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Abstract
Inflammation and bone loss are hallmarks of periodontal disease (PD). The question is how the former leads to the latter. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that PD involves bacterially derived factors and antigens that stimulate a local inflammatory reaction and activation of the innate immune system. Proinflammatory molecules and cytokine networks play essential roles in this process. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha seem to be primary molecules that, in turn, influence cells in the lesion. Antigen-stimulated lymphocytes (B and T cells) also seem to be important. Eventually, a cascade of events leads to osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss via the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This axis and its regulation are not unique to PD but rather are critical for pathologic lesions involving chronic inflammation. Multiple lines of evidence in models of PD clearly indicate that increases in RANKL mRNA expression and protein production increase the RANKL/OPG ratio and stimulate the differentiation of macrophage precursor cells into osteoclasts. They also stimulate the maturation and survival of the osteoclast, leading to bone loss. OPG mRNA expression and protein production do not generally seem to be increased in the periodontitis lesion. Studies of RANKL and OPG transgenic and knockout animals provide further support for the involvement of these molecules in the tissue loss observed in PD. Ironically, periodontal practitioners have focused on the bacterial etiology of PD and believed that plaque removal was aimed at eliminating specific bacteria or bacterial complexes. However, it seems that the reduction of inflammation and attenuation of the host's immune reaction to the microbial plaque, eventually leading to a decrease in the ratio of RANKL/OPG and a decrease in associated bone loss, are the actual and desired outcomes of periodontal therapy. Future therapeutic options are likely to have regulation of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis as their goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Cochran
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7702 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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52
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Eleftheriadis T, Kartsios C, Antoniadi G, Kazila P, Dimitriadou M, Sotiriadou E, Koltsida M, Golfinopoulos S, Liakopoulos V, Christopoulou-Apostolaki M. The impact of chronic inflammation on bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2008; 30:431-7. [PMID: 18569918 DOI: 10.1080/08860220801964251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal osteodystrophy is very common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. HD is a chronic inflammatory state. Studies in other pathological entities have shown an impact of chronic inflammation on bone metabolism. In the present study, the impact of chronic inflammation on bone turnover in HD patients was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-three anuric HD patients free of other pathological conditions or medications that affect immune system or bone metabolism and 30 healthy volunteers enrolled into the study. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), the markers of inflammation IL-6 and CRP, as well as the markers of bone turnover osteocalcin (OCN) and beta-isomerized C-terminal cross-linked peptide of collagen type I (beta-CTx) were measured in the serum. RESULTS All evaluated factors were increased in HD patients. In the HD group, the serum marker of osteoblastic activity OCN was related inversely to patients' age (r = -0.469, p = 0.006), CRP (rho = -0.460, p = 0.007), and IL-6 (r = -0.485, p = 0.004) but positively to iPTH (r = 0.707, p < 0.001). Similarly, the serum marker of osteoclastic activity beta-CTx was related inversely to patients' age (r = -0.383, p = -0.028), CRP (rho = -0.466, p = 0.006), and IL-6 (r = -0.460, p = 0.007) but positively to iPTH (r = 0.657, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that IL-6 affects bone turnover independently of PTH and to the opposite direction. CONCLUSION Chronic inflammation has a negative impact on bone turnover in HD patients. Certainly, further research and large clinical trials are needed for definite conclusions and for clarifying the exact molecular mechanisms implicated in the interaction between the immune system and bone metabolism in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece. teleftheriadis @yahoo.com
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53
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Zhou L, Wang H, Zhong X, Jin Y, Mi QS, Sharma A, McIndoe RA, Garge N, Podolsky R, She JX. The IL-10 and IFN-gamma pathways are essential to the potent immunosuppressive activity of cultured CD8+ NKT-like cells. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R119. [PMID: 18664279 PMCID: PMC2530876 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling of in vitro cultured CD8+ T cells that express natural killer cell markers revealed differential expression of about 3,000 genes between these cells and naïve CD8+ T cells. Background CD8+ NKT-like cells are naturally occurring but rare T cells that express both T cell and natural killer cell markers. These cells may play key roles in establishing tolerance to self-antigens; however, their mechanism of action and molecular profiles are poorly characterized due to their low frequencies. We developed an efficient in vitro protocol to produce CD8+ T cells that express natural killer cell markers (CD8+ NKT-like cells) and extensively characterized their functional and molecular phenotypes using a variety of techniques. Results Large numbers of CD8+ NKT-like cells were obtained through culture of naïve CD8+ T cells using anti-CD3/anti-CD28-coated beads and high dose IL-2. These cells possess potent activity in suppressing the proliferation of naïve responder T cells. Gene expression profiling suggests that the cultured CD8+ NKT-like cells and the naïve CD8+ T cells differ by more than 2-fold for about 3,000 genes, among which 314 are upregulated by more than 5-fold and 113 are upregulated by more than 10-fold in the CD8+ NKT-like cells. A large proportion of the highly upregulated genes are soluble factors or surface markers that have previously been implicated in immune suppression or are likely to possess immunosuppressive properties. Many of these genes are regulated by two key cytokines, IL-10 and IFN-γ. The immunosuppressive activities of cells cultured from IL-10-/- and IFN-γ-/- mice are reduced by about 70% and about 50%, respectively, compared to wild-type mice. Conclusion Immunosuppressive CD8+ NKT-like cells can be efficiently produced and their immunosuppressive activity is related to many surface and soluble molecules regulated by IL-10 and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Liu W, Feng W, Wang F, Li W, Gao C, Zhou B, Ma M. Osteoprotegerin/RANK/RANKL axis in cardiac remodeling due to immuno-inflammatory myocardial disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 84:213-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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55
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Findlay DM, Haynes DR. Mechanisms of bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2007; 15:232-40. [PMID: 17029071 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-005-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which destruction of bone in the joints causes major morbidity. Recent research has shed light on the cell and molecular mechanisms that lead to this osteolysis, all due directly or indirectly to the chronic inflammation. The aspects of this research covered in this review include the alteration of cell proliferation and survival that results in growth of the RA synovium. This process depends upon an increase in angiogenesis and local blood flow, which is also a feature of increased bone turnover. In addition, the inflammatory environment increases expression of chemokines, which are involved in the recruitment of monocytic osteoclast precursors. Chronic inflammation also promotes an overall catabolic state, with increased osteoclast differentiation and resorptive activity, driven by disregulation of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and the synergistic activity of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. Osteoclast survival is increased in this environment, but osteoblast differentiation and survival are decreased, with a consequent reduction in bone formation and a net loss of bone. Recognition of these processes and the factors involved will enable more effective and targeted treatments for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Findlay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, and Hanson Institute, Level 4, Bice Building, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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56
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Ochi T, Yoshikawa H, Toyosaki-Maeda T, Lipsky PE. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Nurse-like cells reside in the synovial tissue and bone marrow in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:201. [PMID: 17306036 PMCID: PMC1860058 DOI: 10.1186/ar2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A major question concerning the immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis is why the disease is localized to particular joints. A possible explanation could be the presence within the synovium of cells that foster inflammation or easy accessibility of the synovium to migratory disease enhancing cells. Within both the bone marrow and the synovium, fibroblastic stromal cells play an important role in supporting the differentiation and survival of normal cells, and also contribute to the pathologic processes. Among fibroblastic stromal cells in synovial tissue and bone marrow, nurse-like cells are a unique population having the specific capacity to promote pseudoemperipolesis (adhesion and holding beneath) of lymphocytes, and also the ability to promote the growth and function of some populations of lymphocytes and monocytes. Nurse-like cells could therefore contribute to the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and may contribute to the localization of inflammation within specific joints. The present review considers the evidence that supports these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ochi
- Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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57
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Liu YH, Zhang HY, Zang HM, Cheng JC, Li YM. [Effects of kangfengshi granules on expressions of osteoprotegerin, RANKL and M-CSF in bone tissues of rats with collagen-induced arthritis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 4:307-10. [PMID: 16696922 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Kangfengshi Granules (KFSG) on expressions of the mRNAs of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in bone tissues of rats with collagen-induced arthritis. METHODS Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, untreated group, cyclosporine A (CsA)-treated group and KFSG-treated group. Except the rats in the normal control group, all the other rats received subcutaneous injection of collagen II to establish collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models. Then the rats in each group were fed normal saline or corresponding drugs for four weeks. Total RNA was extracted from carpal and digital bones. The expressions of OPG, RANKL and M-CSF mRNAs were examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The total incidence of arthritis induced by collagen II in the rats was approximately 90%. The expression levels of RANKL and M-CSF mRNAs and the RANKL mRNA/OPG mRNA ratio in the untreated group, KFSG-treated group and CsA-treated group were all significantly higher than those in the normal control group, while the expression levels of OPG mRNA in those three groups were significantly lower than that in the normal control group. The expression level of OPG mRNA in the KFSG-treated group was obviously higher while the expression level of M-CSF mRNA and the RANKL mRNA/OPG mRNA ratio in the same group were both lower as compared with those in the untreated group. CONCLUSION The molecular mechanism of effects of KFSG on bone erosion and destruction induced by rheumatoid arthritis is closely correlated with up-regulating the expression of OPG mRNA, down-regulating the expression of M-CSF mRNA and RANKL mRNA/OPG mRNA ratio.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Collagen Type II
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Male
- Osteoprotegerin
- Phytotherapy
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Xioan Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710004, China.
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58
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Hu Y, Luo B, Zhang M, Tu S, Zeng K. Effect of triptolide on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in rat adjuvant induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:344-6. [PMID: 16961289 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of triptolide (TP) on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) was explored in rat adjuvant induced arthritis (AA). AA was induced in Wistar rats. Arthritis rats were treated with TP and methotrexate (MTX) at the onset (day 9) of arthritis. On the peak of arthritis (day 24), the expression of RANKL and OPG protein in the joints and RANKL mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was detected. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in peripheral blood were determined. Bone erosion scores were also evaluated. The results showed that bone erosion scores in TP and MTX groups were lower than in AA group (P < 0.01); The expression levels of RANKL in the synovium (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.05), and OPG level in synovium (P < 0.05) were lower in TP group than in AA group (P < 0.05). In TP group, the expression levels of RANKL mRNA and TNF-alpha, IL-1beta in PBMC were lower than in AA group (all P < 0.01). It was concluded that TP could inhibit rat adjuvant arthritis bone erosion by suppressing the expression of RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Hu
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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59
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Abstract
Intra-articular bleeding is the most common clinical manifestation of hemophilia, and can adversely affect joints and lead to arthropathy. Affected joints are associated with changes to the synovium, bone, cartilage and blood vessels. Iron plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this condition, and may exert its effects through a variety of different mechanisms. Hemophilic arthropathy shares some injury characteristics with rheumatoid arthritis, although the degree of analogy is a matter of some debate. The influences of the mechanisms underlying joint inflammation are better understood for rheumatoid arthritis than for hemophilia, and it is hoped that this knowledge can be used to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the pathological process of hemophilic arthropathy. This, in turn, may enable novel targets for therapeutic intervention to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Keith Hoots
- Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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60
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Abstracts of the 31st Scandinavian congress of rheumatology, Reykjavik, Iceland, 16–19 August 2006. Editors: Helgi Jónsson and Gerður Gröndal. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740601090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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61
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Ginaldi L, Di Benedetto MC, De Martinis M. Osteoporosis, inflammation and ageing. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2005; 2:14. [PMID: 16271143 PMCID: PMC1308846 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility, putting patients at risk of fractures, which are major causes of morbidity substantially in older people. Osteoporosis is currently attributed to various endocrine, metabolic and mechanical factors. However, emerging clinical and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation also exerts significant influence on bone turnover, inducing osteoporosis. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and a shift towards an activated immune profile has been hypothesized as important risk factor. Chronic inflammation and the immune system remodelling characteristic of ageing, as well as of other pathological conditions commonly associated with osteoporosis, may be determinant pathogenetic factors. The present article will review the current perspectives on the interaction between bone and immune system in the elderly, providing an interpretation of osteoporosis in the light of inflamm-ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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62
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Juarranz Y, Abad C, Martinez C, Arranz A, Gutierrez-Cañas I, Rosignoli F, Gomariz RP, Leceta J. Protective effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on bone destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R1034-45. [PMID: 16207319 PMCID: PMC1257432 DOI: 10.1186/ar1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of inflammatory synovitis accompanied by destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) prevents experimental arthritis in animal models by downregulation of both autoimmune and inflammatory components of the disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the protective effect of VIP on bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. We have studied the expression of different mediators implicated in bone homeostasis, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-17. Circulating cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA and the local expression of mediators were determined by RT-PCR in mRNA extracts from joints. VIP treatment resulted in decreased levels of circulating IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα, and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10. CIA-mice treated with VIP presented a decrease in mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-11 in the joints. The ratio of RANKL to OPG decreased drastically in the joint after VIP treatment, which correlated with an increase in levels of circulating OPG in CIA mice treated with VIP. In addition, VIP treatment decreased the expression of mRNA for RANK, iNOS and COX-2. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved, we tested the activity of NFκB and AP-1, two transcriptional factors closely related to joint erosion, by EMSA in synovial cells from CIA mice. VIP treatment in vivo was able to affect the transcriptional activity of both factors. Our data indicate that VIP is a viable candidate for the development of treatments for RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glycoproteins/blood
- I-kappa B Proteins/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Osteolysis/etiology
- Osteolysis/metabolism
- Osteolysis/prevention & control
- Osteoprotegerin
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/blood
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/blood
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Abad
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martinez
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Arranz
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutierrez-Cañas
- Servicio de Reumatología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencia Rosignoli
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Leceta
- Departamento Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hehlgans T, Pfeffer K. The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games. Immunology 2005; 115:1-20. [PMID: 15819693 PMCID: PMC1782125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system. The biological functions of this system encompass beneficial and protective effects in inflammation and host defence as well as a crucial role in organogenesis. At the same time, members of this superfamily are responsible for host damaging effects in sepsis, cachexia, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent progress in the immunobiology of the TNF/TNFR superfamily focusing on results obtained from animal studies using gene targeted mice. The different modes of signalling pathways affecting cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune organ development as well as host defence are reviewed. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that demonstrate a therapeutic potential by targeting individual receptors or ligands for the treatment of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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64
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Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Bessis N, Lemeiter D, de Vernejoul MC, Boissier MC, Cohen-Solal M. Interleukin-4 cellular gene therapy and osteoprotegerin decrease inflammation-associated bone resorption in collagen-induced arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2005; 24:370-8. [PMID: 15163893 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000029116.12371.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the respective action of IL-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and OPG, an inhibitor of bone resorption, on the inflammatory process and the associated bone resorption in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). After CIA induction, DBA/1 mice were treated with OPG or with IL-4 DBA/1 transfected fibroblasts or both OPG + IL-4. CIA significantly improved in IL-4 groups. OPG had no effect on arthritis clinical scores but histologic scores were reduced in OPG, IL-4, and OPG + IL-4 groups vs. nontreated CIA mice. OPG increased significantly BMD and decreased by 45% D-pyridinolin levels. Moreover association of IL-4 and OPG exerted an additive effect of BMD and resorption marker (-68%). Production of IFN-gamma in the supernatants of spleen cells was reduced in IL-4 treated mice. OPG had a moderate effect on IFN-gamma, but potentiated the inhibitory effect of IL-4. OPG and IL-4 prevent bone loss in CIA-mice model and could have additive effects on IFN-gamma secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Saidenberg-Kermanac'h
- UPRES EA-3408 and Department of Rheumatology, Avicenne Hospital (AP-HP), Bobigny Medical School, Paris 13 University, France
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Bezerra MC, Carvalho JF, Prokopowitsch AS, Pereira RMR. RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in arthritic bone loss. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:161-70. [PMID: 15785827 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the presence of inflammatory synovitis and destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Tissue proteinases released by synovia, chondrocytes and pannus can cause cartilage destruction and cytokine-activated osteoclasts have been implicated in bone erosions. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues produce a variety of cytokines and growth factors that induce monocyte differentiation to osteoclasts and their proliferation, activation and longer survival in tissues. More recently, a major role in bone erosion has been attributed to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) released by activated lymphocytes and osteoblasts. In fact, osteoclasts are markedly activated after RANKL binding to the cognate RANK expressed on the surface of these cells. RANKL expression can be upregulated by bone-resorbing factors such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D3, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-11, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Supporting this idea, inhibition of RANKL by osteoprotegerin, a natural soluble RANKL receptor, prevents bone loss in experimental models. Tumor growth factor-beta released from bone during active bone resorption has been suggested as one feedback mechanism for upregulating osteoprotegerin and estrogen can increase its production on osteoblasts. Modulation of these systems provides the opportunity to inhibit bone loss and deformity in chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bezerra
- Departamento de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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66
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Neumann E, Gay S, Müller-Ladner U. The RANK/RANKL/osteoprotegerin system in rheumatoid arthritis: New insights from animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2960-7. [PMID: 16200575 DOI: 10.1002/art.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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67
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Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Corrado A, Lemeiter D, deVernejoul MC, Boissier MC, Cohen-Solal ME. TNF-alpha antibodies and osteoprotegerin decrease systemic bone loss associated with inflammation through distinct mechanisms in collagen-induced arthritis. Bone 2004; 35:1200-7. [PMID: 15542046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with focal and systemic bone loss involving cytokines such as RANKL and TNF-alpha. RANK-L promotes focal and systemic osteoporosis, whereas osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits bone resorption. Although anti-TNF-alpha antibodies (anti-TNF-alpha Ab) decrease joint inflammation and bone erosions, their effects on bone loss are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of OPG and anti-TNF-alpha Ab, separately or in combination, on inflammation and bone remodeling in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of RA. METHODS DBA/1 mice (n=28) were immunized with bovine type II collagen and treated with OPG-Fc or anti-TNF-alpha Ab or both, or saline. One group of mice (n=7) was not immunized (naive group). Urinary deoxypyridinoline (D-pyr) and whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at baseline and at sacrifice. Histomorphometric parameters were evaluated at the femoral metaphysis. RESULTS Anti-TNF-alpha Ab, but not OPG, decreased the clinical arthritis score (P<0.02 vs. saline) and the histological score of inflammation. The BMD change from baseline to sacrifice (DeltaBMD) was significantly smaller in CIA mice than naive mice. OPG and anti-TNF-alpha Ab significantly increased DeltaBMD versus saline, and the effect was greater with OPG (P<0.003). DeltaD-pyr decreased by 65% with OPG and 13% with anti-TNF-alpha Ab. Compared with saline, OPG increased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) (P<0.02), decreased trabecular separation (P<0.02), and decreased the bone formation rate (BFR) (P<0.01). Anti-TNF-alpha Ab produced no significant changes in bone volume or trabecular separation but increased trabecular thickness (P<0.02 vs. saline) to a value close to that in naive mice, suggesting preservation of bone formation. No additive effects of OPG and anti-TNF-alpha Ab were found. CONCLUSIONS Systemic OPG and anti-TNF-alpha Ab therapy prevented bone loss in CIA mice through distinct mechanisms involving decreased bone resorption and preserved bone formation. Combining these two agents might help to prevent bone loss in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saidenberg-Kermanac'h
- UPRES EA-3408 and Department of Rheumatology, Avicenne Hospital (AP-HP), Claude Bernard Foundation, Bobigny Medical School, Paris 13 University, Paris, France.
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