binding, respectively, were positive. This observation is remarkable, in that it shows that the 10-20-fold improvement in association constants for oligosaccharides longer than a disaccharide is facilitated by favourable entropic contributions from the non-primary binding subsites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lammerts van Bueren
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Nigmatullin R, Lovitt R, Wright C, Linder M, Nakari-Setälä T, Gama M. Atomic force microscopy study of cellulose surface interaction controlled by cellulose binding domains. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 35:125-35. [PMID: 15261045 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal probe microscopy has been used to study the interaction between model cellulose surfaces and the role of cellulose binding domain (CBD), peptides specifically binding to cellulose, in interfacial interaction of cellulose surfaces modified with CBDs. The interaction between pure cellulose surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solution is dominated by double layer repulsive forces with the range and magnitude of the net force dependent on electrolyte concentration. AFM imaging reveals agglomeration of CBD adsorbed on cellulose surface. Despite an increase in surface charge owing to CBD binding to cellulose surface, force profiles are less repulsive for interactions involving, at least, one modified surface. Such changes are attributed to irregularity of the topography of protein surface and non-uniform distribution of surface charges on the surface of modified cellulose. Binding double CBD hybrid protein to cellulose surfaces causes adhesive forces at retraction, whereas separation curves obtained with cellulose modified with single CBD show small adhesion only at high ionic strength. This is possibly caused by the formation of the cross-links between cellulose surfaces in the case of double CBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nigmatullin
- Centre for Complex Fluids Processing, School of Engineering, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Abstract
Biodegradable starch- and cellulose-based polymers have a range of properties which make them suitable for use in a wide array of biomedical applications ranging from bone replacement to engineering of tissue scaffolds and drug delivery systems. A novel polysaccharide cross-bridging protein was designed which was comprised of a cellulose-binding domain from Clostridium cellulovorans (CBD(clos)) and a starch-binding domain from Aspergillus niger B1 (SBD(Asp)). The two genes were fused in-frame via a synthetic elastin gene to construct a Cellulose/Starch Cross bridging Protein (CSCP). Recombinant CSCP was expressed in Escherichia coli, and successfully refolded from inclusion bodies. CSCP demonstrated cross-bridging ability in different model systems composed of insoluble or soluble starch and cellulose. The aspect that different carbohydrate-binding module maintain their binding capacity over a wide range of conditions, without the need for chemical reactions, makes them attractive domains for designing new classes of chimeric polysaccharide-binding domains which demonstrate potential for use in a wide range of biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Levy
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Maurice S, Dekel M, Shoseyov O, Gertler A. Cellulose beads bound to cellulose binding domain-fused recombinant proteins; an adjuvant system for parenteral vaccination of fish. Vaccine 2003; 21:3200-7. [PMID: 12804848 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant form of the outer membrane protein (A-layer protein) associated with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida was expressed, fused to a cellulose binding domain (CBD) isolated from Clostridium cellulovorans. The resultant chimerical protein was bound to either Sigmacell 20((R)) or Orbicell cellulose particles. Common goldfish were injected intraperitoneally with the cellulose-protein complex and blood serum antibody levels produced against A-protein were examined weekly by means of ELISA. These titers were compared to those induced by immunization of goldfish with the same protein, with or without Freund's incomplete adjuvant, as well as to a standard bacterin-adjuvant system. Small Orbicell beads (1-10 microM) induced antibody levels that were equal to the titers produced by the adjuvanted protein and bacterin formulae. In comparison, the larger Sigmacell particles (10-20 microM) proved to be poor immunopotentiators. The long-term titer elicited from a single injection of A-protein bound to Orbicell beads was equivalent to that induced by two injections. All the vaccinated fish demonstrated memory to the A-layer protein after exposure to a pathogenic load of atypical A. salmonicida with Orbicell treated fish displaying the highest titer. No direct correlation was found between the presence of anti-A-protein antibodies and protection against infection. The paper describes a simple and safe method to increase the potential immunogenicity of soluble recombinant proteins by employing relatively inexpensive cellulose particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maurice
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Freiburg Building, Rm 10, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Fishman A, Levy I, Cogan U, Shoseyov O. Stabilization of horseradish peroxidase in aqueous-organic media by immobilization onto cellulose using a cellulose-binding-domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|