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Smith PL, Myers JT, Rogers CE, Zhou L, Petryniak B, Becker DJ, Homeister JW, Lowe JB. Conditional control of selectin ligand expression and global fucosylation events in mice with a targeted mutation at the FX locus. J Cell Biol 2002; 158:801-15. [PMID: 12186857 PMCID: PMC2174027 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein fucosylation enables fringe-dependent modulation of signal transduction by Notch transmembrane receptors, contributes to selectin-dependent leukocyte trafficking, and is faulty in leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) type II, also known as congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG)-IIc, a rare human disorder characterized by psychomotor defects, developmental abnormalities, and leukocyte adhesion defects. We report here that mice with an induced null mutation in the FX locus, which encodes an enzyme in the de novo pathway for GDP-fucose synthesis, exhibit a virtually complete deficiency of cellular fucosylation, and variable frequency of intrauterine demise determined by parental FX genotype. Live-born FX(-/-) mice exhibit postnatal failure to thrive that is suppressed with a fucose-supplemented diet. FX(-/-) adults suffer from an extreme neutrophilia, myeloproliferation, and absence of leukocyte selectin ligand expression reminiscent of LAD-II/CDG-IIc. Contingent restoration of leukocyte and endothelial selectin ligand expression, general cellular fucosylation, and normal postnatal physiology is achieved by modulating dietary fucose to supply a salvage pathway for GDP-fucose synthesis. Conditional control of fucosylation in FX(-/-) mice identifies cellular fucosylation events as essential concomitants to fertility, early growth and development, and leukocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Smith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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52
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Abstract
Sugar pills are usually placebos, but Smith et al. (2002, this issue) use one to rescue designer mice unable to make GDP-Fucose. Dietary fucose enters a salvage pathway and spares the mice. Sound simple? Not so. Unknown genetic factors determine life or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson H Freeze
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla Cancer Research Center, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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53
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Wang L, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12093896 DOI: 10.1172/jci0214996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used clinically as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent for over 60 years. Here we show that the potent anti-inflammatory property of heparin results primarily from blockade of P-selectin and L-selectin. Unfractionated heparin and chemically modified analogs were tested as inhibitors of selectin binding to immobilized sialyl Lewis(X) and of cell adhesion to immobilized selectins or thrombin-activated endothelial cells. Compared with unfractionated heparin, the modified heparinoids had inhibitory activity in this general order: over-O-sulfated heparin > heparin > 2-O,3-O-desulfated > or = N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin > or = carboxyl-reduced heparin > or= N-,2-O,3-O-desulfated heparin >> 6-O-desulfated heparin. The heparinoids also showed similar differences in their ability to inhibit thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. Mice deficient in P- or L-selectins showed impaired inflammation, which could be further reduced by heparin. However, heparin had no additional effect in mice deficient in both P- and L-selectins. We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity. Such analogs may prove useful as therapeutically effective inhibitors of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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54
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Wang L, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:127-36. [PMID: 12093896 PMCID: PMC151027 DOI: 10.1172/jci14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used clinically as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent for over 60 years. Here we show that the potent anti-inflammatory property of heparin results primarily from blockade of P-selectin and L-selectin. Unfractionated heparin and chemically modified analogs were tested as inhibitors of selectin binding to immobilized sialyl Lewis(X) and of cell adhesion to immobilized selectins or thrombin-activated endothelial cells. Compared with unfractionated heparin, the modified heparinoids had inhibitory activity in this general order: over-O-sulfated heparin > heparin > 2-O,3-O-desulfated > or = N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin > or = carboxyl-reduced heparin > or= N-,2-O,3-O-desulfated heparin >> 6-O-desulfated heparin. The heparinoids also showed similar differences in their ability to inhibit thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. Mice deficient in P- or L-selectins showed impaired inflammation, which could be further reduced by heparin. However, heparin had no additional effect in mice deficient in both P- and L-selectins. We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity. Such analogs may prove useful as therapeutically effective inhibitors of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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55
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Spiro RG. Protein glycosylation: nature, distribution, enzymatic formation, and disease implications of glycopeptide bonds. Glycobiology 2002; 12:43R-56R. [PMID: 12042244 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/12.4.43r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the sugar-amino acid linkage is a crucial event in the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins. It sets into motion a complex series of posttranslational enzymatic steps that lead to the formation of a host of protein-bound oligosaccharides with diverse biological functions. These reactions occur throughout the entire phylogenetic spectrum, ranging from archaea and eubacteria to eukaryotes. It is the aim of this review to describe the glycopeptide linkages that have been found to date and specify their presence on well-characterized glycoproteins. A survey is also made of the enzymes involved in the formation of the various glycopeptide bonds as well as the site of their intracellular action and their affinity for particular peptide domains is evaluated. This examination indicates that 13 different monosaccharides and 8 amino acids are involved in glycoprotein linkages leading to a total of at least 41 bonds, if the anomeric configurations, the phosphoglycosyl linkages, as well as the GPI (glycophosphatidylinositol) phosphoethanolamine bridge are also considered. These bonds represent the products of N- and O-glycosylation, C-mannosylation, phosphoglycation, and glypiation. Currently at least 16 enzymes involved in their formation have been identified and in many cases cloned. Their intracellular site of action varies and includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytosol, and nucleus. With the exception of the Asn-linked carbohydrate and the GPI anchor, which are transferred to the polypeptide en bloc, the sugar-amino acid linkages are formed by the enzymatic transfer of an activated monosaccharide directly to the protein. This review also deals briefly with glycosidases, which are involved in physiologically important cleavages of glycopeptide bonds in higher organisms, and with a number of human disease states in which defects in enzymatic transfer of saccharides to protein have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Spiro
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School and the Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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56
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Matsukawa A, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM, Knibbs RN, Bullard DC, Kunkel SL, Stoolman LM. Mice genetically lacking endothelial selectins are resistant to the lethality in septic peritonitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2002; 72:68-76. [PMID: 11784125 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2001.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte interactions with vascular endothelium are an initial step for leukocyte entry into infectious foci where endothelial selectins may play a key role. Infiltrating leukocyte is essential for bacterial clearance, suggesting that endothelial selectins would be important in host defense against microorganisms. To address this, E-, P-, and E/P-selectin-deficient mice (E(-/-), P(-/-), E/P(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Neither leukocyte infiltration nor bacterial load in the peritoneum was altered in E(-/-), P(-/-), and E/P(-/-) mice compared to WT mice. However, E(-/-), P(-/-), and E/P(-/-) mice were resistant to the lethality induced by CLP. At the mechanistic level, E(-/-), P(-/-), and E/P(-/-) mice did not develop renal dysfunction, a possible cause of death during sepsis. The serum level of interleukin-13 in E(-/-), P(-/-), and E/P(-/-) mice that had undergone CLP was higher than that in WT mice, whereas levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, KC in serum, and KC in kidney were lower than those in WT mice. These experiments demonstrate that endothelial selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling is not required for leukocyte entry in septic peritonitis and that endothelial selectins may affect mice survival during sepsis by influencing the cytokine profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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57
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Roos C, Kolmer M, Mattila P, Renkonen R. Composition of Drosophila melanogaster proteome involved in fucosylated glycan metabolism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:3168-75. [PMID: 11698403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The whole genome approach enables the characterization of all components of any given biological pathway. Moreover, it can help to uncover all the metabolic routes for any molecule. Here we have used the genome of Drosophila melanogaster to search for enzymes involved in the metabolism of fucosylated glycans. Our results suggest that in the fruit fly GDP-fucose, the donor for fucosyltransferase reactions, is formed exclusively via the de novo pathway from GDP-mannose through enzymatic reactions catalyzed by GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER, also known as FX in man). The Drosophila genome does not have orthologs for the salvage pathway enzymes, i.e. fucokinase and GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase synthesizing GDP-fucose from fucose. In addition we identified two novel fucosyltransferases predicted to catalyze alpha1,3- and alpha1,6-specific linkages to the GlcNAc residues on glycans. No genes with the capacity to encode alpha1,2-specific fucosyltransferases were found. We also identified two novel genes coding for O-fucosyltransferases and a gene responsible for a fucosidase enzyme in the Drosophila genome. Finally, using the Drosophila CG4435 gene, we identified two novel human genes putatively coding for fucosyltransferases. This work can serve as a basis for further whole-genome approaches in mapping all possible glycosylation pathways and as a basic analysis leading to subsequent experimental studies to verify the predictions made in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Roos
- MediCel Ltd., Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
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58
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Shimoda Y, Tajima Y, Osanai T, Katsume A, Kohara M, Kudo T, Narimatsu H, Takashima N, Ishii Y, Nakamura S, Osumi N, Sanai Y. Pax6 controls the expression of Lewis x epitope in the embryonic forebrain by regulating alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IX expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2033-9. [PMID: 11675393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108495200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a transcription factor involved in brain patterning and neurogenesis. Expression of Pax6 is specifically observed in the developing cerebral cortex, where Lewis x epitope that is thought to play important roles in cell interactions is colocalized. Here we examined whether Pax6 regulates localization of Lewis x using Pax6 mutant rat embryos. The Lewis x epitope disappeared in the Pax6 mutant cortex, and activity of alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase, which catalyzed the last step of Lewis x biosynthesis, drastically decreased in the mutant cortex as compared with the wild type. Furthermore, expression of a fucosyltransferase gene, FucT-IX, specifically decreased in the mutant, while no change was seen for expression of another fucosyltransferase gene, FucT-IV. These results strongly suggest that Pax6 controls Lewis x expression in the embryonic brain by regulating FucT-IX gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Biochemical Cell Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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59
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Gonzalez de Peredo A, Klein D, Macek B, Hess D, Peter-Katalinic J, Hofsteenge J. C-mannosylation and o-fucosylation of thrombospondin type 1 repeats. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002; 1:11-8. [PMID: 12096136 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m100011-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The final chemical structure of a newly synthesized protein is often only attained after further covalent modification. Ideally, a comprehensive proteome analysis includes this aspect, a task that is complicated by our incomplete knowledge of the range of possible modifications and often by the lack of suitable analysis methods. Here we present two recently discovered, unusual forms of protein glycosylation, i.e. C-mannosylation and O-fucosylation. Their analysis by a combined mass spectrometric approach is illustrated with peptides from the thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) of the recombinant axonal guidance protein F-spondin. Nano-electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry of isolated peptides showed that eight of ten Trp residues in the TSRs of F-spondin are C-mannosylated. O-Fucosylation sites were determined by a recently established nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem-mass spectrometry approach. Four of five TSRs carry the disaccharide Hex-dHex-O-Ser/Thr in close proximity to the C-mannosylation sites. In analogy to thrombospondin-1, we assume this to be Glc-Fuc-O-Ser/Thr. Our current knowledge of these glycosylations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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60
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Järvinen N, Mäki M, Räbinä J, Roos C, Mattila P, Renkonen R. Cloning and expression of Helicobacter pylori GDP-l-fucose synthesizing enzymes (GMD and GMER) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6458-64. [PMID: 11737200 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative gastric pathogen causing diseases from mild gastric infections to gastric cancer. The difference in clinical outcome has been suggested to be due to strain differences. H. pylori undergoes phase variation by changing its lipopolysaccharide structure according to the environmental conditions. The O-antigen of H. pylori contains fucosylated glycans, similar to Lewis structures found in human gastric epithelium. These Lewis glycans of H. pylori have been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis in the adhesion of the bacterium to gastric epithelium. In the synthesis of fucosylated structures, GDP-l-fucose is needed as a fucose donor. Here, we cloned the two key enzymes of GDP-l-fucose synthesis, H. pylori gmd coding for GDP-d-mannose dehydratase (GMD), and gmer coding for GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose-3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER) and expressed them in an enzymatically active form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The end product of these enzymes, GDP-l-fucose was used as a fucose donor in a fucosyltransferase assay converting sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine to sialyl Lewis X.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Järvinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute and Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
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61
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62
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Wang Y, Shao L, Shi S, Harris RJ, Spellman MW, Stanley P, Haltiwanger RS. Modification of epidermal growth factor-like repeats with O-fucose. Molecular cloning and expression of a novel GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40338-45. [PMID: 11524432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107849200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-fucose modification is found on epidermal growth factor-like repeats of a number of cell surface and secreted proteins. O-Fucose glycans play important roles in ligand-induced receptor signaling. For example, elongation of O-fucose on Notch by the beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Fringe modulates the ability of Notch to respond to its ligands. The enzyme that adds O-fucose to epidermal growth factor-like repeats, GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase (O-FucT-1), was purified previously from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes human O-FucT-1. A probe deduced from N-terminal sequence analysis of purified CHO O-FucT-1 was used to screen a human heart cDNA library and expressed sequence tag and genomic data bases. The cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 388 amino acids with a predicted N-terminal transmembrane sequence typical of a type II membrane orientation. Likewise, the mouse homolog obtained from an expressed sequence tag and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends of a mouse liver cDNA library encodes a type II transmembrane protein of 393 amino acids with 90.4% identity to human O-FucT-1. Homologs were also found in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans with 41.2 and 29.4% identity to human O-FucT-1, respectively. The human gene (POFUT1) is on chromosome 20 between PLAGL2 and KIF3B, near the centromere at 20p11. The mouse gene (Pofut1) maps near Plagl2 on a homologous region of mouse chromosome 2. POFUT1 gene transcripts were expressed in all tissues examined, consistent with the widespread localization of the modification. Expression of a soluble form of human O-FucT-1 in insect cells yielded a protein of the predicted molecular weight with O-FucT-1 kinetic and enzymatic properties similar to those of O-FucT-1 purified from CHO cells. The identification of the gene encoding protein O-fucosyltransferase I now makes possible mutational strategies to examine the functions of the unusual O-fucose post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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63
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64
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Albermann C, Piepersberg W, Wehmeier UF. Synthesis of the milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose using recombinant bacterial enzymes. Carbohydr Res 2001; 334:97-103. [PMID: 11502265 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of GDP-beta-L-fucose and its enzymatic transfer reaction using recombinant enzymes from bacterial sources was examined. The GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and the GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase-4-reductase from Escherichia coli K-12, respectively, were used to catalyse the conversion of GDP-alpha-D-mannose to GDP-beta-L-fucose with 78% yield. For the transfer of the L-fucose to an acceptor, we cloned and overproduced the alpha-(1-->2)-fucosyltransferase (FucT2) protein from Helicobacter pylori. We were able to synthesise 2'-fucosyllactose using the overproduced FucT2 enzyme, enzymatically synthesised GDP-L-fucose and lactose. The isolation of 2'-fucosyllactose was accomplished by anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration to give 65% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albermann
- Institut für chemische Mikrobiologie, Bergische Universität GH, FB9, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany
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65
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Hirschberg CB. Golgi nucleotide sugar transport and leukocyte adhesion deficiency II. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:3-6. [PMID: 11435449 PMCID: PMC209350 DOI: 10.1172/jci13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C B Hirschberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA.
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66
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Hirschberg CB. Golgi nucleotide sugar transport and leukocyte adhesion deficiency II. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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67
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Abstract
Biochemical and molecular genetic studies have revealed that blood group antigens are present on cell surface molecules of wide structural diversity, including carbohydrate epitopes on glycoproteins and/or glycolipids, and peptide antigens on proteins inserted within the membrane via single or multi-pass transmembrane domains, or via glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkages. These studies have also shown that some blood group antigens are carried by complexes consisting of several membrane components which may be lacking or severely deficient in rare blood group 'null' phenotypes. In addition, although all blood group antigens are serologically detectable on red blood cells (RBCs), most of them are also expressed in non-erythroid tissues, raising further questions on their physiological function under normal and pathological conditions. In addition to their structural diversity, blood group antigens also possess wide functional diversity, and can be schematically subdivided into five classes: i) transporters and channels; ii) receptors for ligands, viruses, bacteria and parasites; iii) adhesion molecules; iv) enzymes; and v) structural proteins. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on these molecules, and in particular to illustrate the existing structure-function relationships.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/chemistry
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/physiology
- Antigens, Protozoan
- Blood Group Antigens/chemistry
- Blood Group Antigens/classification
- Blood Group Antigens/genetics
- Blood Group Antigens/immunology
- Blood Group Antigens/physiology
- Blood Proteins/chemistry
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/immunology
- Blood Proteins/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Enzymes/chemistry
- Enzymes/genetics
- Enzymes/immunology
- Enzymes/physiology
- Erythrocyte Membrane/chemistry
- Erythrocyte Membrane/immunology
- Erythrocytes/enzymology
- Erythrocytes/microbiology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Erythrocytes/virology
- Genes
- Humans
- Integrins/chemistry
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/physiology
- Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/immunology
- Ion Channels/physiology
- Models, Molecular
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Conformation
- Protozoan Proteins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, HIV/physiology
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/chemistry
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/genetics
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/immunology
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/physiology
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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68
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Lühn K, Wild MK, Eckhardt M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Vestweber D. The gene defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency II encodes a putative GDP-fucose transporter. Nat Genet 2001; 28:69-72. [PMID: 11326279 DOI: 10.1038/ng0501-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II (LAD II) is characterized by the lack of fucosylated glycoconjugates, including selectin ligands, causing immunodeficiency and severe mental and growth retardation. No deficiency in fucosyltransferase activities or in the activities of enzymes involved in GDP-fucose biosynthesis has been found. Instead, the transport of GDP-fucose into isolated Golgi vesicles of LAD II cells appeared to be reduced. To identify the gene mutated in LAD II, we cloned 12 cDNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans, encoding multi-spanning transmembrane proteins with homology to known nucleotide sugar transporters, and transfected them into fibroblasts from an LAD II patient. One of these clones re-established expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates with high efficiency and allowed us to identify a human homolog with 55% identity, which also directed re-expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates. Both proteins were localized to the Golgi. The corresponding endogenous protein in LAD II cells had an R147C amino acid change in the conserved fourth transmembrane region. Overexpression of this mutant protein in cells from a patient with LAD II did not rescue fucosylation, demonstrating that the point mutation affected the activity of the protein. Thus, we have identified the first putative GDP-fucose transporter, which has been highly conserved throughout evolution. A point mutation in its gene is responsible for the disease in this patient with LAD II.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lühn
- Institut für Zellbiologie, ZMBE, Universität Münster, Münster, and Max-Planck-Institut für Klinische and Physiologische Forschung, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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69
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Lühn K, Marquardt T, Harms E, Vestweber D. Discontinuation of fucose therapy in LADII causes rapid loss of selectin ligands and rise of leukocyte counts. Blood 2001; 97:330-2. [PMID: 11133780 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LADII) is a rare inherited disorder of fucose metabolism. Patients with LADII lack fucosylated glycoconjugates, including the carbohydrate ligands of the selectins, leading to an immunodeficiency caused by the lack of selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial interactions. A simple and effective therapy has recently been described for LADII, based on the administration of oral fucose. Parallel to this treatment the lack of E- and P-selectin ligands on neutrophils was corrected, and high peripheral neutrophil counts were reduced to normal levels. This study reports that discontinuation of this therapy leads to the complete loss of E-selectin ligands within 3 days and of P-selectin ligands within 7 days. Peripheral neutrophil counts increased parallel to the decrease of selectin ligands. Selectin ligands reappeared promptly after resumption of the fucose therapy, demonstrating a causal relationship between fucose treatment and selectin ligand expression and peripheral neutrophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lühn
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster; Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Münster, Germany
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70
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Abstract
Rare hereditary deficiencies have been described which affect each functional stage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. They almost invariably lead to recurrent acute infection. Among the abnormalities involving adhesion and motility, the following can be noted: the Buckley syndrome; and leucocyte type 1 and 2 adhesion deficiencies, respectively caused by a deficiency in membrane expression of beta 2 integrin CD11/CD18, and sialyl lewis X. Granulation system abnormalities include relatively non-symptomatic myeloperoxidase deficiency, specific granulation deficiency or the Chediak-Higashi syndrome with the presence of giant lysosomal granulations. Chronic or familial septic granulomatosis constitutes the main disease described due to the oxidative PMN burst connected with the functional impairment of one of the constituents of NADPH oxidase (with an incidence of one in 5.10(6) to one in 10(6) births) The transmission is X-linked, or autosomal recessive depending on the mutation. The antenatal detection of the X-linked component, gp91 phox, can be made in suspected carrier mothers. In addition to the standard treatment (Bactrim and Itraconazole), bone marrow transplantation may also be carried out, and in future gene therapy may be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chollet-Martin
- Service d'hématologie et d'immunologie biologiques et Inserm U479, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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71
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Westphal V, Srikrishna G, Freeze HH. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: have you encountered them? Genet Med 2000; 2:329-37. [PMID: 11339653 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200011000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Westphal
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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72
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Mattila P, Räbinä J, Hortling S, Helin J, Renkonen R. Functional expression of Escherichia coli enzymes synthesizing GDP-L-fucose from inherent GDP-D-mannose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glycobiology 2000; 10:1041-7. [PMID: 11030750 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.10.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylation of glycans on glycoproteins and -lipids requires the enzymatic activity of relevant fucosyltransferases and GDP-L-fucose as the donor. Due to the biological importance of fucosylated glycans, a readily accessible source of GDP-L-fucose would be required. Here we describe the construction of a stable recombinant S.cerevisiae strain expressing the E.coli genes gmd and wcaG encoding the two enzymes, GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER(FX)) respectively, needed to convert GDP-mannose to GDP-fucose via the de novo pathway. Taking advantage of the rich inherent cytosolic GDP-mannose pool in S.cerevisiae cells we could easily produce 0.2 mg/l of GDP-L-fucose with this recombinant yeast strain without addition of any external GDP-mannose. The GDP-L-fucose product could be used as the fucose donor for alpha1,3fucosyltransferase to synthesize sialyl Lewis x (sLex), a glycan crucial for the selectin-dependent leukocyte traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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73
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Albermann C, Distler J, Piepersberg W. Preparative synthesis of GDP-beta-L-fucose by recombinant enzymes from enterobacterial sources. Glycobiology 2000; 10:875-81. [PMID: 10988249 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.9.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-deoxyhexose L-fucose is an important and characteristic element in glycoconjugates of bacteria (e.g., lipopolysaccharides), plants (e.g., xyloglucans) and animals (e.g., glycolipids, glycoproteins, and oligosaccharides). The biosynthetic pathway of GDP-L-fucose starts with a dehydration of GDP-D-mannose catalyzed by GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (Gmd) creating GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose which is subsequently converted by the GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase-4-reductase (WcaG; GDP-beta-L-fucose synthetase) to GDP-beta-L-fucose. Both biosynthetic genes gmd and wcaG were cloned from Escherichia coli K12 and the enzymes overexpressed under control of the T7 promoter in the expression vectors pET11a and pET16b, yielding both native and N-terminal His-tag fusion proteins, respectively. The activities of the Gmd and WcaG were analyzed. The enzymatic conversion from GDP-D-mannose to GDP-beta-L-fucose was optimized and the final product was purified. The formation of GDP-beta-L-fucose by the recombinant enzymes was verified by HPLC and NMR analyses. The His-tag fusion variants of the Gmd and WcaG proteins were purified to near homogeneity. The His-tag Gmd recombinant enzyme was inactive, whereas His-tag WcaG showed very similar enzymatic properties relative to the native GDP-beta-L-fucose synthetase. With the purified His-tag WcaG Km and Vmax values, respectively, of 40 microM and 23 nkat/mg protein for the substrate GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose and of 21 microM and 10 nkat/mg protein for the cosubstrate NADPH were obtained; a pH optimum of 7.5 was determined and the enzyme was stimulated to equal extend by the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+. The Gmd enzyme showed a strong feedback inhibition by GDP-beta-L-fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albermann
- Chemische Mikrobiologie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany
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74
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Durand G, Seta N. Protein Glycosylation and Diseases: Blood and Urinary Oligosaccharides as Markers for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring. Clin Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/46.6.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: N- and O-oligosaccharide variants on glycoproteins (glycoforms) can lead to alterations in protein activity or function that may manifest themselves as overt disease.Approach: This review summarizes those diseases that are known to be the result of an inherited or acquired glycoprotein oligosaccharide structural alteration and that are diagnosed in blood or urine by chemical characterization of that oligosaccharide alteration.Content: The biochemical synthesis steps and catabolic pathways important in determining glycoprotein function are outlined with emphasis on alterations that lead to modified function. Clinical and biochemical aspects of the diagnosis are described for inherited diseases such as I-cell disease, congenital disorders of glycosylation, leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II, hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity with a positive acidified serum test, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. We also review the laboratory use of measurements of glycoforms related to acquired diseases such as alcoholism and cancer.Conclusions: Identification of glycoprotein glycoforms is becoming an increasingly important laboratory contribution to the diagnosis and management of human diseases as more diseases are found to result from glycan structural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Durand
- Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard AP-HP, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Générale, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques–Paris XI, 92260 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Seta
- Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard AP-HP, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris V, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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