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Goto D, Khairnar R, Yared JA, Yong C, Romanus D, Onukwugha E, Slejko JF. Utilization of novel systemic therapies for multiple myeloma: A retrospective study of front-line regimens using the SEER-Medicare data. Cancer Med 2020; 9:626-639. [PMID: 31801177 PMCID: PMC6970041 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly changed over the last decade due to novel agents that have shown superiority in efficacy such as proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) over traditional therapies. However, the real-world utilization of these new agents has not been studied well. This study evaluated year-to-year changes in treatment choices in a cohort of patients aged 66 or older in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked with Medicare claims (SEER-Medicare) data who were diagnosed with MM between 2007 and 2011. We identified 2477 symptomatic newly diagnosed patients who were followed for 6 months or more postdiagnosis and treated with systemic therapies but not with stem cell transplantation. Symptomatic patients were identified by evidence of hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or bone lesions (CRAB criteria). The minimum follow-up was imposed to ensure sufficient data to characterize treatment. Our analysis found that the proportion of treated patients increased from 75% in the 2007 cohort to 79% in the 2011 cohort. The share of PI-based regimens including PI plus alkylating agents, PI plus IMiD, and PI-only increased from 9% to 21%, 3% to 11%, and 16% to 22%, respectively, between 2007 and 2011. These findings translate to the share of PI-based regimens having increased from 28% to 55% and that of IMiDs-based regimens (excluding PI plus IMiD) having decreased from 43% to 27%. In conclusion, while the usage of PIs among elderly MM patients increased significantly replacing IMiD-based regimens (with or without alkylating agents but not with PI) between 2007 and 2011, this significant shift did not increase the proportion of treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Khairnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services ResearchUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jean A. Yared
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Dorothy Romanus
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eberechukwu Onukwugha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services ResearchUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Julia F. Slejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services ResearchUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMDUSA
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Frailty impairs the feasibility of induction therapy but not of maintenance therapy in elderly myeloma patients: final results of the German Maintenance Study (GERMAIN). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 146:749-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Bortezomib is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that selectively inhibits the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which plays a role in the degradation of many intracellular proteins. It is the first-in-class selective and reversible inhibitor of the 26S proteasome, with antiproliferative and antitumor activity. It exerts its anti-neoplastic action mainly via the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB pathway components associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The drug has revolutionized the treatment of multiple myeloma and, more recently, mantle cell lymphoma. In 2003, bortezomib received accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and in 2008 for patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma. In 2006, bortezomib was approved for the treatment of refractory/relapsed mantle cell lymphoma and, in 2014, for previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma. Bortezomib has also demonstrated clinical efficacy both as a single drug and in combination with other agents in light chain amyloidosis, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, continued clinical studies are required to confirm its value for patients with indolent and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and acute leukemias.
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Piechotta V, Jakob T, Langer P, Monsef I, Scheid C, Estcourt LJ, Ocheni S, Theurich S, Kuhr K, Scheckel B, Adams A, Skoetz N. Multiple drug combinations of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and thalidomide for first-line treatment in adults with transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 2019:CD013487. [PMID: 31765002 PMCID: PMC6876545 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow-based hematological malignancy accounting for approximately two per cent of cancers. First-line treatment for transplant-ineligible individuals consists of multiple drug combinations of bortezomib (V), lenalidomide (R), or thalidomide (T). However, access to these medicines is restricted in many countries worldwide. OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the effectiveness and safety of multiple drug combinations of V, R, and T for adults with newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma and to inform an application for the inclusion of these medicines into the World Health Organization's (WHO) list of essential medicines. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL and MEDLINE, conference proceedings and study registries on 14 February 2019 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing multiple drug combinations of V, R and T for adults with newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs comparing combination therapies of V, R, and T, plus melphalan and prednisone (MP) or dexamethasone (D) for first-line treatment of adults with transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. We excluded trials including adults with relapsed or refractory disease, trials comparing drug therapies to other types of therapy and trials including second-generation novel agents. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included trials. As effect measures we used hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and risk ratios (RRs) for adverse events. An HR or RR < 1 indicates an advantage for the intervention compared to the main comparator MP. Where available, we extracted quality of life (QoL) data (scores of standardised questionnaires). Results quoted are from network meta-analysis (NMA) unless stated. MAIN RESULTS We included 25 studies (148 references) comprising 11,403 participants and 21 treatment regimens. Treatments were differentiated between restricted treatment duration (treatment with a pre-specified amount of cycles) and continuous therapy (treatment administered until disease progression, the person becomes intolerant to the drug, or treatment given for a prolonged period). Continuous therapies are indicated with a "c". Risk of bias was generally high across studies due to the open-label study design. Overall survival (OS) Evidence suggests that treatment with RD (HR 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.99), median OS 55.2 months (35.2 to 87.0)); TMP (HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.97), median OS: 46.4 months (35.9 to 60.0)); and VRDc (HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.92), median OS 71.0 months (37.8 to 133.8)) probably increases survival compared to median reported OS of 34.8 months with MP (moderate certainty). Treatment with VMP may result in a large increase in OS, compared to MP (HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.07), median OS 49.7 months (32.5 to 77.3)), low certainty). Progression-free survival (PFS) Treatment withRD (HR 0.65 (95% CI0.44 to 0.96), median PFS: 24.9 months (16.9 to 36.8)); TMP (HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.78), median PFS:25.7 months (20.8 to 32.4)); VMP (HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.90), median PFS: 28.9 months (18.0 to 46.3)); and VRDc (HR 0.34 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.58), median PFS: 47.6 months (27.9 to 81.0)) may result in a large increase in PFS (low certainty) compared to MP (median reported PFS: 16.2 months). Adverse events The risk of polyneuropathies may be lower with RD compared to treatment with MP (RR 0.57 (95% CI 0.16 to 1.99), risk for RD: 0.5% (0.1 to 1.8), mean reported risk for MP: 0.9% (10 of 1074 patients affected), low certainty). However, the CIs are also compatible with no difference or an increase in neuropathies. Treatment with TMP (RR 4.44 (95% CI1.77 to 11.11), risk: 4.0% (1.6 to 10.0)) and VMP (RR 88.22 (95% CI 5.36 to 1451.11), risk: 79.4% (4.8 to 1306.0)) probably results in a large increase in polyneuropathies compared to MP (moderate certainty). No study reported the amount of participants with grade ≥ 3 polyneuropathies for treatment with VRDc. VMP probably increases the proportion of participants with serious adverse events (SAEs) compared to MP (RR 1.28 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.54), risk for VMP: 46.2% (38.3 to 55.6), mean risk for MP: 36.1% (177 of 490 patients affected), moderate certainty). RD, TMP, and VRDc were not connected to MP in the network and the risk of SAEs could not be compared. Treatment with RD (RR 4.18 (95% CI 2.13 to 8.20), NMA-risk: 38.5% (19.6 to 75.4)); and TMP (RR 4.10 (95% CI 2.40 to 7.01), risk: 37.7% (22.1 to 64.5)) results in a large increase of withdrawals from the trial due to adverse events (high certainty) compared to MP (mean reported risk: 9.2% (77 of 837 patients withdrew)). The risk is probably slightly increased with VMP (RR 1.06 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.81), risk: 9.75% (5.8 to 16.7), moderate certainty), while it is much increased with VRDc (RR 8.92 (95% CI 3.82 to 20.84), risk: 82.1% (35.1 to 191.7), high certainty) compared to MP. Quality of life QoL was reported in four studies for seven different treatment regimens (MP, MPc, RD, RMP, RMPc, TMP, TMPc) and was measured with four different tools. Assessment and reporting differed between studies and could not be meta-analysed. However, all studies reported an improvement of QoL after initiation of anti-myeloma treatment for all assessed treatment regimens. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on our four pre-selected comparisons of interest, continuous treatment with VRD had the largest survival benefit compared with MP, while RD and TMP also probably considerably increase survival. However, treatment combinations of V, R, and T also substantially increase the incidence of AEs, and lead to a higher risk of treatment discontinuation. Their effectiveness and safety profiles may best be analysed in further randomised head-to-head trials. Further trials should focus on consistent reporting of safety outcomes and should use a standardised instrument to evaluate QoL to ensure comparability of treatment-combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Piechotta
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
| | - Tina Jakob
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
| | - Peter Langer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
| | - Ina Monsef
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
| | - Christof Scheid
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Level 2, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 9BQ
| | - Sunday Ocheni
- University of Nigeria, Department of Haematology & Immunology, Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- University Hospital LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Medicine III, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, 81377
| | - Kathrin Kuhr
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, Germany, 50937
| | - Benjamin Scheckel
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50937
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, Gleueler Str. 176-178, Cologne, NRW, Germany, 50935
| | - Anne Adams
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, Germany, 50937
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, Germany, 50937
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Isa R, Uoshima N, Takahashi R, Nakano-Akamatsu S, Kawata E, Kaneko H, Shimura K, Kamitsuji Y, Takimoto-Shimomura T, Mizutani S, Chinen Y, Ohshiro M, Fujino T, Kawaji Y, Uchiyama H, Sasaki N, Tsukamoto T, Shimura Y, Kobayashi T, Taniwaki M, Kuroda J. Sequential therapy of four cycles of bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisolone followed by continuous lenalidomide and dexamethasone for transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2019; 99:137-145. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramasamy K, Dhanasiri S, Thom H, Buchanan V, Robinson S, D'Souza VK, Weisel K. Relative efficacy of treatment options in transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results from a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:668-679. [PMID: 31709875 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1683736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Established treatments for transplant-ineligible (TNE) patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) include melphalan and prednisone (MP) combined with either bortezomib (VMP) or thalidomide (MPT), or lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd). New treatments for TNE NDMM include Rd plus bortezomib (RVd) and daratumumab plus VMP (VMP + D), daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D + Rd). Relative efficacy of these treatments was compared using a network meta-analysis. Eight trials identified by a systematic literature review were included in the primary analysis; hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were used. Rd was superior to other MP-based regimens for OS and PFS. There was strong evidence that, compared with Rd, both D + Rd and RVd improved PFS (HR 0.57; 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.43, 0.73 and HR 0.72; 95% CrI 0.56, 0.91, respectively). However, there was strong evidence only for RVd in respect to OS (HR 0.72; 95% CrI 0.52, 0.96).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramasamy
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Howard Thom
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Mateos MV, San-Miguel J, Goldschmidt H, Sonneveld P, Dimopoulos MA, Heeg B, Hashim M, Deraedt W, Hu P, Lam A, He J. The effects of different schedules of bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are transplant ineligible: a matching-adjusted indirect comparison. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:680-690. [PMID: 31686561 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1675881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) who are transplant ineligible, bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) demonstrated superior efficacy based on the VISTA trial. In subsequent trials, twice-weekly bortezomib was limited to the first cycle or completely replaced with once-weekly bortezomib to reduce toxicity. Following a systematic literature review, the efficacy and safety of modified VMP schedules (pooled data from the once-weekly bortezomib VMP arm of the GIMEMA trial and the VMP arm of the ALCYONE trial) were compared to the VISTA schedule using naïve and unanchored matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC). Median progression-free survival was similar between VISTA and modified VMP (20.7 months [95% CI, 18.4-24.3] vs 19.6 months [95% CI, 18.8-21.0]). Peripheral neuropathy was significantly reduced with modified VMP versus VISTA VMP (all grades: naïve, 32.1% vs 46.8% and MAIC, 32.1% vs 46.7%; both p < .0001). These findings support a modified VMP dosing schedule for patients with NDMM who are transplant ineligible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesus San-Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra-CIMA, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Internal Medicine V and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bart Heeg
- Ingress Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - William Deraedt
- Oncology R&D, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Hu
- Statistical Programming (Haematology), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Annette Lam
- Global Market Access and Health Policy, Janssen Global Services, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Jianming He
- Global Market Access and Health Policy, Janssen Global Services, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
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Sekine L, Ziegelmann PK, Manica D, Pithan CDF, Sosnoski M, Morais VD, Falcetta FS, Ribeiro MR, Salazar AP, Ribeiro RA. Upfront treatment for newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 14,533 patients over 29 randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 143:102-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Gay F, Jackson G, Rosiñol L, Holstein SA, Moreau P, Spada S, Davies F, Lahuerta JJ, Leleu X, Bringhen S, Evangelista A, Hulin C, Panzani U, Cairns DA, Di Raimondo F, Macro M, Liberati AM, Pawlyn C, Offidani M, Spencer A, Hájek R, Terpos E, Morgan GJ, Bladé J, Sonneveld P, San-Miguel J, McCarthy PL, Ludwig H, Boccadoro M, Mateos MV, Attal M. Maintenance Treatment and Survival in Patients With Myeloma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2019; 4:1389-1397. [PMID: 30098165 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Importance Several trials demonstrated the impact of novel agent-based maintenance in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM), but there is no current evidence demonstrating the superiority of one regimen over the other, owing to the lack of direct/indirect comparisons. Objective To analyze and compare the effectiveness of different maintenance regimens in NDMM via a network meta-analysis. Data Sources We performed 2 independent searches in PubMed and Cochrane databases, and then we identified all the records registered after 1999 and on or before November 20, 2017. Study Selection By blinded review, we identified prospective phase 3 randomized trials evaluating novel agent-based maintenance in patients with NDMM; the included studies compared at least 2 maintenance approaches; comparators included placebo and no maintenance. From 364 screened records, 11 studies were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis We followed (independent extraction) the guidelines provided by the PRISMA Report and the EQUATOR Network. The evidence was synthesized using a network meta-analysis (NMA). To allow comparison of all treatments, no maintenance was selected as common comparator and the effect of placebo was assumed to be the same as no treatment. The best option was identified by a Bayesian consistency model based on hazard ratio (HR), 95% credible interval (CrI), probability of being the best treatment (PbBT), and median ranking distribution (MedR). Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Eleven trials and 8 treatments including a total of 5073 participants were included. By PFS analysis, lenalidomide-based regimens (lenalidomide-prednisone, lenalidomide alone) were identified as the most effective options (HR, 0.39 [95% CrI, 0.28-0.53] and 0.47 [95% CrI, 0.39-0.55], respectively; MedR, 1 and 2; overall PbBT, 74%). Four treatments (thalidomide-interferon, thalidomide-bortezomib, bortezomib-prednisone, thalidomide alone) showed an HR in favor of maintenance. By OS analysis, lenalidomide alone was identified as the best option (HR, 0.76; 95% CrI, 0.51-1.16; MedR, 2; PbBT, 38%), followed by bortezomib-thalidomide and bortezomib-prednisone. Similar features were noticed in the restricted network including transplant trials, in the sensitivity analysis, and in most of the prognostic subgroups. Conclusions and Relevance Based on PFS and OS results of this NMA, lenalidomide maintenance appears to be the best treatment option, by synthesizing the available evidence of novel agent-based maintenance in the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gay
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Laura Rosiñol
- Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Stefano Spada
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Faith Davies
- The Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Juan José Lahuerta
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. PETHEMA/Grupo Español de Mieloma
| | - Xavier Leleu
- Hématologie and Inserm CIC 1082, Poitiers, France
| | - Sara Bringhen
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Evangelista
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino and CPO Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Cyrille Hulin
- Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ugo Panzani
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David A Cairns
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Margaret Macro
- Institut d'Hématologie de Basse Normandie, University Hospital of Caen, Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - Anna Marina Liberati
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Struttura Complessa Universitaria Oncoematologia - Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Offidani
- Clinica di Ematologia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Department of Haematology, Alfred Health-Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- The Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Joan Bladé
- Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús San-Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra-CIMA, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria-Victoria Mateos
- University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Michel Attal
- Department of Hematology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
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Maekawa K, Ri M, Nakajima M, Sekine A, Ueda R, Tohkin M, Miyata N, Saito Y, Iida S. Serum lipidomics for exploring biomarkers of bortezomib therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3267-3274. [PMID: 31444836 PMCID: PMC6778623 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) shows excellent efficacy in multiple myeloma (MM), a fraction of patients has a suboptimal or no response to this agent. In addition, BTZ-induced peripheral neuropathy (BiPN), a frequent side-effect of this therapy, limits its use in some patients. This study aimed to explore serum lipid biomarker candidates to predict the response to BTZ and the severity of BiPN. Fifty-nine serum samples were collected from patients with MM prior to receiving BTZ plus low-dose dexamethasone therapy. Serum levels of phospholipids, sphingolipids, neutral lipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids and their oxidation products were measured by a comprehensive lipidomic study. Overall, 385 lipid metabolites were identified in patients' sera; lower levels of several glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesteryl esters were associated with a poor treatment response. Metabolites related to platelet-activating factor biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism appeared particularly relevant. Furthermore, several lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, ceramides, neutral lipids, and oxidative fatty acids were significantly increased or decreased in patients with BiPN grades ranging from G0 to G3. Among these compounds, mediators reportedly inducing myelin breakdown and stimulating inflammatory responses were prominent. Although further study is necessary to validate these biomarker candidates, our results contribute to the development of predictive biomarkers for response to BTZ treatment, or ensuing severe BiPN, in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Maekawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Blood Transfusion, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sekine
- Center for Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tohkin
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyata
- Institute of Drug Discovery Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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61
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Li F, Yao FS, Zhu XJ, Gu WY, Wang XH, Chen B, Huang DP, Ding JH, Wu TQ, Zhu Y, Zhao Q, Tang YM, Song P, Zhou XG, An ZM, Guo X, Wang XL, Zhong L, Xie XB, Zhai YP. A randomized phase II, open-label and multicenter study of combination regimens of bortezomib at two doses by subcutaneous injection for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2343-2355. [PMID: 31280348 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combinations of bortezomib (Velcade), cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone have shown significant efficacy and safety for patients of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety of modified VCD regimens with novel changes in bortezomib dose and schedule for NDMM. METHODS Eighty-five NDMM patients from multiple centers were randomly assigned to a high-dose (1.6 mg/m2) (group A) or a low-dose (1.3 mg/m2) (group B) bortezomib, administrated on days 1, 6, 11, and 16 subcutaneously in a 4-week cycle for nine cycles, combined with 40 mg dexamethasone on bortezomib days and cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 on days 1-3 intravenously. RESULTS After four cycles, complete response (CR) or better in group A (43.6%) was higher than that in group B (12.8%) (P = 0.002). During induction, for patients with R-ISS stage III, the CR or better rate in group A was superior to that in group B (P = 0.01). Of patients < 65, the CR or better rate of group A was superior to that of group B (P = 0.004). Rapid onset of CR occurred in group A (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, rate of 3-4 diarrhea was higher in group A (P = 0.03), which caused higher rate of dose reduction for patients ≥ 65 (P = 0.041). No significant difference between the two groups in PFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS The studied high-dose VCD as induction regimen had an improved CR rate, especially in patients < 65 or with R-ISS stage III, and is feasible for young and high-risk patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02086942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Yao
- Department of Hematology, An Qing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Jun Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Xuancheng People's Hospital, Xuancheng, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ying Gu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Third Affiliated to Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ping Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hua Ding
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qin Wu
- Department of Hematology, The 904th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Tang
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming An
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhong
- Department of Hematology, An Qing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Third Affiliated to Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan EAST Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Paul B, Lipe B, Ocio EM, Usmani SZ. Induction Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:e176-e186. [PMID: 31099624 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_238527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The frontline therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) has continued to evolve over the last 10 years. There has been a growing emphasis on achieving the best depth of response in the context of minimal residual disease negativity, given its prognostic correlation with superior overall survival. Another important area of emphasis has been to improve prognostication and staging by including information on disease biology. There also a growing appreciation of global differences in drug access and patterns of care. The current review explores each of these areas and how best to incorporate the emerging induction regimens in to schema of MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brea Lipe
- 2 Wilmont Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Enrique M Ocio
- 3 University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Saad Z Usmani
- 4 Plasma Cell Disorders Division, Department of Hematologic Oncology & Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
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63
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Blommestein HM, van Beurden-Tan CHY, Franken MG, Uyl-de Groot CA, Sonneveld P, Zweegman S. Efficacy of first-line treatments for multiple myeloma patients not eligible for stem cell transplantation: a network meta-analysis. Haematologica 2019; 104:1026-1035. [PMID: 30606791 PMCID: PMC6518894 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) not transplant eligible (NTE) is complicated by a lack of head-to-head comparisons of standards of care, the increase in the choice of treatment modalities, and the promising results that are rapidly evolving from studies with novel regimens. To support evidence-based decision making, we performed a network meta-analysis for NTE MM patients that synthesizes direct and indirect evidence and enables a comparison of all treatments. Relevant randomized clinical trials were identified by a systematic literature review in EMBASE®, MEDLINE®, MEDLINE®-in-Process and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for January 1999 to March 2016. Efficacy outcomes [i.e. the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for progression-free survival] were extracted and synthesized in a random effects network-meta analysis. In total, 24 studies were identified including 21 treatments. According to the network-meta analysis, the HR for progression-free survival was favorable for all NTE MM treatments compared to dexamethasone (HR: 0.19-0.90). Daratumumab-bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone and bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide with bortezomib-thalidomide maintenance were identified as the most effective treatments (HR: 0.19, 95%CI: 0.08-0.45 and HR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.10-0.51, respectively). HR and 95%CI for currently recommended treatments, bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone, bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone, and lenalidomide-dexamethasone compared to dexamethasone, were 0.31 (0.16-0.59), 0.39 (0.20-0.75), and 0.44 (0.29-0.65), respectively. In addition to identifying the most effective treatment options, we illustrate the additional value and evidence of network meta-analysis in clinical practice. In the current treatment landscape, the results of network meta-analysis may support evidence-based decisions and ultimately help to optimize treatment and outcomes of NTE MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Blommestein
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam
- Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht
| | | | - Margreet G Franken
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Carin A Uyl-de Groot
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam
- Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht
| | | | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
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64
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Dempsey JL, Johns A, Rosko AE, Lazarus HM. The pharmacologic management of multiple myeloma in older adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:887-902. [PMID: 30785310 PMCID: PMC6559717 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1577822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma is a disease predominately affecting older adults. Pivotal to treating older adults is understanding their physiologic differences compared to younger subjects and how the complexity of therapies has an impact upon this patient population. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors address the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens, decision-making for older adults, chemotherapy-associated toxicity and the approach to management. This review focuses on the complex treatment of older multiple myeloma patients and management of treatment-related adverse events. EXPERT OPINION Balancing efficacy and managing toxicity is a challenge for older myeloma patients. This group is more susceptible to treatment toxicities due to a higher incidence of pre-existing comorbidities and underlying diminished physiologic reserve. Intensive therapies such as autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT), however, still should be considered for all multiple myeloma patients, including older adults. The continued development of novel therapies and increased use of multi-drug regimens has changed the treatment paradigms yet understanding the complexity of the aging adult in the context of various drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Dempsey
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Johns
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley E. Rosko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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65
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Mikhael J, Ismaila N, Cheung MC, Costello C, Dhodapkar MV, Kumar S, Lacy M, Lipe B, Little RF, Nikonova A, Omel J, Peswani N, Prica A, Raje N, Seth R, Vesole DH, Walker I, Whitley A, Wildes TM, Wong SW, Martin T. Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: ASCO and CCO Joint Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1228-1263. [PMID: 30932732 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide evidence-based recommendations on the treatment of multiple myeloma to practicing physicians and others. METHODS ASCO and Cancer Care Ontario convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, surgery, radiation oncology, and advocacy experts to conduct a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and some phase II studies published from 2005 through 2018. Outcomes of interest included survival, progression-free survival, response rate, and quality of life. Expert Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations. RESULTS The literature search identified 124 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline. RECOMMENDATIONS Evidence-based recommendations were developed for patients with multiple myeloma who are transplantation eligible and those who are ineligible and for patients with relapsed or refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mikhael
- 1 City of Hope Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ.,2 International Myeloma Foundation, North Hollywood, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brea Lipe
- 8 University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Anna Nikonova
- 10 Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Omel
- 11 Education and Advocacy, Grand Island, NE
| | | | - Anca Prica
- 13 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noopur Raje
- 14 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rahul Seth
- 15 Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - David H Vesole
- 16 Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ.,17 Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Irwin Walker
- 18 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Sandy W Wong
- 21 University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tom Martin
- 21 University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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66
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Nathe JM, Krakow EF. The Challenges of Informed Consent in High-Stakes, Randomized Oncology Trials: A Systematic Review. MDM Policy Pract 2019; 4:2381468319840322. [PMID: 30944886 PMCID: PMC6440043 DOI: 10.1177/2381468319840322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance. Oncology trials often entail high-stakes interventions where potential for morbidity and fatal side effects, and for life-prolongation or cure, intensify bioethical issues surrounding informed consent. These challenges are compounded in multistage randomized trials, which are prevalent in oncology. Objective. We sought to elucidate the major barriers to informed consent in high-stakes oncology trials in general and the best consent practices for multistage randomized trials. Evidence Review. We queried PubMed for original studies published from January 1, 1990, to April 5, 2018, that focused on readability, quality, complexity or length of consent documents, motivation and sickness level of participants, or interventions and enhancements that influence informed consent for high-stakes oncologic interventions. Exclusion criteria included articles focused on populations outside industrialized countries, minors or other vulnerable populations, physician preferences, cancer screening and prevention, or recruitment strategies. Additional articles were identified through comprehensive bibliographic review. Findings. Twenty-seven articles were retained; 19 enrolled participants and 8 examined samples of consent documents. Methodologic quality was variable. This body of literature identified certain challenges that can be readily remedied. For example, the average length of the consent forms has increased 10-fold from 1987 to 2010, and patient understanding was shown to be inversely proportional to page count; shortening forms, or providing a concise summary as mandated by the revised Common Rule, might help. However, barriers to understanding that stem from deeply ingrained and flawed sociocultural perceptions of medical research seem more difficult to surmount. Although no studies specifically addressed problems posed by multiple sequential randomizations (such as change in risk-benefit ratio due to time-varying treatment responses or organ toxicities), the findings are likely applicable and especially relevant in that context. Concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.
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Predicting long-term disease control in transplant-ineligible patients with multiple myeloma: impact of an MGUS-like signature. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:36. [PMID: 30886139 PMCID: PMC6423121 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease control at 5 years would be a desirable endpoint for elderly multiple myeloma (MM) patients, but biomarkers predicting this are not defined. Therefore, to gain further insights in this endpoint, a population of 498 newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible patients enrolled in two Spanish trials (GEM2005MAS65 and GEM2010MAS65), has been analyzed. Among the 435 patients included in this post-hoc study, 18.6% remained alive and progression free after 5 years of treatment initiation. In these patients, overall survival (OS) rate at 10 years was 60.8% as compared with 11.8% for those progressing within the first 5 years. Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 12 g/dl (OR 2.74, p = 0.001) and MGUS-like profile (OR 4.18, p = 0.005) were the two baseline variables associated with long-term disease-free survival. Upon including depth of response (and MRD), Hb ≥ 12 g/dl (OR 2.27) and MGUS-like signature (OR 7.48) retained their predictive value along with MRD negativity (OR 5.18). This study shows that despite the use of novel agents, the probability of disease control at 5 years is still restricted to a small fraction (18.6%) of elderly MM patients. Since this endpoint is associated with higher rates of OS, this study provides important information about diagnostic and post-treatment biomarkers helpful in predicting the likelihood of disease control at 5 years.
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68
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Gavriatopoulou M, Fotiou D, Koloventzou U, Roussou M, Migkou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Kanellias N, Ziogas DC, Panagiotidis I, Gika D, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Terpos E, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA. Vulnerability variables among octogenerian myeloma patients: a single-center analysis of 110 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:619-628. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1509323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ursula Koloventzou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Roussou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Magdalini Migkou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kanellias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios C. Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Panagiotidis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Gika
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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69
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Mina R, Bringhen S, Wildes TM, Zweegman S, Rosko AE. Approach to the Older Adult With Multiple Myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:500-518. [PMID: 31099676 PMCID: PMC7363047 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_239067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of aging adults, and numerous therapeutic options are available for this growing demographic. MM treatment of older adults continues to evolve and includes novel combinations, new generations of targeted agents, immunotherapy, and increasing use of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Understanding age-related factors, independent of chronologic age itself, is an increasingly recognized factor in MM survivorship, especially in understudied populations, such as octogenarians. Octogenarians have inferior survival that cannot be explained by cytogenetic profiles alone. Incorporating assessments of geriatric factors can provide guidance on how to intensify or de-escalate therapeutic options. Functional status, using objective testing, is superior to traditional metrics of performance status and should be implemented to optimize the risk-benefit ratio of ASCT. ASCT is feasible and cost-effective, and chronologic age should not exclude ASCT eligibility. Upfront ASCT remains the standard of care, in the context of a sequential approach that includes pre-transplantation induction and post-transplantation maintenance. High-risk MM is classically defined by disease characteristics, yet shifting frameworks suggest that the high-risk designation could refer to any patient subgroup who is at risk for poorer outcomes-beyond disease-focused outcomes to patient-focused outcomes. Defining the optimal treatment of subgroups of older patients with high-risk disease on the basis of chromosomal abnormalities is unexplored. Here, we review tools to assess individual health status, explore vulnerability in octogenarians with MM, address ASCT decision-making, and examine high-risk MM to understand factors that contribute to survival disparities for older adults with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mina
- 1 Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bringhen
- 1 Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tanya M Wildes
- 2 Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- 3 Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ashley E Rosko
- 4 Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Goldschmidt H, Ashcroft J, Szabo Z, Garderet L. Navigating the treatment landscape in multiple myeloma: which combinations to use and when? Ann Hematol 2019; 98:1-18. [PMID: 30470875 PMCID: PMC6334731 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is one of the most common hematological malignancies, affecting mainly elderly patients. The treatment landscape for the management of this disease has evolved significantly over the past 15 years, and a vast array of therapeutics is now available, including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. As a result, deciding which drugs to use and when, and whether these should be used in a particular order or combination, can be challenging. Although combination regimens are often associated with deeper responses and better long-term outcomes than monotherapy, and are becoming the standard of care, they may result in significant incremental toxicity; hence, a sequential approach may be more appropriate for some patients. In particular, treatment choices can vary depending on whether the patient has newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, is eligible for transplant, has relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, or is considered to have high-risk disease. In this review, we discuss factors to be taken into account when making treatment decisions in each of these settings. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic strategies involving agents that may become available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Internal Medicine V and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - John Ashcroft
- Department of Haematology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Clinical Development, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Garderet
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Paris, 75012, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département d'hématologie et de thérapie cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris 6, Paris, France
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Gavriatopoulou M, Fotiou D, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Kastritis E, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. How I treat elderly patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:4248-4268. [PMID: 30568029 PMCID: PMC6326666 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell dyscrasias are a rare heterogeneous group of hematological disorders which are more prevalent in the older part of the population. The introduction of novel agents, improved understanding of disease biology and better supportive management have improved outcomes considerably and in the era of the aging population the question of how to best manage older patients with plasma cell dyscrasias has never been more relevant. Data on how to treat these patients comes mostly from subgroup analysis as they are underrepresented in clinical trials. This review will cover issues, available evidence and recommendations relevant to diagnosis and management of the older patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM), Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) and systemic AL Amyloidosis. What will become increasingly evident is the need to develop and establish the use of disease-specific geriatric assessment (GA) tools. Frailty status assessment using GA tools and moving away from making decisions based merely on chronological age will allow setting clear treatment goals and consequently achieving an optimum balance between effectiveness and toxicity for this complex and heterogeneous group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Equal contribution
| | - Despoina Fotiou
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Equal contribution
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Alexandra Hospital, Oncology Department, Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Schäfer J, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Theile D. Elucidating the beneficial effects of melphalan, adriamycin, and corticoids in combination with bortezomib against multiple myeloma in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:461-466. [PMID: 30554340 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Combining bortezomib with other anti-cancer drugs or glucocorticoids is more efficient in multiple myeloma than bortezomib alone. However, the molecular mechanism of this beneficial effect is largely unknown. To investigate the effects of these compounds on bortezomib's anti-proliferative potency and its intracellular accumulation and potency to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like proteasomal subunit, seven myeloma cell lines were investigated after exposure to bortezomib alone or either combined with adriamycin plus dexamethasone (PAD regimen) or melphalan plus prednisolone (VMP regimen), respectively. PAD or VMP combinations did not alter cellular bortezomib uptake. However, PAD and VMP regimens increased bortezomib's chymotrypsin-like subunit inhibitory potency. This likely originates from indirect proteasome modulation, because adriamycin, dexamethasone, melphalan, or prednisolone did not inhibit this subunit when used alone. Strikingly, the anti-proliferative potency of bortezomib was not enhanced but slightly lowered in some cell lines when used in combinations. Adriamycin, dexamethasone, melphalan, or prednisolone can enhance bortezomib's chymotrypsin-like subunit inhibitory potency, likely by mechanisms indirectly influencing proteasome functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schäfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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73
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[First-line treatment of multiple myeloma]. Internist (Berl) 2018; 60:23-33. [PMID: 30552458 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-018-0527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two decades the therapeutic options for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma have changed dramatically. The implementation of high-dose chemotherapy with melphalan and subsequent autologous blood stem cell transplantation initially led to prolonged survival in younger, fit patients. Furthermore, recent data suggest that patients with high-risk disease seem to benefit most from tandem transplantation approaches. Therefore, risk stratification at initiation of first-line treatment is of great importance. With the advent and integration of the so-called novel agents, such as thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib into first-line treatment, both transplant eligible and ineligble patients gained new therapeutic perspectives. In Germany, the combination of bortezomib with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone is currently considered the standard of care as induction regimen before high-dose treatment and transplantation; however, the combination of lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone is increasingly being used, but is still not yet approved in Germany. For patients where high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation are not feasible, bortezomib and lenalidomide are available as backbone agents of various combination regimens. Recently, the anti-CD38 antibody daratumumab has been approved in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone as primary treatment for newly diagnosed patients. An allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be considered for younger patients without relevant comorbidities and with high-risk disease or early relapse after autologous blood stem cell transplantation but should only be performed within controlled clinical trials and in specialized centers.
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Gay F, Larocca A. Special problems in the management of elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 58:64-69. [PMID: 30527921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic disease typical of the elderly. Many steps forward have been made in the characterization of patients, and new treatment strategies are available today. Clinical trials represent a major point in the definition of standard treatment, although they usually include fit patients, while frail patients are commonly excluded. Therefore, frail patients may receive treatments that may be too toxic, thus jeopardizing the beneficial effects of therapy. A careful patient assessment is crucial to better characterize patients and consequently to appropriately select treatment. Future trials testing novel agent-based therapies in different subsets of patients will shed light on this important issue and will allow patients to receive appropriate, tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gay
- Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Larocca
- Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Manapuram S, Hashmi H. Treatment of Multiple Myeloma in Elderly Patients: A Review of Literature and Practice Guidelines. Cureus 2018; 10:e3669. [PMID: 30761222 PMCID: PMC6364954 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disorder of malignant plasma cells that comprises approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. With median age of 66 at the time of presentation, multiple myeloma is predominantly a disease of the elderly. The availability of new combination regimens and the enhanced safety of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant has increased the treatment options for elderly patients with multiple myeloma. We provide a summary of data supporting the current management of elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Manapuram
- Internal Medicine, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Grand Island, USA
| | - Hamza Hashmi
- Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
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Wildes TM, Anderson KC. Approach to the treatment of the older, unfit patient with myeloma from diagnosis to relapse: perspectives of a US hematologist and a geriatric hematologist. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:88-96. [PMID: 30504296 PMCID: PMC6245982 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mrs. A. is a 73-year-old woman who has developed increasing fatigue and lower back pain over the past year. The pain limits her exercise tolerance such that she can now walk only 1 block. She is a retired schoolteacher who does volunteer efforts in her community but has limited her activities due to fatigue. Karnofsky performance status is 70%. She has a history of chronic hypertension treated with a diuretic, adult-onset diabetes mellitus treated with metformin, and hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine. Initial evaluation reveals anemia, renal dysfunction, an elevated total protein, and an L2 compression fracture on lumbosacral radiographs. Results of initial and subsequent evaluation are shown below, and she is referred to a hematologist for further evaluation, which revealed the following: calcium 9.0 mg/dL, creatinine 3.2 mg/dL with estimated creatinine clearance using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation of 15 mL/min, hemoglobin 9.6 g/dL, total protein 11 g/dL, albumin 3.2 g/dL, immunoglobulin A (IgA) λ M protein 6.8 g/dL, total IgA 7.2 g/dL, IgG 0.4g/dL, IgM 0.03 g/dL, free κ <0.01 mg/L, free λ 1000 mg/L, serum free light chain ratio <0.01, β-2-microglobulin 4.2, viscosity 3.0, lactate dehydrogenase 200 U/L, urine protein electrophoresis: 125 mg/dL with 30% M protein, and urine immunofixation: λ light chain. Skeletal bone survey showed lytic lesions in femurs and humeri and diffusely in ribs bilaterally as well as compression fractures at T4, T6, and L2. Bone marrow biopsy revealed λ-restricted plasma cells comprising 50% of the bone marrow core. Fluorescence in situ hybridization testing on marrow showed that del 17p was present in 80% of the plasma cells. Mrs. A. is informed of the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and the need for therapy. She requests consultation with 2 of the leading world experts. However, she wants to be treated near her home and does not want treatment on a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Wildes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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77
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Clinical predictors of long-term survival in newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma - an IMWG Research Project. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:123. [PMID: 30470751 PMCID: PMC6251924 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: multiple myeloma is considered an incurable hematologic cancer but a subset of patients can achieve long-term remissions and survival. The present study examines the clinical features of long-term survival as it correlates to depth of disease response. Patients & Methods: this was a multi-institutional, international, retrospective analysis of high-dose melphalan-autologous stem cell transplant (HDM-ASCT) eligible MM patients included in clinical trials. Clinical variable and survival data were collected from 7291 MM patients from Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Spain, the Nordic Myeloma Study Group and the United States. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Relative survival (RS) and statistical cure fractions (CF) were computed for all patients with available data. Results: achieving CR at 1 year was associated with superior PFS (median PFS 3.3 years vs. 2.6 years, p < 0.0001) as well as OS (median OS 8.5 years vs. 6.3 years, p < 0.0001). Clinical variables at diagnosis associated with 5-year survival and 10-year survival were compared with those associated with 2-year death. In multivariate analysis, age over 65 years (OR 1.87, p = 0.002), IgA Isotype (OR 1.53, p = 0.004), low albumin < 3.5 g/dL (OR = 1.36, p = 0.023), elevated beta 2 microglobulin ≥ 3.5 mg/dL (OR 1.86, p < 0.001), serum creatinine levels ≥ 2 mg/dL (OR 1.77, p = 0.005), hemoglobin levels < 10 g/dL (OR 1.55, p = 0.003), and platelet count < 150k/μL (OR 2.26, p < 0.001) appeared to be negatively associated with 10-year survival. The relative survival for the cohort was ~0.9, and the statistical cure fraction was 14.3%. Conclusions: these data identify CR as an important predictor of long-term survival for HDM-ASCT eligible MM patients. They also identify clinical variables reflective of higher disease burden as poor prognostic markers for long-term survival.
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78
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Guerrero-Garcia TA, Gandolfi S, Laubach JP, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Mitsiades C, Anderson KC, Richardson PG. The power of proteasome inhibition in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:1033-1052. [PMID: 30427223 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1543595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are therapeutic backbones of multiple myeloma treatment, with PI-based therapies being standards of care throughout the treatment algorithm. Proteasome inhibition affects multiple critical signaling pathways in myeloma cells and interacts synergistically with mechanisms of action of other conventional and novel agents, resulting in substantial anti-myeloma activity and at least additive effects. Areas covered: This review summarizes the biologic effects of proteasome inhibition in myeloma and provides an overview of the importance of proteasome inhibition to the current treatment algorithm. It reviews key clinical data on three PIs, specifically bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib; assesses ongoing phase 3 trials with these agents; and looks ahead to the increasingly broad role of both approved PIs and PIs under investigation in the frontline and relapsed settings. Expert commentary: Progress to date with PIs in multiple myeloma has been impressive, but there remain unmet needs and challenges, as well as increasing opportunities to optimize the use of these agents. Understanding discrepancies between PIs in terms of efficacy and safety profile is a key goal of ongoing research, along with proteomics-based efforts to identify potential biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance, thereby enabling increasingly personalized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Gandolfi
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jacob P Laubach
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Teru Hideshima
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul G Richardson
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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79
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Carlsten M, Namazi A, Reger R, Levy E, Berg M, St Hilaire C, Childs RW. Bortezomib sensitizes multiple myeloma to NK cells via ER-stress-induced suppression of HLA-E and upregulation of DR5. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1534664. [PMID: 30713790 PMCID: PMC6343814 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1534664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has significantly improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), the disease remains fatal as most patients eventually develop progressive disease. Recent data indicate that MM cells can evade bortezomib-induced cell death by undergoing autophagy as a consequence of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)-stress induced by proteasome inhibition. Here we show that bortezomib sensitizes MM cells to NK cell killing via two distinct mechanisms: a) upregulation of the TRAIL death receptor DR5 on the surface of MM cells and b) ER-stress induced reduction of cell surface HLA-E. The latter mechanism is completely novel and was found to be exclusively controlled by the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, with NKG2A single-positive (NKG2ASP) NK cells developing a selective augmentation in tumor killing as a consequence of bortezomib-induced loss of HLA-E on the non-apoptotic MM cells. In contrast, the expression of classical HLA class I molecules remained unchanged following bortezomib exposure, diminishing the augmentation of MM killing by NK cells expressing KIR. Further, we found that feeder cell-based ex vivo expansion of NK cells increased both NK cell TRAIL surface expression and the percentage of NKG2ASP NK cells compared to unexpanded controls, substantially augmenting their capacity to kill bortezomib-treated MM cells. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that infusion of ex vivo expanded NK cells following treatment with bortezomib could eradicate MM cells that would normally evade killing through proteasome inhibition alone, potentially improving long-term survival among MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlsten
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ali Namazi
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert Reger
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emily Levy
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Maria Berg
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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de Arriba de la Fuente F, Durán MS, Álvarez MÁ, Sanromán IL, Dios AM, Ríos Tamayo R, García R, González MS, Prieto E, Bárez A, Escalante F, Tejedor A, Ballesteros M, Cabañas V, Capote FJ, Couto C, Garzón S, González-Pardo M, Mateos Manteca MV. Subcutaneous bortezomib in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma nontransplant eligible: Retrospective evaluation. Semin Hematol 2018; 55:189-196. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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81
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Qian X, Chen H, Xia J, Wang J, Zhou X, Guo H. Real-World Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Chinese Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Single-Center Experience. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5887-5893. [PMID: 30138301 PMCID: PMC6118163 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, improvement in overall survival (OS) was demonstrated in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Our aim here was to analyze treatment outcomes in elderly Chinese patients with MM in real-world practice. Material/Methods This retrospective study enrolled 122 newly diagnosed MM patients ages 65–84 between January 2007 and December 2015 in a single hematology department. Results The median age of patients was 70.5 years. The median OS period of the entire cohort was 33 months; the 5-year OS estimate was 30.4%. The median OS of the 65–69, 70–74, and ≥75 years old groups were 43, 36, and 6 months, respectively. Female patients had better OS than male patients (40 and 28 months, P=0.026). Patients who received short-course bortezomib-containing regimens during their course of disease had a significantly longer median OS of 37 months compared with 28 months for patients without bortezomib treatment (P=0.029). Patients with age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aaCCI) <5 showed longer median OS compared to those with aaCCI ≥5 (45 months vs. 23 months, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex, high aaCCI, and LDH were independent prognostic factor for OS. Conclusions The marked survival improvement in the elderly patients was associated with the increased use of short-course bortezomib. CCI and LDH are important clinical prognostic factors for survival in elderly MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Qian
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hongfeng Guo
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Multiple myeloma: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:981-1114. [PMID: 30400719 PMCID: PMC6223128 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disease overview Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. Diagnosis The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE): CRAB (hyperc alcemia, r enal failure, a nemia, or lytic b one lesions) features felt related to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. Risk stratification Patients with del(17p), t(14;16), and t(14;20) have high-risk multiple myeloma. Patients with t(4;14) translocation and gain(1q) have intermediate-risk. All others are considered standard-risk. Risk-adapted initial therapy Initial treatment consists of bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd). In high-risk patients, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (KRd) is an alternative to VRd. In eligible patients, initial therapy is given for approximately 3–4 cycles followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Standard risk patients can opt for delayed ASCT at first relapse. Patients not candidates for transplant are treated with VRd for approximately 8–12 cycles followed by lenalidomide or lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Maintenance therapy After ASCT, lenalidomide maintenance is recommended for standard risk patients, while maintenance with a bortezomib-based regimen is needed for patients with intermediate or high-risk disease. Management of refractory disease Most patients require a triplet regimen at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse. Aggressive relapse with extramedullary plasmacytomas or plasma cell leukemia may require anthracycline containing combination chemotherapy regimens.
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disease, which typically affects older patients, with a median age at diagnosis of 70 years. The recent introduction of novel drugs and ongoing improvements in supportive care have significantly contributed to overall better management and outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma. Autologous stem-cell transplantation has been a standard part of therapy for myeloma patients for many years, first in younger patients and increasingly in older, and may still be considered in selected older patients with myeloma. In addition, in both newly diagnosed patients and in the relapsed/refractory setting, a number of novel agents tested in large phase III trials have yielded improvements in overall outcomes. As clinical trials under-enrol older patients and have stringent exclusion criteria, the data and results from them may not be generalizable to all older adults. In this review, we examine the treatment options for older adults with myeloma with a specific focus on the currently available data on novel agents in this cohort. The clinical efficacy and unique toxicity profile of each novel agent must be considered prior to the treatment plan in older adults.
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84
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Mian HS, Wildes TM, Fiala MA. Development of a Medicare Health Outcomes Survey Deficit-Accumulation Frailty Index and Its Application to Older Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2018; 2. [PMID: 30547157 DOI: 10.1200/cci.18.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a frailty index using the Rockwood Accumulation of Deficits approach for the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (MHOS) and apply it in a subset of older patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Methods Data from 2,692,361 patients without cancer, > 66 years of age, in SEER-MHOS linked databases between 1998 and 2009 were analyzed. A frailty index was constructed, resulting in a 25-item scale; cutoff values were created for individuals classified as frail. This frailty index was then applied to 305 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma in the database to predict overall survival. Results In the derivation cohort of patients without cancer, the median age was 74 years and the mean frailty index was 0.23 (standard deviation, 0.17). Among patients without cancer, each 10% increase in frailty index (approximately three to four more deficits) was associated with a 40% increased risk for death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.397; 95% CI, 1.396 to 1.399; P < .001). In the cohort of patients with newly diagnosed myeloma, the median age was 76 years an d the mean frailty index was 0.28 (standard deviation, 0.17). Each 10% increase in frailty index was associated with a 16% increased risk for death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.159; 95% CI, 1.080 to 1.244; P < .001). Fifty-three percent of patients with multiple myeloma were considered frail. The estimated median overall survival of patients considered frail was 26.8 months, compared with 43.7 months (P = .015) for those who were not. Conclusion The MHOS-based frailty index was prognostic for patients with multiple myeloma in predicting overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira S Mian
- Hira S. Mian, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Tanya M. Wildes and Mark A. Fiala, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tanya M Wildes
- Hira S. Mian, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Tanya M. Wildes and Mark A. Fiala, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mark A Fiala
- Hira S. Mian, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Tanya M. Wildes and Mark A. Fiala, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Salvini M, D’Agostino M, Bonello F, Boccadoro M, Bringhen S. Determining treatment intensity in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:917-930. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1496823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salvini
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia D’Agostino
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonello
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bringhen
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Richardson PG, Laubach J, Gandolfi S, Facon T, Weisel K, O’Gorman P. Maintenance and continuous therapy for multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:751-764. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1490181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Richardson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Laubach
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Gandolfi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thierry Facon
- Department of Haematology, Service des Maladies du Sang, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter O’Gorman
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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87
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Larocca A, D'Agostino M, Boccadoro M. Gentle yet effective combination therapy with novel agents in elderly multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:165-167. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Larocca
- Myeloma Unit; Division of Haematology; University of Torino; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Mattia D'Agostino
- Myeloma Unit; Division of Haematology; University of Torino; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Myeloma Unit; Division of Haematology; University of Torino; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Torino Italy
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88
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Patient-centered practice in elderly myeloma patients: an overview and consensus from the European Myeloma Network (EMN). Leukemia 2018; 32:1697-1712. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gandolfi S, Laubach JP, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Anderson KC, Richardson PG. The proteasome and proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:561-584. [PMID: 29196868 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are one of the most important classes of agents to have emerged for the treatment of multiple myeloma in the past two decades, and now form one of the backbones of treatment. Three agents in this class have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration-the first-in-class compound bortezomib, the second-generation agent carfilzomib, and the first oral proteasome inhibitor, ixazomib. The success of this class of agents is due to the exquisite sensitivity of myeloma cells to the inhibition of the 26S proteasome, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and proliferation of the disease. Proteasome inhibition results in multiple downstream effects, including the inhibition of NF-κB signaling, the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress and leading to the unfolded protein response, the downregulation of growth factor receptors, suppression of adhesion molecule expression, and inhibition of angiogenesis; resistance to proteasome inhibition may arise through cellular responses mediating these downstream effects. These multiple biologic consequences of proteasome inhibition result in synergistic or additive activity with other chemotherapeutic and targeted agents for myeloma, and proteasome inhibitor-based combination regimens have become established as a cornerstone of therapy throughout the myeloma treatment algorithm, incorporating agents from the other key classes of antimyeloma agents, including the immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. This review gives an overview of the critical role of the proteasome in myeloma and the characteristics of the different proteasome inhibitors and provides a comprehensive summary of key clinical efficacy and safety data with the currently approved proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gandolfi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jacob P Laubach
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dharminder Chauhan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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90
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Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T. Front-line therapies for elderly patients with transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma and high-risk cytogenetics in the era of novel agents. Leukemia 2018; 32:1267-1276. [PMID: 29720731 PMCID: PMC5990526 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma, certain cytogenetic abnormalities, such as t(4;14), t(14;16), and del(17p), are considered high risk and are associated with worse prognosis. Patients with these high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities, as well as those who are elderly and transplant ineligible, have not experienced the same degree of improved survival outcomes that other patients have seen with recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma. To date, no treatment regimen has demonstrated sustained and consistent survival benefits in elderly, transplant-ineligible patients with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Thus, there is an unmet need to identify effective treatment options for these patients and achieve outcomes parity with standard-risk patients. In this review, we assessed clinical trials of both doublet and triplet regimens for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma that included elderly, transplant-ineligible patients with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and that provided outcomes data stratified by cytogenetic risk status. We concluded that regimens containing an IMiD agent as the foundation of therapy, combined with agents that have synergistic mechanisms of action—including novel therapies—may in future investigations help overcome the poor prognosis of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Facon
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
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91
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Cerchione C, Nappi D, Pareto AE, Di Perna M, Zacheo I, Picardi M, Pane F, Catalano L. Safety and comfort of domestic bortezomib injection in real-life experience. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3111-3116. [PMID: 29574618 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite novel agents, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease, especially for elderly and frail patients, who are difficult to manage for concomitant comorbidities as the therapeutic options are limited and the response to chemotherapy is often short. We report our evaluations upon safety and efficacy of domestic subcutaneous bortezomib in elderly and frail patients candidate to bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) regimen. We confirmed that overall incidence of adverse events, including peripheral neuropathy, was low, and in no case required admission to emergency service, contributing to reduce the rate of therapy discontinuation. These results confirm the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous bortezomib, in a real-life-experience, and define a new possibility of safe auto-administration in a comfortable domestic setting. We suggest that domestic treatment can significantly improve the quality of life of the patients, avoiding unnecessary transfer to the hospital without reducing treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Davide Nappi
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Emanuele Pareto
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Di Perna
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Zacheo
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Picardi
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pane
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Catalano
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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92
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Kim MK, Kim K, Min CK, Kwak JY, Bae SB, Yoon SS, Lee JJ, Kim KH, Nam SH, Mun YC, Kim HJ, Bae SH, Shin HJ, Lee JH, Park JS, Jeong SH, Lee MH, Kim YS, Lee HS, Park KW, Lee WS, Lee SM, Lee JO, Hyun MS, Jo DY, Lim SN, Lee JH, Cho DY, Do YR, Kim JA, Park SK, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Kim H, Yi HG, Moon JH, Choi CW, Kim SH, Joo YD, Kim HG, Kim BS, Park MR, Song MK, Kim SY. A prospective, open-label, multicenter, observational study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone as initial treatment for autologous stem cell transplantation-ineligible patients with multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37605-37618. [PMID: 28402945 PMCID: PMC5514934 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) showed superior efficacy versus MP as first-line treatment for transplantation-ineligible multiple myeloma (MM). This study investigated the efficacy of VMP for Korean patients with MM. Overall, 177 MM patients received 9 cycles of VMP in this prospective, multicenter, observational study. The primary endpoint was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). Thirty-nine (22%) patients were aged ≥ 75 years and 83 (47.4%) patients had International Staging System stage III. A median of 5 cycles were delivered. Overall response rate (ORR) was 72.9%, and complete response (CR) rate was 20.3%. With a median follow-up of 11.9 months, median PFS was 17 months. The 2-year PFS and overall survival (OS) rates were 29.2% and 80.0%, respectively. Median OS was not reached. PFS was significantly different depending on performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group < 2 vs. ≥ 2; p = 0.0002), β2-microglobulin level (< 5.5 vs. ≥ 5.5 mg/L; p = 0.0481), and cumulative dose of bortezomib (< 35.1 vs. ≥ 35.1 mg/m2; p < 0001). The common adverse events (AEs) were in line with the well-known toxicity profiles associated with VMP. In conclusion, VMP is a feasible and effective front-line treatment for transplant-ineligible older patients with MM in Korea. Continuing therapy with prompt adjustment of treatment according to AEs may be important to improve outcomes of elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Byung Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeung-Chul Mun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mark Hong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Soo Kim
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ho Sup Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Keon Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Hyun
- Department of Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Deog Yeon Jo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Nam Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Do-Yeun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Rok Do
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hawk Kim
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Don Joo
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hoon-Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Hematology, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo-Rim Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Moo-Kon Song
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Hanyang University Hanmaeum Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Su-Youn Kim
- Medical Affairs, Janssen Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Immunomodulatory drugs and the risk of serious infection in multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:925-944. [PMID: 29500711 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) on serious infection remains uncertain. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the possible impact of IMiDs on serious infection in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies from databases that addressed the effect of IMiDs on serious infection in patients with MM. We pooled data from RCTs and observational studies separately and used the GRADE approach to rate the quality of evidence. Rates in patients with individual IMiDs at different treatment status ranged from 7.00 to 23.00%. The use of thalidomide- or lenalidomide-based regimen induction therapy for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT)-ineligible patients suggests increase in serious infection (RR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.31-1.93, p < 0.01). Compared to conventional therapy, IMiDs' induction in ASCT-eligible patients significantly decreases the risk of serious infection (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.94, p < 0.01). Lenalidomide-based therapy was associated with a significant increase in risk of serious infection in patients treated compared with conventional therapy (RR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.57-3.83, p < 0.01). The current evidence suggests that patients with MM treated with IMiDs are at a high risk of serious infection.
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94
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Scalzulli E, Grammatico S, Vozella F, Petrucci MT. Proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:375-386. [PMID: 29478351 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1441287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Myeloma (MM) management is rapidly evolving, with a spectrum of novel treatments that have changed our approach to the therapy. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have revolutionized the scenario of both relapsed/refractory and newly diagnosed patients. The efficacy of bortezomib, the first PI approved, followed by carfilzomib and, the oral ixazomib, have been tested in several trials as single agents or in combination. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of proteasome inhibitors in MM and focus on data derived from clinical trials, analyzing adverse events and their relative management. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that, currently, the best course of action in the treatment of MM is to use PIs in combination with immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and/or with monoclonal antibodies for all patients. However, based on the patient-specific characteristics, it is important to avoid inappropriate discontinuation by knowing the single side effects of every agent in order to balance their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Scalzulli
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Sara Grammatico
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Federico Vozella
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
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95
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Early myeloma-related death in elderly patients: development of a clinical prognostic score and evaluation of response sustainability role. Leukemia 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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96
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Mateos MV, Dimopoulos MA, Cavo M, Suzuki K, Jakubowiak A, Knop S, Doyen C, Lucio P, Nagy Z, Kaplan P, Pour L, Cook M, Grosicki S, Crepaldi A, Liberati AM, Campbell P, Shelekhova T, Yoon SS, Iosava G, Fujisaki T, Garg M, Chiu C, Wang J, Carson R, Crist W, Deraedt W, Nguyen H, Qi M, San-Miguel J. Daratumumab plus Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone for Untreated Myeloma. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:518-528. [PMID: 29231133 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone is a standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for autologous stem-cell transplantation. Daratumumab has shown efficacy in combination with standard-of-care regimens in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. METHODS In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 706 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible for stem-cell transplantation to receive nine cycles of bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone either alone (control group) or with daratumumab (daratumumab group) until disease progression. The primary end point was progression-free survival. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 16.5 months in a prespecified interim analysis, the 18-month progression-free survival rate was 71.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.5 to 76.8) in the daratumumab group and 50.2% (95% CI, 43.2 to 56.7) in the control group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.65; P<0.001). The overall response rate was 90.9% in the daratumumab group, as compared with 73.9% in the control group (P<0.001), and the rate of complete response or better (including stringent complete response) was 42.6%, versus 24.4% (P<0.001). In the daratumumab group, 22.3% of the patients were negative for minimal residual disease (at a threshold of 1 tumor cell per 105 white cells), as compared with 6.2% of those in the control group (P<0.001). The most common adverse events of grade 3 or 4 were hematologic: neutropenia (in 39.9% of the patients in the daratumumab group and in 38.7% of those in the control group), thrombocytopenia (in 34.4% and 37.6%, respectively), and anemia (in 15.9% and 19.8%, respectively). The rate of grade 3 or 4 infections was 23.1% in the daratumumab group and 14.7% in the control group; the rate of treatment discontinuation due to infections was 0.9% and 1.4%, respectively. Daratumumab-associated infusion-related reactions occurred in 27.7% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible for stem-cell transplantation, daratumumab combined with bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone resulted in a lower risk of disease progression or death than the same regimen without daratumumab. The daratumumab-containing regimen was associated with more grade 3 or 4 infections. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; ALCYONE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02195479 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Victoria Mateos
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Michele Cavo
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Kenshi Suzuki
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Andrzej Jakubowiak
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Stefan Knop
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Chantal Doyen
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Paulo Lucio
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Zsolt Nagy
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Polina Kaplan
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Ludek Pour
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Mark Cook
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Sebastian Grosicki
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Andre Crepaldi
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Anna M Liberati
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Philip Campbell
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Tatiana Shelekhova
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Genadi Iosava
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Tomoaki Fujisaki
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Mamta Garg
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Christopher Chiu
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Jianping Wang
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Robin Carson
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Wendy Crist
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - William Deraedt
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Huong Nguyen
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Ming Qi
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
| | - Jesus San-Miguel
- From University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca (M.-V.M.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Pamplona (J.S.-M.) - both in Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (M.A.D.); the Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna (M. Cavo), and Azienda Ospedaliera "Santa Maria," Terni (A.M.L.) - both in Italy; Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Tokyo (K.S.); University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (A.J.); Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany (S.K.); Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir (C.D.), and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (W.D.) - both in Belgium; Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (P.L.); Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary (Z.N.); Dnepropetrovsk City Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (P.K.); University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic (L.P.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (M. Cook), and Leicester Royal Infirmary-Haematology, Leicester (M.G.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Cancer Prevention, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland (S.G.); Clínica de Tratamento E, Cuiaba, Brazil (A.C.); Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia (P.C.); Clinic of Professional Pathology, Saratov, Russia (T.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.-S.Y.); LTD "Medinvent" Institute of Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (G.I.); Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan (T.F.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (C.C., R.C., W.C., M.Q.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.W., H.N.)
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97
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Tan D, Lee JH, Chen W, Shimizu K, Hou J, Suzuki K, Nawarawong W, Huang SY, Sang Chim C, Kim K, Kumar L, Malhotra P, Chng WJ, Durie B. Recent advances in the management of multiple myeloma: clinical impact based on resource-stratification. Consensus statement of the Asian Myeloma Network at the 16th international myeloma workshop. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2305-2317. [PMID: 29390932 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1427858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicated on our improved understanding of the disease biology, we have seen remarkable advances in the management of multiple myeloma over the past few years. Recently approved drugs have radically transformed the treatment paradigm and improved survivals of myeloma patients. The progress has necessitated revision of the diagnostic criteria, risk-stratification and response definition. The huge disparities in economy, healthcare infrastructure and access to novel drugs among different Asian countries will hinder the delivery of optimum myeloma care to patients managed in resource-constrained environments. In the light of the tremendous recent changes and evolution in myeloma management, it is timely that the resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Myeloma Network be revised to provide updated recommendations for Asia physicians practicing under various healthcare reimbursement systems. This review will highlight the most recent advances and our recommendations on how they could be integrated in both resource-abundant and resource-constrained facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Tan
- a Raffles Cancer Center , Raffles Hospital , Singapore.,b Department of Hematology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- c Gil Hospital, Gachon University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Wenming Chen
- d Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Kazuyuki Shimizu
- e Higashi Nagoya National Hospital , National Hospital Organization , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Jian Hou
- f Department of Haematology , Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Kenshi Suzuki
- g Department of Hematology , Japanese Red Cross Medical Center , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | | | - Chor Sang Chim
- j Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kihyun Kim
- k Samsung Medical Center , Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Lalit Kumar
- l Department of Medical Oncology , Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- m Department of Internal Medicine , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- n Cancer Science Institute of Singapore , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,o Department of Haematology-Oncology , National University Cancer Institute of Singapore National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Brian Durie
- p Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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98
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Gagelmann N, Eikema DJ, Iacobelli S, Koster L, Nahi H, Stoppa AM, Masszi T, Caillot D, Lenhoff S, Udvardy M, Crawley C, Arcese W, Mariette C, Hunter A, Leleu X, Schipperus M, Delforge M, Pioltelli P, Snowden JA, Itälä-Remes M, Musso M, van Biezen A, Garderet L, Kröger N. Impact of extramedullary disease in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a study from the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the EBMT. Haematologica 2018; 103:890-897. [PMID: 29419433 PMCID: PMC5927971 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.178434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated extramedullary disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and its impact on outcome following first-line autologous stem cell transplantation. We identified 3744 adult myeloma patients who received up-front single (n=3391) or tandem transplantation (n=353) between 2005 and 2014 with available data on extramedullary involvement at diagnosis. The overall incidence of extramedullary disease was 18.2% (n=682) and increased per year from 6.5% (2005) to 23.7% (2014). Paraskeletal involvement was found in 543 (14.5%) and extramedullary organ involvement in 139 (3.7%). More patients with extramedullary organ involvement had multiple involved sites (≥2; P<0.001). In a comparison of patients with single sites with patients without the disease, up-front transplantation resulted in at least similar 3-year progression-free survival (paraskeletal: P=0.86, and extramedullary organ: P=0.88). In single paraskeletal involvement, this translated less clearly into worse 3-year overall survival (P=0.07) while single organ involvement was significantly worse (P=0.001). Multiple organ sites were associated with worse outcome (P<0.001 and P=0.01). First-line treatment with tandem compared with single transplantation resulted in similar survival in patients with extramedullary disease at diagnosis (P=0.13 for both).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Gagelmann
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Simona Iacobelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Study di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | | | - Hareth Nahi
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tamás Masszi
- St. István and St. László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denis Caillot
- Hématologie Clinique, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Stig Lenhoff
- Department of Hematology, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Miklos Udvardy
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Debrecen Medical University, Hungary
| | - Charles Crawley
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK
| | | | - Clara Mariette
- Department of Hematology, Grenoble University Hospital, France
| | | | - Xavier Leleu
- Hematology, Hôpital La Mileterie, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Pietro Pioltelli
- Hematology, Ospedale San Gerardo ASST Monza- Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Maurizio Musso
- Division of Hematology, Casa di Cura "La Maddalena", Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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99
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Elsayed HG, Alabdulwahab AS. Upfront treatment of elderly myeloma patients: an overview and update. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:99-108. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1419861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein G. Elsayed
- Haematology Department, King Abdulla Medical City HC, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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100
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Mateos MV, San Miguel JF. Management of multiple myeloma in the newly diagnosed patient. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:498-507. [PMID: 29222298 PMCID: PMC6142596 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most frequent hematological disease. The introduction of melphalan as high-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT) for young patients and the availability of novel agents for young and elderly patients with multiple myeloma have dramatically changed the perspective of treatment. However, further research is necessary if we want definitively to cure the disease. Treatment goals for transplant-eligible and non-transplant-eligible patients should be to prolong survival by achieving the best possible response while ensuring quality of life. For young patients, HDT-ASCT is a standard of care for treatment, and its efficacy has been enhanced and challenged by the new drugs. For elderly patients, treatment options were once limited to alkylators, but new upfront treatment combinations based on novel agents (proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs) combined or not with alkylators have significantly improved outcomes. Extended treatment of young and elderly patients improves the quality and duration of clinical responses; however, the optimal scheme, appropriate doses, and duration of long-term therapy have not yet been fully determined. This review summarizes progress in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, addressing critical questions such as the optimal induction, early vs late ASCT, consolidation and/or maintenance for young patients, and how we can choose the best treatment option for non-transplant-eligible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Victoria Mateos
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-Instituto Biosanitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; and
| | - Jesús F. San Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Navarra, Spain
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