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Taga S, Suga H, Nakano T, Kuwahara A, Inoshita N, Kodani Y, Nagasaki H, Sato Y, Tsumura Y, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Miwata T, Ozaki H, Kano M, Watari K, Ikeda A, Yamanaka M, Takahashi Y, Kitamoto S, Kawaguchi Y, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Yasuda Y, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Tomigahara Y, Kimura T, Arima H. Generation and purification of ACTH-secreting hPSC-derived pituitary cells for effective transplantation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1657-1671. [PMID: 37295423 PMCID: PMC10444568 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary organoids are promising graft sources for transplantation in treatment of hypopituitarism. Building on development of self-organizing culture to generate pituitary-hypothalamic organoids (PHOs) using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we established techniques to generate PHOs using feeder-free hPSCs and to purify pituitary cells. The PHOs were uniformly and reliably generated through preconditioning of undifferentiated hPSCs and modulation of Wnt and TGF-β signaling after differentiation. Cell sorting using EpCAM, a pituitary cell-surface marker, successfully purified pituitary cells, reducing off-target cell numbers. EpCAM-expressing purified pituitary cells reaggregated to form three-dimensional pituitary spheres (3D-pituitaries). These exhibited high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretory capacity and responded to both positive and negative regulators. When transplanted into hypopituitary mice, the 3D-pituitaries engrafted, improved ACTH levels, and responded to in vivo stimuli. This method of generating purified pituitary tissue opens new avenues of research for pituitary regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Taga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tokushige Nakano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, 4-3-1 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mika Soen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Watari
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamanaka
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan; Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Asano K, Takahashi Y, Ueno M, Fukuda T, Otani M, Kitamoto S, Tomigahara Y. Lack of human relevance for rat developmental toxicity of flumioxazin is revealed by comparative heme synthesis assay using embryonic erythroid cells derived from human and rat pluripotent stem cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:125-138. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Manako Ueno
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Takako Fukuda
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Mitsuhiro Otani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Matsunaga K, Fukunaga S, Abe J, Takeuchi H, Kitamoto S, Tomigahara Y. Comparative hepatotoxicity of a herbicide, epyrifenacil, in humans and rodents by comparing the dynamics and kinetics of its causal metabolite. J Pestic Sci 2021; 46:333-341. [PMID: 34908893 PMCID: PMC8640676 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new herbicide, epyrifenacil (S-3100), inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) in plants. Repeated administration of epyrifenacil in laboratory animals led to some toxicological changes related to PPO inhibition, e.g., hepatotoxicity caused by porphyrin accumulation and anemia caused by the inhibition of heme biosynthesis. In vitro studies revealed that an ester-cleaved metabolite, S-3100-CA, is predominant in mammals, exhibits PPO-inhibitory activity, and thus is the cause of epyrifenacil-induced toxicity. To assess the human risk, the effects of species differences on the dynamics (PPO inhibition) and kinetics (liver uptake) of epyrifenacil were evaluated separately. The results of in vitro assays revealed an approximately tenfold weaker inhibition of PPO by S-3100-CA in humans than in rodents and six- to thirteen-fold less hepatic uptake of S-3100-CA in humans than in mice. Finally, it was suggested that humans are less sensitive to the toxicity of epyrifenacil than are rodents, although further mechanistic research is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Satoki Fukunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Hayato Takeuchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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Tarui H, Tomigahara Y, Nagahori H, Sugimoto K, Mogi M, Kawamura S, Isobe N, Kaneko H. Species differences in the developmental toxicity of procymidone-Placental transfer of procymidone in pregnant rats, rabbits, and monkeys. J Pestic Sci 2018; 43:79-87. [PMID: 30363091 PMCID: PMC6140638 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To clarify species differences in the developmental toxicity of procymidone (Sumilex®, a fungicide for agricultural use), placental transfer studies were conducted using 14C-labeled procymidone in pregnant rats, rabbits, and monkeys. These studies demonstrated that maternal-to-fetal transfer of the parent compound and its hydroxylated metabolite, which are both weak anti-androgenic agents, occurred more easily than that of other metabolites, with much higher absolute concentrations achieved in the fetal circulation of rats than of rabbits or monkeys. Notably, in rats, the fetal plasma concentration of the hydroxylated metabolite was higher than that of procymidone, especially after repeated oral administration of procymidone. These results suggest that the hydroxylated metabolite is the most relevant metabolite involved in teratogenic activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
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Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Matsui M, Kurosawa M, Kawamura S, Isobe N. Lack of human relevance for procymidone's developmental toxicity attributable to species difference in its kinetics and metabolism. J Pestic Sci 2018; 43:114-123. [PMID: 30363160 PMCID: PMC6140727 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural fungicide procymidone can cause external genitalia abnormalities in rats but not monkeys or rabbits. To investigate the relevance of developmental findings in rats to humans, we conducted in vitro plasma protein binding studies, in vitro metabolism (biotransformation) studies using liver S9 fractions and hepatocytes, and in vivo metabolism and excretion studies using chimeric mice with humanized hepatocytes. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the metabolic and excretion profiles of procymidone in humans are similar to those in monkeys and rabbits but differ from those in rats. From the findings of this and previous studies, we judge the developmental toxicity potential of procymidone to be very low in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Masayoshi Matsui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Abe J, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Omori R, Kawamura S. Identification of Metabolism and Excretion Differences of Procymidone between Rats and Humans Using Chimeric Mice: Implications for Differential Developmental Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1955-1963. [PMID: 29313347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A metabolite of procymidone, hydroxylated-PCM, causes rat-specific developmental toxicity due to higher exposure to it in rats than in rabbits or monkeys. When procymidone was administered to chimeric mice with rat or human hepatocytes, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was higher than that of procymidone in rat chimeric mice, and the metabolic profile of procymidone in intact rats was well reproduced in rat chimeric mice. In human chimeric mice, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was less, resulting in a much lower exposure. The main excretion route of hydroxylated-PCM-glucuronide was bile (the point that hydroxylated-PCM enters the enterohepatic circulation) in rat chimeric mice, and urine in human chimeric mice. These data suggest that humans, in contrast to rats, extensively form the glucuronide and excrete it in urine, as do rabbits and monkeys. Overall, procymidone's potential for causing teratogenicity in humans must be low compared to that in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Omori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Abe J, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Nagahori H, Kurosawa M, Sugimoto K, Isobe N. Metabolism of metofluthrin in rats: II. Excretion, distribution and amount of metabolites. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1113-1127. [PMID: 29157071 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1397813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. 14 C-Labelled E/Z isomers of a synthetic pyrethroid metofluthrin ((E/Z)-(1 R,3 R)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate, abbreviated as RTE/RTZ, respectively) were used for rat metabolism studies. 14 C-RTE or RTZ labelled at the carbonyl-carbon [acid-14C] or the methoxymethylbenzyl-α-carbon [alcohol-14 C] was administered orally to rats at 1 and 20 mg/kg. 2. Dosed compounds were mostly absorbed, metabolised, and rapidly excreted. Dose-related increase in blood AUC suggested no saturation of absorption at the high dose. Blood 14 C was maximal at 3-8 h and decreased with a half-life of 52-163 h. Radioactivity in tissues, blood and plasma decreased basically at the same rate and the sum fell below 0.2% of the dose at 168 h. 3. Although the major metabolic pathways of the isomers, that is, ester cleavage, O-demethylation and ω-oxidation, were similar, there was a notable difference. The RTZ double bond commonly undergoes epoxidation while RTE double bond mainly undergoes glutathione conjugation, which causes faster elimination from plasma and greater excretion into faeces on RTE. Faster urinary excretion and elimination from blood were observed for the alcohol moiety than the acid moiety. 4. In conclusion, this study described the overall metabolic profiles of metofluthrin and identified the differences in metabolic breakdown between the isomers. No marked sex-/dose-related differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
| | - Motohiro Kurosawa
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
| | | | - Naohiko Isobe
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan and
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Abstract
1. Metofluthrin (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (Z/E)-(1R)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate) is a novel pyrethroid insecticide, which has E/Z isomers at prop-1-enyl group. 2. Rats were orally dosed with each [14C]-labelled E/Z isomer, and the excreta were collected for isolation and identification of metabolites. Analysis of the excreta by LC/MS and NMR revealed formation of 33 and 23 (total 42) metabolites from rats dosed with Z-isomer and E-isomer, respectively. 3. Major metabolic reactions were cleavage of ester linkage, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, epoxidation or reduction of double bond, glutathione conjugation and its further metabolism, hydroxylation of epoxide and formation of lactone ring. Notably, the acid side, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, was much more variously metabolised compared to chrysanthemic acid, the acid side of the known pyrethroids. 4. Major metabolites for Z-isomer mostly retained ester linkage with 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group and/or 2-methylalcohol of cyclopropane ring, while most of those for E-isomer received hydrolysis of the ester linkage without oxidation at the 1-propenyl group or the gem-methyl groups, suggesting epoxidation and hydroxylation could occur more easily on Z-isomer. 5. As the novel metabolic pathways for pyrethroids, isomerisation of ω-carboxylic acid moiety, reduction or hydration of double bond and cleavage of cyclopropane ring via epoxidation were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- a Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
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Abstract
When [benzyl-α-(14)C]-labeled (Z)-(1R,3R)-profluthrin (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (Z)-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(prop-1-enyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate, a newly developed pyrethroid) was administered orally to rats at 1 mg/kg, around 70% was absorbed, metabolized, and mainly excreted into urine within 48 h. Radioactivity in plasma reached Cmax at 6-8 h, and decreased (half-life; 37-52 h). A similar tendency was observed also in tissues. Absorption rate was slightly lower at high dose, while kinetics and distribution did not change. Eight metabolites were detected in urine and one in feces. Most of the (14)C in feces was unabsorbed (Z)-(1R,3R)-profluthrin. The main metabolic reactions were ester cleavage, hydroxylation of the methyl group on the C4-position of the benzene ring, and its glucuronidation or oxidation to carboxylic acid. Oxidation of the geminal dimethyl on the cyclopropane-C2 to carboxylic acid, oxidation followed by hydration of the propenyl double bond, and ω-oxidation to carboxylic acid and mercapturic acid conjugation of the benzyl alcohol were observed as minor reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Omori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mikata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kurosawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Akita K, Takahashi Y, Takata N, Hashimoto M, Kataoka M, Tomigahara Y, Saito K. XLGαolf regulates expression of p27Kip1 in a CSN5 and CDK2 dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:385-90. [PMID: 22120635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
XLGα(olf) is an extra large transcriptional variant of the heterotrimeric G protein, Gα(olf), which we previously reported to be localized in the Golgi apparatus and interacted with Rab3A and Rab8A through its N-terminal region. However, many physiological functions of XLGα(olf) remain to be elucidated. In this study, performance of yeast two-hybrid screening with XLGα(olf) allowed isolation of COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5), known to regulate the p27(Kip1) protein level through a proteasome dependent pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments followed by Western blotting also showed association of CSN5 with XLGα(olf) linked to down-regulation of p27(Kip1). Gene silencing of endogenous CSN5 by siRNA attenuated the XLGα(olf)-mediated down-regulation, which was also demonstrated to require CDK2. Both knock down of CDK2 and the treatment with a CDK2 inhibitor reversed the reduction of p27(Kip1) due to XLGα(olf). Our findings provide important clues to understanding physiological functions of XLGα(olf).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Akita
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Higashi K, Tomigahara Y, Shiraki H, Miyata K, Mikami T, Kimura T, Moro T, Inagaki Y, Kaneko H. A novel small compound that promotes nuclear translocation of YB-1 ameliorates experimental hepatic fibrosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4485-92. [PMID: 21115500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.151936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is considered to be a major factor contributing to liver fibrosis. We have previously shown that nuclear translocation of YB-1 antagonizes the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in regulating collagen gene expression. More recently, we have demonstrated that the novel small compound HSc025 promotes nuclear translocation of YB-1, resulting in the improvement of skin and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we presented evidence as to the mechanism by which HSc025 stimulates nuclear translocation of YB-1 and the pharmacological effects of HSc025 on a murine model of hepatic fibrosis. A proteomics approach and binding assays using HSc025-immobilized resin showed that HSc025 binds to the amino acid sequence within the C-tail region of YB-1. In addition, immunoprecipitation experiments and glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays identified poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) as one of the cytoplasmic anchor proteins of YB-1. HSc025 directly binds to YB-1 and interrupts its interaction with PABP, resulting in accelerated nuclear translocation of YB-1. Transfection of cells with PABP siRNA promoted nuclear translocation of YB-1 and subsequently inhibited basal and TGF-β-stimulated collagen gene expression. Moreover, HSc025 significantly suppressed collagen gene expression in cultured activated hepatic stellate cells. Oral administration of HSc025 to mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis improved liver injury as well as the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Altogether, the results provide a novel insight into therapy for organ fibrosis using YB-1 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Higashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Nagahori H, Matsunaga H, Tomigahara Y, Isobe N, Kaneko H. Metabolism of 2,6-Dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenyl 3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]propyl Ether (Pyridalyl) in Rats after Repeated Oral Administration and a Simple Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Brown and White Adipose Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:824-32. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hasegawa M, Matsushita Y, Horikawa M, Higashi K, Tomigahara Y, Kaneko H, Shirasaki F, Fujimoto M, Takehara K, Sato S. A novel inhibitor of Smad-dependent transcriptional activation suppresses tissue fibrosis in mouse models of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:3465-75. [PMID: 19877032 DOI: 10.1002/art.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), and an increasing number of promising molecular targets for antifibrotic therapies have been described recently. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is well known to be the principal factor that leads to tissue fibrosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of HSc025, a novel small compound that antagonizes TGFbeta/Smad signaling through the activation of nuclear translocation of Y-box binding protein 1, to prevent tissue fibrosis in vitro or in mouse models of SSc. METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to HSc025 at various concentrations in the presence of TGFbeta, and levels of collagen or fibronectin expression were determined. HSc025 (15 mg/kg/day for 14 days) was administered orally to tight skin mice and to mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Improvement of tissue fibrosis was evaluated by histologic or biochemical examination in each model. RESULTS Pretreatment with HSc025 prevented Smad-dependent promoter activation, in a dose-dependent manner; however, HSc025 had no effect on TGFbeta-induced phosphorylation of Smad3. The inhibitory effects of HSc025 on TGFbeta-induced collagen or fibronectin expression were also confirmed in vitro. Orally administered HSc025 significantly reduced hypodermal thickness and hydroxyproline content in tight skin mice, and markedly decreased the histologic score and hydroxyproline content in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that HSc025 is a novel inhibitor of TGFbeta/Smad signaling, resulting in the improvement of skin and pulmonary fibrosis. Orally available HSc025 might therefore be useful in the treatment of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Harada K, Kubo H, Tomigahara Y, Nishioka K, Takahashi J, Momose M, Inoue S, Kojima A. Coumarins as novel 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 inhibitors for potential treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:272-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
PCM-CH2OH [N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-hydroxymethyl-2-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboximide] and PA-CH2OH [2-carboxyl-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-hydroxymethyl-2-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide] are metabolites of the fungicide procymidone [N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboximide] in rat. The distribution and metabolism of PCM-CH2OH and PA-CH2OH were here clarified by analyzing plasma and tissues (liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen and ovary) of female rats after single subcutaneous administration of [phenyl-14C]PCM-CH2OH and [phenyl-14C]PA-CH2OH at 62.5 mg/kg, respectively. In both rats dosed with PCM-CH2OH and PA-CH2OH, the radioactivity was similarly distributed into plasma and tissues, and PA-CH2OH was detected as the main metabolite in plasma, whereas PCM-CH2OH predominated in tissues except for kidney at 1 h after administration of PA-CH2OH. Furthermore, the cyclization ratio [PCM-CH2OH/(PCM-CH2OH+PA-CH2OH)] increased in tissues of PA-CH2OH dosed rats with passage of time. Both procymidone and PCM-CH2OH have convertible conformations (closed and open ring forms), so influence of pH conditions to their conversion was examined. Both compounds demonstrated closed rings under acidic conditions, and open rings under alkaline conditions. Generally, intracellar pH is kept at approximately neutral, and extracellular pH is kept at 0.6-0.7 units higher in all the animal species, so that our in vitro results supported in vivo findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd. 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-naka Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558 Japan.
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Nagahori H, Tomigahara Y, Isobe N, Kaneko H. Metabolism of pyridalyl in rats: excretion, distribution, and biotransformation of dichloropropenyl-labeled pyridalyl. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:10845-10851. [PMID: 19919122 DOI: 10.1021/jf9026469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of pyridalyl [2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenyl 3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]propyl ether] labeled at position 2 of the dichloropropenyl group with 14C was investigated after single oral administration to male and female rats at 5 and 500 mg/kg. Absorbed 14C was excreted into feces (68-79%), urine (8-14%), and expired air (6-10%) in all of the groups. Regarding 14C-tissue residues on the seventh day after administration, fat showed the highest levels at 0.98-2.34 ppm and 219-221 ppm with the low and high doses, respectively. 14C-Residues in other tissues accounted for 0.03-0.32 ppm at the low dose and 3-70 ppm at the high dose. The percentages of the 14C-residue in fat were 1.50-3.16% of the dose, and those of muscle and hair and skin were also relatively high, accounting for 0.49-1.20%. Total 14C-residues in the whole body were 2.95-6.80% of the dose. Fecal metabolites in male rats treated with 500 mg/kg pyridalyl were purified by a combination of chromatographic techniques, and chemical structures of 8 metabolites were identified by NMR and MS spectrometry. The biotransformation reactions in rats were proposed to be as follows: (1) epoxidation of the double bond in the dichloropropenyl group followed by hydration, dehydrochlorination, decarboxylation, and/or mercapturic acid conjugation; (2) CO2 formation after O-dealkylation of pyridalyl and its metabolites; (3) hydroxylation of C3 in the pyridyl ring; (4) O-dealkylation of the pyridyloxy and the trimethylene groups; (5) dehydrochlorination and hydration in the dichloropropenyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Abstract
The metabolism of flufenpyr-ethyl [ethyl 2-chloro-5-[1,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-1-yl]-4-fluorophenoxyacetate] was examined in rats and mice. [Phenyl-(14)C]flufenpyr-ethyl was administered to rats and mice as a single oral dose at a level of 500 mg/kg, and (14)C-excretion was examined. Total (14)C-recoveries within 7 days after administration were 93.2 to 97.5% (feces, 42.0 to 46.0%; and urine, 47.2 to 55.5%) in rats and 92.6 to 96.4% (feces, 26.7 to 32.7%; and urine, 59.9 to 69.7%) in mice. (14)C-Excretion into expired air was not detected in rats (expired air of mice was not analyzed). No marked species- or sex-related differences were observed in the rate of (14)C-elimination, but a relatively higher excretion into the urine of mice was observed compared to that in rats. (14)C-residues in tissue 7 days after administration were relatively high for liver, hair, skin, and kidney, but total (14)C-residues were low, below 0.2% of the dose. An ester cleaved metabolite (S-3153acid) was the major metabolite in feces and urine. Hydroxylation of the methyl group on the C5 of the pyridazine ring and ether cleavage were also observed. No sex-related differences were observed in (14)C-elimination, (14)C-distribution, and metabolite profiles, and metabolism of flufenpyr-ethyl in rats and mice was similar. In vitro metabolism of flufenpyr-ethyl was examined using stomach and intestinal contents and blood and liver S9 fractions (postmitochondrial supernatant fractions) in rats. S-3153acid was detected as a major metabolite in the presence of intestinal contents and blood and liver S9 fractions, and a small amount was also formed in the presence of stomach contents, indicating that the parent compound is rapidly metabolized by intestinal contents and blood and liver S9 fractions through ester cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Kasugade-Naka, Osaka, Japan.
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Hasegawa M, Matsushita Y, Horikawa M, Higashi K, Tomigahara Y, Kaneko H, Takehara K, Sato S. A novel inhibitor of Smad-dependent transcriptional activation suppresses tissue fibrosis in model mice of systemic sclerosis (50.31). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.50.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). TGF-β is well known to be the principal factor that leads to tissue fibrosis. We tested a novel small compound HSc025, which is an antagonist of TGF-β/Smads signaling, would prevent tissue fibrosis in vitro or in mouse models of SSc. Human dermal fibroblasts were exposed at various doses of HSc025 in the presence of TGF-β, and the expression levels of collagen or fibronectin were determined. Administration of HSc025 (15 mg/kg/day, p.o.), halofuginone (1μg/mouse/day, i.p.) or placebo to tight skin mouse or to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice was performed for 14 days. Pretreatment with HSc025 prevented Smad-dependent promoter activation in a dose-dependent manner, however, HSc025 had no effect on TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad3. The inhibitory effects of HSc025 on TGF-β-induced collagen or fibronectin expression were also confirmed in vitro. The oral administration of HSc025 dramatically reduced hypodermal thickness in tight skin mice, and markedly decreased hydroxyproline contents and histological score in the lungs of bleomycine-treated mice.
These results demonstrate that HSc025 is a novel inhibitor against TGF-β/Smads signaling, resulting in the improvement of skin and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, orally available HSc025 might be useful for the therapy of SSc.
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Hirose Y, Nagahori H, Yamada T, Deguchi Y, Tomigahara Y, Nishioka K, Uwagawa S, Kawamura S, Isobe N, Lake BG, Okuno Y. Comparison of the effects of the synthetic pyrethroid Metofluthrin and phenobarbital on CYP2B form induction and replicative DNA synthesis in cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Toxicology 2009; 258:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Inawaka K, Kawabe M, Takahashi S, Doi Y, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Abe J, Kawamura S, Shirai T. Maternal exposure to anti-androgenic compounds, vinclozolin, flutamide and procymidone, has no effects on spermatogenesis and DNA methylation in male rats of subsequent generations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:178-87. [PMID: 19303894 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To verify whether anti-androgens cause transgenerational effects on spermatogenesis and DNA methylation in rats, gravid Crl:CD(SD) female rats (4 or 5/group, gestational day (GD) 0=day sperm detected) were intraperitoneally treated with anti-androgenic compounds, such as vinclozolin (100 mg/kg/day), procymidone (100 mg/kg/day), or flutamide (10 mg/kg/day), from GD 8 to GD 15. Testes were collected from F1 male pups at postnatal day (PND) 6 for DNA methylation analysis of the region (210 bp including 7 CpG sites) within the lysophospholipase gene by bisulfite DNA sequencing method. F0 and F1 males underwent the sperm analysis (count, motility and morphology), followed by DNA methylation analysis of the sperm. Remaining F1 males were cohabited with untreated-females to obtain F2 male pups for subsequent DNA methylation analysis of the testes at PND 6. These analyses showed no effects on spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 males of any treatment group. DNA methylation status in testes (F1 and F2 pups at PND 6) or sperms (F1 males at 13 weeks old) of the treatment groups were comparable to the control at all observation points, although DNA methylation rates in testes were slightly lower than those in sperm. In F0 males, no abnormalities in the spermatogenesis, fertility and DNA methylation status of sperm were observed. No transgenerational abnormalities of spermatogenesis and DNA methylation status caused by anti-androgenic compounds were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunifumi Inawaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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22
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Deguchi Y, Yamada T, Hirose Y, Nagahori H, Kushida M, Sumida K, Sukata T, Tomigahara Y, Nishioka K, Uwagawa S, Kawamura S, Okuno Y. Mode of Action Analysis for the Synthetic Pyrethroid Metofluthrin-Induced Rat Liver Tumors: Evidence for Hepatic CYP2B Induction and Hepatocyte Proliferation. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:69-80. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ogawa M, Oyama T, Isse T, Saito K, Tomigahara Y, Endo Y, Kawamoto T. A comparison of covalent binding of ethanol metabolites to DNA according to Aldh2 genotype. Toxicol Lett 2006; 168:148-54. [PMID: 17166675 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the effects of ALDH2 polymorphism on the carcinogenicity and organ damage caused by ethanol consumption, labeled ethanol was administered to wild-type (C57BL/6, Aldh2+/+) and Aldh2 knock-out (Aldh2-/-) mice, and DNA adduct levels of organs were compared according to Aldh2 genotype. Aldh2-/- mice, which have the same genetic background as C57BL/6 mice except in the Aldh2 gene, were used as a model of lack of ALDH2 activity in humans. The DNA adduct levels in liver, stomach, and kidney and radioactivity in liver, stomach, kidney, and serum were measured by liquid scintillation counting 6, 12, and 24h after administration. Though radioactivity levels in all organs decreased over time, there were no significant differences in radioactivity between Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice. On the other hand, the DNA radioactivity in each organ tested differed significantly between Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice 24h after administration. These findings show that ethanol consumption affects DNA in Aldh2-/- mice much more strongly than in Aldh2+/+ mice. According to the IARC document, ethanol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Moreover, several studies have shown that ALDH2-deficient humans who habitually consume ethanol have higher rates of cancer than humans with ALDH2. Our results support these findings of epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ogawa
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Metabolism of N-[(R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-2-cyano-3,3-dimethylbutanamide (Delaus, S-2900) and its isomer, N-[(S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-2-cyano-3,3-dimethylbutanamide (S-2900S), in rats. 1. Identification of metabolites in feces and urine. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:4333-42. [PMID: 16756364 DOI: 10.1021/jf0600509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rats were orally dosed with a 1:1 diastereomixture of N-[(R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-2-cyano-3,3-dimethylbutanamide (Delaus, S-2900) and N-[(S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-2-cyano-3,3-dimethylbutanamide (S-2900S), both labeled with 14C, at 200 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, and 16 metabolites in urine and feces were purified by a combination of several chromatographic techniques. The chemical structures of all isolated metabolites were identified by spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). Several of them were unique decyanated and/or cyclic compounds (lactone, imide, cyclic amide, cyclic imino ether forms). Major biotransformation reactions of the mixture of S-2900 and S-2900S in rats are proposed on the basis of the metabolites identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Tarui H, Tomigahara Y, Matsui M, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Mikami N. Metabolism of diethofencarb (isopropyl 3,4-diethoxyphenylcarbamate) in rats: identification of metabolites in urine. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:538-544. [PMID: 14759145 DOI: 10.1021/jf034779i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rats were orally given a diethofencarb (isopropyl 3,4-diethoxyphenylcarbamate) labeled with (14)C, at 300 mg/kg/day, for 4 consecutive days, and 11 metabolites in urine were purified by a combination of several chromatographic techniques. The chemical structures of all isolated metabolites were identified by spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). Ten of them were newly identified forms. Five of them were S-conjugates: three mercapturic acid conjugates, one S-methyl conjugate, and one SO-methyl conjugate. The others were two phenoxyacetic acids, hydroxyacetanilide, hydroxyisopropyl carbamate, and oxazolinone derivatives. From the results, the existence of the following reactions in rats can be concluded: (1) deethylation of the 4-ethoxy group; (2) conjugation of phenols with glutathione, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidation and depeptidation of the glutathione to form cysteine conjugates, and N-acetylation of the cysteine; (3) cleavage of the C-S linkage of cysteine conjugates followed by methylation; (4) oxidation of the S-methyl group; (5) cleavage of the carbamate linkage; (6) acetylation of the resultant amino group; (7) oxidation of the acetyl group; (8) oxidation of the isopropyl group; (9) cyclization of the oxidized isopropyl carbamate group; and (10) oxidation of the 4-ethoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Liang G, Chan MF, Tomigahara Y, Tsai YC, Gonzales FA, Li E, Laird PW, Jones PA. Cooperativity between DNA methyltransferases in the maintenance methylation of repetitive elements. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:480-91. [PMID: 11756544 PMCID: PMC139739 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.2.480-491.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Revised: 08/22/2001] [Accepted: 10/05/2001] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with systematic gene knockouts for DNA methyltransferases to delineate the roles of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and Dnmt3a and -3b in maintaining methylation patterns in the mouse genome. Dnmt1 alone was able to maintain methylation of most CpG-poor regions analyzed. In contrast, both Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and/or Dnmt3b were required for methylation of a select class of sequences which included abundant murine LINE-1 promoters. We used a novel hemimethylation assay to show that even in wild-type cells these sequences contain high levels of hemimethylated DNA, suggestive of poor maintenance methylation. We showed that Dnmt3a and/or -3b could restore methylation of these sequences to pretreatment levels following transient exposure of cells to 5-aza-CdR, whereas Dnmt1 by itself could not. We conclude that ongoing de novo methylation by Dnmt3a and/or Dnmt3b compensates for inefficient maintenance methylation by Dnmt1 of these endogenous repetitive sequences. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized degree of cooperativity among mammalian DNA methyltransferases in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangning Liang
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9181, USA
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Nagahori H, Komai K, Tomigahara Y, Saito K, Isobe N, Kaneko H. Initial induction and subsequent reduction of alpha(2u)-globulin in urine and serum of mature male rats after repeated intraperitoneal injections of (anti)estrogen. Toxicology 2001; 162:73-80. [PMID: 11337107 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex (anti)hormones on expression of alpha(2u)-globulin (a2uG) is complex and has not been sufficiently detailed. In order to assess the specificity of sex (anti)hormone action on a2uG expression and the utility of this approach as a sensitive screening method, mature male rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 17beta-estradiol (E2), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), tamoxifen (TX) and flutamide (FL) for 5 consecutive days. They were employed as representatives of estrogen, androgen, antiestrogen and antiandrogen categories, respectively. Urinary a2uG was specifically altered with E2 (1 microg/kg/day) and TX (50 mg/kg/day), but not by DHT (1 mg/kg/day) or FL (50 mg/kg/day). E2 and TX temporarily increased urinary a2uG on days 1 or 2, and days 2-4, respectively, followed by a return to the control level, and then a decrease with E2. The reduction in urinary a2uG on day 6 was more pronounced than the drop in serum a2uG. Serum hormone levels, and liver and testis weights were not remarkably altered with any treatment. Another strong xenoestrogen, diethylstilbestrol, also significantly reduced urinary and serum a2uG at 1 mg/kg/day on day 6. However, the other xenoestrogens (100 mg/kg/day of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 10 mg/kg/day of dieldrin) and phytoestrogens (10 mg/kg/day of genistein and daidzein) were without any appreciable influence. The results indicate that urinary a2uG is a sensitive indicator of estrogen action in mature male rats, with two different responses, initial induction and subsequent reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Nagahori H, Yoshino H, Tomigahara Y, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Metabolism of furametpyr. 2. (14)C excretion, (14)C concentrations in tissues, and amounts of metabolites in rats. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:5760-5767. [PMID: 11087551 DOI: 10.1021/jf000134w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
14C-Labeled furametpyr [N-(1,3-dihydro-1,1, 3-trimethylisobenzofuran-4-yl)-5-chloro-1, 3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxamide, Limber] was dosed to male and female rats at 1 (low dose) and 200 or 300 mg/kg (high dose). Elimination of furametpyr was rapid, and the dosed (14)C was substantially excreted within 7 days (45.5-53.3% in feces, 44.1-53. 8% in urine, and 0.01% in expired air). However, (14)C excretion rate showed sex- and dose-related differences, more rapid in males at low dose. (14)C concentrations in tissues decreased rapidly to generally low levels at 7 days (<0.004 ppm with the low dose and <1. 1 ppm with the high dose). Forty metabolites were detected, and 13 metabolites and 4 glucuronides were identified. A small amount of unchanged furametpyr was detected in feces (0.1-0.5% of the dose). The major metabolites in tissues were N-demethylated metabolites. In a bile study, 52.5-54.2% of the dosed (14)C was rapidly excreted into bile within 2 days. The absorption ratio was estimated to be >93.7% for the low dose (1 mg/kg). Major metabolites in bile were glucuronic acid conjugates of furametpyr hydroxides. On the basis of the results, furametpyr is substantially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, rapidly distributed to tissues, extensively metabolized, and excreted into urine and bile or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Nagahori H, Yoshino H, Tomigahara Y, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Metabolism of furametpyr. 1. Identification of metabolites and in vitro biotransformation in rats and humans. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:5754-5759. [PMID: 11087550 DOI: 10.1021/jf0001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Urinary and fecal metabolites in male rats treated with a (14)C-labeled fungicide, furametpyr [N-(1,3-dihydro-1,1, 3-trimethylisobenzofuran-4-yl)-5-chloro-1, 3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxamide, Limber], were purified by a combination of chromatographic techniques, and chemical structures of 14 metabolites were identified by spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). The major biotransformation reactions of furametpyr in rats were found to be (1) N-demethylation, (2) oxidation of the methyl group at C3 of the pyrazole ring, (3) oxidation of the methyl group at C1 of the 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran ring, (4) hydroxylation at C3 of the 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran ring, and (5) hydroxylation at C7 of the 1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran ring. In vitro metabolism by recombinant human cytochrome P450 revealed that a major biotransformation in humans is N-demethylation, catalyzed by CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C19, and 3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Nishikawa J, Saito K, Sasaki M, Tomigahara Y, Nishihara T. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel nuclear receptor similar to an embryonic benzoate receptor BXR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:209-15. [PMID: 11027665 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzoate X receptor (BXR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and is activated by alkyl esters of amino benzoic acids and expressed during early development stages. We report here a second BXR, which was cloned by screening Xenopus laevis embryonic cDNA libraries. This new BXR, termed BXRbeta, exhibits 97% identity in the DNA-binding domain and 79% identity in the ligand-binding domain in amino acid sequence to previously reported Xenopus BXR. The BXRbeta strongly binds as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR) to direct repeats of an AGGTCA motif spaced 4 or 5 base pairs apart and activates transcription by addition of methyprednisolone and dexamethasone as well as amino- and hydroxybenzoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565, Japan.
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Saito K, Tomigahara Y, Ohe N, Isobe N, Nakatsuka I, Kaneko H. Lack of significant estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity of pyrethroid insecticides in three in vitro assays based on classic estrogen receptor alpha-mediated mechanisms. Toxicol Sci 2000; 57:54-60. [PMID: 10966511 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/57.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of pyrethroid insecticides (d-trans-allethrin, cypermethrin, empenthrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin, d-phenothrin and prallethrin) was evaluated using a suite of three in vitro assays based on classic human estrogen receptor alpha (hER alpha)-mediated mechanisms. A mammalian cell-based luciferase reporter gene assay was developed for examining effects on hER alpha-mediated gene activation. hER alpha-independent effects on the gene activation were examined using control cells with constitutive luciferase activation by a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) promoter for determining appropriate dose levels of test chemicals. Moreover, the test chemical-dependent interaction between hER alpha and a coactivator (transcriptional intermediary factor 2: TIF2) was analyzed by a yeast two-hybrid method, competitive binding to hER alpha being assayed by a fluorescence polarization method. Significant (p < 0.05) positive effects of estrogenic substances (E2/estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and p-nonylphenol) were detected in all assays. An antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, significantly inhibited E2-mediated transactivation and interaction between hER alpha and TIF2 through hER alpha binding (p < 0.05). However, none of the pyrethroids tested showed significant (p < 0.05) estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects (100 nM-10 microM), indicating that they do not impact on the classic hER alpha-mediated activation pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Tomigahara Y, Onogi M, Saito K, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Metabolism of Cyanox in rat. II. Sex-related differences in oxidative dearylation and desulphuration. Xenobiotica 2000; 30:395-406. [PMID: 10821168 DOI: 10.1080/004982500237596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. To examine the metabolites of Cyanox (O-4-cyanophenyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate, cyanophos, CYAP) in brain, liver, blood cells and plasma during the early toxic period, the male and female rat was administered a single oral dose of [phenyl-14C]Cyanox at dose levels of 50 mg/kg and killed 5, 10 and 20 min thereafter. 2. Sex-related differences in the concentrations of metabolites were observed. Cyanoxon, produced by oxidative desulphuration, was observed in the brains of both sexes at all time points, but the concentrations were 2-6 times higher in the male. The same metabolite was detected in the liver, blood cells and plasma of the male but not the female. The total concentrations of oxidative dearylation metabolites (4-cyanophenol + 4-cyanophenylsulphate + glucuronide of 4-cyanophenol) in plasma, blood cell, brain and liver were larger in the male at all time points than those in the female, whereas the reverse was the case for demethylated metabolites (desmethylcyanox + desmethylcyanoxon) in all tissues except for the brain. 3. Studies of the in vitro metabolism of Cyanox revealed no sex-related difference for hepatic cytosolic fractions in terms of the major in vitro metabolic reaction, demethylation. On the other hand, the major reactions in microsomal fractions, oxidative desulphuration and oxidative dearylation, were significantly (2-3 times) greater in the male than in the female. 4. Oxidative desulphuration and oxidative dearylation, involving cytochrome P450 enzymes, were inhibited by male-specific rat CYP2C11 antiserum. The degree of inhibition was more pronounced in the male case. Thus, the results strongly suggest that the 2C family of cytochrome P450 (male, CYP2C11 and CYP2C13; female, CYP2C12) contributes to oxidative desulphuration and dearylation of cyanox in the rat and that the activity of male-specific CYP2C11 (and CYP2C13) is greater than that of female-specific CYP2C12. The consequent greater formation of cyanoxon in the male is consistent with the higher toxicity in this sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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Tomigahara Y, Onogi M, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamane S. Metabolism of 7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4- (2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (S-53482, flumioxazin) in the rat: II. Identification of reduced metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:2429-2438. [PMID: 10794647 DOI: 10.1021/jf981007r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
On single oral administration of (14)C-S-53482 [7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3( 4H)-one, Flumioxazin] labeled at the 1- and 2-positions of tetrahydrophthaloyl group to rats at 1 (low dose) or 100 (high dose) mg/kg, the radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated within 7 days after administration in both groups with generally very low residual (14)C tissue levels. The predominant excretion route was via the feces. The major fecal and urinary metabolites involved reduction or sulfonic acid addition reactions at the 1,2-double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety and hydroxylation of the cyclohexene or cyclohexane ring. One urinary and four fecal metabolites were identified using chromatographic techniques and spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). Three of five identified metabolites were unique forms, reduced at the 1,2-double bond of the 3,4,5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety. On the basis of the metabolites identified in this study, the metabolic pathways of S-53482 in rats are proposed. To specify tissues forming reduced metabolites, an in vitro study was conducted. Reduction was found to take place in red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Matsui M, Matsunaga H, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yoshitake A, Yamane S. Metabolism of 7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4- (2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (S-53482) in rat. 1. Identification of a sulfonic acid type conjugate. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:305-312. [PMID: 10563890 DOI: 10.1021/jf980516q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To examine the metabolic fate of 7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3( 4H)-one (S-53482), rats were given a single oral dose of [phenyl-(14)C]-S-53482 at 1 (low) or 100 (high) mg/kg. The radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated within 7 days after administration in both groups. (14)C recoveries (expressed as percentages relative to the dosed (14)C) in feces and urine were 56-72 and 31-43%, respectively, for the low dose and 78-85 and 13-23%, respectively, for the high dose. S-53482 and seven metabolites were identified in urine and feces. Six of them were purified by several chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). Alcohol derivatives and an acetoanilide derivative were isolated from urine. Three sulfonic acid conjugates having a sulfonic acid group incorporated into the double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety were isolated from feces. On the basis of the metabolites identified in this study, the metabolic pathways of S-53482 in rats are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Onogi M, Saito K, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamane S. Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: IV. Tissues responsible for formation of reduced and hydrated metabolites. Xenobiotica 1997; 27:961-71. [PMID: 9381736 DOI: 10.1080/004982597240127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. To identify the sites of formation of the reduced metabolites, 3-hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide (3-OH-HPI-1 and -2), 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (TCDA) and 1-hydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1-OH-HPA), in rat treated with 14C-labelled (1RS, trans)-tetramethrin, [3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)-chrysanthemate], bile-duct cannulated animals were orally or intravenously administered 14C-labelled 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (TPI) or 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid (THPA), precursors of these metabolites, and bile, urine and faeces were collected for analysis. 2. 3-OH-HPI-1 and 3-OH-HPI-2, which are cis-form reduced metabolites, and 1-OH-HPA were detected in bile and urine samples of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously and orally with 14C-labelled TPI, indicating their formation in tissues or blood. TCDA, a trans-form reduced metabolite, was not detected in bile, urine or faeces of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously with 14C-THPA, but was found in the faeces after oral application, indicating formation in the gastrointestinal tract. 3. To clarify whether 1-OH-HPA is produced from THPA via TCDA (hydroxylation via reduction) or by direct addition of H2O to its double bond (hydration), rats were orally administered 14C-labelled TCDA, and metabolites in urine and faeces were analysed. The observed lack of 1-OH-HPA indicated formation by direct addition of H2O to the double-bond of THPA. 4. To specify which tissues form reduced and hydrated metabolites, in vitro metabolism studies were carried out. Reduction to the cis-form was found to take place in blood cells, reduction to the trans-form took place in the gastrointestinal tract contents, and hydration took place in the liver and the intestinal tract contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Osaka, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Onogi M, Miki M, Yanagi K, Shiba K, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamada H. Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat. III. Stereochemistry of reduced metabolites. Xenobiotica 1996; 26:201-10. [PMID: 8868003 DOI: 10.3109/00498259609046700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Three main urinary metabolites, two isomers of 3-hydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide (3-OH-HPI-1 and 2) and 1,2-tetrahydrodicarboxylic acid (TCDA) were purified from rat treated with (1RS, trans)-tetramethrin [3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)-chrysanthemate]. 2. To elucidate the mechanism of formation of these reduced metabolites, the stereochemistry of 3-OH-HPI-1, 3-OH-HPI-2 and TCDA was clarified by chemical reactions, spectroanalysis (nmr) and X-ray analysis. 3. The sole difference in configuration between 3-OH-HPI-1 and 3-OH-HPI-2 was found to be the orientation of the hydroxyl group to the cyclohexane ring, and both of these reduced metabolites showed cis-addition of two hydrogens. In contrast, reduction resulted in the trans form with TCDA. 4. These findings indicate the existence of two different reduction reaction mechanisms in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Saito K, Uwagawa S, Kaneko H, Shiba K, Tomigahara Y, Nakatsuka I. Alpha 2u-globulins in the urine of male rats: a reliable indicator for alpha 2u-globulin accumulation in the kidney. Toxicology 1996; 106:149-57. [PMID: 8571386 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03176-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increases in kidney-type-alpha 2u-globulin (alpha G-K, molecular weight approximately 16 kDa) were detected in the urine of male adult rats treated with d-limonene by immunoblotting analysis using an antiserum which distinguishes native-type-alpha 2u-globulin (alpha G-N, molecular weight approximately 19 kDa) from alpha G-K. When male adult rats received d-limonene by gavage (0-300 mg/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days, dose-dependent increases in urinary excretion of alpha G-K were observed at a dosage level of more than 30 mg/kg/day. This was found to be directly correlated with alterations in the concentration of renal alpha G-K as well as the accumulation of hyaline droplets in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) epithelial cells in the kidneys. Marked elevation of urinary alpha G-K was also noted following oral treatment of adult male rats with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), decalin and isophorone (ISP) by gavage (1.5 mmol/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days, again in association with increased concentrations of renal alpha G-K and hyaline droplet accumulation in renal PCT epithelial cells. However, no such increases in urinary alpha G-K were observed for male adult rats treated with nephrotoxic chemicals such as puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) (15 mg/kg/day, s.c., 14 consecutive days) or hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) (100 mg/kg/day, p.o., 5 consecutive days), lacking the ability to cause kidney accumulation of the hyaline droplets and alpha G-K. The findings in this study thus indicate that measurement of urinary alpha G-K can give a reliable estimates not only of the potential to cause renal accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin but also of its magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Onogi M, Saito K, Shiba K, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamada H. Metabolism of Cyanox in the rat. I. Absorption, disposition, excretion and biotransformation. Xenobiotica 1995; 25:1195-206. [PMID: 8592869 DOI: 10.3109/00498259509046676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. To examine the metabolic fate of Cyanox [O-4-cyanophenyl O, O-dimethyl phosphorothioate, cyanophos, CYAP], rats of both sexes were administered [phenyl-4C]Cyanox as a single oral dose at levels of 0.5 mg/kg (low-dose group) or 25 mg/kg (high-dose group), or as multiple doses at 50 mg/kg/day once daily for 7 days (repeat-dose group). 2. The radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated from rats within 7 days after administration in both low- and high-dose groups. 14C-recoveries (expressed as % relative to the dosed 14C) in faeces and urine were 2-3 and 95-96% respectively for the low-dose and 13-14 and 86% respectively for the high-dose. 3. 14C-tissue residues on the seventh day after a single administration were generally low. Peak 14C-concentrations in blood and kidney occurred at 0.5 h (high-dose) and decreased rapidly thereafter. 4. Sex-related differences in the amounts of metabolites were observed in both groups. With the low-dose, the major metabolite was 4-cyanophenylsulphate in both sexes. However, in the high-dose, the major metabolites were 4-cyanophenyl sulphate and desmethylcyanoxon in males, but 4-cyanophenyl sulphate and desmethylcyanox in females. These findings indicate that the amounts or the types of enzymes responsible for oxidative desulphuration or oxidative dearylation in males are different from those in females. In the male rat given repeat doses significant differences in the amounts of metabolites in excreta were observed between early and final dosing. 5. The greater formation of desmethylcyanoxon in the male rat in the high-dose case is consistent with the higher incidence of toxicity in this sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Mori M, Shiba K, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamada H. Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: II. Identification and quantitation of metabolites. Xenobiotica 1994; 24:1205-14. [PMID: 7771107 DOI: 10.3109/00498259409038676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. To examine the metabolic fate of (1RS, trans)- or (1RS, cis)-tetramethrin [3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)- or (1RS, cis)-chrysanthemate], rat was administered a single oral dose of trans- or cis-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin at dose levels of 2 or 250 mg/kg. 2. The radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated from rat within 7 days after administration in all groups. 14C-recoveries (expressed as percentages relative to the dosed 14C) in faeces and urine were 38-58 and 42-58% respectively in rat administrated trans-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin, and in faeces and urine were 66-91 and 9-31% respectively in rat administered cis-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin. 3. Fourteen metabolites found in excreta were purified by using several chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroanalyses (nmr and MS). Five sulphonate derivatives and three dicarboxylic acid derivatives were found. 4. The main metabolites were sulphonate derivatives in the faeces, and in the urine, alcohols, dicarboxylic acid and reduced metabolites derived from the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
1. Two major metabolites of 14C-labelled (4S,1R)-trans-Etoc[(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propynyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate] were purified using a combination of chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroanalysis (nmr(HMBC) and FAB-, TSP-MS). These were established as new types of S-linked conjugates (sulphonic acid and mercapturic acid types). 2. To examine the mechanism of formation of the sulphonic acid and mercapturic acid conjugates, sodium sulphate or glutathione labelled with 35S were administered to rat along with unlabelled trans-Etoc. Both sulphonic acid and mercapturic acid conjugates were found in the excreta, more of the former being yielded with 35S-sodium sulphate than with 35S-glutathione, implying that a sulphonic acid was incorporated into the double bond of a possible intermediate after reduction of sulphate to sulphite. The mercapturic acid conjugate was produced only with 35S-glutathione, implying incorporation of glutathione into the triple bond before subsequent generation of mercapturic acid from the glutathione conjugate. 3. Additional investigation of whether or not the mercapturic acid conjugate was produced by mixing the alcohol moiety of Etoc, PGL (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propynyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine under alkaline conditions. However, spectral data for the synthesized compound were not the same as those of the metabolite generated in vivo. That is, the addition reaction appeared to proceed by anti-Markownikov's rule, whereas the in vivo metabolite was apparently formed according to Markownikov's rule. Addition of glutathione at a triple bond has not been reported to our knowledge for any other foreign compounds in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Tomigahara Y, Mori M, Shiba K, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamada H. Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat. I. Identification of a sulphonic acid type of conjugate and reduced metabolites. Xenobiotica 1994; 24:473-84. [PMID: 8079506 DOI: 10.3109/00498259409043250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. Urinary and faecal metabolites in rat treated with 14C-labelled (1RS, trans)-tetramethrin [3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)-chrysanthemate] were identified using chromatographic techniques and spectroanalyses (nmr and ms). 2. 3-Hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide was found to be a major and unique urinary metabolite, reduced at the 1,2-double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety. 3. The major faecal metabolites were sulphonic acid conjugates, having a sulphonic acid group incorporated into the double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety. 4. On the basis of the metabolites identified here, the major biotransformation reactions of trans-tetramethrin in rats are: (1) cleavage of the ester linkage; (2) cleavage of the imide linkage; (3) hydroxylation of the cyclohexene or cyclohexane ring of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety; (4) oxidation at the methyl group of the isobutenyl moiety; (5) reduction at the 1,2-double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety; and (6) incorporation of a sulphonic acid group into the 1,2-double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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