51
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Nozal V, Martinez A. Tau Tubulin Kinase 1 (TTBK1), a new player in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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52
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Parts list for a microtubule depolymerising kinesin. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1665-1672. [PMID: 30467119 PMCID: PMC6299235 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Kinesin superfamily is a large group of molecular motors that use the turnover of ATP to regulate their interaction with the microtubule cytoskeleton. The coupled relationship between nucleotide turnover and microtubule binding is harnessed in various ways by these motors allowing them to carry out a variety of cellular functions. The Kinesin-13 family is a group of specialist microtubule depolymerising motors. Members of this family use their microtubule destabilising activity to regulate processes such as chromosome segregation, maintenance of cilia and neuronal development. Here, we describe the current understanding of the structure of this family of kinesins and the role different parts of these proteins play in their microtubule depolymerisation activity and in the wider function of this family of kinesins.
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53
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Ti SC, Alushin GM, Kapoor TM. Human β-Tubulin Isotypes Can Regulate Microtubule Protofilament Number and Stability. Dev Cell 2018; 47:175-190.e5. [PMID: 30245156 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell biological studies have shown that protofilament number, a fundamental feature of microtubules, can correlate with the expression of different tubulin isotypes. However, it is not known if tubulin isotypes directly control this basic microtubule property. Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM reconstructions (3.5-3.65 Å) of purified human α1B/β3 and α1B/β2B microtubules and find that the β-tubulin isotype can determine protofilament number. Comparisons of atomic models of 13- and 14-protofilament microtubules reveal how tubulin subunit plasticity, manifested in "accordion-like" distributed structural changes, can accommodate distinct lattice organizations. Furthermore, compared to α1B/β3 microtubules, α1B/β2B filaments are more stable to passive disassembly and against depolymerization by MCAK or chTOG, microtubule-associated proteins with distinct mechanisms of action. Mixing tubulin isotypes in different proportions results in microtubules with protofilament numbers and stabilities intermediate to those of isotypically pure filaments. Together, our findings indicate that microtubule protofilament number and stability can be controlled through β-tubulin isotype composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Ti
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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54
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Monda JK, Cheeseman IM. The kinetochore-microtubule interface at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/16/jcs214577. [PMID: 30115751 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation critically depends on the formation of attachments between microtubule polymers and each sister chromatid. The kinetochore is the macromolecular complex that assembles at the centromere of each chromosome during mitosis and serves as the link between the DNA and the microtubules. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we discuss the activities and molecular players that are involved in generating kinetochore-microtubule attachments, including the initial stages of lateral kinetochore-microtubule interactions and maturation to stabilized end-on attachments. We additionally explore the features that contribute to the ability of the kinetochore to track with dynamic microtubules. Finally, we examine the contributions of microtubule-associated proteins to the organization and stabilization of the mitotic spindle and the control of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Monda
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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55
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Ternary complex of Kif2A-bound tandem tubulin heterodimers represents a kinesin-13-mediated microtubule depolymerization reaction intermediate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2628. [PMID: 29980677 PMCID: PMC6035175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13 proteins are major microtubule (MT) regulatory factors that catalyze removal of tubulin subunits from MT ends. The class-specific “neck” and loop 2 regions of these motors are required for MT depolymerization, but their contributing roles are still unresolved because their interactions with MT ends have not been observed directly. Here we report the crystal structure of a catalytically active kinesin-13 monomer (Kif2A) in complex with two bent αβ-tubulin heterodimers in a head-to-tail array, providing a view of these interactions. The neck of Kif2A binds to one tubulin dimer and the motor core to the other, guiding insertion of the KVD motif of loop 2 in between them. AMPPNP-bound Kif2A can form stable complexes with tubulin in solution and trigger MT depolymerization. We also demonstrate the importance of the neck in modulating ATP turnover and catalytic depolymerization of MTs. These results provide mechanistic insights into the catalytic cycles of kinesin-13. The kinesin-13 family of microtubule (MT) depolymerases are major regulators of MT dynamics. Here the authors provide insights into the MT depolymerization mechanism by solving the crystal structure of a kinesin-13 monomer (Kif2A) in complex with two bent αβ-tubulin heterodimers.
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56
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Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers of αβ-tubulin that are essential for intracellular organization, organelle trafficking and chromosome segregation. Microtubule growth and shrinkage occur via addition and loss of αβ-tubulin subunits, which are biochemical processes. Dynamic microtubules can also engage in mechanical processes, such as exerting forces by pushing or pulling against a load. Recent advances at the intersection of biochemistry and mechanics have revealed the existence of multiple conformations of αβ-tubulin subunits and their central role in dictating the mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and force generation. It has become apparent that microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) selectively target specific tubulin conformations to regulate microtubule dynamics, and mechanical forces can also influence microtubule dynamics by altering the balance of tubulin conformations. Importantly, the conformational states of tubulin dimers are likely to be coupled throughout the lattice: the conformation of one dimer can influence the conformation of its nearest neighbours, and this effect can propagate over longer distances. This coupling provides a long-range mechanism by which MAPs and forces can modulate microtubule growth and shrinkage. These findings provide evidence that the interplay between biochemistry and mechanics is essential for the cellular functions of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
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57
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Mechanism of Catalytic Microtubule Depolymerization via KIF2-Tubulin Transitional Conformation. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2626-2638. [PMID: 28903043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic structures that are fundamental for cell morphogenesis and motility. MT-associated motors work efficiently to perform their functions. Unlike other motile kinesins, KIF2 catalytically depolymerizes MTs from the peeled protofilament end during ATP hydrolysis. However, the detailed mechanism by which KIF2 drives processive MT depolymerization remains unknown. To elucidate the catalytic mechanism, the transitional KIF2-tubulin complex during MT depolymerization was analyzed through multiple methods, including atomic force microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, multi-angle light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and mass spectrometry. The analyses outlined the conformation in which one KIF2core domain binds tightly to two tubulin dimers in the middle pre-hydrolysis state during ATP hydrolysis, a process critical for catalytic MT depolymerization. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the KIF2core domain displays the activated conformation that sustains the large KIF2-tubulin 1:2 complex.
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58
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Benoit MPMH, Asenjo AB, Sosa H. Cryo-EM reveals the structural basis of microtubule depolymerization by kinesin-13s. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1662. [PMID: 29695795 PMCID: PMC5916938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13s constitute a distinct group within the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins that promote microtubule depolymerization and lack motile activity. The molecular mechanism by which kinesin-13s depolymerize microtubules and are adapted to perform a seemingly very different activity from other kinesins is still unclear. To address this issue, here we report the near atomic resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-13 KLP10A protein constructs bound to curved or straight tubulin in different nucleotide states. These structures show how nucleotide induced conformational changes near the catalytic site are coupled with movement of the kinesin-13-specific loop-2 to induce tubulin curvature leading to microtubule depolymerization. The data highlight a modular structure that allows similar kinesin core motor-domains to be used for different functions, such as motility or microtubule depolymerization. Kinesin-13s are microtubule depolymerases that lack motile activity. Here the authors present the cryo-EM structures of kinesin-13 microtubule complexes in different nucleotide bound states, which reveal how ATP hydrolysis is linked to conformational changes and propose a model for kinesin induced depolymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu P M H Benoit
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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59
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Wang H, Peng B, Pandita RK, Engler DA, Matsunami RK, Xu X, Hegde PM, Butler BE, Pandita TK, Mitra S, Xu B, Hegde ML. Aurora kinase B dependent phosphorylation of 53BP1 is required for resolving merotelic kinetochore-microtubule attachment errors during mitosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48671-48687. [PMID: 28415769 PMCID: PMC5564716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in resolving kinetochore-microtubule attachment mistakes during mitosis is linked to chromosome instability associated with carcinogenesis as well as resistance to cancer therapy. Here we report for the first time that tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) is phosphorylated at serine 1342 (S1342) by Aurora kinase B both in vitro and in human cells, which is required for optimal recruitment of 53BP1 at kinetochores. Furthermore, 53BP1 staining normally localized on the outer kinetochore, extended to the whole kinetochore when it is merotelically-attached, in concert with mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. Kinetochore-binding of pS1342-53BP1 is essential for efficient resolving of merotelic attachment, a spontaneous kinetochore-microtubule connection error that usually causes aneuploidy. Consistently, loss of 53BP1 results in significant increase in lagging chromosome events, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy, due to the unresolved merotely in both cancer and primary cells, which is prevented by ectopic wild type 53BP1 but not by the nonphophorylable S1342A mutant. We thus document a novel DNA damage-independent function of 53BP1 in maintaining faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Raj K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Engler
- Proteomics Programmatic Core Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Risë K Matsunami
- Proteomics Programmatic Core Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Butler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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60
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Zheng Y, Sethi R, Mangala LS, Taylor C, Goldsmith J, Wang M, Masuda K, Karaminejadranjbar M, Mannion D, Miranda F, Herrero-Gonzalez S, Hellner K, Chen F, Alsaadi A, Albukhari A, Fotso DC, Yau C, Jiang D, Pradeep S, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Lopez-Berestein G, Knapp S, Gray NS, Campo L, Myers KA, Dhar S, Ferguson D, Bast RC, Sood AK, von Delft F, Ahmed AA. Tuning microtubule dynamics to enhance cancer therapy by modulating FER-mediated CRMP2 phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:476. [PMID: 29396402 PMCID: PMC5797184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though used widely in cancer therapy, paclitaxel only elicits a response in a fraction of patients. A strong determinant of paclitaxel tumor response is the state of microtubule dynamic instability. However, whether the manipulation of this physiological process can be controlled to enhance paclitaxel response has not been tested. Here, we show a previously unrecognized role of the microtubule-associated protein CRMP2 in inducing microtubule bundling through its carboxy terminus. This activity is significantly decreased when the FER tyrosine kinase phosphorylates CRMP2 at Y479 and Y499. The crystal structures of wild-type CRMP2 and CRMP2-Y479E reveal how mimicking phosphorylation prevents tetramerization of CRMP2. Depletion of FER or reducing its catalytic activity using sub-therapeutic doses of inhibitors increases paclitaxel-induced microtubule stability and cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells and in vivo. This work provides a rationale for inhibiting FER-mediated CRMP2 phosphorylation to enhance paclitaxel on-target activity for cancer therapy. Some anticancer drugs target cell microtubules inhibiting mitosis and cell division. Here, the authors show that CRMP2 induces microtubule bundling and that this activity is regulated by the FER kinase, thus providing a rationale for targeting FER in combination with microtubule-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Zheng
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ritika Sethi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charlotte Taylor
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mohammad Karaminejadranjbar
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David Mannion
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fabrizio Miranda
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sandra Herrero-Gonzalez
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Karin Hellner
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fiona Chen
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Abdulkhaliq Alsaadi
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ashwag Albukhari
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donatien Chedom Fotso
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christopher Yau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Statistics, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Dahai Jiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Riedberg Campus, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Leticia Campo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kevin A Myers
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sunanda Dhar
- Department of Histopathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David Ferguson
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Ashour Ahmed
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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61
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their shared ability to regulate microtubule polymerization dynamics, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility properties ranging from fast processive motility to no movement. Yue et al. demonstrate that for KIF7 and KIF27, altered chemomechanical coupling results in immotile behavior and slow processive movement, respectively. Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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62
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Lakshmi RB, Nair VM, Manna TK. Regulators of spindle microtubules and their mechanisms: Living together matters. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:101-111. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bhagya Lakshmi
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Vishnu M. Nair
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Tapas K. Manna
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
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63
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Patel JT, Belsham HR, Rathbone AJ, Wickstead B, Gell C, Friel CT. The family-specific α4-helix of the kinesin-13, MCAK, is critical to microtubule end recognition. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160223. [PMID: 27733589 PMCID: PMC5090061 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins that influence the dynamics of microtubule growth and shrinkage require the ability to distinguish between the microtubule end and the microtubule lattice. The microtubule depolymerizing kinesin MCAK has been shown to specifically recognize the microtubule end. This ability is key to the action of MCAK in regulating microtubule dynamics. We show that the α4-helix of the motor domain is crucial to microtubule end recognition. Mutation of the residues K524, E525 and R528, which are located in the C-terminal half of the α4-helix, specifically disrupts the ability of MCAK to recognize the microtubule end. Mutation of these residues, which are conserved in the kinesin-13 family and discriminate members of this family from translocating kinesins, impairs the ability of MCAK to discriminate between the microtubule lattice and the microtubule end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Patel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hannah R Belsham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexandra J Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher Gell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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64
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Belsham HR, Friel CT. A Cdk1 phosphomimic mutant of MCAK impairs microtubule end recognition. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4034. [PMID: 29230353 PMCID: PMC5723132 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule depolymerising kinesin-13, MCAK, is phosphorylated at residue T537 by Cdk1. This is the only known phosphorylation site within MCAK’s motor domain. To understand the impact of phosphorylation by Cdk1 on microtubule depolymerisation activity, we have investigated the molecular mechanism of the phosphomimic mutant T537E. This mutant significantly impairs microtubule depolymerisation activity and when transfected into cells causes metaphase arrest and misaligned chromosomes. We show that the molecular mechanism underlying the reduced depolymerisation activity of this phosphomimic mutant is an inability to recognise the microtubule end. The microtubule-end residence time is reduced relative to wild-type MCAK, whereas the lattice residence time is unchanged by the phosphomimic mutation. Further, the microtubule-end specific stimulation of ADP dissociation, characteristic of MCAK, is abolished by this mutation. Our data shows that T537E is unable to distinguish between the microtubule end and the microtubule lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Belsham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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65
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Guzik-Lendrum S, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Homodimeric Kinesin-2 KIF3CC Promotes Microtubule Dynamics. Biophys J 2017; 113:1845-1857. [PMID: 29045878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF3C is one subunit of the functional microtubule-based kinesin-2 KIF3AC motor, an anterograde cargo transporter in neurons. However, KIF3C has also been implicated as an injury-specific kinesin that is a key regulator of axonal growth and regeneration by promoting microtubule dynamics for reorganization at the neuronal growth cone. To test its potential role as a modulator of microtubule dynamics in vitro, an engineered homodimeric KIF3CC was incorporated into a dynamic microtubule assay and examined by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The results reveal that KIF3CC is targeted to the microtubule plus-end, acts as a potent catastrophe factor through an increase in microtubule catastrophe frequency, and does so by elimination of the dependence of the catastrophe rate on microtubule lifetime. Moreover, KIF3CC accelerates the catastrophe rate without altering the microtubule growth rate. Therefore, the ATP-promoted KIF3CC mechanism of catastrophe is different from the well-described catastrophe factors kinesin-13 MCAK and kinesin-8 Kip3/KIF18A. The properties of KIF3CC were not shared by heterodimeric KIF3AC and required the unique KIF3C-specific sequence extension in loop L11 at the microtubule interface. At the microtubule plus-end, the presence of KIF3CC resulted in modulation of the tapered structure typically seen in growing dynamic microtubules to microtubule blunt plus-ends. Overall our results implicate homodimeric KIF3CC as a unique promoter of microtubule catastrophe and substantiate its physiological role in cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guzik-Lendrum
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
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66
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Structural basis of small molecule ATPase inhibition of a human mitotic kinesin motor protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15121. [PMID: 29123223 PMCID: PMC5680195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin microtubule motor proteins play essential roles in division, including attaching chromosomes to spindles and crosslinking microtubules for spindle assembly. Human kinesin-14 KIFC1 is unique in that cancer cells with amplified centrosomes are dependent on the motor for viable division because of its ability to cluster centrosomes and form bipolar spindles, but it is not required for division in almost all normal cells. Screens for small molecule inhibitors of KIFC1 have yielded several candidates for further development, but obtaining structural data to determine their sites of binding has been difficult. Here we compare a previously unreported KIFC1 crystal structure with new structures of two closely related kinesin-14 proteins, Ncd and KIFC3, to determine the potential binding site of a known KIFC1 ATPase inhibitor, AZ82. We analyze the previously identified kinesin inhibitor binding sites and identify features of AZ82 that favor binding to one of the sites, the α4/α6 site. This selectivity can be explained by unique structural features of the KIFC1 α4/α6 binding site. These features may help improve the drug-like properties of AZ82 and other specific KIFC1 inhibitors.
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67
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Arellano-Santoyo H, Geyer EA, Stokasimov E, Chen GY, Su X, Hancock W, Rice LM, Pellman D. A Tubulin Binding Switch Underlies Kip3/Kinesin-8 Depolymerase Activity. Dev Cell 2017; 42:37-51.e8. [PMID: 28697331 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-8 motors regulate the size of microtubule structures, using length-dependent accumulation at the plus end to preferentially disassemble long microtubules. Despite extensive study, the kinesin-8 depolymerase mechanism remains under debate. Here, we provide evidence for an alternative, tubulin curvature-sensing model of microtubule depolymerization by the budding yeast kinesin-8, Kip3. Kinesin-8/Kip3 uses ATP hydrolysis, like other kinesins, for stepping on the microtubule lattice, but at the plus end Kip3 undergoes a switch: its ATPase activity is suppressed when it binds tightly to the curved conformation of tubulin. This prolongs plus-end binding, stabilizes protofilament curvature, and ultimately promotes microtubule disassembly. The tubulin curvature-sensing model is supported by our identification of Kip3 structural elements necessary and sufficient for plus-end binding and depolymerase activity, as well as by the identification of an α-tubulin residue specifically required for the Kip3-curved tubulin interaction. Together, these findings elucidate a major regulatory mechanism controlling the size of cellular microtubule structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Arellano-Santoyo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Ema Stokasimov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David Pellman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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68
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Structural basis for CRMP2-induced axonal microtubule formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10681. [PMID: 28878401 PMCID: PMC5587665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule associated protein Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) regulates neuronal polarity in developing neurons through interactions with tubulins or microtubules. However, how CRMP2 promotes axonal formation by affecting microtubule behavior remains unknown. This study aimed to obtain the structural basis for CRMP2–tubulin/microtubule interaction in the course of axonogenesis. The X-ray structural studies indicated that the main interface to the soluble tubulin-dimer is the last helix H19 of CRMP2 that is distinct from the known C-terminal tail-mediated interaction with assembled microtubules. In vitro structural and functional studies also suggested that the H19-mediated interaction promoted the rapid formation of GTP-state microtubules directly, which is an important feature of the axon. Consistently, the H19 mutants disturbed axon elongation in chick neurons, and failed to authorize the structural features for axonal microtubules in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, CRMP2 induces effective axonal microtubule formation through H19-mediated interactions with a soluble tubulin-dimer allowing axonogenesis to proceed.
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69
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Insight into microtubule disassembly by kinesin-13s from the structure of Kif2C bound to tubulin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:70. [PMID: 28694425 PMCID: PMC5503940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13s are critical microtubule regulators which induce microtubule disassembly in an ATP dependent manner. To clarify their mechanism, we report here the crystal structure of a functional construct of the kinesin-13 Kif2C/MCAK in an ATP-like state and bound to the αβ-tubulin heterodimer, a complex mimicking the species that dissociates from microtubule ends during catalytic disassembly. Our results picture how Kif2C stabilizes a curved tubulin conformation. The Kif2C α4-L12-α5 region undergoes a remarkable 25° rotation upon tubulin binding to target the αβ-tubulin hinge. This movement leads the β5a–β5b motif to interact with the distal end of β-tubulin, whereas the neck and the KVD motif, two specific elements of kinesin-13s, target the α-tubulin distal end. Taken together with the study of Kif2C mutants, our data suggest that stabilization of a curved tubulin is an important contribution to the Kif2C mechanism. Kinesin-13s are microtubule depolymerizing enzymes. Here the authors present the crystal structure of a DARPin fused construct comprising the short neck region and motor domain of kinesin-13 in complex with an αβ-tubulin heterodimer, which shows that kinesin-13 functions by stabilizing a curved tubulin conformation.
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70
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Mickolajczyk KJ, Hancock WO. Kinesin Processivity Is Determined by a Kinetic Race from a Vulnerable One-Head-Bound State. Biophys J 2017; 112:2615-2623. [PMID: 28636917 PMCID: PMC5479115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin processivity, defined as the average number of steps that occur per interaction with a microtubule, is an important biophysical determinant of the motor's intracellular capabilities. Despite its fundamental importance to the diversity of tasks that kinesins carry out in cells, no existing quantitative model fully explains how structural differences between kinesins alter kinetic rates in the ATPase cycle to produce functional changes in processivity. Here we use high-resolution single-molecule microscopy to directly observe the stepping behavior of kinesin-1 and -2 family motors with different length neck-linker domains. We characterize a one-head-bound posthydrolysis vulnerable state where a kinetic race occurs between attachment of the tethered head to its next binding site and detachment of the bound head from the microtubule. We find that greater processivity is correlated with faster attachment of the tethered head from this vulnerable state. In compliment, we show that slowing detachment from this vulnerable state by strengthening motor-microtubule electrostatic interactions also increases processivity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that attachment of the tethered head is irreversible, suggesting a first passage model for exit from the vulnerable state. Overall, our results provide a kinetic framework for explaining kinesin processivity and for mapping structural differences to functional differences in diverse kinesin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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71
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Auckland P, Clarke NI, Royle SJ, McAinsh AD. Congressing kinetochores progressively load Ska complexes to prevent force-dependent detachment. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1623-1639. [PMID: 28495837 PMCID: PMC5461014 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores mediate chromosome congression by either sliding along the lattice of spindle microtubules or forming end-on attachments to their depolymerizing plus-ends. By following the fates of individual kinetochores as they congress in live cells, we reveal that the Ska complex is required for a distinct substep of the depolymerization-coupled pulling mechanism. Ska depletion increases the frequency of naturally occurring, force-dependent P kinetochore detachment events, while being dispensable for the initial biorientation and movement of chromosomes. In unperturbed cells, these release events are followed by reattachment and successful congression, whereas in Ska-depleted cells, detached kinetochores remain in a futile reattachment/detachment cycle that prevents congression. We further find that Ska is progressively loaded onto bioriented kinetochore pairs as they congress. We thus propose a model in which kinetochores mature through Ska complex recruitment and that this is required for improved load-bearing capacity and silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Auckland
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, UK
| | - Nicholas I Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, UK
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72
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Asbury CL. Anaphase A: Disassembling Microtubules Move Chromosomes toward Spindle Poles. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E15. [PMID: 28218660 PMCID: PMC5372008 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase is the culmination of mitosis and one of the most strikingly beautiful examples of cellular movement. It consists of two distinct processes: Anaphase A, the movement of chromosomes toward spindle poles via shortening of the connecting fibers, and anaphase B, separation of the two poles from one another via spindle elongation. I focus here on anaphase A chromosome-to-pole movement. The chapter begins by summarizing classical observations of chromosome movements, which support the current understanding of anaphase mechanisms. Live cell fluorescence microscopy studies showed that poleward chromosome movement is associated with disassembly of the kinetochore-attached microtubule fibers that link chromosomes to poles. Microtubule-marking techniques established that kinetochore-fiber disassembly often occurs through loss of tubulin subunits from the kinetochore-attached plus ends. In addition, kinetochore-fiber disassembly in many cells occurs partly through 'flux', where the microtubules flow continuously toward the poles and tubulin subunits are lost from minus ends. Molecular mechanistic models for how load-bearing attachments are maintained to disassembling microtubule ends, and how the forces are generated to drive these disassembly-coupled movements, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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73
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Chatterjee C, Benoit MPMH, DePaoli V, Diaz-Valencia JD, Asenjo AB, Gerfen GJ, Sharp DJ, Sosa H. Distinct Interaction Modes of the Kinesin-13 Motor Domain with the Microtubule. Biophys J 2016; 110:1593-1604. [PMID: 27074684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins-13s are members of the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules (MTs) and have no motile activity. Instead of generating unidirectional movement over the MT lattice, like most other kinesins, kinesins-13s undergo one-dimensional diffusion (ODD) and induce depolymerization at the MT ends. To understand the mechanism of ODD and the origin of the distinct kinesin-13 functionality, we used ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence polarization microscopy to analyze the behavior and conformation of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-13 KLP10A protein constructs bound to the MT lattice. We found that KLP10A interacts with the MT in two coexisting modes: one in which the motor domain binds with a specific orientation to the MT lattice and another where the motor domain is very mobile and able to undergo ODD. By comparing the orientation and dynamic behavior of mutated and deletion constructs we conclude that 1) the Kinesin-13 class specific neck domain and loop-2 help orienting the motor domain relative to the MT. 2) During ODD the KLP10A motor-domain changes orientation rapidly (rocks or tumbles). 3) The motor domain alone is capable of undergoing ODD. 4) A second tubulin binding site in the KLP10A motor domain is not critical for ODD. 5) The neck domain is not the element preventing KLP10A from binding to the MT lattice like motile kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Chatterjee
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Matthieu P M H Benoit
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Vania DePaoli
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Juan D Diaz-Valencia
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Gary J Gerfen
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David J Sharp
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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74
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Bendre S, Rondelet A, Hall C, Schmidt N, Lin YC, Brouhard GJ, Bird AW. GTSE1 tunes microtubule stability for chromosome alignment and segregation by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:631-647. [PMID: 27881713 PMCID: PMC5147003 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule depolymerase MCAK influences chromosomal instability (CIN), but what controls its activity remains unclear. Bendre et al. show that GTSE1, a protein found overexpressed in tumors, regulates microtubule stability and chromosome alignment during mitosis by inhibiting MCAK. High levels of GTSE1 are linked to chromosome missegregation and CIN. The dynamic regulation of microtubules (MTs) during mitosis is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and genome stability. Cancer cell lines with hyperstabilized kinetochore MTs have increased segregation errors and elevated chromosomal instability (CIN), but the genetic defects responsible remain largely unknown. The MT depolymerase MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin) can influence CIN through its impact on MT stability, but how its potent activity is controlled in cells remains unclear. In this study, we show that GTSE1, a protein found overexpressed in aneuploid cancer cell lines and tumors, regulates MT stability during mitosis by inhibiting MCAK MT depolymerase activity. Cells lacking GTSE1 have defects in chromosome alignment and spindle positioning as a result of MT instability caused by excess MCAK activity. Reducing GTSE1 levels in CIN cancer cell lines reduces chromosome missegregation defects, whereas artificially inducing GTSE1 levels in chromosomally stable cells elevates chromosome missegregation and CIN. Thus, GTSE1 inhibition of MCAK activity regulates the balance of MT stability that determines the fidelity of chromosome alignment, segregation, and chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Conrad Hall
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gary J Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander W Bird
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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75
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Bowne-Anderson H, Hibbel A, Howard J. Regulation of Microtubule Growth and Catastrophe: Unifying Theory and Experiment. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 25:769-779. [PMID: 26616192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) can regulate the dynamical properties of microtubules in unexpected ways. For most MAPs, there is an inverse relationship between their effects on the speed of growth and the frequency of catastrophe, the conversion of a growing microtubule to a shrinking one. Such a negative correlation is predicted by the standard GTP-cap model, which posits that catastrophe is due to loss of a stabilizing cap of GTP-tubulin at the end of a growing microtubule. However, many other MAPs, notably Kinesin-4 and combinations of EB1 with XMAP215, contradict this general rule. In this review, we show that a more nuanced, but still simple, GTP-cap model, can account for the diverse regulatory activities of MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneke Hibbel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany; ETH Zurich, Institute for Biochemistry, HPM E8.1, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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76
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Walczak CE, Zong H, Jain S, Stout JR. Spatial regulation of astral microtubule dynamics by Kif18B in PtK cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3021-3030. [PMID: 27559136 PMCID: PMC5063611 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of microtubule dynamics is fundamentally important for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. This is achieved, in part, by the multitude of proteins that bind to and regulate spindle microtubules, including kinesin superfamily members, which act as microtubule-destabilizing enzymes. These fall into two general classes: the kinesin-13 proteins, which directly depolymerize microtubules, and the kinesin-8 proteins, which are plus end-directed motors that either destabilize microtubules or cap the microtubule plus ends. Here we analyze the contribution of a PtK kinesin-8 protein, Kif18B, in the control of mitotic microtubule dynamics. Knockdown of Kif18B causes defects in spindle microtubule organization and a dramatic increase in astral microtubules. Kif18B-knockdown cells had defects in chromosome alignment, but there were no defects in chromosome segregation. The long astral microtubules that occur in the absence of Kif18B are limited in length by the cell cortex. Using EB1 tracking, we show that Kif18B activity is spatially controlled, as loss of Kif18B has the most dramatic effect on the lifetimes of astral microtubules that extend toward the cell cortex. Together our studies provide new insight into how diverse kinesins contribute to spatial microtubule organization in the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Sachin Jain
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Jane R Stout
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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77
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Braun A, Caesar NM, Dang K, Myers KA. High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27584860 PMCID: PMC5091855 DOI: 10.3791/54265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Braun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Nicole M Caesar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Kyvan Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia;
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78
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Reithmann E, Reese L, Frey E. Nonequilibrium Diffusion and Capture Mechanism Ensures Tip Localization of Regulating Proteins on Dynamic Filaments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:078102. [PMID: 27564001 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.078102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive motion of regulatory enzymes on biopolymers with eventual capture at a reaction site is a common feature in cell biology. Using a lattice gas model we study the impact of diffusion and capture for a microtubule polymerase and a depolymerase. Our results show that the capture mechanism localizes the proteins and creates large-scale spatial correlations. We develop an analytic approximation that globally accounts for relevant correlations and yields results that are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Our results show that diffusion and capture operates most efficiently at cellular enzyme concentrations which points to in vivo relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Reithmann
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Louis Reese
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
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79
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Scarabelli G, Soppina V, Yao XQ, Atherton J, Moores CA, Verhey KJ, Grant BJ. Mapping the Processivity Determinants of the Kinesin-3 Motor Domain. Biophys J 2016; 109:1537-40. [PMID: 26488644 PMCID: PMC4624112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily members play important roles in many diverse cellular processes, including cell motility, cell division, intracellular transport, and regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. How the properties of the family-defining motor domain of distinct kinesins are tailored to their different cellular roles remains largely unknown. Here, we employed molecular-dynamics simulations coupled with energetic calculations to infer the family-specific interactions of kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 motor domains with microtubules in different nucleotide states. We then used experimental mutagenesis and single-molecule motility assays to further assess the predicted residue-wise determinants of distinct kinesin-microtubule binding properties. Collectively, our results identify residues in the L8, L11, and α6 regions that contribute to family-specific microtubule interactions and whose mutation affects motor-microtubule complex stability and processive motility (the ability of an individual motor to take multiple steps along its microtubule filament). In particular, substitutions of prominent kinesin-3 residues with those found in kinesin-1, namely, R167S/H171D, K266D, and R346M, were found to decrease kinesin-3 processivity 10-fold and thus approach kinesin-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Scarabelli
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Virupakshi Soppina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin-Qiu Yao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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80
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Hong F, Brizendine RK, Carter MS, Alcala DB, Brown AE, Chattin AM, Haldeman BD, Walsh MP, Facemyer KC, Baker JE, Cremo CR. Diffusion of myosin light chain kinase on actin: A mechanism to enhance myosin phosphorylation rates in smooth muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 146:267-80. [PMID: 26415568 PMCID: PMC4586593 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle myosin (SMM) light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates SMM, thereby activating the ATPase activity required for muscle contraction. The abundance of active MLCK, which is tightly associated with the contractile apparatus, is low relative to that of SMM. SMM phosphorylation is rapid despite the low ratio of MLCK to SMM, raising the question of how one MLCK rapidly phosphorylates many SMM molecules. We used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to monitor single molecules of streptavidin-coated quantum dot-labeled MLCK interacting with purified actin, actin bundles, and stress fibers of smooth muscle cells. Surprisingly, MLCK and the N-terminal 75 residues of MLCK (N75) moved on actin bundles and stress fibers of smooth muscle cell cytoskeletons by a random one-dimensional (1-D) diffusion mechanism. Although diffusion of proteins along microtubules and oligonucleotides has been observed previously, this is the first characterization to our knowledge of a protein diffusing in a sustained manner along actin. By measuring the frequency of motion, we found that MLCK motion is permitted only if acto-myosin and MLCK-myosin interactions are weak. From these data, diffusion coefficients, and other kinetic and geometric considerations relating to the contractile apparatus, we suggest that 1-D diffusion of MLCK along actin (a) ensures that diffusion is not rate limiting for phosphorylation, (b) allows MLCK to locate to areas in which myosin is not yet phosphorylated, and (c) allows MLCK to avoid getting "stuck" on myosins that have already been phosphorylated. Diffusion of MLCK along actin filaments may be an important mechanism for enhancing the rate of SMM phosphorylation in smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Richard K Brizendine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Michael S Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Diego B Alcala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Avery E Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Amy M Chattin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Brian D Haldeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kevin C Facemyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Josh E Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
| | - Christine R Cremo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 99557
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81
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van Heesbeen RGHP, Raaijmakers JA, Tanenbaum ME, Halim VA, Lelieveld D, Lieftink C, Heck AJR, Egan DA, Medema RH. Aurora A, MCAK, and Kif18b promote Eg5-independent spindle formation. Chromosoma 2016; 126:473-486. [PMID: 27354041 PMCID: PMC5509784 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the microtubule (MT) motor protein Eg5 results in a mitotic arrest due to the formation of monopolar spindles, making Eg5 an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. However, Eg5-independent pathways for bipolar spindle formation exist, which might promote resistance to treatment with Eg5 inhibitors. To identify essential components for Eg5-independent bipolar spindle formation, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in Eg5-independent cells (EICs). We find that the kinase Aurora A and two kinesins, MCAK and Kif18b, are essential for bipolar spindle assembly in EICs and in cells with reduced Eg5 activity. Aurora A promotes bipolar spindle assembly by phosphorylating Kif15, hereby promoting Kif15 localization to the spindle. In turn, MCAK and Kif18b promote bipolar spindle assembly by destabilizing the astral MTs. One attractive way to interpret our data is that, in the absence of MCAK and Kif18b, excessive astral MTs generate inward pushing forces on centrosomes at the cortex that inhibit centrosome separation. Together, these data suggest a novel function for astral MTs in force generation on spindle poles and how proteins involved in regulating microtubule length can contribute to bipolar spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Hubrecht Institute, The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincentius A Halim
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Lelieveld
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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82
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Zong H, Carnes SK, Moe C, Walczak CE, Ems-McClung SC. The far C-terminus of MCAK regulates its conformation and spindle pole focusing. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1451-64. [PMID: 26941326 PMCID: PMC4850033 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical for proper spindle assembly. The far C-terminus of the microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin-13 MCAK regulates MCAK localization at spindle poles, which is needed for proper pole focusing. To ensure proper spindle assembly, microtubule (MT) dynamics needs to be spatially regulated within the cell. The kinesin-13 MCAK is a potent MT depolymerase with a complex subcellular localization, yet how MCAK spatial regulation contributes to spindle assembly is not understood. Here we show that the far C-terminus of MCAK plays a critical role in regulating MCAK conformation, subspindle localization, and spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. Alteration of MCAK conformation by the point mutation E715A/E716A in the far C-terminus increased MCAK targeting to the poles and reduced MT lifetimes, which induced spindles with unfocused poles. These effects were phenocopied by the Aurora A phosphomimetic mutation, S719E. Furthermore, addition of the kinesin-14 XCTK2 to spindle assembly reactions rescued the unfocused-pole phenotype. Collectively our work shows how the regional targeting of MCAK regulates MT dynamics, highlighting the idea that multiple phosphorylation pathways of MCAK cooperate to spatially control MT dynamics to maintain spindle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Christina Moe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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83
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Wordeman L, Decarreau J, Vicente JJ, Wagenbach M. Divergent microtubule assembly rates after short- versus long-term loss of end-modulating kinesins. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1300-9. [PMID: 26912793 PMCID: PMC4831883 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of microtubule (MT) regulators can initiate stable alterations in MT assembly rates that affect chromosome instability and mitotic spindle function, but the manner by which cellular MT assembly rates can stably increase or decrease is not understood. To investigate this phenomenon, we measured the response of microtubule assembly to both rapid and long-term loss of MT regulators MCAK/Kif2C and Kif18A. Depletion of MCAK/Kif2C by siRNA stably decreases MT assembly rates in mitotic spindles, whereas depletion of Kif18A stably increases rates of assembly. Surprisingly, this is not phenocopied by rapid rapamycin-dependent relocalization of MCAK/Kif2C and Kif18A to the plasma membrane. Instead, this treatment yields opposite affects on MT assembly. Rapidly increased MT assembly rates are balanced by a decrease in nucleated microtubules, whereas nucleation appears to be maximal and limiting for decreased MT assembly rates and also for long-term treatments. We measured amplified tubulin synthesis during long-term depletion of MT regulators and hypothesize that this is the basis for different phenotypes arising from long-term versus rapid depletion of MT regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Justin Decarreau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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84
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Li C, Xue C, Yang Q, Low BC, Liou YC. NuSAP governs chromosome oscillation by facilitating the Kid-generated polar ejection force. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10597. [PMID: 26839278 PMCID: PMC4742958 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, chromosomes oscillate to align precisely during metaphase. NuSAP, a microtubule-associated protein, plays a critical role in stabilizing spindle microtubules. In this study, we utilize 3D time-lapse live-cell imaging to monitor the role of NuSAP in chromosome oscillation and identify NuSAP as a novel regulator of the chromokinesin, Kid. Depletion of NuSAP significantly suppresses the amplitude and velocity of chromosome oscillation. We analyse the effects of NuSAP and Kid depletion in monopolar and bipolar cells with or without kinetochore microtubule depletion. Twelve postulated conditions are deciphered to reveal the contribution of NuSAP to the polar force generated at kinetochore microtubules and to the regulation of the polar ejection force generated by Kid, thus revealing a pivotal role of NuSAP in chromosome oscillation. During metaphase, alignment of chromosomes is facilitated by oscillations driven by the chromokinesin Kid. Here Li et al. show that the microtubule-associated protein NuSAP is a novel regulator of Kid, regulating the amplitude and velocity of chromosome oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117573, Republic of Singapore
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85
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Li C, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Ye F, Sun SY, Chen ES, Liou YC. NuSAP modulates the dynamics of kinetochore microtubules by attenuating MCAK depolymerisation activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18773. [PMID: 26733216 PMCID: PMC4702128 DOI: 10.1038/srep18773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar and spindle-associated protein (NuSAP) is a microtubule-associated protein that functions as a microtubule stabiliser. Depletion of NuSAP leads to severe mitotic defects, however the mechanism by which NuSAP regulates mitosis remains elusive. In this study, we identify the microtubule depolymeriser, mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), as a novel binding partner of NuSAP. We show that NuSAP regulates the dynamics and depolymerisation activity of MCAK. Phosphorylation of MCAK by Aurora B kinase, a component of the chromosomal passenger complex, significantly enhances the interaction of NuSAP with MCAK and modulates the effects of NuSAP on the depolymerisation activity of MCAK. Our results reveal an underlying mechanism by which NuSAP controls kinetochore microtubule dynamics spatially and temporally by modulating the depolymerisation function of MCAK in an Aurora B kinase-dependent manner. Hence, this study provides new insights into the function of NuSAP in spindle formation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Stella Ying Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Republic of Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117573, Republic of Singapore
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86
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Watanabe T, Kakeno M, Matsui T, Sugiyama I, Arimura N, Matsuzawa K, Shirahige A, Ishidate F, Nishioka T, Taya S, Hoshino M, Kaibuchi K. TTBK2 with EB1/3 regulates microtubule dynamics in migrating cells through KIF2A phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:737-51. [PMID: 26323690 PMCID: PMC4555816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) plus end–tracking protein TTBK2 phosphorylates kinesin-13 family MT depolymerase KIF2A and removes it from MTs, thereby antagonizing KIF2A-induced depolymerization at MT plus ends during cell migration. Microtubules (MTs) play critical roles in various cellular events, including cell migration. End-binding proteins (EBs) accumulate at the ends of growing MTs and regulate MT end dynamics by recruiting other plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs). However, how EBs contribute to MT dynamics through +TIPs remains elusive. We focused on tau-tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) as an EB1/3-binding kinase and confirmed that TTBK2 acted as a +TIP. We identified MT-depolymerizing kinesin KIF2A as a novel substrate of TTBK2. TTBK2 phosphorylated KIF2A at S135 in intact cells in an EB1/3-dependent fashion and inactivated its MT-depolymerizing activity in vitro. TTBK2 depletion reduced MT lifetime (facilitated shrinkage and suppressed rescue) and impaired HeLa cell migration, and these phenotypes were partially restored by KIF2A co-depletion. Expression of nonphosphorylatable KIF2A, but not wild-type KIF2A, reduced MT lifetime and slowed down the cell migration. These findings indicate that TTBK2 with EB1/3 phosphorylates KIF2A and antagonizes KIF2A-induced depolymerization at MT plus ends for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mai Kakeno
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshinori Matsui
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sugiyama
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nariko Arimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuzawa
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Aya Shirahige
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishioka
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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87
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Control of microtubule organization and dynamics: two ends in the limelight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:711-26. [PMID: 26562752 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have fundamental roles in many essential biological processes, including cell division and intracellular transport. They assemble and disassemble from their two ends, denoted the plus end and the minus end. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) such as end-binding protein 1 (EB1), XMAP215, selected kinesins and dynein. By contrast, information on microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins (-TIPs), such as the calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) and Patronin, has only recently started to emerge. Here, we review our current knowledge of factors, including microtubule-targeting agents, that associate with microtubule ends to control the dynamics and function of microtubules during the cell cycle and development.
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88
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Bertalan Z, Budrikis Z, La Porta CAM, Zapperi S. Role of the Number of Microtubules in Chromosome Segregation during Cell Division. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141305. [PMID: 26506005 PMCID: PMC4624697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful segregation of genetic material during cell division requires alignment of chromosomes between two spindle poles and attachment of their kinetochores to each of the poles. Failure of these complex dynamical processes leads to chromosomal instability (CIN), a characteristic feature of several diseases including cancer. While a multitude of biological factors regulating chromosome congression and bi-orientation have been identified, it is still unclear how they are integrated so that coherent chromosome motion emerges from a large collection of random and deterministic processes. Here we address this issue by a three dimensional computational model of motor-driven chromosome congression and bi-orientation during mitosis. Our model reveals that successful cell division requires control of the total number of microtubules: if this number is too small bi-orientation fails, while if it is too large not all the chromosomes are able to congress. The optimal number of microtubules predicted by our model compares well with early observations in mammalian cell spindles. Our results shed new light on the origin of several pathological conditions related to chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bertalan
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Zoe Budrikis
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina A. M. La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
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89
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Abstract
Kinesin-5 slides antiparallel microtubules during spindle assembly, and regulates the branching of growing axons. Besides the mechanical activities enabled by its tetrameric configuration, the specific motor properties of kinesin-5 that underlie its cellular function remain unclear. Here by engineering a stable kinesin-5 dimer and reconstituting microtubule dynamics in vitro, we demonstrate that kinesin-5 promotes microtubule polymerization by increasing the growth rate and decreasing the catastrophe frequency. Strikingly, microtubules growing in the presence of kinesin-5 have curved plus ends, suggesting that the motor stabilizes growing protofilaments. Single-molecule fluorescence experiments reveal that kinesin-5 remains bound to the plus ends of static microtubules for 7 s, and tracks growing microtubule plus ends in a manner dependent on its processivity. We propose that kinesin-5 pauses at microtubule plus ends and enhances polymerization by stabilizing longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions, and that these activities underlie the ability kinesin-5 to slide and stabilize microtubule bundles in cells.
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90
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Abstract
Human cells express 45 kinesins, microtubule motors that transport a variety of molecules and organelles within the cell. Many kinesins also modulate the tracks they move on by either bundling or sliding or regulating the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the microtubule polymer. In migrating cells, microtubules control the asymmetry between the front and rear of the cell by differentially regulating force generation processes and substrate adhesion. Many of these functions are mediated by kinesins, transporters as well as track modulators. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on kinesin functions in cell migration.
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91
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Microtubule Destabilizer KIF2A Undergoes Distinct Site-Specific Phosphorylation Cascades that Differentially Affect Neuronal Morphogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1774-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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92
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Abstract
A universal feature of mitosis is that all chromosomes become aligned at the spindle equator--the halfway point between the two spindle poles--prior to anaphase onset. This migratory event is called congression, and is powered by centromere-bound protein machines called kinetochores. This Commentary aims to document recent advances concerning the two kinetochore-based force-generating mechanisms that drive mitotic chromosome congression in vertebrate cells: depolymerisation-coupled pulling (DCP) and lateral sliding. We aim to explore how kinetochores can 'read-out' their spatial position within the spindle, and adjust these force-generating mechanisms to ensure chromosomes reach, and then remain, at the equator. Finally, we will describe the 'life history' of a chromosome, and provide a working model for how individual mechanisms are integrated to ensure efficient and successful congression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Auckland
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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93
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Shao H, Huang Y, Zhang L, Yuan K, Chu Y, Dou Z, Jin C, Garcia-Barrio M, Liu X, Yao X. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Aurora B-PLK1-MCAK signaling axis orchestrates kinetochore bi-orientation and faithful chromosome segregation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12204. [PMID: 26206521 PMCID: PMC4513279 DOI: 10.1038/srep12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules. The microtubule depolymerase mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a key regulator for an accurate kinetochore-microtubule attachment. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying precise MCAK depolymerase activity control during mitosis remains elusive. Here, we describe a novel pathway involving an Aurora B-PLK1 axis for regulation of MCAK activity in mitosis. Aurora B phosphorylates PLK1 on Thr210 to activate its kinase activity at the kinetochores during mitosis. Aurora B-orchestrated PLK1 kinase activity was examined in real-time mitosis using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporter and quantitative analysis of native PLK1 substrate phosphorylation. Active PLK1, in turn, phosphorylates MCAK at Ser715 which promotes its microtubule depolymerase activity essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Importantly, inhibition of PLK1 kinase activity or expression of a non-phosphorylatable MCAK mutant prevents correct kinetochore-microtubule attachment, resulting in abnormal anaphase with chromosome bridges. We reason that the Aurora B-PLK1 signaling at the kinetochore orchestrates MCAK activity, which is essential for timely correction of aberrant kinetochore attachment to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Shao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuejia Huang
- Anhui-MSM Joint Research Group for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Youjun Chu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Zhen Dou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui-MSM Joint Research Group for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Changjiang Jin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | - Xing Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui-MSM Joint Research Group for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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94
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The KLP-7 Residue S546 Is a Putative Aurora Kinase Site Required for Microtubule Regulation at the Centrosome in C. elegans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132593. [PMID: 26168236 PMCID: PMC4500558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microtubule dynamics is essential for many cellular processes, including proper assembly and function of the mitotic spindle. The kinesin-13 microtubule-depolymerizing enzymes provide one mechanism to regulate microtubule behaviour temporally and spatially. Vertebrate MCAK locates to chromatin, kinetochores, spindle poles, microtubule tips, and the cytoplasm, implying that the regulation of kinesin-13 activity and subcellular targeting is complex. Phosphorylation of kinesin-13 by Aurora kinase inhibits microtubule depolymerization activity and some Aurora phosphorylation sites on kinesin-13 are required for subcellular localization. Herein, we determine that a C. elegans deletion mutant klp-7(tm2143) causes meiotic and mitotic defects that are consistent with an increase in the amount of microtubules in the cytoplasmic and spindle regions of meiotic embryos, and an increase in microtubules emanating from centrosomes. We show that KLP-7 is phosphorylated by Aurora A and Aurora B kinases in vitro, and that the phosphorylation by Aurora A is stimulated by TPXL-1. Using a structure-function approach, we establish that one putative Aurora kinase site, S546, within the C-terminal part of the core domain is required for the function, but not subcellular localization, of KLP-7 in vivo. Furthermore, FRAP analysis reveals microtubule-dependent differences in the turnover of KLP-7(S546A) and KLP-7(S546E) mutant proteins at the centrosome, suggesting a possible mechanism for the regulation of KLP-7 by Aurora kinase.
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95
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Abstract
A metaphase spindle is a complex structure consisting of microtubules and a myriad of different proteins that modulate microtubule dynamics together with chromatin and kinetochores. A decade ago, a full description of spindle formation and function seemed a lofty goal. Here, we describe how work in the last 10 years combining cataloging of spindle components, the characterization of their biochemical activities using single-molecule techniques, and theory have advanced our knowledge. Taken together, these advances suggest that a full understanding of spindle assembly and function may soon be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Reber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for the Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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96
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Microtubule-associated proteins control the kinetics of microtubule nucleation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:907-16. [PMID: 26098575 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are born and reborn continuously, even during quiescence. These polymers are nucleated from templates, namely γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) and severed microtubule ends. Using single-molecule biophysics, we show that nucleation from γ-TuRCs, axonemes and seed microtubules requires tubulin concentrations that lie well above the critical concentration. We measured considerable time lags between the arrival of tubulin and the onset of steady-state elongation. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) alter these time lags. Catastrophe factors (MCAK and EB1) inhibited nucleation, whereas a polymerase (XMAP215) and an anti-catastrophe factor (TPX2) promoted nucleation. We observed similar phenomena in cells. We conclude that GTP hydrolysis inhibits microtubule nucleation by destabilizing the nascent plus ends required for persistent elongation. Our results explain how MAPs establish the spatial and temporal profile of microtubule nucleation.
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97
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Wang W, Shen T, Guerois R, Zhang F, Kuerban H, Lv Y, Gigant B, Knossow M, Wang C. New Insights into the Coupling between Microtubule Depolymerization and ATP Hydrolysis by Kinesin-13 Protein Kif2C. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18721-31. [PMID: 26055718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13 proteins depolymerize microtubules in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. The coupling between these two activities remains unclear. Here, we first studied the role of the kinesin-13 subfamily-specific loop 2 and of the KVD motif at the tip of this loop. Shortening the loop, the lysine/glutamate interchange and the additional Val to Ser substitution all led to Kif2C mutants with decreased microtubule-stimulated ATPase and impaired depolymerization capability. We rationalized these results based on a structural model of the Kif2C-ATP-tubulin complex derived from the recently determined structures of kinesin-1 bound to tubulin. In this model, upon microtubule binding Kif2C undergoes a conformational change governed in part by the interaction of the KVD motif with the tubulin interdimer interface. Second, we mutated to an alanine the conserved glutamate residue of the switch 2 nucleotide binding motif. This mutation blocks motile kinesins in a post-conformational change state and inhibits ATP hydrolysis. This Kif2C mutant still depolymerized microtubules and yielded complexes of one Kif2C with two tubulin heterodimers. These results demonstrate that the structural change of Kif2C-ATP upon binding to microtubule ends is sufficient for tubulin release, whereas ATP hydrolysis is not required. Overall, our data suggest that the conformation reached by kinesin-13s upon tubulin binding is similar to that of tubulin-bound, ATP-bound, motile kinesins but that this conformation is adapted to microtubule depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China, the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France, and
| | - Ting Shen
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Raphael Guerois
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France, and the From CEA, Institut de Biologie et de la Technologies de Saclay (iBiTecS), Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Fuming Zhang
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hureshitanmu Kuerban
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuncong Lv
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Benoît Gigant
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France, and
| | - Marcel Knossow
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France, and
| | - Chunguang Wang
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,
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98
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Armond JW, Vladimirou E, Erent M, McAinsh AD, Burroughs NJ. Probing microtubule polymerisation state at single kinetochores during metaphase chromosome motion. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1991-2001. [PMID: 25908867 PMCID: PMC4457160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores regulate the dynamics of attached microtubule bundles (kinetochore-fibres, K-fibres) to generate the forces necessary for chromosome movements in mitosis. Current models suggest that poleward-moving kinetochores are attached to depolymerising K-fibres and anti-poleward-moving kinetochores to polymerising K-fibres. How the dynamics of individual microtubules within the K-fibre relate to poleward and anti-poleward movements is poorly understood. To investigate this, we developed a live-cell imaging assay combined with computational image analysis that allows eGFP-tagged EB3 (also known as MAPRE3) to be quantified at thousands of individual metaphase kinetochores as they undergo poleward and anti-poleward motion. Surprisingly, we found that K-fibres are incoherent, containing both polymerising and depolymerising microtubules – with a small polymerisation bias for anti-poleward-moving kinetochores. K-fibres also display bursts of EB3 intensity, predominantly on anti-poleward-moving kinetochores, equivalent to more coherent polymerisation, and this was associated with more regular oscillations. The frequency of bursts and the polymerisation bias decreased upon loss of kinesin-13, whereas loss of kinesin-8 elevated polymerisation bias. Thus, kinetochores actively set the balance of microtubule polymerisation dynamics in the K-fibre while remaining largely robust to fluctuations in microtubule polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Armond
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Elina Vladimirou
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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99
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Chromokinesin Kid and kinetochore kinesin CENP-E differentially support chromosome congression without end-on attachment to microtubules. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6447. [PMID: 25743205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome congression is the alignment of chromosomes at the spindle equator, and is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation. Recent data suggest that before kinetochores attach to the end of microtubules (end-on attachment), chromosomes can move along microtubules towards the spindle equator through attachment of kinetochores to the lateral surface of microtubules (lateral attachment). Here we address this mechanism, focusing on the contribution of two mitotic motors, Kid and CENP-E. In cells depleted of Hec1, which is essential for end-on attachment, chromosomes show partial and transient congression. This transient congression is further perturbed by co-depletion of Kid, suggesting its role in chromosome congression. In comparison, CENP-E suppresses chromosome congression, probably by tethering kinetochores to short, unstable microtubules, and works in congression only when microtubules are stabilized. Our results may reflect the differential contributions of Kid and CENP-E in chromosome congression in physiological conditions where stabilized microtubules are becoming increased.
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100
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Microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins in the regulation of assembly, disassembly, and length of cilia and flagella. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:241-65. [PMID: 26008787 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Defects in ciliary assembly, maintenance, and signaling are associated with various human diseases and developmental disorders, termed ciliopathies. Eukaryotic flagella and cilia (interchangeable terms) are microtubule-based organelles. Thus, microtubule dynamics and microtubule-dependent transport are predicted to affect the structural integrity and functionality of cilia profoundly. Kinesin-2 is well known for its role in intraflagellar transport to transport ciliary precursors and signaling molecules. Recently, microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins found in kinesin-8, -13, and -14A families have emerged as regulators of cilia. We first discuss ciliary kinesins identified in the flagellar or ciliary proteome, and then focus on the function and regulation of microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins. Lastly, we review the recent advances of microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins in controlling ciliary assembly, disassembly, and length.
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