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Liu L, Derguini F, Gudas LJ. Metabolism and regulation of gene expression by 4-oxoretinol versus all-trans retinoic acid in normal human mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:771-9. [PMID: 19492420 PMCID: PMC3315369 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that 4-oxoretinol (4-oxo-ROL) activated retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in F9 stem cells. We showed that 4-oxo-ROL inhibited the proliferation of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). To understand the mechanisms by which 4-oxo-ROL regulates HMEC growth we examined gene expression profiles following 4-oxo-ROL or all-trans retinoic acid (tRA). We also compared growth inhibition by tRA, 4-oxo-ROL, or 4-oxo-RA. All three retinoids inhibited HMEC proliferation. Gene expression analyses indicated that 4-oxo-ROL and tRA modulated gene expression in closely related pathways. The expression of many genes, e.g. ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1); adrenergic receptorbeta2 (ADRB2); ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC2); and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1 gene (SDR1) was changed after 4-oxo-ROL or tRA. Metabolism of these retinoids was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In 1 microM tRA treated HMECs all of the tRA was found intracellularly, and tRA was the predominant intracellular retinoid. In 1 microM 4-oxo-ROL treated HMECs most 4-oxo-ROL was esterified to 4-oxoretinyl esters, no tRA was detected, and 4-oxo-ROL and 4-oxo-RA were observed intracellularly. In 1 microM 4-oxoretinoic acid (4-oxo-RA) treated HMECs little intracellular 4-oxo-RA was detected; most 4-oxo-RA was in the medium. Our results indicate that: (a) 4-oxo-ROL regulates gene expression and inhibits proliferation of HMECs; (b) 4-oxo-ROL and tRA regulate some of the same genes; (c) more tRA is found in cells, as compared to 4-oxoretinoic acid, when each drug is added at the same concentration in the medium; and (d) the mechanism by which 4-oxo-ROL exerts its biological activity does not involve intracellular tRA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Fadila Derguini
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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Müller P, Crofts JD, Newman BS, Bridgewater LC, Lin CY, Gustafsson JA, Ström A. SOX9 mediates the retinoic acid-induced HES-1 gene expression in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:317-26. [PMID: 19322650 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the anti-proliferative effect of retinoic acid in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is dependent on HES-1 expression. Here we show that retinoic acid induces HES-1 expression via upregulation of transcription factor SOX9. By expressing a dominant negative form of SOX9, disrupting endogenous SOX9 activity, the retinoic acid-induced HES-1 mRNA expression was inhibited. We found an enhancer regulating HES-1 expression: two SOX9 binding sites upstream of the HES-1 gene that were capable of binding SOX9 in vitro. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that SOX9 binding to the HES-1 enhancer was induced by retinoic acid in vivo. In reporter assays, transfection of a SOX9 expression plasmid increased the activity of the HES-1 enhancer. The enhancer responded to retinoic acid; furthermore, the expression of a dominant negative SOX9 abolished this response. Taken together, we present here a novel transcriptional mechanism in regulating hormone-dependent cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antiproliferative activities of new 13-cis-retinoyl ferrocene derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:2572-6. [PMID: 19231037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve biological behavior of the retinoyl derivatives, monoarylferrocenyl alcohols 9a and 9b were synthesized by an improved Suzuki cross-coupling method and their 13-cis-retinoic acid analogues were prepared in moderate to good yields via the Mitsunobu reaction. Their structures were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)CNMR, MS spectra and element analysis and their antiproliferative activities were determined in vitro using human cancer cell lines. The results of bioassay showed that these organometallic analogues exhibited higher antiproliferative activities than parent 13-cis-retinoic acid and other retinoyl derivatives.
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Liu X, Chan SY, Ho PCL. Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo effects of retinoids either alone or in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil on tumor development and metastasis of melanoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 63:167-74. [PMID: 18465132 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoids have previously been reported to inhibit proliferation of melanoma cell lines in vitro. However, the relative antimetastatic efficacy of various retinoids on melanoma in vivo is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different retinoids on the invasion and metastasis of murine melanoma B16-F10 cells in vitro and in vivo. Based on the findings, the antitumor effects of a selected retinoid either alone or in combination with cisplatin were also investigated in a preclinical mouse melanoma model. METHODS Cell proliferation and invasion analyses of murine melanoma B16-F10 cells were assessed in the presence of different retinoids, either alone or in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Experimental lung metastasis assay was performed in this study to investigate the antimetastatic efficacy of retinoids. Additionally, a mouse melanoma model was used to assess the antitumor efficacy of a selected retinoid in combination with cisplatin. RESULTS Retinoids showed significant antiproliferation and anti-invasion effects on murine melanoma B16-F10 cells. Pretreatment with retinoids increased the sensitivity to CDDP but not to 5-FU in in-vitro. Moreover, the number of metastatic colonies formed in the lungs of mice injected intravenously with B16-F10 cells was significantly reduced by injecting the respective retinoid once a day for 10 days. Treatment with a combination of cisplatin and 13-cis-retinoic acid resulted in a significant reduction in primary tumor size and the number of lung metastatic nodules in melanoma-bearing mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that retinoids not only exhibit antimetastatic effect, but also enhance the antitumor activity of cisplatin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Does variability in carotenoid composition and concentration in tissues of the breast and reproductive tract in women depend on type of lesion? Adv Med Sci 2008; 53:270-7. [PMID: 19095580 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-008-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin A takes part in many physiological and pathological processes in women's reproductive organs. The study objective was to compare the carotenoid content in benign and malignant lesions of the breast, ovary and uterus, and to demonstrate quantitative and qualitative similarities or differences between the study groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials for analysis were physiological and pathological tissues of breast, ovary and uterus. The carotenoid pigments were isolated using column chromatography (CC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Sixteen carotenoids were identified in the study material, including those belonging to the provitamin A group. The most common were: beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, mutatoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin. All the tissues subjected to analysis contained beta-carotene, 98% of the tissues had beta-cryptoxanthin, whereas alpha-carotene was detected in about 50% of breast tissue. No differences in carotenoid concentration were found between benign and malignant lesions in the examined tissues, apart from hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin and neoxanthin. Similarly, no differences in concentration of the provitamin A carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and echinenone) were found between benign and malignant lesions except hydroxyechinenone. The highest total content of carotenoids and the biggest spectrum of predominant carotenoids were found in the breast. Only in tissues of malignant lesions of the uterus, we observed statistically higher total content of carotenoids compared to remaining samples from the uterus (p<0.001) and more frequent isolation of some carotenoids (compared to benign lesions). CONCLUSION The results of our study confirmed the presence of a high diversity of carotenoids in the physiologic, benign and malignant tissues of the breast and the reproductive tract in women. The differences observed among the frequency of isolation of some carotenoids do not allow to make straightforward conclusions. The frequent isolation of provitamin A carotenoids in the examined material and the lack of their occurrence as major carotenoids may be connected with using them in the cellular biological processes. However, this requires further investigation.
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Chen H, Zhang H, Lee J, Liang X, Wu X, Zhu T, Lo PK, Zhang X, Sukumar S. HOXA5 acts directly downstream of retinoic acid receptor beta and contributes to retinoic acid-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8007-13. [PMID: 17804711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The promise of retinoids as chemopreventive agents in breast cancer is based on the differentiation and apoptosis induced upon their binding to the retinoic acid (RA) receptor beta (RARbeta). We have previously shown that HOXA5 induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether RA/RARbeta and HOXA5 actions intersect to induce apoptosis and differentiation in breast cancer cells. We found that HOXA5 expression can be induced by RA only in RARbeta-positive breast cancer cells. We have, for the first time, identified the RA response element in HOXA5, which was found to be located in the 3' end of the gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that RARbeta binds directly to this region in vivo. Overexpression of RARbeta strongly enhances RA responsiveness, and knocking down RARbeta expression abolishes RA-mediated induction of HOXA5 expression in breast cancer cells. In addition, there is coordinated loss of both HOXA5 and RARbeta expression during neoplastic transformation and progression in the breast epithelial cell model, MCF10A. Knockdown of HOXA5 expression partially abrogates retinoid-induced apoptosis and promotes cell survival upon RA treatment. These results strongly suggest that HOXA5 acts directly downstream of RARbeta and may contribute to retinoid-induced anticancer and chemopreventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Chen
- The Breast Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
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Helm CW, Lorenz DJ, Meyer NJ, Rising WR, Wulff JL. Retinoids for preventing the progression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD003296. [PMID: 17943787 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003296.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive cervical carcinoma is preceded by a precancerous phase, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), which can be detected on cervical smears and confirmed by colposcopy and biopsy. Moderate and severe intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN2 and CIN3) are treated mainly with surgery to prevent progression to invasive carcinoma. Medical methods of preventing the progression or inducing regression of CIN are needed. Retinoids are potent modulators of epithelial cell growth and differentiation and may have potential for the treatment of CIN. OBJECTIVES To ascertain whether retinoids can cause regression or prevent progression of CIN. SEARCH STRATEGY Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Review Group's Specialised Register and Non-Trials Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 2,2007),MEDLINE and EMBASE (June 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of retinoids for treating CIN in women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data from the trials. Adverse effects information was also collected from the trials. MAIN RESULTS Five RCTs comparing the efficacy of four different retinoids were identified. Two studies examined the effect on CIN2 and CIN3 of retinoids N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (fenretinide) (Follen 2001) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (aliretinoin) (Alvarez 2003) given orally and two examined the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid given topically to the cervix (Meyskens 1994; Ruffin 2004). The fifth study investigated the use of 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) given orally in HIV positive patients with CIN1 and condyloma (Robinson 2002).Four studies reported no significant effect of retinoids on the progression to higher grades of CIN, whilst the fifth did not report data on progression. In all studies retinoids had no significant effect on regression of CIN3. Two studies reported that retinoids were associated with regression of CIN2. One reported a greater complete regression of CIN2 over placebo, which was of borderline statistical significance, odds ratio(OR) = 0.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 1.02). The other study reported a non-significant dose-related trend towards increased rates of complete and partial regression compared with placebo. One study reported a significantly worse outcome in women receiving retinoid, OR for regression = 6.00 (95% CI 1.00 to 35.91). In general, the retinoid medications were well tolerated. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The retinoids studied are not effective at causing regression of CIN3 but may have some effect on CIN2. The data on CIN1 is inadequate. Retinoids are not effective at preventing progression of CIN of any grade. At the doses given and duration of treatment studied, the retinoids were reasonably well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Helm
- University of Louisville and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, 529 South Jackson Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Neville JA, Welch E, Leffell DJ. Management of nonmelanoma skin cancer in 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:462-9. [PMID: 17657251 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) increases, so does the number of modalities used to treat this condition. Surgery is the most frequent approach used to treat NMSC, and clinicians usually perform Mohs micrographic surgery, conventional excision, electrodesiccation and curettage or cryosurgery. The 'gold standard' for treatment continues to be Mohs micrographic surgery, but owing to the time and expense involved with this procedure, it is indicated only in patients with aggressive tumors or those where disfigurement or functional impairment is a risk. Although radiation therapy is effective, its use is limited because of the side effects induced; radiation therapy can be used in certain patients who are not surgical candidates. Newer noninvasive options for NMSC include topical chemotherapeutics, biological-immune-response modifiers, retinoids, and photodynamic therapy, which can be used particularly in patients with superficial tumors. Treatments should be tailored to tumor type, location, size, and histological pattern, and although surgical methods remain the most frequently used, newer noninvasive treatments can be used in select tumors and may reduce morbidity.
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Heim KC, White KA, Deng D, Tomlinson CR, Moore JH, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Selective repression of retinoic acid target genes by RIP140 during induced tumor cell differentiation of pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:57. [PMID: 17880687 PMCID: PMC2034384 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of retinoids as anti-cancer agents has been limited due to resistance and low efficacy. The dynamics of nuclear receptor coregulation are incompletely understood. Cell-and context-specific activities of nuclear receptors may be in part due to distinct coregulator complexes recruited to distinct subsets of target genes. RIP140 (also called NRIP1) is a ligand-dependent corepressor that is inducible with retinoic acid (RA). We had previously shown that RIP140 limits RA induced tumor cell differentiation of embryonal carcinoma; the pluriopotent stem cells of testicular germ cell tumors. This implies that RIP140 represses key genes required for RA-mediated tumor cell differentiation. Identification of these genes would be of considerable interest. Results To begin to address this issue, microarray technology was employed to elucidate in a de novo fashion the global role of RIP140 in RA target gene regulation of embryonal carcinoma. Subclasses of genes were affected by RIP140 in distinct manners. Interestingly, approximately half of the RA-dependent genes were unaffected by RIP140. Hence, RIP140 appears to discriminate between different classes of RA target genes. In general, RIP140-dependent gene expression was consistent with RIP140 functioning to limit RA signaling and tumor cell differentiation. Few if any genes were regulated in a manner to support a role for RIP140 in "active repression". We also demonstrated that RIP140 silencing sensitizes embryonal carcinoma cells to low doses of RA. Conclusion Together the data demonstrates that RIP140 has profound effects on RA-mediated gene expression in this cancer stem cell model. The RIP140-dependent RA target genes identified here may be particularly important in mediating RA-induced tumor cell differentiation and the findings suggest that RIP140 may be an attractive target to sensitize tumor cells to retinoid-based differentiation therapy. We discuss these data in the context of proposed models of RIP140-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Heim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
| | - Kristina A White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
| | - Dexin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA
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AlShahwan MA, AlGhamdi KM, AlSaif FM. Verrucous carcinoma presenting as giant plantar horns. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33:510-2. [PMID: 17430391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A AlShahwan
- Dermatology Department, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Verrucous Carcinoma Presenting as Giant Plantar Horns. Dermatol Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200704000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Borutinskaite VV, Navakauskiene R, Magnusson KE. Retinoic acid and histone deacetylase inhibitor BML-210 inhibit proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1091:346-55. [PMID: 17341627 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is believed to be the central cause of cervical cancer. The viral proteins E6 and E7 from high-risk HPV types prevent cells from differentiating apoptosis and inducing hyperproliferative lesions. Human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells contain integrated human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18). Retinoic acid (RA) is a key regulator of epithelial cell differentiation and a growth inhibitor in vitro of HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. Cellular responses to RA are mediated by nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. On the other hand, histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to be chemopreventive agents for the treatment of cancer cells. In this article, we have examined the antiproliferative effect of RA and histone deacetylase inhibitor BML-210 on HeLa cells, and particularly the effects on protein expression that may be involved in the cell cycle control and apoptosis. Our data suggest that a combination of RA and BML-210 leads to cell growth inhibition with subsequent apoptosis in a treatment time-dependent manner. We confirm that BML-210 alone or in combination with RA causes a marked increase in the level of p21. The changes in the p53 level are under the influence of p38 phosphorylation. We also discovered that the histone deacetylase inhibitor BML-210 causes increased levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and phosphorylated p38 MAP Kinase; the latter link in cell cycle arrest with response to extracellular stimuli. Our results suggest that RA and BML-210 are involved in different signaling pathways that regulate cell cycle arrest and lead to apoptosis of HeLa cells.
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Xiang J, Jiang L, Chen C, Fu Z, Duan J, He X, Wang K. Studies on the Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of 13‐cis‐Retinoyl Sugar Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600966497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Nan Xiang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha, China
- b Bio‐medicine Engineering Center , Hunan University , Changsha, China
- c State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics , Hunan University , Changsha, China
| | - Li‐Hui Jiang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha, China
| | - Chao‐Yue Chen
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi‐ying Fu
- c State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics , Hunan University , Changsha, China
| | - Jun‐Fei Duan
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha, China
| | - Xiao‐Xiao He
- b Bio‐medicine Engineering Center , Hunan University , Changsha, China
- c State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics , Hunan University , Changsha, China
| | - Ke‐Min Wang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha, China
- b Bio‐medicine Engineering Center , Hunan University , Changsha, China
- c State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics , Hunan University , Changsha, China
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Garattini E, Gianni' M, Terao M. Cytodifferentiation by retinoids, a novel therapeutic option in oncology: rational combinations with other therapeutic agents. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2007; 75:301-54. [PMID: 17368321 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)75012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) and derivatives are promising antineoplastic agents endowed with both therapeutic and chemopreventive potential. Although the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid is an outstanding example, the full potential of retinoids in oncology has not yet been explored and a more generalized use of these compounds is not yet a reality. One way to enhance the therapeutic and chemopreventive activity of RA and derivatives is to identify rational combinations between these compounds and other pharmacological agents. This is now possible given the information available on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of retinoids. At the cellular level, the antileukemia and anticancer activity of retinoids is the result of three main actions, cytodifferentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. Cytodifferentiation is a particularly attractive modality of treatment and differentiating agents promise to be less toxic and more specific than conventional chemotherapy. This is the result of the fact that cytotoxicity is not the primary aim of differentiation therapy. At the molecular level, retinoids act through the activation of nuclear retinoic acid receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. The cellular pathways and molecular networks relevant for retinoid activity are modulated by a panoply of other intracellular and extracellular pathways that may be targeted by known drugs and other experimental therapeutics. This chapter aims to summarize and critically discuss the available knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Garattini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Centro Catullo e Daniela Borgomainerio, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Alfonso HS, Fritschi L, de Klerk NH, Ambrosini GL, Beilby J, Olsen N, Musk AW. Plasma vitamin concentrations and incidence of mesothelioma and lung cancer in individuals exposed to crocidolite at Wittenoom, Western Australia. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:290-4. [PMID: 16835500 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200608000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased rates of death from asbestos-related diseases have been reported in former workers and residents exposed to crocidolite (blue asbestos) at Wittenoom (Western Australia). The relationships between plasma concentrations of retinol, carotene and vitamin E and incidence of mesothelioma and lung cancer in a cohort of people from this town were examined. The relationships were evaluated by survival analyses using data obtained at the first visit, at each visit and with the rate of change of each vitamin during the period of follow-up. Of 1953 study participants, 65 developed mesothelioma during the follow-up, and 47 developed lung cancer. A lower incidence of mesothelioma was related to plasma concentrations of retinol at the first visit [hazard ratio (HR)=0.63, 95% confidence interval=0.41-0.99], and to measurements at each visit (HR=0.71, 95% confidence interval=0.50-1.00). Plasma carotene concentrations at the first measurement, but not during the follow-up period, were associated with lower incidence of lung cancer in men and in workers. No significant associations were found between carotene concentrations and incidence of mesothelioma. Vitamin E concentrations were not significantly associated with mesothelioma or lung cancer incidence. These findings suggest that people with chronically low plasma levels of retinol have increased risk of developing mesothelioma and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helman S Alfonso
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Moulas AN, Gerogianni IC, Papadopoulos D, Gourgoulianis KI. Serum retinoic acid, retinol and retinyl palmitate levels in patients with lung cancer. Respirology 2006; 11:169-74. [PMID: 16548902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between dietary vitamin A intake and the risk of developing lung cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin A status in patients with lung cancer, by determining the serum levels of retinoic acid, retinol and retinyl palmitate. METHODS In total, 36 patients with lung cancer and 27 controls were assessed. Of the patients 14 had squamous cell carcinoma, 3 adenocarcinoma, 15 non-small cell lung cancer and 4 small cell lung cancer. Serum retinoic acid, retinol and retinyl palmitate levels were determined with HPLC and UV detection, after liquid extraction. RESULTS Serum retinol levels did not differ between patients (733.5 +/- 326.4 ng/mL) and controls (734.5 +/- 337.1 ng/mL). The retinyl palmitate concentration tended to be lower in patients (14.3 +/- 9.7 ng/mL) than in controls (16.7 +/- 13.7 ng/mL). The serum retinoic acid levels were significantly lower in patients (1.9 +/- 0.6 ng/mL) than in controls (2.5 +/- 1.1 ng/mL, P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the retinol and retinoic acid levels and retinyl palmitate and retinoic acid levels. CONCLUSIONS The lower levels of retinoic acid in patients with lung cancer suggest there may be a deficiency or impairment in retinol metabolism in these patients. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to evaluate the possible relationship between serum retinoid levels and lung cancer.
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67
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Norsa A, Martino V. Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with low performance status. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2006; 21:68-73. [PMID: 16480333 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of low performance status (PS) patients with advanced non-small-cell-lung cancer (NSCLC) is dismal. In these patients, we have determined the survival, clinical benefits, and toxicity of a multidrug regimen, based on cyclophosphamide and biotherapeutical agents. METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of stage IIIB or stage IV NSCLC, no previous surgery or chemoradiotherapy, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS equal to or greater than 2 received a daily combination of somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide. RESULTS Twenty-eight (28) patients were enrolled. The median age was 64 years (range, 35-74). The PS was 2 and 3 in 78.6% and 21.4% of patients, respectively. The median overall survival (intent-to-treat analysis) was 12.9 months (range, 1.5-33.5 months), The overall survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 51.2% and 21.1%, respectively. The side-effects were very mild, mostly consisting of diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, and drowsiness of grade 1-2. Most patients experienced an improvement of both respiratory (cough and dyspnoea) and general (pain, fatigue, and insomnia) symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Low PS patients with advanced NSCLC may benefit from a combination of somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide, in terms of survival and quality of life, with very low side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Norsa
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Ospedale Maggiore Azienda Ospedaliera, Verona, Italy.
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Kupumbati TS, Cattoretti G, Marzan C, Farias EF, Taneja R, Mira-y-Lopez R. Dominant negative retinoic acid receptor initiates tumor formation in mice. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:12. [PMID: 16563162 PMCID: PMC1444935 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid suppresses cell growth and promotes cell differentiation, and pharmacological retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activation is anti-tumorigenic. This begs the question of whether chronic physiological RAR activation by endogenous retinoids is likewise anti-tumorigenic. Results To address this question, we generated transgenic mice in which expression of a ligand binding defective dominant negative RARα (RARαG303E) was under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. The transgene was expressed in the lymphoid compartment and in the mammary epithelium. Observation of aging mice revealed that transgenic mice, unlike their wild type littermates, developed B cell lymphomas at high penetrance, with a median latency of 40 weeks. MMTV-RARαG303E lymphomas were high grade Pax-5+, surface H+L Ig negative, CD69+ and BCL6- and cytologically and phenotypically resembled human adult high grade (Burkitt's or lymphoblastic) lymphomas. We postulated that mammary tumors might arise after a long latency period as seen in other transgenic models of breast cancer. We tested this idea by transplanting transgenic epithelium into the cleared fat pads of wild type hosts, thus bypassing lymphomagenesis. At 17 months post-transplantation, a metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma developed in one of four transplanted glands whereas no tumors developed in sixteen of sixteen endogenous glands with wild type epithelium. Conclusion These findings suggest that physiological RAR activity may normally suppress B lymphocyte and mammary epithelial cell growth and that global RAR inactivation is sufficient to initiate a stochastic process of tumor development requiring multiple transforming events. Our work makes available to the research community a new animal resource that should prove useful as an experimental model of aggressive sporadic lymphoma in immunologically uncompromised hosts. We anticipate that it may also prove useful as a model of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara S Kupumbati
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Current address: Medtronic Heart Valves, 1851 E. DeereAvenue, Santa Ana, CA92705, USA
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christine Marzan
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eduardo F Farias
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rafael Mira-y-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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69
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Liu L, Gudas LJ. Disruption of the lecithin:retinol acyltransferase gene makes mice more susceptible to vitamin A deficiency. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40226-34. [PMID: 16174770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509643200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) catalyzes the esterification of retinol (vitamin A) in the liver and in some extrahepatic tissues, including the lung. We produced an LRAT gene knock-out mouse strain and assessed whether LRAT-/- mice were more susceptible to vitamin A deficiency than wild type (WT) mice. After maintenance on a vitamin A-deficient diet for 6 weeks, the serum retinol level was 1.34 +/- 0.32 microM in WT mice versus 0.13 +/- 0.06 microM in LRAT-/- mice (p < 0.05). In liver, lung, eye, kidney, brain, tongue, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, the retinol levels ranged from 0.05 pmol/mg (muscle and tongue) to 17.35 +/- 2.66 pmol/mg (liver) in WT mice. In contrast, retinol was not detectable (<0.007 pmol/mg) in most tissues from LRAT-/- mice after maintenance on a vitamin A-deficient diet for 6 weeks. Cyp26A1 mRNA was not detected in hepatic tissue samples from LRAT-/- mice but was detected in WT mice fed the vitamin A-deficient diet. These data indicate that LRAT-/- mice are much more susceptible to vitamin A deficiency and should be an excellent animal model of vitamin A deficiency. In addition, the retinol levels in serum rapidly increased in the LRAT-/- mice upon re-addition of vitamin A to the diet, indicating that serum retinol levels in LRAT-/- mice can be conveniently modulated by the quantitative manipulation of dietary retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abu J, Batuwangala M, Herbert K, Symonds P. Retinoic acid and retinoid receptors: potential chemopreventive and therapeutic role in cervical cancer. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6:712-20. [PMID: 16129372 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(05)70319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, which can be obtained from animal products (milk, liver, beef, fish oils, and eggs) and vegetables (carrots, mangos, sweet potatoes, and spinach). Retinoids regulate various important cellular functions in the body through specific nuclear retinoic-acid receptors and retinoid-X receptors, which are encoded by separate genes. Retinoic-acid receptors specifically bind tretinoin and alitretinoin, whereas retinoid-X receptors bind only alitretinoin. Retinoids have long been established as crucial for several essential life processes-healthy growth, vision, maintenance of tissues, reproduction, metabolism, tissue differentiation (normal, premalignant cells, and malignant cells), haemopoiesis, bone development, spermatogenesis, embryogenesis, and overall survival. Therefore, deficiency of vitamin A can lead to various unwanted biological effects. Several experimental and epidemiological studies have shown the antiproliferative activity of retinoids and their potential use in cancer treatment and chemoprevention. Emerging clinical trials have shown the chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive potential of retinoids in cancerous and precancerous conditions of the uterine cervix. In this review, we explore the potential chemopreventive and therapeutic roles of retinoids in preinvasive and invasive cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafaru Abu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radiation and Oxidative Stress Group, Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester, UK.
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71
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Lytle RA, Jiang Z, Zheng X, Higashikubo R, Rich KM. Retinamide-Induced Apoptosis in Glioblastomas is Associated with Down-Regulation of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 Proteins. J Neurooncol 2005; 74:225-32. [PMID: 16187019 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-7305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are among the most difficult neoplasms to treat with continued poor prognosis for long-term survival. Glioblastomas have developed effective mechanisms to resist chemotherapy including levels anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Chemotherapy agents that promote down-regulation of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 may enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy in glioblastomas. The ability of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide to modulate these anti-apoptotic proteins and to enhance apoptosis and chemotherapy was examined in glioblastoma cells. Expression of Bcl-2 family member proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were assessed in glioblastomas from three cell lines including U87, U251, and U138. Cells were treated with either retinamide alone or in combination with the chemotherapy agent, BCNU. The incidence of apoptosis was determined with flow cytometry analysis (FACS). Based on Western blots the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were decreased in glioblastoma cells after treatment with retinamide. Retinamide treatment resulted in increased ratios of deamidated verses transamidated levels of Bcl-xL in U87 cells. BCNU chemotherapy combined with retinamide markedly down-regulated levels of both Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins in glioblastoma and enhanced the incidence of apoptosis in U87 cells. These studies demonstrate that modulation of levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, may enhance the sensitivity of glioblastoma toward chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lytle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, 8057, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Lu M, Mira-y-Lopez R, Nakajo S, Nakaya K, Jing Y. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha, retinoic acid receptor alpha and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II genes is coordinately regulated in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:4362-9. [PMID: 15870697 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human breast cancer cell lines expressing the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) receptor alpha (RARalpha) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) genes are sensitive to ATRA-mediated growth inhibition. To study the relationship among ERalpha, RARalpha and CRABPII expression, the protein levels of each member were compared in five breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, ZR-75-1, Hs587 T and MDA-MB-231 cells) and two immortalized nontumorigenic breast epithelial cell lines (MTSV1.7 and MCF-10A). ERalpha, RARalpha and CRABPII proteins were detected in T47D, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells but not in other tested cell lines. RARalpha and CRABPII proteins were either reduced or undetectable in T47D/C4:2W and MCF-7/ADR cells with lost expression of ERalpha. Estradiol increased and anti-estrogens (tamoxifen and ICI 164,384) downregulated the expression of both RARalpha and CRABPII proteins in T47D and MCF-7 cells. RARalpha antagonist Ro-41-5253 inhibited CRABPII expression, but not RARalpha expression in estradiol-treated T47D and MCF-7 cells. Suppression of ERalpha by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced RARalpha and CRABPII gene expression and siRNA suppression of RARalpha reduced CRABPII expression while having no effect on ERalpha in T47D cells. Transient transfection of either RARalpha or ERalpha expression vectors increased CRABPII expression in MDA-MB-231 cells but only RARalpha, not ERalpha, activated hCRABPII promoter reporter. These results indicate that there is a gene activation pathway in which ERalpha drives RARalpha transcription and RARalpha drives CRABPII transcription in ERalpha-positive human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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73
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Alfonso HS, Fritschi L, de Klerk NH, Ambrosini G, Beilby J, Olsen N, Musk AW. Plasma Concentrations of Retinol, Carotene, and Vitamin E and Mortality in Subjects With Asbestosis in a Cohort Exposed to Crocidolite in Wittenoom, Western Australia. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47:573-9. [PMID: 15951717 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000165750.54747.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the relationships between plasma concentrations of retinol, carotene, and vitamin E and mortality associated with asbestosis in people previously exposed to crocidolite. METHODS Cox regression modeling was applied to examine these relationships at the first measurement of each vitamin, at the measurement at each visit, and with the rate of change of each vitamin during the follow-up. RESULTS There were 76 deaths of people with asbestosis during the follow-up period and 1885 subjects censored. Mortality in subjects with asbestosis was inversely related to plasma levels of retinol and Vitamin E concentrations and to their rate of increase during the follow-up. Carotene concentrations at first visit were associated with lower mortality but not during the follow up period. CONCLUSIONS Chronically low levels of these vitamins are associated with an increased risk of dying with asbestosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helman S Alfonso
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
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74
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Dulińska J, Gil D, Zagajewski J, Hartwich J, Bodzioch M, Dembińska-Kieć A, Langmann T, Schmitz G, Laidler P. Different effect of beta-carotene on proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:189-201. [PMID: 15949686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that high doses of beta-carotene (>30 microM) decrease proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. However, it is rather doubtful whether such concentration of beta-carotene is really accessible at cellular level. We studied the effect of 3 and 10 microM beta-carotene on proliferation and gene expression in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Beta-carotene--more efficiently absorbed from medium by androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells--increased proliferation of LNCaP cells whereas it had weaker effect on PC-3 cells. Initial global analysis of expression of genes in both cell lines treated with 10 microM beta-carotene (Affymetrix HG-U133A) showed remarkable differences in number of responsive genes. Their recognition allows for conclusion that differences between prostate cancer cell lines in response to beta-carotene treatment are due to various androgen sensitivities of LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Detailed analysis of expression of selected genes in beta-carotene treated LNCaP cells at the level of mRNA and protein indicated that the observed increase of proliferation could have been the result of slight induction of a few genes affecting proliferation (c-myc, c-jun) and apoptosis (bcl-2) with no significant effect on major cell cycle control genes (cdk2, RB, E2F-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. M. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
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75
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Yap KL, Liu X, Thenmozhiyal JC, Ho PC. Characterization of the 13-cis-retinoic acid/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes by phase solubility, photostability, physicochemical and computational analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:49-56. [PMID: 15854800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
13-cis-Retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) is a synthetic retinoid commonly used in the treatment of severe acne. It has also been found to possess potential chemopreventive activity. It has extremely low aqueous solubility and high photo-sensitivity. This study investigated the effects of the complexation of 13-cis-RA with alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) on its phase solubility. HP-beta-CD was found to be more effective in increasing the aqueous solubility of 13-cis-RA compared to alpha-CD. Phase solubility studies indicated that the solubility of 13-cis-RA was increased dramatically by the formation of inclusion complex with HP-beta-CD. The solubility was further enhanced by pH adjustment. The photostability of the selected inclusion complex of 13-cis-RA:HP-beta-CD was then evaluated. Complexation with HP-beta-CD was found to delay the photo-degradation of 13-cis-RA in aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the solid inclusion complex were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Molecular modeling with MMFF94s force field (SYBYL V6.6) was utilized to predict the preferred orientation of 13-cis-RA in the CD cavity and the main structural features responsible for the enhancement of its solubility and photostability. The energy scores estimated from the computational analysis were found capable of reflecting the stability constants of the cyclodextrin complexes obtained in the phase solubility studies. The results showed that HP-beta-CD was a proper excipient for increasing solubility and stability of 13-cis-RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Yap
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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76
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Rigas JR, Dragnev KH. Emerging role of rexinoids in non-small cell lung cancer: focus on bexarotene. Oncologist 2005; 10:22-33. [PMID: 15632250 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.10-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the introduction of third-generation antineoplastic agents in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has led to modest improvements in overall patient survival, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and improved therapies are needed. Retinoids play a critical role in the regulation of cell division, growth, differentiation, and proliferation, and they represent an exciting new avenue for targeted therapy. Several synthetic retinoids that bind to retinoic acid receptors are currently being investigated in a variety of tumor types. However, many of these agents have been associated with cheilitis, skin reactions, severe headache, and hypertriglyceridemia. Synthetic agents that bind specifically to retinoid X receptors are called rexinoids. Bexarotene (Targretin; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; San Diego, CA; http://www.ligand.com) is a novel, multitargeted synthetic rexinoid that is currently being investigated in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Phase I and II studies have demonstrated that bexarotene is safe and well tolerated in this patient population either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Patients treated with bexarotene experience manageable adverse events at reduced levels compared with retinoic acid receptor-specific retinoids. Bexarotene in combination with chemotherapeutic agents has demonstrated an encouraging median survival for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer compared with historical results with combination chemotherapy alone. Two phase III trials are currently under way to fully characterize the role of bexarotene in the treatment of this disease. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for rexinoids in the treatment of malignancies and to discuss the clinical profile of bexarotene in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Rigas
- Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Program, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer accounts for almost half a million cancer deaths a year, with an escalating incidence in the Western world. Alcohol has long been recognized as a major risk factor for cancer of the liver and of other organs including oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, and possibly the breast and colon. There is compelling epidemiologic data confirming the increased risk of cancer associated with alcohol consumption, which is supported by animal experiments. Cancer of the liver associated with alcohol usually occurs in the setting of cirrhosis. Alcohol may act as a cocarcinogen, and has strong synergistic effects with other carcinogens including hepatitis B and C, aflatoxin, vinyl chloride, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Acetaldehyde, the main metabolite of alcohol, causes hepatocellular injury, and is an important factor in causing increased oxidant stress, which damages DNA. Alcohol affects nutrition and vitamin metabolism, causing abnormalities of DNA methylation. Abnormalities of DNA methylation, a key pathway of epigenetic gene control, lead to cancer. Other nutritional and metabolic effects, for example on vitamin A metabolism, also play a key role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Alcohol enhances the effects of environmental carcinogens directly and by contributing to nutritional deficiency and impairing immunological tumor surveillance. This review summarizes the epidemiologic evidence for the role of alcohol in hepatocellular cancer, and discusses the mechanisms involved in the promotion of cancer.
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Ara C, Devirgiliis LC, Massimi M. Influence of retinoic acid on adhesion complexes in human hepatoma cells: a clue to its antiproliferative effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:13-23. [PMID: 15500294 DOI: 10.1080/15419060490471757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid exerts antiproliferative and differentiative effects in normal and transformed in vitro hepatocytes. In order to verify whether these effects are related to a modulation of adhesion molecules, we used Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate the E-cadherinl/beta-catenin complex, the main system of adherens junctions, and the occludin/ZO-1 complex present in the tight junctions in HepG2 cells cultured in the presence or absence of retinoic acid. Results showed that retinoic acid treatment increases the amount of beta-catenin bound to E-cadherin by decreasing its tyrosine-phosphorylation level. Similar results were obtained with the tight junction system, in which the amount of occludin/ZO-1 complex is increased by a similar mechanism that reduced the level of ZO-1 phosphorylation on tyrosine. Immunofluorescence images also confirm these results, showing the localization on the cell surface of both adhesion complexes. Their insertion into the plasma membrane could be suggestive of an optimal reassembly and function of adherens and tight junctions in hepatoma cells, indicating that retinoic acid, besides inhibiting cell proliferation, improves cell-cell adhesion, sustaining or inducing the expression of a more differentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ara
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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White KA, Yore MM, Deng D, Spinella MJ. Limiting effects of RIP140 in estrogen signaling: potential mediation of anti-estrogenic effects of retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:7829-35. [PMID: 15632153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412707200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140) belongs to a unique subclass of nuclear receptor coregulators with the ability to bind and repress the action of a number of agonist-bound hormone receptors. We have previously demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) induction of RIP140 constitutes a rate-limiting step in the regulation of retinoid receptor signaling. Here we demonstrate that RIP140 is also a limiting regulator of estrogen receptor signaling. Overexpression of RIP140 dose dependently inhibits estrogen-dependent reporter activity in human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA to RIP140 enhances estrogen-dependent signaling. Our previous studies indicate that RIP140 is a direct target of RA. We report here that RA can abrogate estrogen-mediated cell cycle re-entry. In addition, RA treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells opposes estrogen receptor-dependent reporter activity, implying that a proportion of RA effects are anti-estrogenic. We provide evidence for a role for RIP140 in mediating anti-estrogenic effects of RA. RIP140 small interfering RNA blocks RA-mediated repression of estrogen receptor activity and provides a growth advantage to estrogen-dependent cells. Together these data implicate a regulatory role for RIP140 in mediating anti-estrogenic effects of RA in estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells and suggest that acute regulation of coregulator expression may be a general mechanism to integrate diverse hormone signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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80
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Abstract
Systemic isotretinoin has been used to treat severe acne vulgaris for 20 years. However, isotretinoin also represents a potentially useful choice of drugs in many dermatologic diseases other than acne vulgaris. Diseases such as psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, condylomata acuminata, skin cancers, rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa, granuloma annulare, lupus erythematosus and lichen planus have been shown to respond to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities of the drug. Isotretinoin also helps prevent skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. A combination of systemic isotretinoin and interferon-alpha-2a may provide a more potent effect than isotretinoin alone in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers.Systemic isotretinoin may be considered as an alternative drug in some dermatologic diseases unresponsive to conventional treatment modalities. However, randomized clinical trials aimed at determining the role of systemic isotretinoin therapy in dermatologic diseases other than acne vulgaris are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Akyol
- School of Medicine of Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
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81
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Abstract
The epidemic of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) continues, in part due to aging of the world's population, the frequency of early childhood sunburns, and episodic intense recreational sun exposure as opposed to sun exposure related to outdoor occupations. A nonsurgical approach to selected skin cancers could potentially decrease the expense and morbidity of surgical treatment for NMSC. The increase of comorbid medical conditions in the elderly makes alternatives to surgical management preferable under certain circumstances. This review will discuss medical alternatives ranging from biologic response modifiers to COX-2 inhibitors to lifestyle modifications, as well as their roles in the management of NMSC. This preliminary information will expand to include more therapeutic options for NMSC in the future. Further clinical trials are needed to better elucidate possible alternative treatment strategies for NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chakrabarty
- Solano Clinical Research, Solano Dermatology Associates, Vallejo, California, USA
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82
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Naldi L, Gallus S, Tavani A, Imberti GL, La Vecchia C. Risk of melanoma and vitamin A, coffee and alcohol: a case–control study from Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:503-8. [PMID: 15548944 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200412000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the association between the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and dietary factors. The issue was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1992 and 1994, including 542 patients with incident, histologically confirmed CMM and 538 controls, admitted to the same hospitals as cases for non-dermatologic and non-neoplastic diseases. We found a significant inverse association between vitamin A intake and CMM risk. The multivariate odds ratio, after allowance for phenotypic characteristics and history of sunburns, for the highest, compared with the lowest, quartile of intake was 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-1.02) for beta-carotene, 0.57 (95% CI 0.39-0.83) for retinol, and 0.51 (95% CI 0.35-0.74) for total vitamin A. We found no appreciable association of CMM risk with selected food items, including fish, meat, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, wholemeal bread, alcohol, coffee and tea drinking. Consumption of tea appeared to have a protective effect on CMM risk. The relations with measures of dietary vitamin A are, however, moderate compared with the associations between phenotypic characteristics, sun exposure and number of naevi and CMM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Naldi
- Centro Studi GISED, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
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83
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Siegel EM, Craft NE, Roe DJ, Duarte-Franco E, Villa LL, Franco EL, Giuliano AR. Temporal Variation and Identification of Factors Associated with Endogenous Retinoic Acid Isomers in Serum from Brazilian Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1693.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Retinoids (natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A) have cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive activities. Retinoic acid (RA) treatment has been associated with significant regression of preneoplastic lesions. However, serious toxicity associated with some therapies has made long-term chemoprevention in healthy populations unfeasible. Recently, serum RA has been shown to increase in response to oral retinol (vitamin A) supplementation. Here, we assess the variability of circulating RA levels and the lifestyle, demographic, and nutritional factors that explain such variability.
Method: Total RA concentration and the concentrations of RA isomers (all-trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9-cis-RA) were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in serum samples obtained 4 months apart from 502 women participating in the Ludwig-McGill Cohort (São Paulo, Brazil).
Results: The relative abundance of the three RA isomers was similar for each visit (baseline and month 4), with 13-cis-RA having the highest concentrations followed by 9-cis-RA and all-trans-RA. The within-person variability of total RA and individual isomers was low. Using multivariate logistic regression models (upper tertile versus low/middle tertile of serum RA), we found that age, race, oral contraceptive use, total number of pregnancies, and season of initial blood draw were significantly associated with at least one endogenous RA isomer level. All endogenous RA isomers were positively associated with serum retinol, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin levels.
Conclusion: These results have implications for the design of future epidemiologic studies focused on assessing RA-disease association and intervention studies aimed at modulating RA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Siegel
- 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center and Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Denise J. Roe
- 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center and Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Luisa L. Villa
- 3Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil; and Departments of
| | - Eduardo L. Franco
- 4Oncology and
- 5Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center and Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona
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84
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Sedjo RL, Ranger-Moore J, Foote J, Craft NE, Alberts DS, Xu MJ, Giuliano AR. Circulating Endogenous Retinoic Acid Concentrations among Participants Enrolled in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Retinyl Palmitate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1687.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Retinoids have been studied extensively for their chemopreventive properties. The biological activity of retinoids is acquired through their conversion to retinoic acid (RA). Characterization of endogenous circulating RA concentrations after supplementation with vitamin A over longer time periods has not been done previously. Our investigation was conducted to determine whether vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) supplementation significantly increases circulating RA concentrations of all-trans-, 9-cis-, and 13-cis-RA. Using plasma samples from 41 participants enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of placebo, 25,000, 50,000, or 75,000 IU supplemental retinyl palmitate daily, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were conducted for concentrations of three RA isomers. Seven plasma samples were analyzed for each participant over a 16-month period. Based on an intention-to-treat analysis, results obtained using linear mixed models showed that supplementation with retinyl palmitate statistically significantly increased concentrations of all three RA isomers from baseline levels. This study suggests that supplementation with retinyl palmitate is an effective means to increase circulating all-trans, 9-cis-, and 13-cis-RA concentrations among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Ranger-Moore
- 1Arizona Cancer Center and
- 2Arizona College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janet Foote
- 3Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; and
| | | | | | | | - Anna R. Giuliano
- 1Arizona Cancer Center and
- 2Arizona College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Merino
- Departamentos de Biología Molecular y Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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86
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De Graaf YGL, Euvrard S, Bouwes Bavinck JN. Systemic and topical retinoids in the management of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30:656-61. [PMID: 15061851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most frequent malignancies in organ transplant patients. Patients who develop multiple new skin cancers may benefit from retinoid chemoprevention. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to advise on the use of retinoids in organ transplant recipients. METHODS A summary was performed of the existing literature regarding experience with retinoid chemoprevention for skin cancer in organ transplant patients. RESULTS Systemic retinoids, specifically acitretin, are effective in inhibiting tumor development in organ transplant patients. This effect is only present during therapy, however. Topical retinoids have some effect in the treatment of actinic keratoses. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Systemic retinoids can be used for chemoprevention of skin cancer. For a good result, long-term treatment with acitretin is necessary. Side effects, however, limit the use of retinoid chemoprevention. It is advised that treatment be started at a low dose, and patients should be monitored regularly for triglyceride and cholesterol levels and transaminases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G L De Graaf
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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87
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Systemic and Topical Retinoids in the Management of Skin Cancer in Organ Transplant Recipients. Dermatol Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200404020-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Einspahr JG, Bowden GT, Alberts DS. Skin cancer chemoprevention: strategies to save our skin. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 163:151-64; discussion 264-6. [PMID: 12903851 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55647-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There are over 1 million cases of skin cancer diagnosed yearly in the United States. The majority of these are nonmelanoma (NMSCs) and are associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light (UV). Actinic keratosis (AK) has been identified as a precursor for SCC, but not for BCC. AKs are far more common than SCC, making them excellent targets for chemoprevention. Cancer chemoprevention can prevent or delay the occurrence of cancer in high-risk populations using dietary or chemical interventions. We have developed strategies that have rational mechanisms of action and demonstrate activity in preclinical models of skin cancer. Promising agents proceed to phase I-III trials in subjects at high risk of skin cancer. UV light induces molecular signaling pathways and results in specific genetic alterations (i.e., mutation of p53) that are likely critical to skin cancer development. UVB-induced changes serve as a basis for the development of novel agents. Targets include inhibition of polyamine or prostaglandin synthesis, specific retinoid receptors, and components of the Ras and MAP kinase signaling pathways. Agents under study include: epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin with antioxidant and sunscreen activity, as well as UVB signal transduction blocking activity; perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene derived from citrus peel that inhibits Ras farnesylation; difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines; retinoids that target retinoid X receptors and AP-1 activity; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit cylooxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis. We performed a series of Phase I-II trials in subjects with multiple AK. For example, a phase II randomized trial of topical DFMO reduced AK number, suppressed polyamines, and reduced p53 protein. Our goal is to develop agents for use in combination and/or incorporation into sunscreens to improve chemoprevention efficacy and reduce skin cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine G Einspahr
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 245024, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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89
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Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoprevention of prostate cancer is the administration of agents to prevent, inhibit, or delay progression of prostate cancer. Opportunities exist for testing various types of chemopreventive interventsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors reviewed the relevant articles published in the last twenty years and studied the biology of the prostate cancer. An attempt is made to identify intermediate markers and surrogate endpoint markers. The various interventions and initial clinical trial results are described. End points for evaluation are mainly based on changes in PSA, changes of histological precursors, or time of onset of clinical disease. RESULTS Nutritional factors such as reduced fat intake, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, Lycopene and selenium may have a protective effect against prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Numerous studies implicate dietary and nutritional factors in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. Hence, it is possible that bioactive compounds (anti-oxidants) like vits. A, C, D, E, minerals like selenium and carotenoids like lycopene can be a part of chemopreventive strategies for prostate cancer. Ongoing studies on nutrition and prostate cancer may bring the required evidence to support what is still only a hypothesis at present. However, absolute recommendation will have to await the results of long term prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ansari
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
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90
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Weinzweig J, Tattini C, Lynch S, Zienowicz R, Weinzweig N, Spangenberger A, Edstrom L. Investigation of the growth and metastasis of malignant melanoma in a murine model: the role of supplemental vitamin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112:152-8; discussion 159-61. [PMID: 12832888 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000066008.40176.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A possesses both wound-healing and antitumor actions. Vitamin A-induced fibroplasia results in subsequent increased collagen production and deposition. This effect of vitamin A has been shown to result in the production of collagenous capsules around several murine breast and lung tumor systems. This tumor encapsulation process can potentially convert a systemic disease to a local one that can be easily treated by tumor excision. The goal of the present study was to determine whether supplemental vitamin A could promote the encapsulation of a murine melanoma. Sixty DBA/2J male mice were inoculated intracutaneously with 1 x 106 Cloudman S91 melanoma cells using a 30-gauge needle. The mice were divided into three groups: a control group, a pre-vitamin A group, and a post-vitamin A group. The control mice were fed a commercial chow containing 15,000 IU of vitamin A and 6.4 mg of beta-carotene per kilogram diet, considerably more than the National Research Council's recommended daily allowance of vitamin A for normal mice. The control diet was, therefore, not vitamin A-deficient. The pre-vitamin A mice were fed the basal chow supplemented with 150,000 IU of vitamin A per kilogram diet for 10 days before inoculation and for the remainder of the study. The post-vitamin A mice were fed the vitamin A-supplemented diet beginning on the day of inoculation and continuing for the remainder of the study. Sixty days after inoculation, tumor growth was assessed and the five mice remaining in each group were euthanized. Ventral skin at the site of inoculation was harvested for histologic assessment of local tumor growth and invasiveness. The liver and lungs of each of these mice were also harvested for histologic assessment of tumor metastasis. Sixty days after tumor inoculation, a 60 percent survival rate was observed in the control group as opposed to the vitamin A-supplemented animals, which demonstrated a 100 percent survival rate in both groups (n = 5 in each group). Decreased mean tumor size and gross tumor in most vitamin A-supplemented animals were statistically significant when compared with the control animals. The control animals had a mean tumor size of 26.1 mm, whereas the post-vitamin A group had a mean tumor size of 5.7 mm. One hundred percent of the control group exhibited tumor; one animal had distant metastases. The pre-vitamin A group did not exhibit any tumor growth, and the post-vitamin A group exhibited tumor growth in 40 percent of animals. Neither vitamin A-supplemented group showed any evidence of distant metastases. The animals supplemented with vitamin A demonstrated decreased tumor growth and metastasis. This in vivo model may indicate a potential prophylactic and therapeutic role for supplemental vitamin A in the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Weinzweig
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02905, USA.
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91
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Aoki S, Matsui K, Takata T, Kobayashi M. In situ photoaffinity labeling of the target protein for lembehyne A, a neuronal differentiation inducer. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:223-7. [PMID: 12782321 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A C(36) linear acetylene alcohol, lembehyne A (LB-A), induces neuronal differentiation against neuroblastoma cells morphologically and also functionally. The differentiation and cytostatic effect induced by LB-A was specific to neuroblastoma, Neuro 2A cells. To identify the target protein for LB-A, a radioactive photoaffinity probe, [(125)I]18-(2'-azido-5'-iodo-benzoyloxy)-LB-18 ([(125)I]azido-LB-18), was synthesized. As a result of in situ labeling experiments against Neuro 2A cells, a protein of M(r) 30 kDa was photolabeled specifically. This labeling was inhibited in the presence of LB-A or the active analogs of LB-A, whereas the inactive analogs showed no inhibitory effect on this labeling. These results suggest that this protein of M(r) 30 kDa is the target protein for LB-A and may play an important role for the neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma, Neuro 2A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Japan
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92
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Sung Nam Y, Joong Kim K, Seok Kang H, Gwan Park T, Han SH, Chang IS. Chemical immobilization of retinoic acid within poly(?-caprolactone) nanoparticles based on drug-polymer bioconjugates. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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93
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Aoki S, Wei H, Matsui K, Rachmat R, Kobayashi M. Pyridoacridine alkaloids inducing neuronal differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line, from marine sponge Biemna fortis. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1969-73. [PMID: 12670647 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new and three known pyridoacridine alkaloids were isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge Biemna fortis as neuronal differentiation inducers against a murine neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro 2A. The chemical structure of the new compound, labuanine A (1), was determined by spectroscopic study and chemical conversion. These pyridoacridine alkaloids induced multipolar neuritogenesis in more than 50% of cells at 0.03-3 micro M concentration. Compound 3, which showed the strongest neuritogenic activity among them, also induced increase of acetylcholinesterase, a neuronal marker in Neuro 2A and arrested cell cycle at the G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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94
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Le Borgne M, Marchand P, Le Baut G, Ahmadi M, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ. Retinoic acid metabolism inhibition by 3-azolylmethyl-1H-indoles and 2, 3 or 5-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)-1H-indoles. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2003; 18:155-8. [PMID: 12943199 DOI: 10.1080/1475636032000069819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a library of 70 azoles, 8 indole derivatives substituted in the 2-, 3- or 5- position with an azolylmethyl or alpha-azolylbenzyl chain were evaluated for retinoic acid (RA) metabolism inhibitory activity. The most active inhibitors identified in this study were 5-bromo-1-ethyl-3-methyl-2-[(phenyl)(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole (3) (68.9% inhibition) and 5-bromo-1-ethyl-2-[(4-fluorophenyl) (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-1H-indole (6) (60.4% inhibition). At the same concentration (100 microM) ketoconazole exerted similar inhibitory effect (70% inhibition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Le Borgne
- Laboratoires de Chimie Organique et de Chimie Thérapeutique, UPRES EA 1155, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F-44035 Nantes, France.
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95
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Liu L, Gudas LJ. Retinoic acid induces expression of the interleukin-1beta gene in cultured normal human mammary epithelial cells and in human breast carcinoma lines. J Cell Physiol 2002; 193:244-52. [PMID: 12385002 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) and its derivatives inhibit the proliferation of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and some breast carcinoma lines by mechanisms which are not fully understood. To identify genes that mediate RA-induced cell growth arrest, an HMEC cDNA library was synthesized and subtractive screening was performed. We identified the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene as an RA induced gene in HMEC. Northern blot analyses showed that the IL-1beta gene was up-regulated as early as 2 h after RA treatment. Results from the treatment of HMEC with cycloheximide and actinomycin D indicated that the regulation of the IL-1beta gene by RA occurred at the transcriptional level and that the IL-1beta gene is a direct, downstream target gene of RA. To evaluate the effects of IL-1beta on cell proliferation, the proliferation of HMEC was measured in the presence of RA or IL-1beta, or both. Either RA or IL-1beta could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HMEC. However, the addition of soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1ra) to the cell culture medium did not block RA-induced HMEC growth inhibition, whereas sIL-1ra did block the growth inhibition of HMEC by IL-1beta. IL-1beta expression was not observed in the three carcinoma cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468, as compared to the HMEC. Growth curves of the breast carcinoma cell lines showed strong inhibitory effects of RA and IL-1beta on the growth of the estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF-7 cell line, but only a small effect on the ER negative MDA-MB-231 cells. The expression of the IL-1beta gene was also transcriptionally activated by RA in normal epithelial cells of prostate and oral cavity. Our results suggest that: (a) the IL-1beta gene is a primary target of RA receptors in HMEC; (b) the enhanced expression of the IL-1beta gene does not mediate the RA-induced growth arrest of HMEC; and (c) the expression of the IL-1beta gene is low or absent in all three human breast carcinoma cell lines examined, but the defect in the IL-1beta signaling pathway may be different in ER positive versus ER negative carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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96
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Aoki S, Matsui K, Wei H, Murakami N, Kobayashi M. Structure–activity relationship of neuritogenic spongean acetylene alcohols, lembehynes. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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97
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Keriel A, Stary A, Sarasin A, Rochette-Egly C, Egly JM. XPD mutations prevent TFIIH-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors and phosphorylation of RARalpha. Cell 2002; 109:125-35. [PMID: 11955452 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the XPD subunit of the general transcription/repair factor TFIIH yield the rare genetic disorder Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), the phenotypes of which cannot be explained solely on the basis of a DNA repair defect. In cells derived from XP-D patients, we observed a reduction of the ligand-dependent transactivation mediated by several nuclear receptors (RARalpha, ERalpha, and AR). We demonstrate that the XPD mutation alters cdk7 function in RARalpha phosphorylation. Transactivation is restored upon overexpression of either the wild-type XPD or the RARalphaS77E (a mutation which mimics phosphorylated RARalpha). Thus, we demonstrate that the cdk7 kinase of TFIIH phosphorylates the nuclear receptor, then allowing ligand-dependent control of the activation of the hormone-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Keriel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C. U., Strasbourg, France
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98
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Fontana JA, Rishi AK. Classical and novel retinoids: their targets in cancer therapy. Leukemia 2002; 16:463-72. [PMID: 11960323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 12/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are important mediators of cellular growth and differentiation. Retinoids modulate the growth of both normal and malignant cells through their binding to retinoid nuclear receptors and their subsequent activation. While retinoids have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, their spectrum of activity remains limited. Other agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors may significantly increase retinoid activity in a number of malignant cell types. The novel retinoids N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) and 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437; AHPN) induce apoptosis in a wide variety of malignant cells. Their mechanism(s) of action remain unclear, although a number of potential targets have been identified. Whether the retinoid receptors are involved in 4-HPR and CD473/AHPN mediated apoptosis remains unclear. Both 4-HPR and CD437/AHPN display significant potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of a number of premalignant and malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fontana
- John D Dingell VA Medical Center and the Department of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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99
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Sajithlal G, Huttunen H, Rauvala H, Munch G. Receptor for advanced glycation end products plays a more important role in cellular survival than in neurite outgrowth during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6888-97. [PMID: 11739380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107627200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is known to interact with amphoterin. This interaction has been proposed to play a role in neurite outgrowth and process elongation during neurodifferentiation. However, there is as yet no direct evidence of the relevance of this pathway to neurodifferentiation under physiological conditions. In this study we have investigated a possible role of RAGE and amphoterin in the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. The functional inactivation of RAGE by dominant negative and antisense strategies showed that RAGE is not required for process outgrowth or differentiation, although overexpression of RAGE accelerates the elongation of neuritic processes. Using the antisense strategy, amphoterin was shown to be essential for process outgrowth and differentiation, suggesting that amphoterin may interact with other molecules to exert its effect in this context. Interestingly, the survival of the neuroblastoma cells treated with retinoic acid was partly dependent on the expression of RAGE, and inhibition of RAGE function partially blocked the increase in anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 following retinoic acid treatment. Based on these results we propose that a combination therapy using RAGE blockers and retinoic acid may prove as a useful approach for chemotherapy for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coloring Agents/pharmacology
- DNA Fragmentation
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Genes, Dominant
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- HMGB1 Protein/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tretinoin/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadharan Sajithlal
- Department of Neuroimmunological Cell Biology, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer has been rising in recent years with significant effects on public health. Primary prevention has proven inadequate in impacting the incidence of skin cancer, thus stimulating the development of chemopreventive strategies. The majority of skin cancer chemoprevention studies focus on occurrence of new nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in individuals with a previous NMSC, or on reduction in the number of premalignant skin lesions such as actinic keratoses (AK). Dysplastic nevi, a likely precursor of melanoma, are also potential targets for chemoprevention strategies. Premalignant lesions are especially attractive as endpoints since they are more common than frank cancer, resulting in reduced sample size, length, and cost of clinical trials. Development of new agents that affect the pathogenesis of skin cancer will be discussed, from elucidation of molecular targets to implementation of trials designed to determine the effects of chemopreventive interventions on human skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine G Einspahr
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515, North Campbell Avenue, Tucson 85724, USA.
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