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Jayatilaka NK, Angela Montesano M, Whitehead RD, Schloth SJ, Needham LL, Barr DB. High-throughput sample preparation for the quantitation of acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, ethylenethiourea, and propylenethiourea in human urine using 96-well-plate automated extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:59-67. [PMID: 20878153 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acephate, methamidophos, o-methoate, and dimethoate are organophosphorus pesticides, and ethylenethiouria and propylenethiourea are two metabolites from the bisdithiocarbamate fungicide family. They are some of the most widely used pesticides and fungicides in agriculture both domestically and abroad. The existing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the measurement of these compounds in human urine was improved by using a 96-well plate format sample preparation; the use of HPLC-MS/MS was comparable with a concentration range of 0.125 to 50 ng/ml. Deuterium-labeled acephate, ethylenethiouria, and methamidophos were used as internal standards. The sample preparation procedure, in the 96-well format with a 0.8-ml urine sample size, uses lyophilization of samples, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The analytes were chromatographed on a Zorbax SB-C3 (4.6 × 150 mm, 5.0-μm) column with gradient elution by using 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (solvent B) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Quantitative analysis was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in positive ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion pairs for the analytes on a TSQ Quantum Ultra HPLC-MS/MS. Repeated analyses of urine samples spiked with high (15 ng/ml), medium (5 ng/ml), and low (1 ng/ml) concentrations of the analytes gave relative SDs of <13%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.004-0.01 ng/ml. The method also has high accuracy, high precision, and excellent extraction recovery. Furthermore, the improved sample preparation method decreased the cost and labor required while effectively doubling the analytic throughput with minimal matrix effect.
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Baskeyfield DEH, Davis F, Magan N, Tothill IE. A membrane-based immunosensor for the analysis of the herbicide isoproturon. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:223-31. [PMID: 21704778 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A membrane based heterogeneous competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used in this work to develop an immunosensor for the detection of a common herbicide, isoproturon. A screen-printed carbon working electrode with carbon counter and silver-silver chloride pseudo-reference electrode was utilized incorporating a membrane fixed into intimate contact with the working electrode to facilitate signal transduction. The membrane containing an immobilized isoproturon-ovalbumin conjugate was laminated onto the carbon working electrode and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled polyclonal antibody was then applied for the competitive assay. Two different amperometric systems, hydroquinone and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) mediation reduction were utilised and the properties of the resultant sensors were compared. A flow injection apparatus was also developed utilising the immunosensor. Limits of detection for isoproturon (LLD(90)) were found to be as low as 0.84 ng mL(-1). The senor was also validated using spiked extracted soil samples and also isoproturon contaminated samples.
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53
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Mecdad AA, Ahmed MH, ElHalwagy ME, Afify MM. A study on oxidative stress biomarkers and immunomodulatory effects of pesticides in pesticide-sprayers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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54
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Oates L, Cohen M. Assessing diet as a modifiable risk factor for pesticide exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1792-804. [PMID: 21776202 PMCID: PMC3137997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8061792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pesticides on the general population, largely as a result of dietary exposure, are unclear. Adopting an organic diet appears to be an obvious solution for reducing dietary pesticide exposure and this is supported by biomonitoring studies in children. However, results of research into the effects of organic diets on pesticide exposure are difficult to interpret in light of the many complexities. Therefore future studies must be carefully designed. While biomonitoring can account for differences in overall exposure it cannot necessarily attribute the source. Due diligence must be given to appropriate selection of participants, target pesticides and analytical methods to ensure that the data generated will be both scientifically rigorous and clinically useful, while minimising the costs and difficulties associated with biomonitoring studies. Study design must also consider confounders such as the unpredictable nature of chemicals and inter- and intra-individual differences in exposure and other factors that might influence susceptibility to disease. Currently the most useful measures are non-specific urinary metabolites that measure a range of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. These pesticides are in common use, frequently detected in population studies and may provide a broader overview of the impact of an organic diet on pesticide exposure than pesticide-specific metabolites. More population based studies are needed for comparative purposes and improvements in analytical methods are required before many other compounds can be considered for assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Oates
- School of Health Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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55
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Egeghy PP, Cohen Hubal EA, Tulve NS, Melnyk LJ, Morgan MK, Fortmann RC, Sheldon LS. Review of pesticide urinary biomarker measurements from selected US EPA children's observational exposure studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1727-54. [PMID: 21655147 PMCID: PMC3108137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children are exposed to a wide variety of pesticides originating from both outdoor and indoor sources. Several studies were conducted or funded by the EPA over the past decade to investigate children’s exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and the factors that impact their exposures. Urinary metabolite concentration measurements from these studies are consolidated here to identify trends, spatial and temporal patterns, and areas where further research is required. Namely, concentrations of the metabolites of chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol or TCPy), diazinon (2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol or IMP), and permethrin (3-phenoxybenzoic acid or 3-PBA) are presented. Information on the kinetic parameters describing absorption and elimination in humans is also presented to aid in interpretation. Metabolite concentrations varied more dramatically across studies for 3-PBA and IMP than for TCPy, with TCPy concentrations about an order of magnitude higher than the 3-PBA concentrations. Temporal variability was high for all metabolites with urinary 3-PBA concentrations slightly more consistent over time than the TCPy concentrations. Urinary biomarker levels provided only limited evidence of applications. The observed relationships between urinary metabolite levels and estimates of pesticide intake may be affected by differences in the contribution of each exposure route to total intake, which may vary with exposure intensity and across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Egeghy
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (N.S.T.); (M.K.M.); (R.C.F.); (L.S.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-919-541-4103; Fax: +1-919-541-0905
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nicolle S. Tulve
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (N.S.T.); (M.K.M.); (R.C.F.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Lisa J. Melnyk
- Microbiological and Chemical Exposure Assessment Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Marsha K. Morgan
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (N.S.T.); (M.K.M.); (R.C.F.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Roy C. Fortmann
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (N.S.T.); (M.K.M.); (R.C.F.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Linda S. Sheldon
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (N.S.T.); (M.K.M.); (R.C.F.); (L.S.S.)
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56
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Esrafili A, Yamini Y, Ghambarian M, Moradi M, Seidi S. A novel approach to automation of dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:957-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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57
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Zhang X, Mobley N, Zhang J, Zheng X, Lu L, Ragin O, Smith CJ. Analysis of agricultural residues on tea using d-SPE sample preparation with GC-NCI-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11553-11560. [PMID: 20961040 DOI: 10.1021/jf102476m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study presents new sample preparation and analytical procedures for the quantification of pesticides on processed tea leaves. The new method includes tea extraction and dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) to prepare gas chromatography (GC) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-ready samples, providing a fast and cost-effective solution for time-sensitive industrial analysis to fulfill regulatory requirements. Both GC-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were employed to produce highly sensitive and reproducible data. Excellent limits of detection (typically below 1 μg/kg for GC and 10 μg/kg for UHPLC), wide linearity ranges, and good recoveries (mostly >70%) were achieved on the selected pesticides. Twenty-seven tea samples purchased from local grocery stores were analyzed using the newly developed methods. Among the pesticides analyzed, endosulfan sulfate and kelthane were the most frequently detected by GC-NCI-MS and imidacloprid and acetamiprid by UHPLC-MS/MS in these teas. The samples were found to be relatively clean, with <1 mg/kg of total pesticide residues. The organic-labeled teas were significantly cleaner than nonorganic ones. The cost per gram of tea did not correlate with pesticide residue levels detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Ingredient Quality Department, The Coca-Cola Company, 1 Coca-Cola Plaza, Atlanta, Georgia 30313, United States
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58
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Odetokun MS, Montesano MA, Weerasekera G, Whitehead RD, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides in human urine using 96-well plate sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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59
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Caporossi L, Tranfo G, Paci E, Rosa M, Capanna S, Tidei F, Papaleo B. LC Determination of the Skin Exposure to Oxamyl on Greenhouse Workers and Comparison Between DAD and MS–MS Detection. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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60
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Rahiminezhad M, Shahtaheri SJ, Ganjali MR, Koohpaei AR, Rahimi Forushani A, Golbabaei F. An experimental investigation of the molecularly imprinted polymers as tailor-made sorbents of diazinon. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810070063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, García-Gómez D, Herrero-Hernández E, Carabias-Martínez R. Automated sample treatment with the injection of large sample volumes for the determination of contaminants and metabolites in urine. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2240-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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Sonochemically fabricated microelectrode arrays for use as sensing platforms. SENSORS 2010; 10:5090-132. [PMID: 22399926 PMCID: PMC3292166 DOI: 10.3390/s100505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development, manufacture, modification and subsequent utilisation of sonochemically-formed microelectrode arrays is described for a range of applications. Initial fabrication of the sensing platform utilises ultrasonic ablation of electrochemically insulating polymers deposited upon conductive carbon substrates, forming an array of up to 70,000 microelectrode pores cm(-2). Electrochemical and optical analyses using these arrays, their enhanced signal response and stir-independence area are all discussed. The growth of conducting polymeric "mushroom" protrusion arrays with entrapped biological entities, thereby forming biosensors is detailed. The simplicity and inexpensiveness of this approach, lending itself ideally to mass fabrication coupled with unrivalled sensitivity and stir independence makes commercial viability of this process a reality. Application of microelectrode arrays as functional components within sensors include devices for detection of chlorine, glucose, ethanol and pesticides. Immunosensors based on microelectrode arrays are described within this monograph for antigens associated with prostate cancer and transient ischemic attacks (strokes).
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63
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Ngom B, Guo Y, Wang X, Bi D. Development and application of lateral flow test strip technology for detection of infectious agents and chemical contaminants: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1113-35. [PMID: 20422164 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the laboratory has been a result of improvements in rapid analytical techniques. An update of the applications of lateral flow tests (also called immunochromatographic assay or test strip) is presented in this review manuscript. We emphasized the description of this technology in the detection of a variety of biological agents and chemical contaminants (e.g. veterinary drugs, toxins and pesticides). It includes outstanding data, such as sample treatment, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and reproducibility. Lateral flow tests provide advantages in simplicity and rapidity when compared to the conventional detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babacar Ngom
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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64
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Araoud M, Douki W, Najjar MF, Kenani A. Simple analytical method for determination of pesticide residues in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:242-248. [PMID: 20390957 DOI: 10.1080/03601231003613666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of residues of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides which are widely used in Tunisia. This method involves a liquid-liquid extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of compounds. Ionization of molecules was performed by the electrospray mode. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) was the acquisition mode used for the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions for each compound. The average recoveries obtained, at three different fortification levels, ranged between 65% and 106% for most of the pesticides studied, except for methamidophos (lower than 25%).The linearity of the method was in the range of 5 to 50 micro g/L with a correlation coefficient from 0.995 to 0.999, depending on the analyte. The estimated limit of detection and limit of quantification were 2 micro g/L and 5 micro g/L, respectively. The precision of the analytical procedure was satisfactory and the coefficients of variation, evaluated at three concentration levels were lower than 15% for most pesticides studied. The application of the method was investigated in a population of agricultural workers chronically exposed to various pesticides some of which, such as carbofuran, carbendazim, methomyl and pirimicarb, were detected in some serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Araoud
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Tunisia
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65
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Novel derivatisation technique for the determination of chlorophenoxy acid type herbicides by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:537-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, García-Gómez D, Carabias-Martínez R. Development and validation of a method for the detection and confirmation of biomarkers of exposure in human urine by means of restricted access material-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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67
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Martínez Vidal J, Plaza-Bolaños P, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Determination of pesticide transformation products: A review of extraction and detection methods. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6767-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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68
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Weerasekera G, Smith KD, Quirós-Alcalá L, Fernandez C, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Needham LL, Barr DB. A mass spectrometry-based method to measure dialkylphosphate degradation products of organophosphorous insecticides in dust and orange juice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1345-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b821841b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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Farahani H, Yamini Y, Shariati S, Khalili-Zanjani MR, Mansour-Baghahi S. Development of liquid phase microextraction method based on solidification of floated organic drop for extraction and preconcentration of organochlorine pesticides in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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70
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Mantovani A, Maranghi F, La Rocca C, Tiboni GM, Clementi M. The role of toxicology to characterize biomarkers for agrochemicals with potential endocrine activities. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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71
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Panuwet P, Prapamontol T, Chantara S, Barr DB. Urinary pesticide metabolites in school students from northern Thailand. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 212:288-97. [PMID: 18760967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated exposure to pesticides among secondary school students aged 12-13 years old in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Pesticide-specific urinary metabolites were used as biomarkers of exposure for a variety of pesticides, including organophosphorus insecticides, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and selected herbicides. We employed a simple solid-phase extraction with analysis using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 207 urine samples from Thai students were analyzed for 18 specific pesticide metabolites. We found 14 metabolites in the urine samples tested; seven of them were detected with a frequency > or=17%. The most frequently detected metabolites were 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl) sulfanyl] succinic acid (malathion dicarboxylic acid), para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TPCY; metabolite of chlorpyrifos), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (c-DCCA and t-DCCA; metabolite of permethrin) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; metabolite of pyrethroids). The students were classified into 4 groups according to their parental occupations: farmers (N=60), merchants and traders (N=39), government and company employees (N=52), and laborers (N=56). Children of farmers had significantly higher urinary concentrations of pyrethroid insecticide metabolites than did other children (p<0.05). Similarly, children of agricultural families had significantly higher pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Males had significantly higher values of PNP (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.009); however, no other sex-related differences were observed. Because parental occupation and agricultural activities seemed to have little influence on pesticide levels, dietary sources were the likely contributors to the metabolite levels observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Panuwet
- Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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72
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Sosan MB, Akingbohungbe AE, Ojo IAO, Durosinmi MA. Insecticide residues in the blood serum and domestic water source of cacao farmers in Southwestern Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:781-784. [PMID: 18471864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The blood serum of cacao farmers and their domestic water sources were analyzed for insecticide residues in selected cacao growing communities of Southwestern Nigeria. The farmers were grouped into five exposure periods based on their years of involvement in insecticide application, viz, <5 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years and >20 years. The residue analyses revealed that 42 out of the 76 farmers had residues of diazinon, endosulfan, propoxur and lindane in their blood; and 47.6% out of these farmers belonged in the >20 years exposure duration period. About 34% of the farmers had diazinon with a mean concentration of 0.067 mg kg(-1), 29% endosulfan (mean=0.033 mg kg(-1)), 23% propoxur (mean=0.095 mg kg(-1)), and 17% lindane (mean=0.080 mg kg(-1)) in their blood. The residues of lindane, endosulfan and propoxur in all the exposure duration categories were found to be far below the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) while diazinon residues detected in the blood serum of the farmers in all the exposure duration categories exceeded the NOAEL of 0.02 mg kg(-1) for the insecticide. The study also revealed that the sources of drinking water had been contaminated with dazinon and propoxur in some of the farmers' localities; and the concentrations of the insecticides exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). It is concluded that cacao farmers in Southwestern Nigeria may have been occupationally exposed due to insecticide application for mirid control in their cacao plantations; and the exposure at times is of such magnitude as to be hazardous to the farmers and their respective communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosudi B Sosan
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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73
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Lindh CH, Littorin M, Amilon A, Jönsson BAG. Analysis of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides as biomarkers in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:143-150. [PMID: 18059043 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxyacetic acids are widely used herbicides. The toxicity of phenoxyacetic acids is debated, but high-level exposure has been shown to be hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic in animal studies. An inter-species difference in toxic effects has been found, with dogs particularly susceptible. In this study a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is described for the analysis of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), and its metabolite 4-chloro-2-hydroxymethylphenoxyacetic acid (HMCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in human urine. The urine samples were treated by acid hydrolysis to degrade possible conjugations. The sample preparation was performed using solid-phase extraction. Analysis was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the negative ion mode. Quantification of the phenoxyacetic acids was performed using [(2)H(3)]-labeled MCPA and 2,4-D as internal standards. The method was linear in the range 0.05-310 ng/mL urine and has a within-run precision of 2-5%. The between-run precision in lower concentration ranges was between 6-15% and between 2-8% in higher concentration ranges. The limit of detection was determined to 0.05 ng/mL. The metabolites in urine were found to be stable during storage at -20 degrees C. To validate the phenoxyacetic acids as biomarkers of exposure, the method was applied in a human experimental oral exposure to MCPA, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Two healthy volunteers received 200 microg of each phenoxyacetic acid in a single oral dose followed by urine sampling for 72 h post-exposure. After exposure, between 90 and 101% of the dose was recovered in the urine. In the female subject, 23%, and in the male subject 17%, of MCPA was excreted as HMCPA.
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MESH Headings
- 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- Administration, Oral
- Adult
- Biomarkers/urine
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Female
- Herbicides/urine
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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74
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Multiresidue determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in human urine samples by use of solid-phase extraction and capillary LC–UV detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:759-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Nakazawa H, Tsuda Y, Ito K, Yoshimura Y, Kubo H, Homma H. Determination of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides by Reversed‐Phase Ion‐Pair Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120028258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hoshi University , 2‐4‐41 Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo , 1428501 , Japan
| | - Yuriko Tsuda
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hoshi University , 2‐4‐41 Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo , 1428501 , Japan
| | - Kimie Ito
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hoshi University , 2‐4‐41 Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo , 1428501 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshimura
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hoshi University , 2‐4‐41 Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo , 1428501 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubo
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kitasato University , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kitasato University , Japan
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76
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Duramad P, Tager IB, Holland NT. Cytokines and other immunological biomarkers in children's environmental health studies. Toxicol Lett 2007; 172:48-59. [PMID: 17624696 PMCID: PMC2047341 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures (e.g. pesticides, air pollution, and environmental tobacco smoke) during prenatal and early postnatal development have been linked to a growing number of childhood diseases including allergic disorders and leukemia. Because the immune response plays a critical role in each of these diseases, it is important to study the effects of toxicants on the developing immune system. Children's unique susceptibility to environmental toxicants has become an important focus of the field of immunotoxicology and the use of immune biomarkers in molecular epidemiology of children's environmental health is a rapidly expanding field of research. In this review, we discuss how markers of immune status and immunotoxicity are being applied to pediatric studies, with a specific focus on the various methods used to analyze T-helper-1/2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine profiles. Furthermore, we review recent data on the effects of children's environmental exposures to volatile organic compounds, metals, and pesticides on Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles and the associations of Th1/Th2 profiles with adverse health outcomes such as pediatric respiratory diseases, allergies, cancer and diabetes. Although cytokine profiles are increasingly used in children's studies, there is still a need to acquire distribution data for different ages and ethnic groups of healthy children. These data will contribute to the validation and standardization of cytokine biomarkers for future studies. Application of immunological markers in epidemiological studies will improve the understanding of mechanisms that underlie associations between environmental exposures and immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurene Duramad
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston CA 02115
| | - Ira B. Tager
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
| | - Nina T. Holland
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
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77
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Hazards of Secondary Bromadiolone Intoxications Evaluated using High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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78
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Rivera-Rodríguez LB, Rodríguez-Estrella R, Ellington JJ, Evans JJ. Quantification of low levels of organochlorine pesticides using small volumes (<or=100 microl) of plasma of wild birds through gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 148:654-62. [PMID: 17240024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A solid phase extraction and gas chromatography with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in scan mode (GC-NCI-MS) method was developed to identify and quantify for the first time low levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in plasma samples of less than 100 microl from wild birds. The method detection limits ranged from 0.012 to 0.102 pg/microl and the method reporting limit from 0.036 to 0.307 pg/microl for alpha, gamma, beta and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan-II, endrin-aldehyde and endosulfan-sulfate. Pesticide levels in small serum samples from individual Falco sparverius, Sturnella neglecta, Mimus polyglottos and Columbina passerina were quantified. Concentrations ranged from not detected (n/d) to 204.9 pg/microl for some OC pesticides. All levels in the food web in and around cultivated areas showed the presence of pesticides notwithstanding the small areas for agriculture existing in the desert of Baja California peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Rivera-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Environmental Planning and Conservation Program, Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, Ado. Postal 128, La Paz, BCS. 23090, México.
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79
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Montesano MA, Olsson AO, Kuklenyik P, Needham LL, Bradman ASA, Barr DB. Method for determination of acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea in human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:321-30. [PMID: 17440487 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of increasing concern about widespread use of insecticides and fungicides, we have developed a highly sensitive analytical method to quantify urine-specific urinary biomarkers of the organophosphorus pesticides acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, and two metabolites from the fungicides alkylenebis-(dithiocarbamate) family: ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea. The general sample preparation included lyophilization of the urine samples followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The analytical separation was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detection by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. Two different Thermo-Finnigan (San Jose, CA, USA) triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, a TSQ 7,000 and a TSQ Quantum Ultra, were used in these analyses; results are presented comparing the method specifications of these two instruments. Isotopically labeled internal standards were used for three of the analytes. The use of labeled internal standards in combination with HPLC-MS/MS provided a high degree of selectivity and precision. Repeated analysis of urine samples spiked with high, medium and low concentration of the analytes gave relative standard deviations of less than 18%. For all compounds the extraction efficiency ranged between 52% and 63%, relative recoveries were about 100%, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.001-0.282 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Montesano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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80
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Inayat-Hussain SH, Lubis SH, Sakian NIM, Ghazali AR, Ali NS, el Sersi M, Toong LM, Zainal AM, Hashim S, Ghazali MS, Saidin MN, Rahman ARA, Rafaai MJM, Omar S, Rapiai R, Othman R, Chan LT, Johari A, Soon WH, Salleh AR, Satoh T. Is plasma β-glucuronidase a novel human biomarker for monitoring anticholinesterase pesticides exposure? A Malaysian experience. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 219:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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81
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Chapter 15 Ultra-sensitive determination of pesticides via cholinesterase-based sensors for environmental analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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82
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Dufva M, Christensen CBV. Quantification of small molecules using microarray technology. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 382:249-258. [PMID: 18220236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-304-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule detection poses special problems during analysis whether hormones in a clinical setting or pesticides from environmental monitoring. Traditional analysis involves procedures like high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or mass spectrometry, or a combination of the three. Microarray procedures have recently evolved into a technique capable of replacing many of these assays, utilizing the strong and specific binding of a binder (e.g., an antibody) to a given target, even in a quantitative manner. A higher sensitivity can be obtained using microarrays were shown, even without the concentration of the sample beforehand. The sensitivity is high enough for monitoring most clinically relevant markers current regulatory pesticide levels. The microarray technique has additionally parallelism in sample analysis. The same sample can be analyzed for many targets at the same time, and under the same conditions. In the present protocol pesticide detection by microarray analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
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83
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Smirnova A, Shimura K, Hibara A, Proskurnin MA, Kitamori T. Application of a Micro Multiphase Laminar Flow on a Microchip for Extraction and Determination of Derivatized Carbamate Pesticides. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:103-7. [PMID: 17213633 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of carbamate pesticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, propoxur and bendiocarb was demonstrated on a microchip with newly designed microchannels developed for efficient solvent extraction. The pesticides were hydrolyzed to corresponding naphthols, coupled with p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate reagent, and then extracted into 1-butanol as colored azo derivatives and detected with a thermal lens microscope. Optimum flow rates for the aqueous and organic phases were evaluated in the continuous-flow chemical process established in the microchip. The calibration lines showed good linearity in the range of concentrations of 0.03 - 3 ppm (10(-7) - 10(-5) M) and a mass detection limit down to a nanogram level was achieved that is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the LODs for conventional spectrophotometric methods. Azo derivatives of the pesticides were successfully separated and identified by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using a sample prepared on a bulk scale.
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84
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85
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Environmental and pharmaceutical analysis of dithiocarbamates. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 582:191-200. [PMID: 17386492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current review aims at a comprehensive survey of analytical methods for the determination of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) in environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Besides parent compounds, analytical approaches for various metabolites and degradation products of DTCs are considered. Special emphasis is given to analyte stability as DTCs are considerably reactive interacting with various organic and inorganic compounds; in addition, depending on the chemical nature of the substance, DTCs are prone to oxidation and hydrolysis under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. The review mainly focuses on chromatography but also covers applications in electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and biosensing.
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86
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Lee CH, Kamijima M, Kim H, Shibata E, Ueyama J, Suzuki T, Takagi K, Saito I, Gotoh M, Hibi H, Naito H, Nakajima T. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in human leukocyte and urine according to exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and paraoxonase 1 genotype. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 80:217-27. [PMID: 16915393 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-006-0128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to investigate a role of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphism in organophosphorus (OP)-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, urinary metabolites of OP, PON1 genotypes, and 8-OHdG levels in leukocyte and urine were measured in OP indoor insecticide sprayers and controls in summer and winter. METHODS The study population contained 18 male sprayers and age-matched 18 male controls. Sprayers were primarily exposed to OP insecticides (mainly fenitrothion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon), and partially to pyrethroids (mainly permethrin) and carbamates (mainly propoxur). Urinary metabolites of OP were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 8-OHdG levels in leukocyte and urine were measured by ELISA kit. PON1 genotype was identified using allele-specific fluorogenic TaqMan probes. RESULTS The mean concentrations of urinary dimethyl phosphate (DMP) and total dialkyl phosphates (DAP) in summer and those of 8-OHdG in summer and winter were significantly higher in OP sprayers than controls. This resulted in a significant positive correlation between 8-OHdG levels and urinary DMP or DAP, suggesting a correlation between OP metabolites and production of oxidative stress. Of PON1 genotypes, incidences of Q/Q, Q/R, and R/R types were 17, 39, and 44% in OP sprayers and controls, respectively. Although PON1 polymorphism did not contribute to the leukocyte and urinary 8-OHdG levels, the urinary OP metabolite concentrations in summer showed a significant decrease as the number Q allele decreased. CONCLUSION These results indicate that an increase in OP metabolites is associated with a high level of oxidative stress in OP sprayers, although the contribution of the PON1 polymorphism to the metabolism of OP is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Ho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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87
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Petropoulou SSE, Tsarbopoulos A, Siskos PA. Determination of carbofuran, carbaryl and their main metabolites in plasma samples of agricultural populations using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1444-56. [PMID: 16865341 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate), carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) and their main metabolites in human blood plasma. Optimization of the isolation of the compounds from plasma matrix included the precipitation, denaturation and digestion of plasma proteins. Derivatization was achieved by the use of trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and was optimized for temperature, time and volume of derivatization agent. In the proposed method, a mild precipitation technique was applied using beta-mercaptoethanol and ascorbic acid in combination with solid-phase extraction technique using Oasis HLB (Hydrophobic Lipophilic Balance) cartridges for further clean up of samples. Carbamate linkage was not hydrolyzed to its phenol product, but both carbamate phenol and ketones were transformed into trifluoroacetyl derivatives in order to become volatile compounds and were determined using tandem mass spectrometry. The linearity of the method was shown for nine concentrations in the range of 0.50-250 ng mL(-1) in fortified plasma aliquots. Limits of detection (LODs) for all compounds ranged from 0.015-0.151 ng mL(-1). Inter-day and intra-day assays (RSD) for all compounds, at three concentration levels of 2.5, 25 and 100 ng mL(-1) (n=3) in fortified plasma samples were less than 18%. Accuracy (%E (r)) was calculated at three concentration levels, 8, 80 and 160 ng mL(-1) (n=3), and ranged from -12.0 to 15.0%. Matrix effect was evaluated so mean recoveries were calculated for all compounds and ranged from 81-107%. Specificity for the use of this method to biological monitoring studies was achieved including four main metabolites of CF, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol from the naphthalene metabolism pathways, and both the parent compound of carbofuran and carbaryl. The proposed method was applied to plasma samples of pesticide users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 100 Othonos str., 145 62, Kifissia, Greece
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88
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Petropoulou SSE, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A, Siskos PA. Gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of carbofuran, carbaryl and their main metabolites in applicators’ urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:99-110. [PMID: 16442549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of two N-methylcarbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl and their metabolites in applicators' urine specimens. Mild conditions were used for sample preparation based on enzymic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB sorbent cartridges. Amides, phenols and ketones were first converted to volatile derivatives of trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (TFAA) and afterwards were quantitated using tandem mass spectrometry. Linear calibration equations (1-200 ng mL(-1) urine) were obtained from fortified urine samples for all eight compounds, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 7-phenol, carbofuran-3-keto, 3- hydroxycarbofuranphenol. For all compounds, the limit of detection was lower than 0.1 ng mL(-1). Precision for all compounds, at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) in-fortified urine samples ranged from 0.7% to 18%. Accuracy was calculated at two concentrations 8 and 80 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) and ranged from -8.4% to 8.2%. Relative recoveries at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), ranged from 71% to 116%. The method was successfully applied to five male applicators and 10 non-applicators (including both smokers and non-smokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 100 Othonos Str., 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
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89
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Sundberg SE, Ellington JJ, Evans JJ. A simple and fast extraction method for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in small volumes of avian serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:99-104. [PMID: 16356791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed using 8M urea to desorb and extract organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from avian serum for analysis by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The analytes were efficiently extracted from the denatured serum-lipoprotein-analyte complex by one passage through an Oasis((R)) hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) SPE cartridge. No further clean-up was necessary, the entire extraction procedure and GC-ECD analysis can be accomplished in less than 3h. Serum volumes ranged from 100 microL to 1 mL with absolute recoveries of 90-101% for PCBs and 74% to 101% for the OC pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Sundberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
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90
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Ueyama J, Saito I, Kamijima M, Nakajima T, Gotoh M, Suzuki T, Shibata E, Kondo T, Takagi K, Miyamoto KI, Takamatsu J, Hasegawa T, Takagi K. Simultaneous determination of urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:58-66. [PMID: 16427368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a safe and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides (OPs), including dimethylphosphate (DMP), diethylphosphate (DEP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate (DETP), using a pentafluorobenzylbromide (PFBBr) derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several parameters were investigated: pH on evaporation, reaction temperature and time for the derivatization, the use of an antioxidant for preventing oxidation, and a clean-up step. The pH was set at 6, adjusted with K2CO3, and the reaction temperature and time of derivatization were 80 degrees C and 30 min, respectively. Sodium disulfite was chosen as an antioxidant. The clean-up step was performed with a Florisil/PSE mini-column to remove the unreacted PFBBr and sample matrix. This established procedure markedly shortened the sample preparation time to only about 3 h, and completely inhibited the unwanted oxidization of dialkylthiophosphates. The limits of determination (LOD) were approximately 0.3 microg/L for DMP, and 0.1 microg/L for DEP, DMTP, and DETP in 5 mL of human urine. Within-series and between-day imprecision for the present method using pooled urine spiked with DAPs was less than 20.6% in the calibration range of 1-300 microg/L, and the mean recovery was 56.7-60.5% for DMP, 78.5-82.7% for DEP, 88.3-103.9% for DMTP, and 84.2-92.4% for DETP. This method detected geometric mean values of the urinary DAPs in Japanese with and without occupational exposure to OPs, 16.6 or 27.4 for DMP, 1.0 or 0.7 for DEP, 1.3 or 2.3 for DMTP, and 1.0 or 1.1 microg/L for DETP, respectively. The present method, which does not require special equipment except for GC-MS, is quick, safe, and sensitive enough to be adopted in routine biological monitoring of non-occupational as well as occupational exposure to OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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91
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Berman-Shlomovich T, Wormser U, Brodsky B. Toxic serum factor long after single exposure to organophosphate; a new approach for biomonitoring. Arch Toxicol 2005; 80:269-74. [PMID: 16237519 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the major limitations of current methods of biological detection of exposure to hazardous environmental agents is their inability to detect long-term exposures. In the current study we examined the potential of a new bioassay based on the hypothesis that serum of exposed individuals contains a toxic factor(s) produced by an affected cell/tissue. The procedure included exposure of neuronal PC12 cell cultures to sera of rats treated once with the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. Samples taken 4 weeks after chlorpyrifos exposure reduced nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth by 40%. This effect lasted 6 weeks after treatment, whereas motor activity and cholinesterase activity returned to normal levels within 1 week. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to detect environmental exposures long after they have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Berman-Shlomovich
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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92
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Härkönen K. Pesticides and the induction of aneuploidy in human sperm. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 111:378-83. [PMID: 16192720 DOI: 10.1159/000086915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are some of the most frequently released toxic chemicals into the environment. Exposure to them has been associated with reproductive dysfunction, but the knowledge of the genotoxic risks of these substances is still limited. In vitro and in vivo, many pesticides are shown to induce aneuploidy. Analysis of sperm chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific probes has obtained increasing popularity in genetic toxicology. Sperm-FISH studies on men exposed to pesticides have yielded conflicting results: in men exposed to multiple pesticides during spraying no increased disomy frequencies in sperm were observed, although one study reported an increased rate of sex chromosome nullisomy. In contrast the two studies conducted in pesticide factories showed increased frequencies of sperm aneuploidy in exposed men compared to controls. The available data indicates that at least some of the commonly used pesticides are capable of inducing aneuploidy in human sperm when the exposure level is high enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Härkönen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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93
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Tsoukali H, Theodoridis G, Raikos N, Grigoratou I. Solid phase microextraction gas chromatographic analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 822:194-200. [PMID: 15990372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was studied and optimised for the determination of four common organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in biological samples. Various parameters controlling SPME were studied: choice of SPME fiber, type and content of salt added, preheating and extraction time, desorption time, extraction temperature. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) facilitates sensitive and selective detection of the OPPs: malathion, parathion, methyl parathion and diazinon. Fenitrothion was used as the internal standard. The method was applied to the determination of the pesticides in human biological specimens: whole blood, blood plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, liver and kidney. Limits of detection ranged from 2 to 55 ng/ml depending on pesticide and type of specimen. The developed methodology overcomes limitations and obstacles of conventional methods such as the use of organic solvents, the formation of emulsions and the tedious-cumbersome procedures. The proposed protocol is seen as an attractive alternative to be used in routine toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleni Tsoukali
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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94
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. Critical review of the application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to the determination of pesticide residues in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:934-46. [PMID: 15915347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A critical review is made on the use of hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the identification and quantification of pesticides and their metabolites in human biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum and urine). The first applications of LC-MS in this field began in the early 1990s. Since then, increasing interest has been shown in applying this powerful technique, with most applications dealing with the determination of a variety of chemically diverse metabolites in urine. The use of different LC-MS interfaces and mass spectral detection modes are discussed. Special attention is given to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) due to its inherent advantages of increased sensitivity and selectivity, as well as its advantages for identification and confirmation of analytes in samples. Quantification can be severely affected by matrix effects, the most common being inhibition of the ionisation of analytes in the mass spectrometer, which leads to unacceptable errors if no correction is made. Different approaches can be employed to minimise this undesirable matrix effect, the preferred being the use of labelled internal standards (when available) in isotope dilution methods or the application of an efficient clean-up, performed off-line or automated on-line. Adequate criteria for confirming the identities of residues detected are required in order to avoid false positives. The criterion most commonly used with a triple quadrupole instrument is the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions together with the ion abundance ratio. TOF mass analysers are seldom used in pesticide residue analysis despite their improved resolution and mass accuracy characteristics, which makes them very suitable for confirmation purposes. The main reasons for the relative unpopularity of TOF MS in residue analysis are its limited sensitivity and its high acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a critical assessment on current techniques, trends and future developments, and give illustrative examples to point out the main characteristics of LC-MS for pesticide residue analysis in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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95
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Jakubowski M, Trzcinka-Ochocka M. Biological monitoring of exposure: trends and key developments. J Occup Health 2005; 47:22-48. [PMID: 15703450 DOI: 10.1539/joh.47.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of biological monitoring (BM) has gained the special interest of individual scientists and international organizations. Today, when analytical problems have almost ceased due to new laboratory techniques and quality assurance systems, the methods for interpretation of results have become the most important issue. There are important discrepancies regarding the role of biological monitoring of occupational exposure between Europe and the United States. BM has been an important tool of medical health surveillance in the European countries. In the United States it belongs rather to the field of occupational hygiene. It seems that both the approaches can be accepted. More attention should be paid to the development of the truly health-based biomarkers of exposure based on the dose-effect and dose-response relationships. New areas of application of BM of occupational exposure include determination of DNA and protein adducts, unchanged volatile organic compounds in urine, monitoring of exposure to pesticides, antineoplastic drugs, hard metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the general environment BM is the most valuable tool for acquiring knowledge of current levels of internal exposure to xenobiotics, identifying the hot spots and developments in trends of exposure. BM can provide policy makers with more accurate information on the control measures undertaken. At present, the main areas include heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and pesticides. BM of chemical exposure has become increasingly important in the assessment of the health risk in occupational and environmental medicine. Therefore it would be worthwhile to include BM in the curricula for the training of occupational hygienists.
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96
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Law KA, Higson SPJ. Sonochemically fabricated acetylcholinesterase micro-electrode arrays within a flow injection analyser for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:1914-24. [PMID: 15741058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of novel sonochemically fabricated, bioengineered acetylcholinesterase and polyaniline carbon/cobalt phthalocyanine biosensors for the ultra-sensitive determination of a number of different pesticides. Arrays of this type typically have population micro-electrode densities of up to approximately 2 x 10(5) cm(-2); these represent the highest micro-electrode population densities reported to date by any fabrication means. The enzymatic response of the sensors is inhibited upon incubation with the pesticide, and we have shown that Dichlorvos, Parathion and Azinphos may be determined down to concentrations of approximately 1 x 10(-17) M, approximately 1 x 10(-16) M and approximately 1 x 10(-16) M, respectively. These lower limits of detection are lower than otherwise achievable by any other analytical approach. Measurements were performed within a custom built flow injection system that operates at a constant flow of 1 ml min(-1). Sensor stability studies were also performed whereby a stabilizer mixture of sucrose and polygalacturonic acid was added to the immobilised enzyme matrix at the working electrode and left to dry. Sixty-five percent of the initial enzyme activity was found to remain after a period of 92 days to allow storage of these electrodes and facilitating transportation if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Law
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Cranfield University at Silsoe, Silsoe Bedfordshire MK45 4DG, UK
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97
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Garrido EM, Delerue‐Matos C, Lima JLFC, Brett AMO. Electrochemical Methods in Pesticides Control. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120039425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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98
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Pritchard J, Law K, Vakurov A, Millner P, Higson SPJ. Sonochemically fabricated enzyme microelectrode arrays for the environmental monitoring of pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:765-72. [PMID: 15522591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a novel sonochemically fabricated microelectrode based acetylcholinesterase and polyaniline carbon/cobalt phthalocyanine biosensor for the ultra-sensitive determination of pesticides. Arrays of this type are fabricated using microelectrode templates with population densities of 2 x 10(5) cm(-2). The enzymatic response of the sensors is inhibited upon incubation with the pesticide and in this report it is shown that paraoxon may be determined down to concentrations of 1 x 10(-17) M. This sensitivity has thus far not been achieved and mechanisms accounting for the enhancement of the sensitivity reported here are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Pritchard
- Gwent Electronic Materials, Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park, Pontypool NP4 OHZ, UK
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99
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Saieva C, Aprea C, Tumino R, Masala G, Salvini S, Frasca G, Giurdanella MC, Zanna I, Decarli A, Sciarra G, Palli D. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of ten pesticide metabolites in healthy adults in two different areas of Italy (Florence and Ragusa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 332:71-80. [PMID: 15336892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The determination of pesticide metabolites in human biological fluids represents an important biomarker of exposure in the general population and exposed workers. In the frame of a prospective study, we measured the 24-h urinary excretion of 10 pesticide metabolites to evaluate non-occupational exposure to pesticides in the general population in two different areas in Italy. We collected 24-h urine samples from 69 healthy adults residing in Florence (Central Italy, n = 51) and Ragusa (Southern Italy, n = 18). The volunteers (25 males, 44 females; mean age 56 years) did not report any occupational exposure. We measured: six alkylphosphates, aspecific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides [dimethylphosfate (DMP), dimethylthiophosfate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosfate (DMDTP), diethylphosfate (DEP), diethylthiophosfate (DEDP), and diethyldithiophosfate (DEDTP)]; 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), the main metabolite of chlorpyrifos; 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides; ethylenethiourea (ETU) a metabolite of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates; methamidophos (METH), an organophosphorus insecticide. We also measured PABA excretion as compliance marker (mean recovery 95%). Dimethylphosphates were found in detectable concentrations in the majority of samples (89.9%, 82.6% and 60.9% for DMP, DMTP and DMDTP, respectively). Urinary diethylphosphates (DEP, DETP, DEDTP) concentrations were above the detection limit in 80.9%, 61.8% and 27.5% of samples, respectively. TCP, 3-PBA and ETU were detected in 78.3%, 53.6% and 21.7% of samples, respectively. Methamidophos was detected in two samples (2.8%). The median number of metabolites detected in the same urine sample was 6 (range 0-9). Excretion levels were highest for alkylphosphates, particularly for DMTP (median: 142.6 nmol/day). Multivariate analysis showed statistically significant differences between these two groups of adults, with higher mean values of urinary excretion of alkylphosphates, TCP and ETU in Florence in comparison to Ragusa. Overall, a very high percentage of 24-h urine samples positive for several pesticide metabolites emerged, with higher levels of urinary daily excretion in subjects residing in the more urbanised area. Our results suggest that food monitoring programs should be supported by general campaigns aimed to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Saieva
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, CSPO, Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Florence, Italy
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100
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Jankowska A, Biesaga M, Drzewicz P, Trojanowicz M, Pyrzyńska K. Chromatographic separation of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their radiolytic degradation products in water samples. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:3259-3264. [PMID: 15276742 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
HPLC procedure for simultaneous determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their radiolytic degradation products in waters is described with the use of octadecylsilica column and spectrophotometric detection at 280 nm. The satisfactory separation was achieved with a mobile phase of pH 2.5 consisting of 43.7 mM acetic acid with 40% (v/v) acetonitrile. Limit of detection values for herbicides and phenol derivatives were in the range of 19-41 microg/l and 10-60 microg/l, respectively. The developed method was applied for monitoring the effectiveness of radiolytic degradation of herbicides. Studies of products of gamma-radiolysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol have shown that the efficiency of this process is affected by the presence of naturally occurring scavengers of gamma-radiation such as carbonates or nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jankowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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