51
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Spel L, Martinon F. Inflammasomes contributing to inflammation in arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:48-62. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Spel
- Departement of Biochemistry University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Fabio Martinon
- Departement of Biochemistry University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
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52
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Zahid A, Li B, Kombe AJK, Jin T, Tao J. Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2538. [PMID: 31749805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02538/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity by serving as signaling platforms which deal with a plethora of pathogenic products and cellular products associated with stress and damage. By far, the best studied and most characterized inflammasome is NLRP3 inflammasome, which consists of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), and procaspase-1. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mediated by highly diverse stimuli. Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter ASC protein, which recruits the procaspase-1 resulting in its cleavage and activation, inducing the maturation, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases; raising a tremendous clinical interest in exploring the potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent investigations have disclosed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway which were validated through in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in animal models of NLRP3-associated disorders. Some of these inhibitors directly target the NLRP3 protein whereas some are aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome. Direct targeting of NLRP3 protein can be a better choice because it can prevent off target immunosuppressive effects, thus restrain tissue destruction. This paper will review the various pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and will also discuss their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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53
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Zahid A, Li B, Kombe AJK, Jin T, Tao J. Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2538. [PMID: 31749805 PMCID: PMC6842943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity by serving as signaling platforms which deal with a plethora of pathogenic products and cellular products associated with stress and damage. By far, the best studied and most characterized inflammasome is NLRP3 inflammasome, which consists of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), and procaspase-1. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mediated by highly diverse stimuli. Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter ASC protein, which recruits the procaspase-1 resulting in its cleavage and activation, inducing the maturation, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases; raising a tremendous clinical interest in exploring the potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent investigations have disclosed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway which were validated through in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in animal models of NLRP3-associated disorders. Some of these inhibitors directly target the NLRP3 protein whereas some are aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome. Direct targeting of NLRP3 protein can be a better choice because it can prevent off target immunosuppressive effects, thus restrain tissue destruction. This paper will review the various pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and will also discuss their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Kumi RO, Issahaku AR, Soremekun OS, Agoni C, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. From the Explored to the Unexplored: Computer-Tailored Drug Design Attempts in the Discovery of Selective Caspase Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:432-444. [PMID: 31560284 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190927143026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological roles of caspases have made them attractive targets in the treatment and amelioration of neurologic diseases. In normal conditions, the expression of caspases is regulated in the brain, while at the onset of neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer's disease, they are typically overexpressed. Till date, several therapeutic efforts that include the use of small endogenous binders have been put forward to curtail dysfunctionalities that drive aberrant death in neuronal cells. Caspases are highly homologous, both in structure and in sequence, which leaves us with the question: is it possible to specifically and individually target caspases, while multiple therapeutic attempts to achieve selective targeting have failed! Based on antecedent events, the use of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) methods has significantly contributed to the design of small molecule inhibitors, especially with selective target ability and reduced off-target therapeutic effects. Interestingly, we found out that there still exists an enormous room for the integration of structure/ligand-based drug design techniques towards the development of highly specific reversible and irreversible caspase inhibitors. Therefore, in this review, we highlight drug discovery approaches that have been directed towards caspase inhibition in addition to an insightful focus on applicable CADD techniques for achieving selective targeting in caspase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransford O Kumi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Abdul R Issahaku
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Opeyemi S Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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55
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Lu W, Ding Z, Liu F, Shan W, Cheng C, Xu J, He W, Huang W, Ma J, Yin Z. Dopamine delays articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis by negative regulation of the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109419. [PMID: 31563117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive loss of cartilage matrix and the breakdown of articular cartilage induced by inflammation play an essential role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter that is not only involved in controlling exercise, emotion, cognition and neuroendocrine activity but also has anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA on OA in vitro and in vivo. METHODS OA progression was evaluated in a mouse model with surgically induced destabilization of the medial meniscus. Cartilage degradation and OA were analyzed using Safranin O/Fast Green staining. Additionally, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect catabolic and anabolic factors involved in cartilage degeneration and underlying mechanisms in OA chondrocytes treated with Interleukin-1β. RESULTS In vitro, DA treatment inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13, while increasing type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan content. Mechanistically, DA reversed IL-1β-treated nuclear factor-kappa B activation and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, DA suppressed the degradation of cartilage matrix and reduced Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores in the surgically induced OA models. CONCLUSION DA may be a novel therapeutic agent for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fuen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wenshan Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 372#Tun Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jiegou Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17#Lu Jiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Junting Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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56
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Xu S, Li X, Liu Y, Xia Y, Chang R, Zhang C. Inflammasome inhibitors: promising therapeutic approaches against cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:64. [PMID: 31242947 PMCID: PMC6595574 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has long been accepted as a key component of carcinogenesis. During inflammation, inflammasomes are potent contributors to the activation of inflammatory cytokines that lead to an inflammatory cascade. Considering the contributing role of inflammasomes in cancer progression, inflammasome inhibitors seem to have a promising future in cancer treatment and prevention. Here, we summarize the structures and signaling pathways of inflammasomes and detail some inflammasome inhibitors used to treat various forms of cancer, which we expect to be used in novel anticancer approaches. However, the practical application of inflammasome inhibitors is limited in regard to specific types of cancer, and the associated clinical trials have not yet been completed. Therefore, additional studies are required to explore more innovative and effective medicines for future clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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57
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Jia C, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhou K, Zhuge Y, Niu C, Qiu J, Rong X, Shi Z, Xiao J, Shi Y, Chu M. Role of pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:311-318. [PMID: 30572256 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis, and is morphologically and mechanistically unique form of programmed cell death compared to others, such as apoptosis and autophagic cell death. More specifically, pyroptosis features gasdermin family-mediated membrane pore formation and subsequent cell lysis, as well as release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents including IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1. Mechanistically, pyroptosis is driven by two main signaling pathways - one mediated by caspase-1 and the other by caspase-4/5/11. Recent studies show that pyroptosis is implicated in several cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize recent scientific discoveries of pyroptosis's involvement in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, reperfusion injury and myocarditis. We also organized new and emerging evidence suggesting that pyroptosis signaling pathways may be potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhuge
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jianxin Qiu
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhewei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 311800, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Lishui People's Hospital, The Six Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China.
| | - Maoping Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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58
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Abstract
Danger signals are a hallmark of many common inflammatory diseases, and these stimuli can function to activate the cytosolic innate immune signalling receptor NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3). Once activated, NLRP3 nucleates the assembly of an inflammasome, leading to caspase 1-mediated proteolytic activation of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) family of cytokines, and induces an inflammatory, pyroptotic cell death. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 activation results in potent therapeutic effects in a wide variety of rodent models of inflammatory diseases, effects that are mirrored by genetic ablation of NLRP3. Although these findings highlight the potential of NLRP3 as a drug target, an understanding of NLRP3 structure and activation mechanisms is incomplete, which has hampered the discovery and development of novel therapeutics against this target. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of NLRP3 activation and regulation, highlight the evolving landscape of NLRP3 modulators and discuss opportunities for pharmacologically targeting NLRP3 with novel small molecules.
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59
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Robinson WH, Lepus CM, Wang Q, Raghu H, Mao R, Lindstrom TM, Sokolove J. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:580-92. [PMID: 27539668 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, we now appreciate that OA pathogenesis involves not only breakdown of cartilage, but also remodelling of the underlying bone, formation of ectopic bone, hypertrophy of the joint capsule, and inflammation of the synovial lining. That is, OA is a disorder of the joint as a whole, with inflammation driving many pathologic changes. The inflammation in OA is distinct from that in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases: it is chronic, comparatively low-grade, and mediated primarily by the innate immune system. Current treatments for OA only control the symptoms, and none has been FDA-approved for the prevention or slowing of disease progression. However, increasing insight into the inflammatory underpinnings of OA holds promise for the development of new, disease-modifying therapies. Indeed, several anti-inflammatory therapies have shown promise in animal models of OA. Further work is needed to identify effective inhibitors of the low-grade inflammation in OA, and to determine whether therapies that target this inflammation can prevent or slow the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Robinson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christin M Lepus
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Harini Raghu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rong Mao
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tamsin M Lindstrom
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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60
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Dey A, Kang X, Qiu J, Du Y, Jiang J. Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:463-484. [PMID: 27062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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61
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Targeting the inflammasome in rheumatic diseases. Transl Res 2016; 167:125-37. [PMID: 26118952 PMCID: PMC4487391 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the inflammasome, a protein complex responsible for many cellular functions, including the activation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, has been identified as a key participant in many rheumatic diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory, and autoinflammatory syndromes. This review will discuss the recent advances in understanding the role of this complex in various rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, it will focus on available therapies, which directly and indirectly target the inflammasome and its downstream cytokines to quiet inflammation and possibly dampen autoimmune processes.
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62
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de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. Therapeutics targeting the inflammasome after central nervous system injury. Transl Res 2016; 167:35-45. [PMID: 26024799 PMCID: PMC4643411 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is part of the early response of the body to deal with tissue damage and infections. Because of the early nature of the innate immune inflammatory response, this inflammatory reaction represents an attractive option as a therapeutic target. The inflammasome is a component of the innate immune response involved in the activation of caspase 1 and the processing of pro-interleukin 1β. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the inflammasome after central nervous system (CNS) injury and stroke, as well as the basic knowledge we have gained so far regarding inflammasome activation in the CNS. In addition, we discuss some of the therapies available or under investigation for the treatment of brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
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63
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are high molecular weight complexes that sense and react to injury and infection. Their activation induces caspase-1 activation and release of interleukin-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. There is increasing evidence that inflammasomes, particularly the NLRP3 inflammasome, act as guardians against noninfectious material. Inappropriate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the progression of many noncommunicable diseases such as gout, type II diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Inhibiting the inflammasome may significantly reduce damaging inflammation and is therefore regarded as a therapeutic target. Currently approved inhibitors of interleukin-1β are rilonacept, canakinumab, and anakinra. However, these proteins do not possess ideal pharmacokinetic properties and are unlikely to easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Because inflammation can contribute to neurological disorders, this review focuses on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Baldwin
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Sally Freeman
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Mailhiot SE, Zignego DL, Prigge JR, Wardwell ER, Schmidt EE, June RK. Non-Invasive Quantification of Cartilage Using a Novel In Vivo Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130564. [PMID: 26151638 PMCID: PMC4495059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are common tools for examining post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA), which involves cartilage deterioration following injury or stress. One challenge to current mouse models is longitudinal monitoring of the cartilage deterioration in vivo in the same mouse during an experiment. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility for using a novel transgenic mouse for non-invasive quantification of cartilage. Chondrocytes are defined by expression of the matrix protein aggrecan, and we developed a novel mouse containing a reporter luciferase cassette under the inducible control of the endogenous aggrecan promoter. We generated these mice by crossing a Cre-dependent luciferase reporter allele with an aggrecan creERT2 knockin allele. The advantage of this design is that the targeted knockin retains the intact endogenous aggrecan locus and expresses the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 protein from a second IRES-driven open reading frame. These mice display bioluminescence in the joints, tail, and trachea, consistent with patterns of aggrecan expression. To evaluate this mouse as a technology for non-invasive quantification of cartilage loss, we characterized the relationship between loss of bioluminescence and loss of cartilage after induction with (i) ex vivo collagenase digestion, (ii) an in vivo OA model utilizing treadmill running, and (iii) age. Ex vivo experiments revealed that collagenase digestion of the femur reduced both luciferase signal intensity and pixel area, demonstrating a link between cartilage degradation and bioluminescence. In an in vivo model of experimental OA, we found decreased bioluminescent signal and pixel area, which correlated with pathological disease. We detected a decrease in both bioluminescent signal intensity and area with natural aging from 2 to 13 months of age. These results indicate that the bioluminescent signal from this mouse may be used as a non-invasive quantitative measure of cartilage. Future studies may use this reporter mouse to advance basic and preclinical studies of murine experimental OA with applications in synovial joint biology, disease pathogenesis, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Mailhiot
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Zignego
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Prigge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Ella R. Wardwell
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Ronald K. June
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Affiliate Faculty, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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65
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Afonina I, Müller C, Martin S, Beyaert R. Proteolytic Processing of Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines: Variations on a Common Theme. Immunity 2015; 42:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Structure and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Molecules Containing Piperazic Acid. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2015_185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kang CW, Ranatunga S, Sarnowski MP, Del Valle JR. Solid-phase synthesis of tetrahydropyridazinedione-constrained peptides. Org Lett 2014; 16:5434-7. [PMID: 25295511 PMCID: PMC4201324 DOI: 10.1021/ol5026684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
design and solid-phase synthesis of tetrahydropyridazine-3,6-dione
(Tpd) peptidomimetics derived from backbone-aminated peptides is reported.
The described protocol features the synthesis of chiral α-hydrazino
acids suitable for chemoselective incorporation into growing peptide
chains. Acid-catalyzed cyclization to form the Tpd ring during cleavage
affords the target peptidomimetics in good yield and purity. The scope
of Tpd incorporation is demonstrated through the synthesis of constrained
peptides featuring nucleophilic/electrophilic side chains and sterically
encumbered α-substituted hydrazino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Won Kang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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La Porta C, Bura SA, Negrete R, Maldonado R. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in osteoarthritis pain. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:485-500. [PMID: 24494687 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease associated with articular cartilage degradation. The major clinical outcome of osteoarthritis is a complex pain state that includes both nociceptive and neuropathic mechanisms. Currently, the therapeutic approaches for osteoarthritis are limited as no drugs are available to control the disease progression and the analgesic treatment has restricted efficacy. Increasing evidence from preclinical studies supports the interest of the endocannabinoid system as an emerging therapeutic target for osteoarthritis pain. Indeed, pharmacological studies have shown the anti-nociceptive effects of cannabinoids in different rodent models of osteoarthritis, and compelling evidence suggests an active participation of the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of this disease. The ubiquitous distribution of cannabinoid receptors, together with the physiological role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of pain, inflammation and even joint function further support the therapeutic interest of cannabinoids for osteoarthritis. However, limited clinical evidence has been provided to support this therapeutic use of cannabinoids, despite the promising preclinical data. This review summarizes the promising results that have been recently obtained in support of the therapeutic value of cannabinoids for osteoarthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen La Porta
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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69
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Riordan EA, Little C, Hunter D. Pathogenesis of post-traumatic OA with a view to intervention. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:17-30. [PMID: 24792943 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) subsequent to joint injury accounts for over 12% of the overall disease burden of OA, and higher in the most at-risk ankle and knee joints. Evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of PTOA may be related to inflammatory processes and alterations to the articular cartilage, menisci, muscle and subchondral bone that are initiated in the acute post-injury phase. Imaging of these early changes, as well as a number of biochemical markers, demonstrates the potential for use as predictors of future disease, and may help stratify patients on the likelihood of their developing clinical disease. This will be important in guiding future interventions, which will likely target elements of the inflammatory response within the joint, molecular abnormalities related to cartilage matrix degradation, chondrocyte function and subchondral bone remodelling. Until significant improvements are made, however, in identifying patients most at risk for developing PTOA--and therefore those who are candidates for therapy--primary prevention programmes will remain the most effective current management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Riordan
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Level 10 Kolling Building, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Reserve Road, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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70
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Handy EL, Totaro KA, Lin CP, Sello JK. Efficient and regiospecific syntheses of peptides with piperazic and dehydropiperazic acids via a multicomponent reaction. Org Lett 2014; 16:3488-91. [PMID: 24937740 DOI: 10.1021/ol501425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptides containing N2-acyl piperazic or 1,6-dehydropiperazic acids can be formed efficiently via a novel multicomponent reaction of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines, isocyanides, and carboxylic acids. Remarkably, the reaction's induced intramolecularity can enable the regiospecific formation of products with N2-acyl piperazic acid, which counters the intrinsic and troublesome propensity for piperazic acids to react at N1 in acylations. The utility of the methodology is demonstrated in the synthesis of the bicyclic core of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme inhibitor, Pralnacasan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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71
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Tonge DP, Pearson MJ, Jones SW. The hallmarks of osteoarthritis and the potential to develop personalised disease-modifying pharmacological therapeutics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:609-21. [PMID: 24632293 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related condition and the leading cause of pain, disability and shortening of adult working life in the UK. The incidence of OA increases with age, with 25% of the over 50s population having OA of the knee. Despite promising preclinical data covering various molecule classes, there is regrettably at present no approved disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). With the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, other therapeutic areas, in particular oncology, have experienced a paradigm shift towards defining disease by its molecular composition. This paradigm shift has enabled high resolution patient stratification and supported the emergence of personalised or precision medicines. In this review we evaluate the potential for the development of OA therapeutics to undergo a similar paradigm shift given that OA is increasingly being recognised as a heterogeneous disease affecting multiple joint tissues. We highlight the evidence for the role of these tissues in OA pathology as different "hallmarks" of OA biology and review the opportunities to identify and develop targeted disease-modifying pharmacological therapeutics. Finally, we consider whether it is feasible to expect the emergence of personalised disease-modifying medicines for patients with OA and how this might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Tonge
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK.
| | - M J Pearson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - S W Jones
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK.
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72
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Drugs and Polymers for Delivery Systems in OA Joints: Clinical Needs and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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73
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Tyrosine kinases: the molecular switch for inflammasome activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:129-31. [PMID: 24509443 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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74
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Iliopoulos D, Gkretsi V, Tsezou A. Proteomics of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and cartilage. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:749-60. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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75
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Gallelli L, Galasso O, Falcone D, Southworth S, Greco M, Ventura V, Romualdi P, Corigliano A, Terracciano R, Savino R, Gulletta E, Gasparini G, De Sarro G. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on clinical outcomes, synovial fluid cytokine concentration and signal transduction pathways in knee osteoarthritis. A randomized open label trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1400-8. [PMID: 23973155 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of celecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen on the disease-specific quality of life, synovial fluid cytokines and signal transduction pathways in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN Ninety patients scheduled for a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were randomized to six groups that were treated with low and high dosages of celecoxib, diclofenac or ibuprofen. At the time of the first admission (T0) and at surgery (T1 = 14 days after beginning of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), samples of knee synovial fluid were obtained from each patient for analysis. During the surgery the synovial tissue was harvested from the knee of patients. The Western Ontario and McMaster universities (WOMAC) score was used to evaluate the patient disease-specific quality of life at T0 and T1. Microarray tests performed at T0 and T1 were used to evaluate the effects of NSAIDs on Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL8 and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in the synovial fluid. Western blot assays evaluated the effects of NSAIDs on MAP kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in the synovial membrane. RESULTS NSAID treatment induced a statistically significant improvement in the WOMAC score and a statistically significant decrease in the IL-6, VEGF and TNF-alpha concentration in the synovial fluid. Higher dosages of NSAIDs provided a greater improvement in the disease-specific quality of life of patients and lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid. Inhibition of MAPKs was noted after NSAID treatment. CONCLUSION Short-term NSAID treatment improves the patient disease-specific quality of life with a parallel decrease in pro-inflammatory synovial fluid cytokine levels in knee OA. Signal transduction pathways may be involved in regulating the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01860833.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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76
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Klopfleisch R. Multiparametric and semiquantitative scoring systems for the evaluation of mouse model histopathology--a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:123. [PMID: 23800279 PMCID: PMC3693904 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histopathology has initially been and is still used to diagnose infectious, degenerative or neoplastic diseases in humans or animals. In addition to qualitative diagnoses semiquantitative scoring of a lesion`s magnitude on an ordinal scale is a commonly demanded task for histopathologists. Multiparametric, semiquantitative scoring systems for mouse models histopathology are a common approach to handle these questions and to include histopathologic information in biomedical research. RESULTS Inclusion criteria for scoring systems were a first description of a multiparametric, semiquantiative scoring systems which comprehensibly describe an approach to evaluate morphologic lesion. A comprehensive literature search using these criteria identified 153 originally designed semiquantitative scoring systems for the analysis of morphologic changes in mouse models covering almost all organs systems and a wide variety of disease models. Of these, colitis, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, lupus nephritis and collagen induced osteoarthritis colitis were the disease models with the largest number of different scoring systems. Closer analysis of the identified scoring systems revealed a lack of a rationale for the selection of the scoring parameters or a correlation between scoring parameter value and the magnitude of the clinical symptoms in most studies. CONCLUSION Although a decision for a particular scoring system is clearly dependent on the respective scientific question this review gives an overview on currently available systems and may therefore allow for a better choice for the respective project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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The effect of local anaesthetics on synoviocytes: a possible indirect mechanism of chondrolysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1468-74. [PMID: 22717739 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the effect of local anaesthetics on chondrocyte viability is widely documented, the effect of these medications on synoviocytes is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of 0.5 % bupivacaine and 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine on synoviocyte viability, cytokine and growth factor release, and breakdown product formation. METHODS Rabbit fibroblast-like synoviocyte (Type B) cultures were perfused with 0.5 % bupivacaine or 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine (1:200,000) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated using a two-colour fluorescence assay. The supernatant was analysed using multiplex inflammatory and matrix metalloproteinase assays. RESULTS Synoviocytes treated for 24 h with 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine demonstrated a significant decrease in viability (31.3 ± 19.4 % cell death) when compared with synoviocytes cultured in control media (3.8 ± 1.3 % cell death, p = 0.000) and those cultured in 0.5 % bupivacaine alone (12.6 ± 11.1 % cell death, p = 0.003). No significant decrease in cell viability was observed in synoviocytes treated with 0.5 % bupivacaine compared to those in control media (12.6 ± 11.1 % vs 3.8 ± 1.3 % cell death, p = 0.194). Significantly greater amounts of MMP-1 (47.0 ± 9.2 pg/ml) and MMP-3 (250.0 ± 68.8 pg/ml) were observed in 0.5 % bupivacaine cultures compared with controls (14.3 ± 14.3, p = 0.023 and 72.0 ± 84.9, p = 0.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine caused a significant increase in cell death of the synoviocytes, while 0.5 % bupivacaine alone produced cell injury and a significant release of matrix metalloproteinases, which may also lead to indirect injury of the surrounding chondrocytes. These results may help explain the onset of chondrolysis observed in patients who have been treated with intra-articular local anaesthetics.
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78
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Little CB, Hunter DJ. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis: from mouse models to clinical trials. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:485-97. [PMID: 23689231 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common of all arthropathies, is a leading cause of disability and has a large (and growing) worldwide socioeconomic cost. Despite its burgeoning importance, translation of disease-modifying OA therapies from the laboratory into clinical practice has slowed. Differences between the OA models studied preclinically and the disease evaluated in human clinical trials contribute to this failure. Most animal models of OA induce disease through surgical or mechanical disruption of joint biomechanics in young individuals rather than the spontaneous development of age-associated disease. This instability-induced joint disease in animals best models the arthritis that develops in humans after an injurious event, known as post-traumatic OA (PTOA). Studies in genetically modified mice suggest that PTOA has a distinct molecular pathophysiology compared with that of spontaneous OA, which might explain the poor translation from preclinical to clinical OA therapeutic trials. This Review summarizes the latest data on potential molecular targets for PTOA prevention and modification derived from studies in genetically modified mice, and describes their validation in preclinical therapeutic trials. This article focuses on how these findings might best be translated to humans, and identifies the potential challenges to successful implementation of clinical trials of disease-modifying drugs for PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. christopher.little@ sydney.edu.au
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Biomarkers of periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in mice and men: overview and clinical relevance. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:105873. [PMID: 23737704 PMCID: PMC3655650 DOI: 10.1155/2013/105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active substances are expressed by cells within the periodontium in response to mechanical stimuli from orthodontic appliances. Several possible biomarkers representing biological modifications during specific phenomena as simile-inflammatory process, bone resorption and formation, periodontal ligament changes, and vascular and neural responses are proposed. Citations to potentially published trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane databases, and scientific textbooks. Additionally, hand searching and contact with experts in the area were undertaken to identify potentially relevant published and unpublished studies. Selection criteria were as follows: animal models involving only mice and rats undergoing orthodontic treatment; collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a noninvasively procedure for humans; no other simultaneous treatment that could affect experimental orthodontic movement. The data suggest that knowledge of the remodeling process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and orthopedic therapies may be a clinical usefulness procedure leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten the period of treatment, avoiding adverse consequences. The relevance for clinicians of evaluating the rate of some substances as valid biomarkers of periodontal effects during orthodontic movement, by means of two models of study, mice and men, is underlined.
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80
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Bioprospecting in the Berkeley Pit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62615-8.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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81
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Bougault C, Gosset M, Houard X, Salvat C, Godmann L, Pap T, Jacques C, Berenbaum F. Stress-induced cartilage degradation does not depend on the NLRP3 inflammasome in human osteoarthritis and mouse models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:3972-81. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Goldring MB. Chondrogenesis, chondrocyte differentiation, and articular cartilage metabolism in health and osteoarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2012; 4:269-85. [PMID: 22859926 PMCID: PMC3403254 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x12448454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis occurs as a result of mesenchymal cell condensation and chondroprogenitor cell differentiation. Following chondrogenesis, the chondrocytes remain as resting cells to form the articular cartilage or undergo proliferation, terminal differentiation to chondrocyte hypertrophy, and apoptosis in a process termed endochondral ossification, whereby the hypertrophic cartilage is replaced by bone. Human adult articular cartilage is a complex tissue of matrix proteins that varies from superficial to deep layers and from loaded to unloaded zones. A major challenge to efforts to repair cartilage by stem cell-based and other tissue-engineering strategies is the inability of the resident chondrocytes to lay down a new matrix with the same properties as it had when it was formed during development. Thus, understanding and comparing the mechanisms of cartilage remodeling during development, osteoarthritis (OA), and aging may lead to more effective strategies for preventing cartilage damage and promoting repair. The pivotal proteinase that marks OA progression is matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), the major type II collagen-degrading collagenase, which is regulated by both stress and inflammatory signals. We and other investigators have found that there are common mediators of these processes in human OA cartilage. We also observe temporal and spatial expression of these mediators in early through late stages of OA in mouse models and are analyzing the consequences of knockout or transgenic overexpression of critical genes. Since the chondrocytes in adult human cartilage are normally quiescent and maintain the matrix in a low turnover state, understanding how they undergo phenotypic modulation and promote matrix destruction and abnormal repair in OA may to lead to identification of critical targets for therapy to block cartilage damage and promote effective cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Caspary Research Building, 5th Floor, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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83
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Martel-Pelletier J, Wildi LM, Pelletier JP. Future therapeutics for osteoarthritis. Bone 2012; 51:297-311. [PMID: 22037003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the joints that affects several million individuals worldwide. This disease, which involves mainly the diarthrodial joints, is chronic and develops slowly over decades, making it very difficult to precisely identify the different etiological and risk factors that influence its onset. At present, most therapies for OA are symptomatic. This review will focus on new OA therapeutics in development that are directed toward pain relief as well as others with the potential to reduce or stop the progression of the disease (DMOADs). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Osteoarthritis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Cytokines and VEGF induction in orthodontic movement in animal models. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:201689. [PMID: 22665981 PMCID: PMC3361315 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that aims at the resolution of dental malocclusions. The specialist carries out the treatment using intraoral or extraoral orthodontic appliances that require forces of a given load level to obtain a tooth movement in a certain direction in dental arches. Orthodontic tooth movement is dependent on efficient remodeling of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, correlated with several biological and mechanical responses of the tissues surrounding the teeth. A periodontal ligament placed under pressure will result in bone resorption whereas a periodontal ligament under tension results in bone formation. In the primary stage of the application of orthodontic forces, an acute inflammation occurs in periodontium. Several proinflammatory cytokines are produced by immune-competent cells migrating by means of dilated capillaries. In this paper we summarize, also through the utilization of animal models, the role of some of these molecules, namely, interleukin-1β and vascular endothelial growth factor, that are some proliferation markers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and the macrophage colony stimulating factor.
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85
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Jotanovic Z, Mihelic R, Sestan B, Dembic Z. Role of Interleukin-1 Inhibitors in Osteoarthritis. Drugs Aging 2012; 29:343-58. [DOI: 10.2165/11599350-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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86
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Stierle AA, Stierle DB, Girtsman T. Caspase-1 inhibitors from an extremophilic fungus that target specific leukemia cell lines. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:344-50. [PMID: 22295871 PMCID: PMC3330824 DOI: 10.1021/np200414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Berkeley Pit Lake, Butte, Montana, is a 540 m deep abandoned open-pit copper mine filled with over 140 billion liters of acidic, metal-sulfate-contaminated water. This harsh environment has yielded several microorganisms that produce interesting biologically active compounds. Several polyketide metabolites including the new berkazaphilones A (1) and B (2) and octadienoic acid derivatives berkedienoic acid (13) and berkedienolactone (15), as well as previously reported azaphilone 4, vermistatin (6), dihydrovermistatin (7), penisimplicissin (8), aldehyde 9, and methylparaconic acid (11), were isolated from a culture broth of Penicillium rubrum taken from a depth of 270 m. The structures of these compounds were deduced by interpretation of spectroscopic data. The compounds were isolated either for their inhibition of the signal transduction enzyme caspase-1 or because of their structural similarity to these inhibitors. Selected compounds were further evaluated for their ability to inhibit interleukin-1β production by inflammasomes in induced THP-1 cells. Berkazaphilones B (2) and C (4) and vermistatin analogue penisimplicissin (8) exhibited selective activity against leukemia cancer cell lines in the National Cancer Institute 60 human cell line assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Donald B. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Teri Girtsman
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59812
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87
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Stierle DB, Stierle AA, Girtsman T, McIntyre K, Nichols J. Caspase-1 and -3 inhibiting drimane sesquiterpenoids from the extremophilic fungus Penicillium solitum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:262-266. [PMID: 22276851 PMCID: PMC3330828 DOI: 10.1021/np200528n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two new drimane sesquiterpene lactones and one new tricarboxylic acid derivative were isolated from the Berkeley Pit extremophilic fungus Penicillium solitum. The structures of these compounds were deduced by spectroscopic analysis. Berkedrimanes A and B inhibited the signal transduction enzymes caspase-1 and caspase-3 and mitigated the production of interleukin 1-β in the induced THP-1 (pro-monocytic leukemia cell line) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Andrea A. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Teri Girtsman
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Kyle McIntyre
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, Montana 59701
| | - Jesse Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, Montana 59701
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88
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Bondeson J. Are we moving in the right direction with osteoarthritis drug discovery? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1355-68. [PMID: 22087738 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.636740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The success of targeted biologic therapy against rheumatoid arthritis has meant that much research has been devoted to investigating the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, in the hope of defining novel therapeutic targets. Osteoarthritis has long been thought of mainly as a degenerative disease of cartilage, with secondary bony damage and osteophytes. However, in recent years, the importance of the synovium, and in particular the synovial macrophages, has been highlighted in both in vitro and in vivo studies. AREAS COVERED The recent progress in osteoarthritis drug discovery, particularly with regard to the search for therapeutic targets for this disease and the development of disease-modifying anti-osteoarthritic drugs is critically assessed. Some important recent research with regard to possible therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis drug discovery is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The concept that synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced cytokines, may play a role in driving inflammatory and destructive signalling pathways in osteoarthritis, is of importance for drug discovery in this disease, in spite of disappointing results from early studies of anti-cytokine strategies in osteoarthritis clinical trials. There is also an abundance of potential downstream therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis, including the matrix metalloproteinases, the aggrecanases, iNOS and elements of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bondeson
- Cardiff University, Department of Rheumatology, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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89
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Koenen TB, Stienstra R, van Tits LJ, Joosten LAB, van Velzen JF, Hijmans A, Pol JA, van der Vliet JA, Netea MG, Tack CJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. The inflammasome and caspase-1 activation: a new mechanism underlying increased inflammatory activity in human visceral adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3769-78. [PMID: 21862623 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune competent abdominal adipose tissue, either stored viscerally [visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] or sc [sc adipose tissue (SAT)], has been identified as a source of IL-1β and IL-18. To become active, the proforms of these cytokines require processing by caspase-1, which itself is mediated by the inflammasome. In this descriptive study, we investigate the expression of inflammasome components and caspase-1 in human fat and determine whether caspase-1 activity contributes to the enhanced inflammatory status of VAT. Paired SAT and VAT biopsies from 10 overweight subjects (body mass index, 25-28 kg/m(2)) were used to study the cellular composition and the intrinsic inflammatory capacity of both adipose tissue depots. The percentage of CD8(+) T cells within the lymphocyte fraction was significantly higher in VAT compared with SAT (41.6 vs. 30.4%; P < 0.05). Adipose tissue cultures showed a higher release of IL-1β (10-fold; P < 0.05), IL-18 (3-fold; P < 0.05), and IL-6 and IL-8 (3-fold, P < 0.05; and 4-fold, P < 0.05, respectively) from VAT compared with SAT that was significantly reduced by inhibiting caspase-1 activity. In addition, caspase-1 activity was 3-fold (P < 0.05) higher in VAT compared with SAT, together with an increase in the protein levels of the inflammasome members apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-recruitment domain (2-fold; P < 0.05) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (2-fold; nonsignificant). Finally, caspase-1 activity levels were positively correlated with the percentage of CD8(+) T cells present in adipose tissue. Our results show that caspase-1 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome members are abundantly present in human VAT. The increased intrinsic caspase-1 activity in VAT represents a novel and specific inflammatory pathway that may determine the proinflammatory character of this specific depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Koenen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Internal Postal Code 463, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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90
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Troeberg L, Nagase H. Proteases involved in cartilage matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:133-45. [PMID: 21777704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease for which there are currently no disease-modifying drugs available. Degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix is a central feature of the disease and is widely thought to be mediated by proteinases that degrade structural components of the matrix, primarily aggrecan and collagen. Studies on transgenic mice have confirmed the central role of Adamalysin with Thrombospondin Motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) in aggrecan degradation, and the collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinase MMP-13 in collagen degradation. This review discusses recent advances in current understanding of the mechanisms regulating expression of these key enzymes, as well as reviewing the roles of other proteinases in cartilage destruction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Troeberg
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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91
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Osawa R, Williams KL, Singh N. The inflammasome regulatory pathway and infections: Role in pathophysiology and clinical implications. J Infect 2011; 62:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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92
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Abstract
The innate immune system relies on the recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors as a first line of defense and to initiate the adaptive immune response. Substantial progress has been made in defining the role of Nod (nucleotide-binding oligimerization domain)-like receptors and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) as pattern recognition receptors that activate inflammasomes in macrophages. Inflammasomes are protein platforms essential for the activation of inflammatory caspases and subsequent maturation of their pro-inflammatory cytokine substrates and induction of pyroptosis. This paper summarizes recent developments regarding the function of Nod-like receptors in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Khare
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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93
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Takeshita N, Yoshimi E, Hatori C, Kumakura F, Seki N, Shimizu Y. Alleviating Effects of AS1892802, a Rho Kinase Inhibitor, on Osteoarthritic Disorders in Rodents. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:481-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10319fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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94
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Stienstra R, Joosten LAB, Koenen T, van Tits B, van Diepen JA, van den Berg SAA, Rensen PCN, Voshol PJ, Fantuzzi G, Hijmans A, Kersten S, Müller M, van den Berg WB, van Rooijen N, Wabitsch M, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JWM, Kanneganti T, Tack CJ, Netea MG. The inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation controls adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 2010; 12:593-605. [PMID: 21109192 PMCID: PMC3683568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation originating from expanding adipose tissue interferes with insulin sensitivity. Important metabolic effects have been recently attributed to IL-1β and IL-18, two members of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Processing of IL-1β and IL-18 requires cleavage by caspase-1, a cysteine protease regulated by a protein complex called the inflammasome. We demonstrate that the inflammasome/caspase-1 governs adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Caspase-1 is upregulated during adipocyte differentiation and directs adipocytes toward a more insulin-resistant phenotype. Treatment of differentiating adipocytes with recombinant IL-1β and IL-18, or blocking their effects by inhibitors, reveals that the effects of caspase-1 on adipocyte differentiation are largely conveyed by IL-1β. Caspase-1 and IL-1β activity in adipose tissue is increased both in diet-induced and genetically induced obese animal models. Conversely, mice deficient in caspase-1 are more insulin sensitive as compared to wild-type animals. In addition, differentiation of preadipocytes isolated from caspase-1(-/-) or NLRP3(-/-) mice resulted in more metabolically active fat cells. In vivo, treatment of obese mice with a caspase-1 inhibitor significantly increases their insulin sensitivity. Indirect calorimetry analysis revealed higher fat oxidation rates in caspase-1(-/-) animals. In conclusion, the inflammasome is an important regulator of adipocyte function and insulin sensitivity, and caspase-1 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic target in clinical conditions associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4I), Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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95
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and disabling condition for which few safe and effective therapeutic options are available. Current approaches are largely palliative and in an effort to mitigate the rising tide of increasing OA prevalence and disease impact, modifying the structural progression of OA has become a focus of drug development. This Review describes disease modification and discusses some of the challenges involved in the discovery and development of disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). A variety of targeted agents are in mature phases of development; specific agents that are beyond preclinical development in phase II and III trials and show promise as potential DMOADs are discussed. A research agenda with respect to disease modification in OA is also provided, and some of the future challenges we face in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hunter
- Rheumatology Department and Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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96
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Pelletier JP, Boileau C, Altman RD, Martel-Pelletier J. Experimental models of osteoarthritis: usefulness in the development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs/agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/thy.10.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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97
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Cardiel MH, Tak PP, Bensen W, Burch FX, Forejtova S, Badurski JE, Kakkar T, Bevirt T, Ni L, McCroskery E, Jahreis A, Zack DJ. A phase 2 randomized, double-blind study of AMG 108, a fully human monoclonal antibody to IL-1R, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R192. [PMID: 20950476 PMCID: PMC2991028 DOI: 10.1186/ar3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical work has suggested that IL-1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of a long-acting IL-1 receptor inhibitor, AMG 108, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-dosing study in patients with active RA who were receiving stable methotrexate (15 to 25 mg/week). METHODS Patients were randomized equally to receive placebo or 50, 125, or 250 mg AMG 108 subcutaneously every 4 weeks for 6 months. The primary efficacy endpoint was a 20% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology response (ACR20) at week 24; other efficacy endpoints included the ACR50, the ACR70, and the RA disease activity score (28-joint count Disease Activity Score) responses, patient-reported outcomes, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), infectious AEs, serious AEs, serious infections, injection site reactions, laboratory abnormalities, and antibodies to AMG 108. RESULTS Of 813 patients enrolled in the study, 204 patients were randomized to the 50 mg group, 203 to the 125 mg group, 203 to the 250 mg group, and 203 to placebo. At week 24, 40.4% of the 250 mg group, 36% of the 125 mg group, 30.9% of the 50 mg group, and 29.1% of the placebo group achieved an ACR20 (P = 0.022, 250 mg vs. placebo). Of the individual ACR components, numerical dose-dependent improvements were only seen in tender joint counts, pain (visual analog scale), and the acute phase reactants, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. No dose-related increase was observed in the incidence of treatment-emergent AEs. No deaths were reported, and the incidence of AEs and infections, serious AEs and infections, and withdrawals from study for safety were similar in the AMG 108 and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS This large double-blind randomized trial with a long-acting IL-1 receptor blocker, AMG 108, is consistent with the experience of other IL-1 blockers, represents a definitive experiment showing that IL-1 inhibition provides only moderate symptomatic amelioration of arthritis activity in the majority of RA patients, and provides an answer to a question that has been discussed for many years in the rheumatologic community. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00293826.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Cardiel
- Centro de Investigacion Clinica de Morelia, Morelia, Virrey de Mendoza 1998-Int, 522 Col Félix Ireta, Mich 58070, Mexico.
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98
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The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S17-23. [PMID: 20864019 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1108] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe a histologic scoring system for murine osteoarthritis (OA) that can be applied universally to instability, enzymatic, transgenic and spontaneous OA models. METHODS Scientists with expertise in assessing murine OA histopathology reviewed the merits and drawbacks of methods described in the literature. A semi-quantitative scoring system that could reasonably be employed in any basic cartilage histology laboratory was proposed. This scoring system was applied to a set of 10 images of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle to yield 20 scores. These images were scored twice by four experienced scorers (CL, SG, MC, TA), with a minimum time interval of 1 week between scores to obtain intra-observer variability. An additional three novice scorers (CR, CL and MM) with no previous experience evaluated the images to determine the ease of use and reproducibility across laboratories. RESULTS The semi-quantitative scoring system was relatively easy to apply for both experienced and novice scorers and the results had low inter- and intra-scorer variability. The variation in scores across both the experienced and novice scorers was low for both tibia and femur, with the tibia always having greater consistency. CONCLUSIONS The semi-quantitative scoring system recommended here is simple to apply and required no specialized equipment. Scoring of the tibial plateaus was highly reproducible and more consistent than that of the femur due to the much thinner femoral cartilage. This scoring system may be a useful tool for both new and experienced scorers to sensitively evaluate models and OA mechanisms, and also provide a common paradigm for comparative evaluation across the many groups performing these analyses.
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99
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Galatsis P, Caprathe B, Downing D, Gilmore J, Harter W, Hays S, Kostlan C, Linn K, Lunney E, Para K, Thomas A, Warmus J, Allen H, Brady K, Talanian R, Walker N. Inhibition of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE or caspase 1) by aspartyl acyloxyalkyl ketones and aspartyl amidooxyalkyl ketones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5089-94. [PMID: 20674352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of acyloxyalkyl and amidooxyalkyl ketones appended to a carbobenzyloxy aspartic acid core have been prepared. The most potent of these new inhibitors was 4i with a K(i) of 0.5 microM. These two series provide an improved understanding of the binding requirements for the hydrophobic prime side of ICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galatsis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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100
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Galatsis P, Caprathe B, Gilmore J, Thomas A, Linn K, Sheehan S, Harter W, Kostlan C, Lunney E, Stankovic C, Rubin J, Brady K, Allen H, Talanian R. Succinic acid amides as P2-P3 replacements for inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE or caspase 1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5184-90. [PMID: 20656488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Succinic acid amides have been found to be effective P2-P3 scaffold replacements for peptidic ICE inhibitors. Heteroarylalkyl fragments occupying the P4 position provided access to compounds with nM affinities. Utilization of an acylal prodrug moiety was required to overcome biopharmaceutical issues which led to the identification of 17f, a potential clinical candidate.
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