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Oh K, Shon SY, Seo MW, Lee HM, Oh JE, Choi EY, Lee DS, Park KS. Murine Sca1(+)Lin(-) bone marrow contains an endodermal precursor population that differentiates into hepatocytes. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e187. [PMID: 26427852 PMCID: PMC4673473 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct differentiation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells remains controversial. Several mechanisms, including transdifferentiation and cell fusion, have been proposed for this phenomenon, although direct visualization of the process and the underlying mechanisms have not been reported. In this study, we established an efficient in vitro culture method for differentiation of functioning hepatocytes from murine lineage-negative bone marrow cells. These cells reduced liver damage and incorporated into hepatic parenchyma in two independent hepatic injury models. Our simple and efficient in vitro protocol for endodermal precursor cell survival and expansion enabled us to identify these cells as existing in Sca1+ subpopulations of lineage-negative bone marrow cells. The endodermal precursor cells followed a sequential developmental pathway that included endodermal cells and hepatocyte precursor cells, which indicates that lineage-negative bone marrow cells contain more diverse multipotent stem cells than considered previously. The presence of equivalent endodermal precursor populations in human bone marrow would facilitate the development of these cells into an effective treatment modality for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhee Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suh Youn Shon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Mo Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Eun Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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52
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Hashemi Goradel N, Darabi M, Shamsasenjan K, Ejtehadifar M, Zahedi S. Methods of Liver Stem Cell Therapy in Rodents as Models of Human Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Failure. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:293-8. [PMID: 26504749 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising intervention for treating liver diseases and liver failure. Different animal models of human liver cell therapy have been developed in recent years. Rats and mice are the most commonly used liver failure models. In fact, rodent models of hepatic failure have shown significant improvement in liver function after cell infusion. With the advent of stem-cell technologies, it is now possible to re-programme adult somatic cells such as skin or hair-follicle cells from individual patients to stem-like cells and differentiate them into liver cells. Such regenerative stem cells are highly promising in the personalization of cell therapy. The present review article will summarize current approaches to liver stem cell therapy with rodent models. In addition, we discuss common cell tracking techniques and how tracking data help to direct liver cell therapy research in animal models of hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Iran Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ejtehadifar
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarah Zahedi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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53
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Yang D, Wang ZQ, Deng JQ, Liao JY, Wang X, Xie J, Deng MM, Lü MH. Adipose-derived stem cells: A candidate for liver regeneration. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:489-98. [PMID: 26121206 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of donor livers and the impracticality of hepatocyte transplantation represent the biggest obstacles for the treatment of liver failure. Adipose-derived stem cells, with their ability to differentiate into the hepatic lineage, provide a reliable alternative cell source with clear ethical and practical advantages. Moreover, adipose-derived stem cells can effectively repair liver damage by the dominant indirect pattern and increase the number of hepatocytes by the secondary direct pattern. In recent years, the development of the indirect pattern, which mainly includes immunomodulatory and trophic effects, has become a hot topic in the field of cell engineering. Therefore, adipose-derived stem cells are considered to be ideal therapeutic stem cells for human liver regeneration. In this article, we reviewed the advantages of adipose-derived stem cells in liver regeneration, and explore their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong Qiong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Qi Deng
- School of Foreign Languages of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Ming Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mu Han Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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54
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A comparison of the chemical and liver extract-induced hepatic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:1085-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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55
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Abstract
Stem cells are cells specialized cell, capable of renewing themselves through cell division and can differentiate into multi-lineage cells. These cells are categorized as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which can be isolated from human and animal sources. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the non-haematopoietic, multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal lineage such as osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal lineages (hepatocytes). MSCs express cell surface markers like cluster of differentiation (CD)29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and lack the expression of CD14, CD34, CD45 and HLA (human leucocyte antigen)-DR. hMSCs for the first time were reported in the bone marrow and till now they have been isolated from various tissues, including adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, endometrium, dental tissues, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly which harbours potential MSCs. hMSCs have been cultured long-term in specific media without any severe abnormalities. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features, secrete cytokines and immune-receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. Multilineage potential, immunomodulation and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes MSCs an effective tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. In the present review, we have highlighted recent research findings in the area of hMSCs sources, expression of cell surface markers, long-term in vitro culturing, in vitro differentiation potential, immunomodulatory features, its homing capacity, banking and cryopreservation, its application in the treatment of chronic diseases and its use in clinical trials.
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56
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Wang S, Lee JS, Hyun J, Kim J, Kim SU, Cha HJ, Jung Y. Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 promotes liver regeneration in mice with acute liver injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25890163 PMCID: PMC4396561 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), one of the cytokines released by human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSC), has an anti-inflammatory effect and alleviates several pathological conditions; however, the hepatoprotective potential of TSG-6 remains unclear. We investigated whether TSG-6 promoted liver regeneration in acute liver failure. Methods The immortalized hMSC (B10) constitutively over-expressing TSG-6 or empty plasmid (NC: Negative Control) were established, and either TSG-6 or NC-conditioned medium (CM) was intraperitoneally injected into mice with acute liver damage caused by CCl4. Mice were sacrificed at 3 days post-CM treatment. Results Higher expression and the immunosuppressive activity of TSG-6 were observed in CM from TSG-6-hMSC. The obvious histomorphological liver injury and increased level of liver enzymes were shown in CCl4-treated mice with or without NC-CM, whereas those observations were markedly ameliorated in TSG-6-CM-treated mice with CCl4. Ki67-positive hepatocytic cells were accumulated in the liver of the CCl4 + TSG-6 group. RNA analysis showed the decrease in both of inflammation markers, tnfα, il-1β, cxcl1 and cxcl2, and fibrotic markers, tgf-β1, α-sma and collagen α1, in the CCl4 + TSG-6 group, compared to the CCl4 or the CCl4 + NC group. Protein analysis confirmed the lower expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the CCl4 + TSG-6 than the CCl4 or the CCl4 + NC group. Immunostaining for α-SMA also revealed the accumulation of the activated hepatic stellate cells in the livers of mice in the CCl4 and CCl4 + NC groups, but not in the livers of mice from the CCl4 + TSG-6 group. The cultured LX2 cells, human hepatic stellate cell line, in TSG-6-CM showed the reduced expression of fibrotic markers, tgf-β1, vimentin and collagen α1, whereas the addition of the TSG-6 antibody neutralized the inhibitory effect of TSG-6 on the activation of LX2 cells. In addition, cytoplasmic lipid drops, the marker of inactivated hepatic stellate cell, were detected in TSG-6-CM-cultured LX2 cells, only. The suppressed TSG-6 activity by TSG-6 antibody attenuated the restoration process in livers of TSG-6-CM-treated mice with CCl4. Conclusions These results demonstrated that TSG-6 contributed to the liver regeneration by suppressing the activation of hepatic stellate cells in CCl4-treated mice, suggesting the therapeutic potential of TSG-6 for acute liver failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0019-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyung Wang
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Ji-Seon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea.
| | - Jeongeun Hyun
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Seung U Kim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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57
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El'chaninov AV, Volodina MA, Arutyunyan IV, Makarov AV, Tarasova NV, Kananykhina EY, Usman NY, Marei MV, Vysokikh MY, Glinkina VV, Bol'shakova GB, Fatkhudinov TH, Sukhikh GT. Effect of multipotent stromal cells on the function of cell mitochondria in regenerating liver. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:566-72. [PMID: 25705043 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrasplenic allogeneic transplantation of multipotent stromal cells from the umbilical cord stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and promotes recovery of liver weight in rats after subtotal resection (80% organ weight). It can be hypothesized that this effect of multipotent stromal cells is due to more rapid recovery of the number of mitochondria and normalization of mitochondrial function of liver hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V El'chaninov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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58
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Chan TM, Harn HJ, Lin HP, Chou PW, Chen JYR, Ho TJ, Chiou TW, Chuang HM, Chiu SC, Chen YC, Yen SY, Huang MH, Liang BC, Lin SZ. Improved human mesenchymal stem cell isolation. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:399-406. [PMID: 24816441 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are currently available for a range of applications and benefits and have become a good material for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease therapy. Before ex vivo expansion, isolation and characterization of primary hMSCs from peripheral tissues are key steps for obtaining adequate materials for clinical application. The proportion of peripheral stem cells is very low in surrounding tissues and organs; thus the recovery ratio will be a limiting factor. In this review, we summarized current common methods used to isolate peripheral stem cells, as well as the new insights revealed to improve the quantity of stem cells and their stemness. These strategies offer alternative ways to acquire hMSCs in a convenient and/or effective manner, which is important for clinical treatments. Improved isolation and mass amplification of the hMSCs while ensuring their stemness and quantity will be an important step for clinical use. Enlarged suitable hMSCs are more clinically applicable for therapeutic transplants and may help people live longer and better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Min Chan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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59
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Tatullo M, Marrelli M, Paduano F. The regenerative medicine in oral and maxillofacial surgery: the most important innovations in the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:72-7. [PMID: 25552921 PMCID: PMC4278878 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an emerging field of biotechnology that combines various aspects of medicine, cell and molecular biology, materials science and bioengineering in order to regenerate, repair or replace tissues. The oral surgery and maxillofacial surgery have a role in the treatment of traumatic or degenerative diseases that lead to a tissue loss: frequently, to rehabilitate these minuses, you should use techniques that have been improved over time. Since 1990, we started with the use of growth factors and platelet concentrates in oral and maxillofacial surgery; in the following period we start to use biomaterials, as well as several type of scaffolds and autologous tissues. The frontier of regenerative medicine nowadays is represented by the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): overcoming the ethical problems thanks to the use of mesenchymal stem cells from adult patient, and with the increasingly sophisticated technology to support their manipulation, MSCs are undoubtedly the future of medicine regenerative and they are showing perspectives unimaginable just a few years ago. Most recent studies are aimed to tissues regeneration using MSCs taken from sites that are even more accessible and rich in stem cells: the oral cavity turned out to be an important source of MSCs with the advantage to be easily accessible to the surgeon, thus avoiding to increase the morbidity of the patient. The future is the regeneration of whole organs or biological systems consisting of many different tissues, starting from an initial stem cell line, perhaps using innovative scaffolds together with the nano-engineering of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tatullo
- 1. Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy ; 2. Calabrodental clinic, Biomaterials test unit, Crotone, Italy
| | - Massimo Marrelli
- 1. Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy ; 2. Calabrodental clinic, Biomaterials test unit, Crotone, Italy
| | - Francesco Paduano
- 1. Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
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60
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Liu WH, Song FQ, Ren LN, Guo WQ, Wang T, Feng YX, Tang LJ, Li K. The multiple functional roles of mesenchymal stem cells in participating in treating liver diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:511-20. [PMID: 25534251 PMCID: PMC4369809 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of stem cells derived from the mesodermal mesenchyme. MSCs can be obtained from a variety of tissues, including bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and adipose tissue. Under certain conditions, MSCs can differentiate into many cell types both in vitro and in vivo, including hepatocytes. To date, four main strategies have been developed to induce the transdifferentiation of MSCs into hepatocytes: addition of chemical compounds and cytokines, genetic modification, adjustment of the micro-environment and alteration of the physical parameters used for culturing MSCs. Although the phenomenon of transdifferentiation of MSCs into hepatocytes has been described, the detailed mechanism is far from clear. Generally, the mechanism is a cascade reaction whereby stimulating factors activate cellular signalling pathways, which in turn promote the production of transcription factors, leading to hepatic gene expression. Because MSCs can give rise to hepatocytes, they are promising to be used as a new treatment for liver dysfunction or as a bridge to liver transplantation. Numerous studies have confirmed the therapeutic effects of MSCs on hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, which may be related to the differentiation of MSCs into functional hepatocytes. In addition to transdifferentiation into hepatocytes, when MSCs are used to treat liver disease, they may also inhibit hepatocellular apoptosis and secrete various bioactive molecules to promote liver regeneration. In this review, the capacity and molecular mechanism of MSC transdifferentiation, and the therapeutic effects of MSCs on liver diseases are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hui Liu
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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61
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Armstrong L, Al-Aama J, Stojkovic M, Lako M. Concise Review: The Epigenetic Contribution to Stem Cell Ageing: Can We Rejuvenate Our Older Cells? Stem Cells 2014; 32:2291-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life; Central Parkway Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| | - Jumana Al-Aama
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Miodrag Stojkovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life; Central Parkway Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
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Deng C, Qin A, Zhao W, Feng T, Shi C, Liu T. Up-regulation of CXCR4 in rat umbilical mesenchymal stem cells induced by serum from rat with acute liver failure promotes stem cells migration to injured liver tissue. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:107-16. [PMID: 25098450 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) as therapy for liver disease is ill understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate rat UMSCs (rUMSCs) on CXCR4 expression and homing to injured liver tissue. rUMSCs were isolated from umbilical cords of pregnant rats. Acute liver failure (ALF) models were developed using D-galactosamine. CXCR4 expression induction by serum from rats with ALF (LFS), cytokines, growth factors, and LPS was analyzed. CXCR4 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry. rUMSCs were labeled with carboxyfluorescein and pretreated with LFS to induce CXCR4 expression and were transplanted into ALF rats. Animals were sacrificed 48 h and 1 week after transplantation. Liver-homing rUMSCs were observed under fluorescence microscopy. rUMSCs were successfully isolated, expressing CD90 and CD106, but not CD34 and CD45. mRNA and protein expressions of CXCR4 were strongly up-regulated by LFS and by the mixture of cytokines, stem cell factor, and LPS (CM). Expression of cell surface CXCR4 on rUMSCs in groups treated with LFS (42.37 ± 1.60 %) and CM (40.17 ± 1.78 %) was higher than that in the untreated control group (9.67 ± 1.06 %) (both P < 0.001). At 48 h after transplantation, more rUMSCs pretreated with LFS appeared in the portal area, and migrated to the liver parenchyma after 1 week. LFS strongly induced the surface expression of CXCR4 on rUMSCs. Increasing CXCR4 expression on rUMSCs may enhance their homing ability to injured liver tissue, and may eventually be used for treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
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63
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Alizadeh E, Zarghami N, Eslaminejad MB, Akbarzadeh A, Barzegar A, Mohammadi SA. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:157-64. [PMID: 24978442 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.928778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) are suitable choices in autologous stem cell treatment of liver-associated diseases due to their hepatic differentiation potential. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an amphipathic molecule with potential of delivering both lipophilic and hydrophilic agents into cells, also a common cryoprotectant for freezing of the cells. DMSO was used in some protocols for induction of AT-MSCs towards hepatocyte like cells. However, the effect of DMSO on hepatogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs were not surveyed, previously. In the present study, we aimed at evaluation of the effect of DMSO on differentiation of AT-MSCs into hepatic lineage. METHODS We isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue, and then verifies multi-potency and surface markers of AT-MSCs . Isolated AT-MSCs randomly dispensed in four groups including Group 1: HGF treated, 2: HGF+ DMSO treated, 3: HGF+ DMSO+ OSM treated, and group control for a period of 3 weeks in the expansion medium without serum; EGF and bFGF were also included in the first days of inductions. The morphologic changes during induction period was observed with microscopy. The secretion of albumin (ALB) of the differentiating MSCs was investigated using ELISA, and urea production was evaluated using colorimetric assay. The qRT-PCR was performed for quantitation of hepatocyte marker genes including AFP, ALB, CK18, HNF4a, and HNF6. The glycogen storage of differentiated cells was visualized by periodic-acid Schiff‘s staining. RESULTS The results demonstrate that DMSO speeds up hepatic differentiation of AT-MSCs characterized by rapid changes in morphology; higher expression of hepatic marker gene (ALB) in both mRNA and protein level (P < 0.05); also increased transcriptional levels of other liver genes including CK18, HNF4a, and HNF6 (P < 0.01); and moreover, greater percentage of glycogen storage(p < 0.05) in DMSO-treated groups. CONCLUSION DMSO catalyzes hepatic differentiation; therefore, using DMSO for acceleration of the hepatogenic protocols of AT-MSCs appears advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Alizadeh
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b The Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center (UCSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- c Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Sciences Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- d Department of Medical Nanotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegar
- e Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi
- f Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran
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Abstract
The treatment of end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure remains a clinically relevant issue. Although orthotopic liver transplantation is a well-established procedure, whole-organ transplantation is invasive and increasingly limited by the unavailability of suitable donor organs. Artificial and bioartificial liver support systems have been developed to provide an alternative to whole organ transplantation, but despite three decades of scientific efforts, the results are still not convincing with respect to clinical outcome. In this Review, conceptual limitations of clinically available liver support therapy systems are discussed. Furthermore, alternative concepts, such as hepatocyte transplantation, and cutting-edge developments in the field of liver support strategies, including the repopulation of decellularized organs and the biofabrication of entirely new organs by printing techniques or induced organogenesis are analysed with respect to clinical relevance. Whereas hepatocyte transplantation shows promising clinical results, at least for the temporary treatment of inborn metabolic diseases, so far data regarding implantation of engineered hepatic tissue have only emerged from preclinical experiments. However, the evolving techniques presented here raise hope for bioengineered liver support therapies in the future.
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65
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Barberini DJ, Freitas NPP, Magnoni MS, Maia L, Listoni AJ, Heckler MC, Sudano MJ, Golim MA, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F, Amorim RM. Equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord: immunophenotypic characterization and differentiation potential. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24559797 PMCID: PMC4055040 DOI: 10.1186/scrt414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasing due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative properties. However, there is still no agreement about the best source of equine MSCs for a bank for allogeneic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cell culture and immunophenotypic characteristics and differentiation potential of equine MSCs from bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue (AT-MSCs) and umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) under identical in vitro conditions, to compare these sources for research or an allogeneic therapy cell bank. Methods The BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs were cultured and evaluated in vitro for their osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential. Additionally, MSCs were assessed for CD105, CD44, CD34, CD90 and MHC-II markers by flow cytometry, and MHC-II was also assessed by immunocytochemistry. To interpret the flow cytometry results, statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results The harvesting and culturing procedures of BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs were feasible, with an average cell growth until the third passage of 25 days for BM-MSCs, 15 days for AT-MSCs and 26 days for UC-MSCs. MSCs from all sources were able to differentiate into osteogenic (after 10 days for BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs and 15 days for UC-MSCs), adipogenic (after 8 days for BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs and 15 days for UC-MSCs) and chondrogenic (after 21 days for BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs) lineages. MSCs showed high expression of CD105, CD44 and CD90 and low or negative expression of CD34 and MHC-II. The MHC-II was not detected by immunocytochemistry techniques in any of the MSCs studied. Conclusions The BM, AT and UC are feasible sources for harvesting equine MSCs, and their immunophenotypic and multipotency characteristics attained minimal criteria for defining MSCs. Due to the low expression of MHC-II by MSCs, all of the sources could be used in clinical trials involving allogeneic therapy in horses. However, the BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs showed fastest ‘‘in vitro’’ differentiation and AT-MSCs showed highest cell growth until third passage. These findings suggest that BM and AT may be preferable for cell banking purposes.
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Vaghjiani V, Vaithilingam V, Saraswati I, Sali A, Murthi P, Kalionis B, Tuch BE, Manuelpillai U. Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human amniotic epithelial cells can be encapsulated without loss of viability or function in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:866-76. [PMID: 24295364 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta derived human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) are an attractive source of stem cells for the generation of hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) for therapeutic applications to treat liver diseases. During hAEC differentiation into HLC, they become increasingly immunogenic, which may result in immune cell-mediated rejection upon transplantation into allogeneic recipients. Placing cells within devices such as alginate microcapsules can prevent immune cell-mediated rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of HLC generated from hAEC and to examine the effects of encapsulation on HLC viability, gene expression, and function. hAEC were differentiated for 4 weeks and evaluated for hepatocyte-specific gene expression and function. Differentiated cells were encapsulated in barium alginate microcapsules and cultured for 7 days and the effect of encapsulation on cell viability, function, and hepatocyte related gene expression was determined. Differentiated cells performed key functions of hepatocytes including urea synthesis, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 activity, indocyanine green (ICG) uptake, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and exhibited glutathione antioxidant capacity. A number of hepatocyte-related genes involved in fat, cholesterol, bile acid synthesis, and xenobiotic metabolism were also expressed showing that the hAEC had differentiated into HLC. Upon encapsulation, the HLC remained viable for at least 7 days in culture, continued to express genes involved in fat, cholesterol, bile acid, and xenobiotic metabolism and had glutathione antioxidant capacity. CYP3A4 activity and urea synthesis by the encapsulated HLC were higher than that of monolayer HLC cultures. Functional HLC can be derived from hAEC, and HLC can be encapsulated within alginate microcapsules without losing viability or function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijesh Vaghjiani
- 1 Centre for Genetic Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Enhancing the migration ability of mesenchymal stromal cells by targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:561098. [PMID: 24381939 PMCID: PMC3870125 DOI: 10.1155/2013/561098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently being investigated in numerous clinical trials of tissue repair and various immunological disorders based on their ability to secrete trophic factors and to modulate inflammatory responses. MSCs have been shown to migrate to sites of injury and inflammation in response to soluble mediators including the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-(SDF-)1, but during in vitro culture expansion MSCs lose surface expression of key homing receptors particularly of the SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4. Here we review studies on enhancement of SDF-1-directed migration of MSCs with the premise that their improved recruitment could translate to therapeutic benefits. We describe our studies on approaches to increase the CXCR4 expression in in vitro-expanded cord blood-derived MSCs, namely, transfection, using the commercial liposomal reagent IBAfect, chemical treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid, and exposure to recombinant complement component C1q. These methodologies will be presented in the context of other cell targeting and delivery strategies that exploit pathways involved in MSC migration. Taken together, these findings indicate that MSCs can be manipulated in vitro to enhance their in vivo recruitment and efficacy for tissue repair.
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Liu XQ, Hu ZQ, Pei YF, Tao R. Clinical operational tolerance in liver transplantation: state-of-the-art perspective and future prospects. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2013; 12:12-33. [PMID: 23392795 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is the definite treatment for end-stage liver diseases with satisfactory results. However, untoward effects of life-long immunosuppression prevent the development of alternative strategies to achieve better long-term outcome. Achieving clinical operational tolerance is the ultimate goal. DATA SOURCES A PubMed and Google Scholar search using terms: "immune tolerance", "liver transplantation", "clinical trial", "operational tolerance" and "immunosuppression withdrawal" was performed, and relevant articles published in English in the past decade were reviewed. Full-text publications relevant to the field were selected and relevant articles from reference lists were also included. Priority was given to those articles which are relevant to the review. RESULTS Because of the inherent tolerogenic property, around 20%-30% of liver transplantation recipients develop spontaneous operational tolerance after immunosuppression withdrawal, and the percentage may be even higher in pediatric living donor liver transplantation recipients. Several natural killer and gammadeltaT cell related markers have been identified to be associated with the tolerant state in liver transplantation patients. Despite the progress, clinical operational tolerance is still rare in liver transplantation. Reprogramming the recipient immune system by creating chimerism and regulatory cell therapies is among newer promising means to achieve clinical liver transplantation tolerance in the future. CONCLUSION Although clinical operational tolerance is still rare in liver transplantation recipients, ongoing basic research and collaborative clinical trials may help to decipher the mystery of transplantation tolerance and extend the potential benefits of drug withdrawal to an increasing number of patients in a more predictable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiang Liu
- Center for Organ Transplantation and Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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