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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to study the excretion stereoselectivity of triticonazole enantiomers in rat urine and faeces. Six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administrated 50 mg/kg rac-triticonazole. Rats urine and faeces were separately and quantitatively collected at the following intervals: 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-24, 24-36 and 36-48 h. The faeces samples were homogenized in an aqueous solution containing 0.2% DMSO at the ratio of 1 g: 40 mL. An aliquot of 100 μL rats urine or faeces homogenate was spiked and mixed with 6.0 μL of 1.00 μg/mL flusilazole as an internal standard. The triticonazole enantiomers in urine and faeces were determined by using an HPLC/MS-MS after samples preparation. The excreted amounts of enantiomers in the urine showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) except for 3-6 h. The cumulative excretion rate (Xu0→24) in urine was 26.43 ± 0.08% and 37.58 ± 0.11% for R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, indicating high enantioselectivity (P < 0.001). The cumulative excretion rate (Xu0→72) in faeces was 6.93 ± 0.03% and 6.77 ± 0.03% for R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, without a difference. The results showed that the total cumulative percentage of triticonazole enantiomers accounted for in urine and faeces was 64.00 ± 0.13% and 13.70 ± 0.32%, the urinary excretion of R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole were significantly different and S-(+)-triticonazole was preferentially excreted. However, the faecal excretion of the enantiomers showed no difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter Yaro
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng He
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Knudsen GA, Trexler AW, Richards AC, Hall SM, Hughes MF, Birnbaum LS. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Disposition and Kinetics in Rodents: Effects of Dose, Route, Sex, and Species. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:167-179. [PMID: 30768125 PMCID: PMC6804416 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP, CAS No. 118-79-6) is widely used as a brominated flame retardant and wood antifungal agent. TBP is frequently detected in environmental matrices, biota, and humans. In female SD rats, systemically available TBP (10 µmol/kg, IV) was rapidly excreted primarily via urine, with approximately 61% of the dose recovered after 4 h, and 89%-94% in 24 h; 5% was recovered in feces; and 1%-2% in blood/tissues. TBP administered to female SD rats (0.1-1000 µmol/kg) by gavage was well absorbed, with approximately 25% eliminated via urine after 4 h and approximately 88% after 24 h. Approximately 11% of a single oral dose was recovered in bile. Male SD rats and B6C3F1/J mice of both sexes had similar disposition profiles when administered a single oral dose of TBP (10 µmol/kg). Following administration, fecal recoveries varied only slightly by dose, sex, or species. TBP readily passed unchanged through both human (ex vivo only) and rat skin with between 55% and 85% of a 100 nmol/cm2 passing into or through skin. Concentrations of TBP in blood fit a two-compartment model after IV-dosing and a one-compartment model after oral dosing. Urine contained a mixture of TBP, TBP-glucuronide, and TBP-sulfate. Fecal extracts contained only parent TBP whereas bile contained only TBP-glucuronide. TBP did not appear to bioaccumulate or alter its own metabolism after repeated administration. TBP was readily absorbed at all doses and routes tested with an oral bioavailability of 23%-27%; 49% of TBP is expected to be dermally bioavailable in humans. From these data, we conclude that humans are likely to have significant systemic exposure when TBP is ingested or dermal exposure occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Knudsen
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andrew W Trexler
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alicia C Richards
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Samantha M Hall
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael F Hughes
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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3
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Arcury TA, Chen H, Laurienti PJ, Howard TD, Barr DB, Mora DC, Quandt SA. Farmworker and nonfarmworker Latino immigrant men in North Carolina have high levels of specific pesticide urinary metabolites. Arch Environ Occup Health 2018; 73:219-227. [PMID: 28622109 PMCID: PMC6178806 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1342588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article compares detections and concentrations of specific organophosphate (OP), bis-dithiocarbamate, and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites among Latino male farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. Data are from interviews and urine samples collected in 2012 and 2013. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers frequently had detections for OP and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites. Detection of bis-dithiocarbamate urinary metabolites was less frequent, but substantial among the nonfarmworkers. The concentrations of organophosphate, bis-dithiocarbamate, and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites were high for farmworkers and nonfarmworkers compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey results. Pesticide urinary metabolite detection was not associated with occupation in nonfarmworkers. Research for reducing pesticide exposure among farmworkers remains important; research is also needed to determine pesticide exposure pathways among Latino nonfarmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Genomics & Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana C. Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Panuwet P, Ladva C, Barr DB, Prapamontol T, Meeker JD, D’Souza PE, Maldonado H, Ryan PB, Robson MG. Investigation of associations between exposures to pesticides and testosterone levels in Thai farmers. Arch Environ Occup Health 2018; 73:205-218. [PMID: 28901838 PMCID: PMC6422528 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1378606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between pesticide exposures and testosterone levels in 133 male Thai farmers. Urine and serum samples were collected concurrently from participants. Urine was analyzed for levels of specific and nonspecific metabolites of organophosphates (OPs), pyrethroids, select herbicides, and fungicides. Serum was analyzed for total and free testosterone. Linear regression analyses revealed significant negative relationships between total testosterone and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) after controlling for covariates (eg, age, BMI, smoking status). Positive significant associations were found between some OP pesticides and total testosterone. Due to the small sample size and the observational nature of the study, future investigation is needed to confirm our results and to elucidate the biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Corresponding Author Parinya Panuwet,
MS, PhD, , Department of Environmental Health,
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta,
Georgia, 30322
| | - Chandresh Ladva
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Pollution and Environmental Health Research, Research
Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - John D. Meeker
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Héctor Maldonado
- Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and
Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark G. Robson
- Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and
Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Mandic-Rajcevic S, Rubino FM, Ariano E, Cottica D, Neri S, Colosio C. Environmental and biological monitoring for the identification of main exposure determinants in vineyard mancozeb applicators. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2018; 28:289-296. [PMID: 28901326 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a vulnerable crop to several fungal diseases often requiring the use of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides, such as mancozeb. This fungicide has been reported to have goitrogenic, endocrine disrupting, and possibly immunotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to assess workers' exposure in two scenarios of mancozeb application and analyse the main determinants of exposure in order to better understand their mechanism of influence. Environmental monitoring was performed using a modified Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) "patch" methodology and by hand-wash collection, while mancozeb's metabolite, ethylenethiourea (ETU), was measured in 24-h preexposure and postexposure urine samples. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for determination of mancozeb and ETU in different kinds of samples. Closed tractor use resulted in 40 times lower potential exposure compared with open tractor. Coveralls reduced skin exposure 4 and 10 times in case of open and closed tractors, respectively. Gloves used during application resulted in 10 times lower hand exposure in open but increased exposure in closed tractors. This study has demonstrated that exposure to mancozeb is low if safe occupational hygiene procedures are adopted. ETU is confirmed as suitable biological marker of occupational exposure to mancozeb, but the absence of biological exposure limits significantly reduces the possibility to interpret biological monitoring results in occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mandic-Rajcevic
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan and International Centre for Rural Health of the San Paolo Hospital, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico M Rubino
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan and International Centre for Rural Health of the San Paolo Hospital, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ariano
- Working Group for Prevention in Agriculture of the Region of Lombardy, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Cottica
- Centre for Environmental Research, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Neri
- Centre for Environmental Research, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan and International Centre for Rural Health of the San Paolo Hospital, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Abe J, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Omori R, Kawamura S. Identification of Metabolism and Excretion Differences of Procymidone between Rats and Humans Using Chimeric Mice: Implications for Differential Developmental Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1955-1963. [PMID: 29313347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A metabolite of procymidone, hydroxylated-PCM, causes rat-specific developmental toxicity due to higher exposure to it in rats than in rabbits or monkeys. When procymidone was administered to chimeric mice with rat or human hepatocytes, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was higher than that of procymidone in rat chimeric mice, and the metabolic profile of procymidone in intact rats was well reproduced in rat chimeric mice. In human chimeric mice, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was less, resulting in a much lower exposure. The main excretion route of hydroxylated-PCM-glucuronide was bile (the point that hydroxylated-PCM enters the enterohepatic circulation) in rat chimeric mice, and urine in human chimeric mice. These data suggest that humans, in contrast to rats, extensively form the glucuronide and excrete it in urine, as do rabbits and monkeys. Overall, procymidone's potential for causing teratogenicity in humans must be low compared to that in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Omori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Arcury TA, Laurienti PJ, Talton JW, Chen H, Howard TD, Barr DB, Mora DC, Quandt SA. Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latina Farmworkers and Nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60:e63-e71. [PMID: 29023343 PMCID: PMC5758422 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper compares detections and concentrations of pesticide urinary metabolites for Latina farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. METHODS Thirty-one farmworkers and 55 nonfarmworkers provided urine samples in 2012 and 2013. Urine samples were analyzed for detections and concentrations of organophosphate insecticide, bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide, and pyrethroid insecticide urinary metabolites. RESULTS Detections for several organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites were present for substantial proportions of the farmworkers and nonfarmworkers. Concentrations for several of these metabolites were high. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers were similar in detections and concentrations for the pesticide urinary metabolites included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Participant pesticide exposure increases health risks for them and their children. Research needs to document pesticide exposure, its health effects, and ways to reduce it. Current information justifies policy development to reduce pesticide exposure in all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer W. Talton
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Genomics & Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana C. Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Rathahao-Paris E, Alves S, Debrauwer L, Cravedi JP, Paris A. An efficient data-filtering strategy for easy metabolite detection from the direct analysis of a biological fluid using Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:485-494. [PMID: 28010043 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput analyses require an overall analytical workflow including not only a robust and high-speed technical platform, but also dedicated data-processing tools able to extract the relevant information. This work aimed at evaluating post-acquisition data-mining tools for selective extraction of metabolite species from direct introduction high-resolution mass spectrometry data. METHODS Investigations were performed on spectral data in which seven metabolites of vinclozolin, a dicarboximide fungicide containing two chloride atoms, were previously manually identified. The spectral data obtained from direct introduction (DI) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detection were post-processed by plotting the mass defect profiles and applying various data-filtering methods based on accurate mass values. RESULTS Exploration of mass defect profiles highlighted, in a specific plotting region, the presence of compounds containing common chemical elements and pairs of conjugated and non-conjugated metabolites resulting from classical metabolic pathways. Additionally, the judicious application of mass defect and/or isotope pattern filters removed many interfering ions from DI-HRMS data, greatly facilitating the detection of vinclozolin metabolites. Compared with previous results obtained by manual data treatment, three additional metabolites of vinclozolin were detected and putatively annotated. CONCLUSIONS Tracking simultaneously several specific species could be efficiently performed using data-mining tools based on accurate mass values. The selectivity of the data extraction was improved when the isotope filter was used for halogenated compounds, facilitating metabolite ion detection even for low-abundance species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Rathahao-Paris
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300, Massy, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Univ. Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Univ. Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Paris
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, UMR7245 MCAM, 75005, Paris, France
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Abstract
Imazalil (IMZ) is a fungicide used in the cultivation of vegetables, such as cucumbers, in green houses or post-harvest on fruit to avoid spoilage due to fungal growth. Agricultural workers can be occupationally exposed to IMZ and the general public indirectly by the diet. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an LC-MS-MS method for the analysis of IMZ in human urine. The method used electrospray ionization and selected reaction monitoring in the positive mode. Excellent linearity was observed in the range 0.5-100 ng/mL. The limit of detection of the method was 0.2 ng/mL, and the limit of quantitation 0.8 ng/mL. The method showed good within-run, between-run and between-batch precision, with a coefficient of variation <15%. The method was applied to analyze urine samples obtained from two human volunteers following experimental oral and dermal exposure. The excretion of IMZ seemed to follow a two-compartment model and first-order kinetics. In the oral exposure, the elimination half-life of IMZ in the rapid excretion phase was 2.6 and 1.9 h for the female and the male volunteer, respectively. In the slower excretion phase, it was 7.6 and 13 h, respectively. In the dermal exposure, the excretion seemed to follow a single-compartment model and first-order kinetics. The elimination half-life was 10 and 6.6 h for the female and the male volunteer, respectively. Although the study is limited to two volunteers, some information on basic toxicokinetics and metabolism of IMZ in humans is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa H Faniband
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Fustinoni S, Mercadante R, Polledri E, Rubino FM, Mandic-Rajcevic S, Vianello G, Colosio C, Moretto A. Biological monitoring of exposure to tebuconazole in winegrowers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014; 24:643-649. [PMID: 24619295 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a fungicide widely used in vineyards and is a suspected teratogen for humans. The aim of this research was to identify urinary biomarkers and the best sampling time for the biological monitoring of exposure to TEB in agricultural workers. Seven vineyard workers of the Monferrato region, Piedemont, Italy, were investigated for a total of 12 workdays. They treated the vineyards with TEB for 1-2 consecutive days, one of them for 3 days. During each application coveralls, underwears, hand washing liquids and head coverings were used to estimate dermal exposure. For biomonitoring, spot samples of urine from each individual were collected starting from 24 h before the first application, continuing during the application, and again after the application for about 48 h. TEB and its metabolites TEB-OH and TEB-COOH were measured by liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. TEB contamination of coveralls and total dermal exposure showed median levels of 6180 and 1020 μg. Urinary TEB-OH was the most abundant metabolite; its excretion rate peaked within 24 h after product application (post 24 h). In this time frame, median levels of TEB-OH and TEB-COOH ranged from 8.0 to 387.8 μg/l and from 5.7 to 102.9 μg/l, respectively, with a ratio between the two metabolites of about 3.5. The total amount of urinary metabolites (U-TEBeq) post 24 h was significantly correlated with both TEB on coveralls and total dermal exposure (Pearson's r=0.756 and 0.577). The amount of metabolites excreted in urine represented about 17% of total dermal TEB exposure. Our results suggest that TEB-OH and TEB-COOH in post-exposure urine samples are promising candidates for biomonitoring TEB exposure in agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Rubino
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics (LaTMA) and International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Mandic-Rajcevic
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics (LaTMA) and International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vianello
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics (LaTMA) and International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics (LaTMA) and International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, and International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risks Protection (ICPS), Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Zhang P, Zhu W, Qiu J, Wang D, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Evaluating the enantioselective degradation and novel metabolites following a single oral dose of metalaxyl in mice. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2014; 116:32-39. [PMID: 25454518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metalaxyl [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-D,L-alaninemethylester] is a systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture. In this study, the enantioselective distribution, degradation and excretion of metalaxyl were investigated after oral gavage administration of rac-metalaxyl to mice. Concentration of metalaxyl and its enantiomers was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that R-metalaxyl was much higher than S-metalaxyl in heart, liver, lung, urine and feces. As for the strong first pass effect, concentrations of metalaxyl in liver were much higher than those in other tissues. The total body clearance (CL) of metalaxyl in mice was 1.77 L h(-1 )kg(-1) and degradation half-lives of (t1/2) of S-metalaxyl and R-metalaxyl in liver were 2.2 h and 3.0 h, respectively. Such results indicated the enantioselectivity of metalaxyl lies in distribution, degradation and excretion processes in mice. Main metabolites were also determined and biotransformation reactions were hydroxylation, demethylation and didemethylation. Furthermore, metabolite concentrations in urine and feces were much higher than those in tissues. These results may have potential implications to predict toxicity and provide additional information associated with adverse health effects for risk assessment of metalaxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Fustinoni S, Polledri E, Mercadante R, Rubino F, Colosio C, Moretto A. [Time course of excretion of tebuconazole and its metabolites in vineyard workers]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2012; 34:423-424. [PMID: 23405679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a fungicide widely used in vineyards. This work aimed at the identification of urinary metabolites of TEB for the biological monitoring of exposure, and to study their kinetics of excretion. Major urinary metabolites of TEB in rats are t-butyl-hydroxy-and-carboxy-tebuconazole (TEB-OH and TEB-COOH). TEB and these metabolites were determined in urine samples of 5 wine growers who collected each void before (24 hours), during and after (48 hours) TEB application. These chemicals were found in 95%, 100% and 100% of the samples with levels of < 1.5-13.4 microg/L for TEB, 5.2-749 microg/L for TEB-OH e 2.8-234 microg/l for TEB-COOH. TEB-OH is the major metabolite of TEB, its concentration increases at the end of exposure and peaks after 16-24 hours. TEB-COOH has similar pattern. TEB-OH and TEB -COOH are promising candidates for biological monitoring of TEB exposure; preliminary results suggest the day after the application as the best sampling time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fustinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano e Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S.Barnaba, 8 20122 Milano, Italia
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13
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Berthet A, Heredia-Ortiz R, Vernez D, Danuser B, Bouchard M. A detailed urinary excretion time course study of captan and folpet biomarkers in workers for the estimation of dose, main route-of-entry and most appropriate sampling and analysis strategies. Ann Occup Hyg 2012; 56:815-28. [PMID: 22425654 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Captan and folpet are two fungicides largely used in agriculture, but biomonitoring data are mostly limited to measurements of captan metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples of workers, which complicate interpretation of results in terms of internal dose estimation, daily variations according to tasks performed, and most plausible routes of exposure. This study aimed at performing repeated biological measurements of exposure to captan and folpet in field workers (i) to better assess internal dose along with main routes-of-entry according to tasks and (ii) to establish most appropriate sampling and analysis strategies. The detailed urinary excretion time courses of specific and non-specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet were established in tree farmers (n = 2) and grape growers (n = 3) over a typical workweek (seven consecutive days), including spraying and harvest activities. The impact of the expression of urinary measurements [excretion rate values adjusted or not for creatinine or cumulative amounts over given time periods (8, 12, and 24 h)] was evaluated. Absorbed doses and main routes-of-entry were then estimated from the 24-h cumulative urinary amounts through the use of a kinetic model. The time courses showed that exposure levels were higher during spraying than harvest activities. Model simulations also suggest a limited absorption in the studied workers and an exposure mostly through the dermal route. It further pointed out the advantage of expressing biomarker values in terms of body weight-adjusted amounts in repeated 24-h urine collections as compared to concentrations or excretion rates in spot samples, without the necessity for creatinine corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Berthet
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Main Station, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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14
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Jayatilaka NK, Angela Montesano M, Whitehead RD, Schloth SJ, Needham LL, Barr DB. High-throughput sample preparation for the quantitation of acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, ethylenethiourea, and propylenethiourea in human urine using 96-well-plate automated extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 61:59-67. [PMID: 20878153 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acephate, methamidophos, o-methoate, and dimethoate are organophosphorus pesticides, and ethylenethiouria and propylenethiourea are two metabolites from the bisdithiocarbamate fungicide family. They are some of the most widely used pesticides and fungicides in agriculture both domestically and abroad. The existing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the measurement of these compounds in human urine was improved by using a 96-well plate format sample preparation; the use of HPLC-MS/MS was comparable with a concentration range of 0.125 to 50 ng/ml. Deuterium-labeled acephate, ethylenethiouria, and methamidophos were used as internal standards. The sample preparation procedure, in the 96-well format with a 0.8-ml urine sample size, uses lyophilization of samples, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The analytes were chromatographed on a Zorbax SB-C3 (4.6 × 150 mm, 5.0-μm) column with gradient elution by using 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (solvent B) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Quantitative analysis was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in positive ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion pairs for the analytes on a TSQ Quantum Ultra HPLC-MS/MS. Repeated analyses of urine samples spiked with high (15 ng/ml), medium (5 ng/ml), and low (1 ng/ml) concentrations of the analytes gave relative SDs of <13%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.004-0.01 ng/ml. The method also has high accuracy, high precision, and excellent extraction recovery. Furthermore, the improved sample preparation method decreased the cost and labor required while effectively doubling the analytic throughput with minimal matrix effect.
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15
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Gough KC, Patel S, Baker CA, Maddison BC. Development of immunoassays for the detection of the fungicide penconazole and its urinary metabolite. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:9393-9399. [PMID: 19803521 DOI: 10.1021/jf9031469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were raised to haptens containing moieties common to both the triazole fungicide penconazole and its proposed primary urinary metabolite (4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentoic acid). The monoclonal antibody 2E4 was used to develop competitive ELISA assays where binding of antibody to immobilized haptens conjugated to BSA competed with penconazole or its metabolite in solution. At pH 4.0 and pH 8.0, penconazole was detected with an IC50 of 1.0-1.2 microg/L respectively and at pH 4 penconazole metabolite was detected with an IC50 of 0.9 microg/L. These assays were specific for penconazole and/or its metabolite compared to other triazole fungicides. The immunoassay conditions optimal for penconazole metabolite (pH 4.0) were used and applied to the analysis of spiked human urine, and following sample extraction using a C18 SPE column, could detect 0.5 microg/L metabolite. This is the first report of an immunoassay to the urinary metabolite of penconazole, an assay with application in the monitoring of occupational and non-occupational exposure to this commonly used pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Gough
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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16
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Lindh CH, Littorin M, Johannesson G, Jönsson BAG. Analysis of ethylenethiourea as a biomarker in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008; 22:2573-2579. [PMID: 18651716 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) are widely used fungicides. Ethylenethiourea (ETU), the main metabolite and also a contaminant in the commercially available products, is of major toxicological concern. In this study, a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is described for the analysis of ETU in human urine after a single-step extractive derivatization using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr). Analysis was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the positive ion mode. Quantification of ETU was performed using [(2)H(4)]-labeled ETU as internal standard (IS). The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to 0.05 ng/mL. The method was linear in the range 0.1-54 ng/mL urine and had a within-run precision of 3-5%. The between-run precision was determined at an average urine level of 2 and 10 ng/mL urine and found to be 9%. The inter-batch precision was 6%. To validate ETU as a biomarker of exposure, the method was applied in a human experimental oral exposure to the commercial fungicide Ridomil Gold, containing 64% mancozeb and 4.5% ETU. Two healthy volunteers received 8.9 microg/kg body weight (b.w.) Ridomil Gold in a single oral dose followed by urine sampling for 104 h post-exposure. The elimination half-life of ETU was estimated to 17-23 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Chai Y, Davis JW, Saghir SA, Qiu X, Budinsky RA, Bartels MJ. Effects of aging and sediment composition on hexachlorobenzene desorption resistance compared to oral bioavailability in rats. Chemosphere 2008; 72:432-441. [PMID: 18396312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to assess the effects of black carbon, clay type and aging (1-1.5yr) on desorption and bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in spiked artificial sediments. Tenax (a super sorbent)-mediated desorption was used to examine the effects of these parameters on the physicochemical availability of HCB. The Tenax-mediated desorption of HCB from the four aged artificial sediments exhibited biphasic kinetics. The fast desorbing fractions ranged from 64.8% to 22.3%, showing reductions of 4.0-18.9% compared with freshly-spiked sediments. Statistical analysis on the fast desorbing fractions showed that all three treatment effects (i.e., montmorillonite clay, black carbon content, and aging) were significant. Two sediments with higher black carbon content exhibited much greater aging effects (i.e., greater reduction in fast desorbing fraction) than the other two sediments without the addition of black carbon. For both freshly-spiked and aged sediments, the desorption resistant sediment-bound HCB (i.e., slow desorbing fraction) correlated reasonably well to previously reported rat fecal elimination of HCB, which is a measure of the non-bioavailable fraction of sediment-bound HCB. A similar correlation was also observed between fast desorbing fraction and previously reported accumulation of HCB in the rat body (carcass+skin). These observations suggest that physicochemical availability, as defined by the desorption of HCB from sediments, provides a reasonable prediction of the oral bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB to rats. These results showed that montmorillonite clay, black carbon and aging reduced physicochemical availability and ultimately bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Chai
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
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18
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Ekman DR, Teng Q, Jensen KM, Martinovic D, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Collette TW. NMR analysis of male fathead minnow urinary metabolites: a potential approach for studying impacts of chemical exposures. Aquat Toxicol 2007; 85:104-12. [PMID: 17897733 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential for profiling metabolites in urine from male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to assess chemical exposures was explored using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy was used for the assignment of metabolites in urine from unexposed fish. Because fathead minnow urine is dilute, we lyophilized these samples prior to analysis. Furthermore, 1D 1H NMR spectra of unlyophilized urine from unexposed male fathead minnow and Sprague-Dawley rat were acquired to qualitatively compare rat and fish metabolite profiles and to provide an estimate of the total urinary metabolite pool concentration difference. As a small proof-of-concept study, lyophilized urine samples from male fathead minnows exposed to three different concentrations of the antiandrogen vinclozolin were analyzed by 1D 1H NMR to assess exposure-induced changes. Through a combination of principal components analysis (PCA) and measurements of 1H NMR peak intensities, several metabolites were identified as changing with statistical significance in response to exposure. Among those changes occurring in response to exposure to the highest concentration (450 microg/L) of vinclozolin were large increases in taurine, lactate, acetate, and formate. These increases coincided with a marked decrease in hippurate, a combination potentially indicative of hepatotoxicity. The results of these investigations clearly demonstrate the potential utility of an NMR-based approach for assessing chemical exposures in male fathead minnow, using urine collected from individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ekman
- Ecosystems Research Division, U.S. EPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
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19
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Cherney DP, Ekman DR, Dix DJ, Collette TW. Raman spectroscopy-based metabolomics for differentiating exposures to triazole fungicides using rat urine. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7324-32. [PMID: 17718537 DOI: 10.1021/ac070856n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal Raman spectroscopy was evaluated as a metabolomic tool for assessing the impacts of exposure to environmental contaminants, using rat urine collected during the course of a toxicological study. Specifically, one of three triazole fungicides, myclobutanil, propiconazole, or triadimefon, was administered daily via oral gavage to male Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 300, 300, or 175 mg/kg, respectively. Urine was collected from all three treatment groups and also from vehicle control rats on day six, following five consecutive days of exposure. Spectra were acquired with a CCD-based dispersive Raman spectrometer, using 785-nm diode laser excitation. To optimize the signal-to-noise ratio, urine samples were filtered through a stirred ultrafiltration cell with a 500 nominal molecular weight limit filter to remove large, unwanted urine components that can degrade the spectrum via fluorescence. However, a subsequent investigation suggested that suitable spectra can be obtained in a high-throughput fashion, with little or no Raman-specific sample preparation. For the sake of comparison, a parallel 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis was also conducted on the unfiltered samples. Results from multivariate data analysis demonstrated that the Raman method compares favorably with NMR in regard to the ability to differentiate responses from these three contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cherney
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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20
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Lindh CH, Littorin M, Amilon A, Jönsson BAG. Analysis of 3,5-dichloroaniline as a biomarker of vinclozolin and iprodione in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2007; 21:536-42. [PMID: 17245796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The fungicides vinclozolin and iprodione are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are dicarboximide fungicides containing the common moiety 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA). It has been suggested that low-level exposures to such compounds may be associated with adverse health effects such as endocrine disruption. In this study a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of 3,5-DCA as a biomarker of exposure to these fungicides in human urine. The urine samples were treated by basic hydrolysis to degrade the fungicides, their metabolites and conjugates to 3,5-DCA. The 3,5-DCA was then extracted using toluene and derivatized using pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA). Analysis of the derivative was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the negative ion mode. Quantification of the derivative was performed using [(13)C(6)]-labeled 3,4-DCA as an internal standard with good precision and linearity in the range 0.1-200 ng/mL urine. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.1 ng/mL. The metabolites in urine were found to be stable during storage at -20 degrees C. To validate 3,5-DCA as a biomarker the method was applied in a human experimental exposure to iprodione and vinclozolin. Two healthy volunteers received 200 microg single oral doses of each pesticide followed by urine sampling during 72-120 h post-exposure. Between 78-107% of the dose was recovered as 3,5-DCA in the urine after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Grillet JP, Adjémian A, Bernadac G, Bernon J, Brunner F, Garnier R. Arsenic exposure in the wine growing industry in ten French departments. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:130-5. [PMID: 14673656 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-003-0490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated exposure to arsenic, a carcinogenic fungicide used in wine growing. METHODS The first phase compared urinary arsenic excretion of controls and workers exposed at the end of application. The second phase measured the increase in urinary arsenic excretion during the first day of use. RESULTS A significant increase in urinary arsenic excretion was observed in arsenic applicators during the first phase. Urinary arsenic concentrations exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) exposure index in one-third of the workers. The second phase showed a significant increase in urinary arsenic excretion by the first day of application. A closed tractor cabin provided a protective effect, but the efficacy of individual protection equipment was not demonstrated. CONCLUSION This study showed the difficulties of achieving the effective protection of arsenic applicators and has led to the banning of the use of arsenic in French vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Grillet
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Mutualité Sociale Agricole, Les Mercuriales, 40 rue Jean Jaurès, 93547 Bagnolet Cedex, France.
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Wittke K, Hajimiragha H, Dunemann L, Begerow J. Determination of dichloroanilines in human urine by GC-MS, GC-MS-MS, and GC-ECD as markers of low-level pesticide exposure. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001; 755:215-28. [PMID: 11393707 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the determination of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) as common markers of eight non-persistent pesticides in human urine are presented. 3,5-DCA is a marker for the exposure to the fungicides vinclozolin, procymidone, iprodione, and chlozolinate. Furthermore the herbicides diuron, linuron, neburon, and propanil are covered using their common marker 3,4-DCA. The urine samples were treated by basic hydrolysis to degrade all pesticides, metabolites, and their conjugates containing the intact moieties completely to the corresponding dichloroanilines. After addition of the internal standard 4-chloro-2-methylaniline, simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was carried out to produce, concentrate and purify the dichloroaniline moieties. Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS-MS) detection and also detection with an electron-capture detector (ECD) after derivatisation with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) were employed for separation, detection, and identification. Limit of detection of the GC-MS-MS and the GC-ECD methods was 0.03 and 0.05 microg/l, respectively. Absolute recoveries obtained from a urine sample spiked with the internal standard, 3,5-, and 3,4-DCA, ranged from 93 to 103% with 9-18% coefficient of variation. The three detection techniques were compared concerning their performance, expenditure and suitability for their application in human biomonitoring studies. The described procedure has been successfully applied for the determination of 3,4- and 3,5-DCA in the urine of nonoccupationally exposed volunteers. The 3,4-DCA levels in these urine samples ranged between 0.13 and 0.34 microg/g creatinine or 0.11 and 0.56 microg/l, while those for 3,5-DCA were between 0.39 and 3.33 microg/g creatinine or 0.17 and 1.17 microg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wittke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Duesseldorf, Germany
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To-Figueras J, Barrot C, Sala M, Otero R, Silva M, Ozalla MD, Herrero C, Corbella J, Grimalt J, Sunyer J. Excretion of hexachlorobenzene and metabolites in feces in a highly exposed human population. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:595-8. [PMID: 10903610 PMCID: PMC1638186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A set of 53 individuals from a population highly exposed to airborne hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were selected to study the elimination kinetics of this chemical in humans. The volunteers provided blood, 24-hr urine, and feces samples for analysis of HCB and metabolites. The serum HCB concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 1,485 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, 124 +/- 278), confirming that this human population has the highest HCB blood levels ever reported. All analyzed feces samples contained unchanged HCB (range, 11-3,025 ng/g dry weight; mean +/- SD, 395 +/- 629). The HCB concentration in feces strongly correlated with HCB in serum (r = 0.85; p < 0.001), suggesting an equilibrium in feces/serum that is compatible with a main pulmonary entrance of the chemical and low intestinal excretion of nonabsorbed foodborne HCB. The equilibrium is also compatible with a nonbiliary passive transfer of the chemical to the intestinal lumen. Two HCB main metabolites, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pentachlorobenzenethiol (PCBT), were detected in 51% and 54% of feces samples, respectively. All urine samples contained PCP and PCBT, confirming the conclusions of a previous study [Environ Health Perspect 105:78-83 (1997)]. The comparison between feces and urine showed that whereas daily urinary elimination of metabolites may account for 3% of total HCB in blood, intestinal excretion of unchanged HCB may account for about 6%, thus showing the importance of metabolism in the overall elimination of HCB. The elimination of HCB and metabolites by both routes, however, appears to be very small (< 0.05%/day) as compared to the estimated HCB adipose depots. Features of HCB kinetics that we present in this study, i.e., nonsaturated intestinal elimination of HCB and excretion in feces and urine of inert glutathione derivatives, may explain, in part, the absence of porphyria cutanea in this human population heavily exposed to HCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J To-Figueras
- Toxicology Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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Cui D, Harvison PJ. Determination of the site of glucuronidation in an N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide metabolite by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry following derivatization to picolinyl esters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2000; 14:1985-1990. [PMID: 11085408 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001115)14:21<1985::aid-rcm122>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization using 3-pyridylcarbinol coupled with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to characterize a novel Phase II metabolite of the nephrotoxic agricultural fungicide, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS). A glucuronide conjugate of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) was identified in the urine from a rat dosed with [14C]NDPS. However, 2-NDHSA contains an aliphatic hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid group, both of which are potential sites for glucuronidation. Mass spectrometry alone was unable to distinguish between these possibilities. Since the position of glucuronidation may be important in the mechanism of NDPS-induced nephrotoxicity, chemical derivatization in conjunction with mass spectrometry was used to characterize the glucuronide. The 2-NDHSA glucuronide conjugate was isolated from rat urine, derivatized with 3-pyridylcarbinol, and the derivatized metabolite was then analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Two known NDPS metabolites, 2-NDHSA and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinamic acid (NDPSA), were also isolated from rat urine and derivatized similarly. 3-Pyridinylcarbinol reacted rapidly with the carboxylic acid groups and formation of the picolinyl esters increased the ionization potential under positive ion conditions. The urinary glucuronide of 2-NDHSA was identified as an alcohol-linked glucuronide by examination of the molecular ions and the collision-induced dissociation (CID) product ion spectra of the derivatized products. When used in combination with mass spectrometry, derivatization of carboxylic acids with 3-pyridylcarbinol provided useful mass fragmentations and is a rapid way to obtain structural information about the position of glucuronidation of NDPS metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cravedi JP, Lafuente A, Baradat M, Hillenweck A, Perdu-Durand E. Biotransformation of pentachlorophenol, aniline and biphenyl in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes: comparison with in vivo metabolism. Xenobiotica 1999; 29:499-509. [PMID: 10379987 DOI: 10.1080/004982599238506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The biotransformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP), aniline and biphenyl in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated liver cells was investigated to examine if fish hepatocytes represent a suitable alternative to the in vivo approach for studying the biotransformation of chemicals. Each compound was incubated at two concentrations (10 and 60 microM) for 2 h. For comparison, the metabolic profile of these xenobiotics was also studied in urine and bile of trout orally exposed to 1.8-4.0 mg/kg wet wt of each compound. 2. In vitro as in vivo, PCP glucuronide and to a lesser extent PCP sulphate were the metabolites formed by trout from PCP. 3. Aniline was mainly metabolized to acetanilide and to a lesser extent to 2-aminophenol by isolated hepatocytes, but neither hydroxylated acetanilide nor conjugates were found in vitro whereas they were present in bile and urine of trout treated with this chemical. 4. Trout hepatocytes metabolized biphenyl to hydroxylated and dihydroxylated products and the corresponding glucuronides. These results correlated well with the metabolic profile obtained from the bile of trout exposed to this pesticide. 5. It is concluded that although hepatocytes are well suited for several types of biotransformation studies, the fact that this system may in some cases produce a different metabolic pattern than in vivo should be considered when attempting to extrapolate in vitro to in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cravedi
- Laboratoire des Xénobiotiques, INRA, Toulouse, France.
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Smith RA, Christenson WR, Bartels MJ, Arnold LL, St John MK, Cano M, Garland EM, Lake SG, Wahle BS, McNett DA, Cohen SM. Urinary physiologic and chemical metabolic effects on the urothelial cytotoxicity and potential DNA adducts of o-phenylphenol in male rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 150:402-13. [PMID: 9653072 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ortho-Phenylphenol (OPP), a fungicide and antibacterial agent with food residues, is carcinogenic to rat bladder. The present studies provide information on changes in urinary composition and urinary metabolites, urothelial cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia, and DNA adducts in male F344 rats fed OPP. An initial experiment evaluated dietary doses of 0, 1,000, 4,000, and 12,500 ppm OPP fed for 13 weeks. There was no evidence of urinary calculi, microcrystalluria, or calcium phosphate-containing precipitate, but urothelial cytotoxicity and hyperplasia occurred at the highest dose only. In a second experiment, rats were fed dietary OPP levels of 0, 800, 4,000, 8,000, and 12,500 ppm. Urinary pH was > 7 in all groups. Urinary volume was increased at the 2 highest doses with consequent decreases in osmolality, creatinine, and other solutes. Total urinary OPP metabolite excretions were increased, mostly excreted as conjugates of OPP and of phenylhydroquinone. Free OPP or free metabolites accounted for less than 2% excreted in the urine without a dose response. Urothelial toxicity and hyperplasia occurred only at doses of 8,000 and 12,500 ppm. OPP-DNA adducts were not detected in the urothelium at any dose. In summary, OPP produces cytotoxicity and proliferation of the urothelium at dietary doses > or = 8,000 ppm without formation of urinary solids. The paucity of unconjugated metabolites and the lack of OPP-DNA adducts suggests that OPP is acting as a bladder carcinogen in male rats by inducing cytotoxicity and hyperplasia without it or its metabolites directly binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
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Bartels MJ, Brzak KA, Bormett GA. Determination of ortho-phenylphenol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 703:97-104. [PMID: 9448066 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed to quantitate total o-phenylphenol (OPP) (free plus conjugates) in human urine. Conjugates of OPP were acid-hydrolyzed to free OPP, derivatized to the pentafluorobenzoyl ester derivative and analyzed via negative-ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two stable isotope analogs of OPP were shown to be suitable as internal standards for this method (D2-phenol ring, 13C6-phenyl ring). A synthetic method is presented for the preparation of the D2-OPP internal standard. The 13C6-OPP analog was also shown to be useful as an alternate test material for laboratory-based exposure studies. The limit of quantitation for this method was 1 ng OPP/ml urine. Calibration curves were linear for the analyte over the concentration range of 0.5-1117 ng OPP/ml urine. Relative recovery of OPP from urine ranged from 97.0 to 104.7%. Low levels of OPP (mean=6+/-7 ng/ml; n=22) were found in control human urine samples. The method was validated with urine samples obtained from human volunteers undergoing a dermal exposure study with 12C-/13C6-/14C-OPP. This method was developed to aid in assessments of human exposure to OPP during a variety of uses of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bartels
- Health and Environmental Research Laboratories, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
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Abstract
A method was developed for the biological monitoring of the fungicide epoxiconazol (Opus; BASF). Comparison of the urine levels of a hydroxylated metabolite after dermal application to the levels after oral intake revealed a dermal absorption of 1-2.5% of the dose. In a field study with 10 applicators a dermal exposure ranging between 60 and 10,000 microgram/person/day was determined from the urine levels of a hydroxylated metabolite; the contribution of the inhalation exposure was found to be negligible. From these data an incorporation of 1 to 100 microgram epoxiconazol/person/day could be derived. The measured exposure was compared to two commonly used exposure models. The model calculation resulted in a dermal exposure of 555 microgram/person/day (German BBA model) and 2115 microgram/person/day (British POEM), respectively, which is in accordance with the actually measured exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oestreich
- Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Gombos B, Merva M, Sekula F, Koci M. Phenylmercury and its mobilization in the organism by a metal complex-forming substance: 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sodium sulfonate. Med Lav 1996; 87:297-304. [PMID: 8956542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Workers handling dressing machines for seed treatment with the product Agronal, containing a phenylmercury chloride fungicide, were exposed to high concentrations of phenylmercury dust in the working environment. Urine analyses for mercury result in concentration of up to 0.1 mg Hg/l of urine. After administration of a complex-forming substance-Unitol (2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sodium sulfonate)-a higher urinary excretion of mercury occurred. The amount of mercury excreted confirmed its deposit in the organism. It was speculated that subjective complaints by workers handling dressing machines could be caused by high exposure to phenylmercury. This suggestion cannot, however, be fully accepted because the complaints were not necessarily specific for mercury only, but could also have been caused by factors of nontoxic origin, such as stress at the workplace, discontent with work and environmental hygiene conditions, conflicts and alcoholism. Most probably, it was a case of interpotentiation of the effects of toxic and non-toxic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gombos
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Headley JV, Maxwell DB, Swyngedouw C, Purdy JR. Determination of combined residues of metalaxyl and 2,6-dimethylaniline metabolites in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 1996; 79:117-23. [PMID: 8620103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for determination of combined residues of the fungicide metalaxyl and its metabolites in urine containing the 2,6-dimethylaniline moiety is described. The method is a modification of a method of Balasubramanian and Perez for analysis of metalaxyl in vegetables. Noted modifications include replacement of steam extraction with extraction by methylene chloride and use of electron impact ionization GC/MS in the selected-ion mode. The method is linear over the range of 0.1-5 micrograms 2,6-dimethylaniline/g urine and has a detection limit of 0.025 microgram/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Headley
- Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Leenheers LH, Engel R, Spruit WE, Meuling WJ, Jongen MJ. Determination of methyl 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazole carbamate in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 1993; 613:89-94. [PMID: 8458906 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80200-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for methyl 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazole carbamate (5-HBC) in urine was developed in order to assess the exposure of workers to the pesticide carbendazim. 5-HBC is measured in urine after hydrolysis, sample clean-up through a strong cation-exchange (SCX) column and extraction with ethyl acetate. HPLC with electrochemical detection provides selective and sensitive determination of 5-HBC with a detection limit of 5 micrograms/l. A C18 reversed-phase column was used with 0.06 M ammonium acetate solution (pH 8)-methanol (73:27) as mobile phase. The method was validated with respect to hydrolysis of urine samples, analytical recovery of spiked 5-HBC, stability of 5-HBC conjugates, limit of detection, background and precision. The overall analytical recovery from urine was better than 60%. 5-HBC, excreted in urine as a conjugate, was stable for at least one year when stored at -20 degrees C. A background of ca. 5 micrograms/l was detected in urine from some non-occupationally exposed persons. Between-day coefficients of variation as calculated from the results of the stability test were 7, 4 and 4% for concentrations of 61, 244 and 295 micrograms/l 5-HBC, respectively (n = 16).
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Leenheers
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Payan JP, Beydon D, Fabry JP, Morel G, Brondeau MT, Ban M, De Ceaurriz J. Partial contribution of biliary metabolites to nephrotoxicity, renal content and excretion of [14C]hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1993; 13:19-24. [PMID: 8440871 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550130106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague Dawley rats with cannulated bile duct (BDC rats) received 100 or 200 mg kg-1 labelled hexachloro-1,3-butadiene ([14C]HCBD) by gavage 1 h (BDC1 rats) or 24 h (BDC24 rats) after surgical cannula implantation. Twenty-four hours after treatment with HCBD, rats were examined histochemically and biochemically for kidney damage. Urine, faeces, liver and kidney radioactivities were also measured in 24-h samples. Results were compared with those obtained from non-cannulated (NC) rats. Bile-duct cannulation did not completely protect against HCBD-induced kidney damage. The 24-h [14C] urinary excretion and tissue content was 30-50% lower in BDC rats compared to NC rats and correlated well with the toxicity findings. BDC1 rats appeared to be much more resistant to HCBD treatment than BDC24 rats. Since faecal [14C] radioactivity extractable by diethyl ether at neutral pH in BDC1 rats was twice that measured in BDC24 rats, the greater resistance was attributed to a higher deficiency in the gastrointestinal absorption of unchanged HCBD. The present results reveal that the biliary metabolites of HCBD are not solely responsible for kidney toxicity as previously assumed. They suggest a sinusoidal efflux of the HCBD conjugates from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Payan
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
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Abstract
The metabolic fate and pathway of the imidazole fungicide prochloraz (1-[N-propyl-N-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy) ethyl carbamoyl] imidazole) were investigated in the rat after administration of oral single doses with radiolabelled molecules. At both dose levels (50 and 250 mg/kg body weight), virtually all of the ingested [14C-phenyl]prochloraz was excreted in the urine or faeces within 96 hr, the bulk of excretion occurring between 24 and 48 hr after dosing. Urinary elimination accounted for 61 and 68% of the respective initial doses. Urinary metabolic products were isolated and identified by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. Prochloraz was completely metabolized with no unchanged compound being excreted in the urine. The main biotransformation products in rat urine were 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its corresponding alcohol, the latter as a glucuronic acid conjugate. Ring hydroxylation also occurred, with the hydroxy-2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyethanol and hydroxy-2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolites excreted in small amounts in the urine. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol and unconjugated 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyethanol were identified as minor urinary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laignelet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biologie Appliquée à la Nutrition et à l'Alimentation, Campus Universitaire Montmuzard, Dijon, France
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Abstract
The metabolism of PCNB in rats was studied. Metabolites isolated from rat excreta and identified were: N-acetyl-S-(pentachlorophenyl)cysteine, pentachlorothiophenol, pentachlorothioanisole, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothiophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothioanisole, 2,3,4,6- and/or 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-thiophenol and -thioanisole, 1,4-bis(methylthio)tetrachlorobenzene, 1,4-dimercapto-tetrachlorobenzene and/or 4-methylthio-tetrachlorothiophenol, pentachlorophenol, pentachloroanisole, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroanisole, 2,3,4,6- and/or 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-phenol and -anisole, pentachlorobenzene, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroaniline and 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroaniline.
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Horn GW, Horn FP, Lyman WR, Wagner DG. Tissue residues of steers grazed on wheat pasture treated with INDAR systemic fungicide. J Anim Sci 1979; 49:318-23. [PMID: 511792 DOI: 10.2527/jas1979.492318x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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