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Baharum Z, Akim AM, Hin TYY, Hamid RA, Kasran R. Theobroma cacao: Review of the Extraction, Isolation, and Bioassay of Its Potential Anti-cancer Compounds. Trop Life Sci Res 2016; 27:21-42. [PMID: 27019680 PMCID: PMC4807961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have been a good source of therapeutic agents for thousands of years; an impressive number of modern drugs used for treating human diseases are derived from natural sources. The Theobroma cacao tree, or cocoa, has recently garnered increasing attention and become the subject of research due to its antioxidant properties, which are related to potential anti-cancer effects. In the past few years, identifying and developing active compounds or extracts from the cocoa bean that might exert anti-cancer effects have become an important area of health- and biomedicine-related research. This review provides an updated overview of T. cacao in terms of its potential anti-cancer compounds and their extraction, in vitro bioassay, purification, and identification. This article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques described and reviews the processes for future perspectives of analytical methods from the viewpoint of anti-cancer compound discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainal Baharum
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
- Division of Biotechnology, Cocoa Innovation and Technology Centre, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Lot Pt 1261, Nilai Industrial Park, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | - Taufiq Yap Yun Hin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rosmin Kasran
- Division of Biotechnology, Centre for Cocoa Biotechnology Research, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, 88460 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Chen HH, Wang TC, Lee YC, Shen PT, Chang JY, Yeh TK, Huang CH, Chang HH, Cheng SY, Lin CY, Shih C, Chen CT, Liu WM, Chen CH, Kuo CC. Novel Nrf2/ARE Activator, trans-Coniferylaldehyde, Induces a HO-1-Mediated Defense Mechanism through a Dual p38α/MAPKAPK-2 and PK-N3 Signaling Pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Hui Chen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Wang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Lee
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ting Shen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National
Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Huang
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Huei Chang
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Cheng
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Chen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Graduate
Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:181260. [PMID: 26180580 PMCID: PMC4477097 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With recent insight into the mechanisms involved in diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes, more efficient modes of treatment are now being assessed. Traditional medicine including the use of natural products is widely practiced around the world, assuming that certain natural products contain the healing properties that may in fact have a preventative role in many of the diseases plaguing the human population. This paper reviews the biological effects of a group of natural compounds called polyphenols, including apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, and (-)-epicatechin, with a focus on the latter. (-)-Epicatechin has several unique features responsible for a variety of its effects. One of these is its ability to interact with and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. (-)-Epicatechin also modulates cell signaling including the MAP kinase pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation. Mutations in this pathway are often associated with malignancies, and the use of (-)-epicatechin holds promise as a preventative agent and as an adjunct for chemotherapy and radiation therapy to improve outcome. This paper discusses the potential of some phenolic compounds to maintain, protect, and possibly reinstate health.
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Kerimi A, Williamson G. The cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:11-5. [PMID: 26026398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dark chocolate contains many biologically active components, such as catechins, procyanidins and theobromine from cocoa, together with added sucrose and lipids. All of these can directly or indirectly affect the cardiovascular system by multiple mechanisms. Intervention studies on healthy and metabolically-dysfunctional volunteers have suggested that cocoa improves blood pressure, platelet aggregation and endothelial function. The effect of chocolate is more convoluted since the sucrose and lipid may transiently and negatively impact on endothelial function, partly through insulin signalling and nitric oxide bioavailability. However, few studies have attempted to dissect out the role of the individual components and have not explored their possible interactions. For intervention studies, the situation is complex since suitable placebos are often not available, and some benefits may only be observed in individuals showing mild metabolic dysfunction. For chocolate, the effects of some of the components, such as sugar and epicatechin on FMD, may oppose each other, or alternatively in some cases may act together, such as theobromine and epicatechin. Although clearly cocoa provides some cardiovascular benefits according to many human intervention studies, the exact components, their interactions and molecular mechanisms are still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Martín MA, Ramos S, Mateos R, Marais JP, Bravo-Clemente L, Khoo C, Goya L. Chemical characterization and chemo-protective activity of cranberry phenolic powders in a model cell culture. Response of the antioxidant defenses and regulation of signaling pathways. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dower JI, Geleijnse JM, Gijsbers L, Zock PL, Kromhout D, Hollman PCH. Effects of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin on vascular function and cardiometabolic health: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:914-21. [PMID: 25934864 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.098590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies showed inverse associations between the intake of flavonoid-rich foods (cocoa and tea) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intervention studies showed protective effects on intermediate markers of CVD. This may be due to the protective effects of the flavonoids epicatechin (in cocoa and tea) and quercetin (in tea). OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of supplementation of pure epicatechin and quercetin on vascular function and cardiometabolic health. DESIGN Thirty-seven apparently healthy men and women aged 40-80 y with a systolic blood pressure (BP) between 125 and 160 mm Hg at screening were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. CVD risk factors were measured before and after 4 wk of daily flavonoid supplementation. Participants received (-)-epicatechin (100 mg/d), quercetin-3-glucoside (160 mg/d), or placebo capsules for 4 wk in random order. The primary outcome was the change in flow-mediated dilation from pre- to postintervention. Secondary outcomes included other markers of CVD risk and vascular function. RESULTS Epicatechin supplementation did not change flow-mediated dilation significantly (1.1% absolute; 95% CI: -0.1%, 2.3%; P = 0.07). Epicatechin supplementation improved fasting plasma insulin (Δ insulin: -1.46 mU/L; 95% CI: -2.74, -0.18 mU/L; P = 0.03) and insulin resistance (Δ homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.01; P = 0.04) and had no effect on fasting plasma glucose. Epicatechin did not change BP (office BP and 24-h ambulatory BP), arterial stiffness, nitric oxide, endothelin 1, or blood lipid profile. Quercetin-3-glucoside supplementation had no effect on flow-mediated dilation, insulin resistance, or other CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that epicatechin may in part contribute to the cardioprotective effects of cocoa and tea by improving insulin resistance. It is unlikely that quercetin plays an important role in the cardioprotective effects of tea. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01691404.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Dower
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
| | - Lieke Gijsbers
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
| | - Peter L Zock
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
| | - Daan Kromhout
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
| | - Peter C H Hollman
- From Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, PLZ, and PCHH); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (JID, JMG, LG, DK, and PCHH); and Nutrition and Health Department, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands (PLZ)
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de Oliveira TB, Rogero MM, Genovese MI. Poliphenolic-rich extracts from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Willd. Ex Spreng. K. Shum) liquors: A comparison of metabolic effects in high-fat fed rats. PHARMANUTRITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Butler LM, Huang JY, Wang R, Lee MJ, Yang CS, Gao YT, Yuan JM. Urinary biomarkers of catechins and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Shanghai Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:397-405. [PMID: 25713334 PMCID: PMC4380019 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary catechins are phytochemicals with both antioxidative and prooxidative stress properties. Green tea is a major source of catechins and may be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, but the catechin-HCC relationship has not been evaluated using a biomarker-based approach. A nested case-control study of HCC (211 cases and 1,067 matched controls) was conducted within the Shanghai Cohort Study, which enrolled 18,244 men between 1986 and 1989. Concentrations of specific catechins, including epicatechin, epigallocatechin (EGC), and 4'-O-methyl-epigallocatechin, were measured in urine specimens that had been collected prior to HCC diagnosis. None of the catechins measured were associated with HCC risk. In stratified analyses, there was a statistically significant trend for an association of higher urinary EGC with increased HCC risk among subjects with positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (P for trend = 0.02). This positive EGC-HCC association became stronger for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive persons who also had low serum retinol levels (for detectable levels vs. undetectable levels, odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.25, 5.51). There was no evidence supporting a protective role of catechins in the development of HCC. Instead, exposure to high levels of catechins may increase the risk of developing HCC for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M. Butler
- Correspondence to Dr. Lesley M. Butler, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, Suite 4C, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 (e-mail: )
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Cordero-Herrera I, Martín MA, Goya L, Ramos S. Cocoa flavonoids protect hepatic cells against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress: relevance of MAPKs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:597-609. [PMID: 25594685 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Oxidative stress plays a main role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cocoa and (-)-epicatechin (EC), a main cocoa flavanol, have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus because of their protective effects against oxidative stress and insulin-like properties. In this study, the protective effect of EC and a cocoa phenolic extract (CPE) against oxidative stress induced by a high-glucose challenge, which causes insulin resistance, was investigated on hepatic HepG2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Oxidative status, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and p-(Ser)-IRS-1 expression, and glucose uptake were evaluated. EC and CPE regulated antioxidant enzymes and activated extracellular-regulated kinase and Nrf2. EC and CPE pre-treatment prevented high-glucose-induced antioxidant defences and p-MAPKs, and maintained Nrf2 stimulation. The presence of selective MAPK inhibitors induced changes in redox status, glucose uptake, p-(Ser)- and total IRS-1 levels that were observed in CPE-mediated protection. CONCLUSION EC and CPE recovered redox status of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, suggesting that the functionality in EC- and CPE-treated cells was protected against high-glucose-induced oxidative insult. CPE beneficial effects on redox balance and insulin resistance were mediated by targeting MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cordero-Herrera
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
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Leonardo CC, Mendes M, Ahmad AS, Doré S. Efficacy of prophylactic flavan-3-ol in permanent focal ischemia in 12-mo-old mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H583-91. [PMID: 25576625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00239.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of flavan-3-ol-containing foods, including (-)-epicatechin (EC), has been linked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We previously demonstrated nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) -dependent EC efficacy in reducing stroke-induced deficits in 2-mo-old mice; yet stroke is primarily a disease of the elderly. Because neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction are hallmarks of aging, we tested whether Nrf2 mediates EC efficacy in aging mice through modulation of glial responses and blood brain barrier permeability. First, we compared anastomosis in naïve wild-type and C57BL/6 Nrf2(-/-) mice to identify potential differences in cerebrovascular architecture. Data showed no significant differences in the number of anastomoses or mean intersection points, indicating similar gross vascular physiology. To assess efficacy and mechanisms of protection, wild-type or Nrf2(-/-) mice were administered the minimum effective EC dose established in our previous studies before the permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Similar to previous results with young mice, 12-mo-old wild types also showed significant reductions in infarct volume (41.01 ± 29.57%) and improved performance in removing adhesive tape relative to vehicle-treated controls, whereas a trend toward protection was observed in Nrf2(-/-). However, EC did not reduce immunoreactivity for the microglia/macrophage marker anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, suggesting that dampened activation/recruitment did not account for EC protection. Furthermore, there were no differences in mouse IgG extravasation or spontaneous hemorrhage between EC-treated groups. These data demonstrate that EC protection occurs independent of microglia/macrophage modulation or blood brain barrier preservation, suggesting that the glial cell responses in young mice are compensatory to another, and potentially novel, protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Monique Mendes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Abdullah S Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Mena P, Domínguez-Perles R, Gironés-Vilaplana A, Baenas N, García-Viguera C, Villaño D. Flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and inflammation. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:745-58. [PMID: 25504851 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The process of inflammation constitutes a reactive response of the organism to tissue damage and is an important factor making part of a number of degenerative pathologies as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of them comprised in the metabolic syndrome. There is an increasing interest in plant products rich in flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins because of their potential beneficial effects observed in epidemiological studies against inflammatory-related diseases. Their anti-inflammatory effects are exerted by modulation of cell redox status and inhibition of signaling pathways as NF-κB activation. The effects depend on their concentrations in target tissues and hence the bioavailability pathways followed by each particular compound. In this sense, in vitro studies performed with parental compounds at doses exceeding to those found in vivo may be drawing erroneous conclusions about their real efficacy. Contradictory results have been observed in human intervention trials, which may be ascribed to the type of population studied, length of study, source of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin, and dose provided. Human studies are required to confirm the positive effects found in vitro and in animal models. Future research should be focused on the understanding of dose/flavonoid intake-response relationship with pharmacokinetic studies, evaluating proper biomarkers of intake. Long-term dietary interventions are necessary to observe effects on markers of late activation as well as the possible preventive effects of these compounds on long-term inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Role of cAMP and IKK-2-dependent signaling in the realization of growth potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:228-31. [PMID: 24319755 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of cAMP- and IKK-2-mediated pathways in the realization of growth potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro. It had been found that adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine had no effect on the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblastic CFU. A decrease in differentiation rate of progenitor cells was observed after the treatment with specific IKK-2 blocker inhibitor-kinase complex.
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Martín MÁ, Cordero-Herrera I, Bravo L, Ramos S, Goya L. Cocoa flavanols show beneficial effects in cultured pancreatic beta cells and liver cells to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Manna K, Khan A, Kr Das D, Bandhu Kesh S, Das U, Ghosh S, Sharma Dey R, Das Saha K, Chakraborty A, Chattopadhyay S, Dey S, Chattopadhyay D. Protective effect of coconut water concentrate and its active component shikimic acid against hydroperoxide mediated oxidative stress through suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:132-146. [PMID: 24835026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Conventionally coconut water has been used as an 'excellent hydrating' drink that maintain the electrolyte balance and help in treating diverse ailments related to oxidative stress including liver function. The present study was aimed to elucidate whether and how the coconut water concentrate (CWC) and its major active phytoconstituent shikimic acid (SA) can effectively protect murine hepatocytes from the deleterious effect of hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioactivity guided fractionation of CWC resulted in the isolation of a couple of known compounds. Freshly isolated murine hepatocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1 and 3mM) in the presence or absence of CWC (200 and 400 μg/ml) and SA (40 μM) for the determination of antioxidative, DNA protective, cellular ROS level by modern methods, including immunoblot and flowcytometry to find out the possible mechanism of action. RESULTS Pre-treatment of hepatocyte with CWC and SA showed significant prevention of H2O2-induced intracellular ROS generation, nuclear DNA damage along with the formation of hepatic TBARS and cellular nitrite. Further, the H2O2 induced cell death was arrested in the presence of CWC through the inhibition of CDC42 mediated SAPK/JNK pathways and activation of other molecules of apoptotic pathways, including Bax and caspase3. Moreover, CWC and SA help in maintaining the GSH level and endogenous antioxidants like Mn-SOD, to support intracellular defense mechanisms, probably through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2; and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION CWC and its active components SA reversed the H2O2 induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes, probably through the inhibition of NF-κB, with the activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway and reduction of apoptosis by interfering the SAPK/JNK/Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipesh Kr Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Swaraj Bandhu Kesh
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Rakhi Sharma Dey
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, North 24, Parganas 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Radiation Biology Division, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700098, West Bengal, India
| | - Sreya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr. Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
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Baeza G, Amigo-Benavent M, Sarriá B, Goya L, Mateos R, Bravo L. Green coffee hydroxycinnamic acids but not caffeine protect human HepG2 cells against oxidative stress. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Si H, Liu D. Dietary antiaging phytochemicals and mechanisms associated with prolonged survival. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:581-91. [PMID: 24742470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is well-known an inevitable process that is influenced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not well understood. Increasing evidence shows that aging is highly associated with chronic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), accumulation of a low-grade proinflammatory phenotype and reduction in age-related autophagy, suggesting that these factors may play important roles in promoting aging. Indeed, reduction of ROS and low-grade inflammation and promotion of autophagy by calorie restriction or other dietary manipulation can extend lifespan in a wide spectrum of model organisms. Interestingly, recent studies show that some food-derived small molecules, also called phytochemicals, can extend lifespan in various animal species. In this paper, we review several recently identified potential antiaging phytochemicals that have been studied in cells, animals and humans and further highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the antiaging actions by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Ryu MJ, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Zheng J, Yao CW, Cha JW, Hyun CL, Chung HS, Park JC, Cho SJ, Hyun JW. Effect of 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone on the up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression in hamster lung fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:549-54. [PMID: 24610348 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytoprotective mechanism of 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) against oxidative stress-induced cell damage with respect to its stimulatory effect on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant enzyme, was investigated in the present study. Up-regulation of HO-1 expression by DHF was both dose and time dependent in lung fibroblast V79-4 cells. DHF also increased the protein expression level of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and induced the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol into the nucleus, leading to elevated HO-1 expression. The siNrf2 RNA-transfection attenuated HO-1 expression induced by DHF treatment. In addition, DHF induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), while U0126 (a specific pharmacological inhibitor of ERK kinase) abrogated DHF-activated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. This suggests that DHF increased the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 via ERK-dependent pathways. Furthermore, DHF significantly prevented the reduction of cell viability in response to oxidative stress; however, U0126 attenuated the protective effect of DHF. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DHF protected cells from oxidative stress via the activation of an ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Ryu
- Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 132-714, Republic of Korea
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Participation of PI3K, MAPK ERK1/2, and p38 in the Realization of Growth Potential of Mesenchymal Precursor Cells under In Vitro Conditions. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:556-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Enhanced expression of WD repeat-containing protein 35 via nuclear factor-kappa B activation in bupivacaine-treated Neuro2a cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86336. [PMID: 24466034 PMCID: PMC3897669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of WD repeat proteins comprises a large number of proteins and is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Bupivacaine is a sodium channel blocker administered for local infiltration, nerve block, epidural, and intrathecal anesthesia. Recently, we reported that bupivacaine induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, resulting in an increase in the expression of WD repeat-containing protein 35 (WDR35) in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells. It has been shown that ROS activate MAPK through phosphorylation, followed by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). The present study was undertaken to test whether NF-κB and c-Jun/AP-1 are involved in bupivacaine-induced WDR35 expression in Neuro2a cells. Bupivacaine activated both NF-κB and c-Jun in Neuro2a cells. APDC, an NF-κB inhibitor, attenuated the increase in NF-κB activity and WDR35 protein expression in bupivacaine-treated Neuro2a cells. GW9662, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antagonist, enhanced the increase in NF-κB activity and WDR35 protein expression in bupivacaine-treated Neuro2a cells. In contrast, c-Jun siRNA did not inhibit the bupivacaine-induced increase in WDR35 mRNA expression. These results indicate that bupivacaine induces the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and c-Jun/AP-1 in Neuro2a cells, while activation of NF-κB is involved in bupivacaine-induced increases in WDR35 expression.
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Ho CY, Weng CJ, Jhang JJ, Cheng YT, Huang SM, Yen GC. Diallyl sulfide as a potential dietary agent to reduce TNF-α- and histamine-induced proinflammatory responses in A7r5 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1069-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Ho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Weng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Living Science; Tainan University of Technology; Yongkang Distric; Tainan City Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Jia Jhang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ming Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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Morrison M, van der Heijden R, Heeringa P, Kaijzel E, Verschuren L, Blomhoff R, Kooistra T, Kleemann R. Epicatechin attenuates atherosclerosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on diet-induced human-CRP and NFκB in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:149-56. [PMID: 24529136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies investigating flavanol-rich foods provide indications for potential cardioprotective effects of these foods, but the effects of individual flavanols remain unclear. We investigated whether the flavanol epicatechin can reduce diet-induced atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular risk factors dyslipidaemia and inflammation. METHODS ApoE*3-Leiden mice were fed a cholesterol-containing atherogenic diet with or without epicatechin (0.1% w/w) to study effects on early- and late-stage atherosclerosis (8 w and 20 w). In vivo effects of epicatechin on diet-induced inflammation were studied in human-CRP transgenic mice and NFκB-luciferase reporter mice. RESULTS Epicatechin attenuated atherosclerotic lesion area in ApoE*3-Leiden mice by 27%, without affecting plasma lipids. This anti-atherogenic effect of epicatechin was specific to the severe lesion types, with no effect on mild lesions. Epicatechin mitigated diet-induced increases in plasma SAA (in ApoE*3-Leiden mice) and plasma human-CRP (in human-CRP transgenic mice). Microarray analysis of aortic gene expression revealed an attenuating effect of epicatechin on several diet-induced pro-atherogenic inflammatory processes in the aorta (e.g. chemotaxis of cells, matrix remodelling), regulated by NFκB. These findings were confirmed immunohistochemically by reduced lesional neutrophil content in HCE, and by inhibition of diet-induced NFκB activity in epicatechin-treated NFκB-luciferase reporter mice. CONCLUSION Epicatechin attenuates development of atherosclerosis and impairs lesion progression from mild to severe lesions in absence of an effect on dyslipidaemia. The observed reduction of circulating inflammatory risk factors by epicatechin (e.g. SAA, human-CRP), as well as its local anti-inflammatory activity in the vessel wall, provide a rationale for epicatechin's anti-atherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kaijzel
- Molecular Endocrinology and Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Teake Kooistra
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cocoa flavonoids attenuate high glucose-induced insulin signalling blockade and modulate glucose uptake and production in human HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:10-9. [PMID: 24262486 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Cocoa and its main flavanol, (-)-epicatechin (EC), display some antidiabetic effects, but the mechanisms for their preventive activities related to glucose metabolism and insulin signalling in the liver remain largely unknown. In the present work, the preventive effect of EC and a cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE) on insulin signalling and on both glucose production and uptake are studied in insulin-responsive human HepG2 cells treated with high glucose. Pre-treatment of cells with EC or CPE reverted decreased tyrosine-phosphorylated and total levels of IR, IRS-1 and -2 triggered by high glucose. EC and CPE pre-treatment also prevented the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and AMPK, as well as the diminution of GLUT-2 levels induced by high glucose. Furthermore, pre-treatment of cells with EC and CPE avoided the increase in PEPCK levels and the diminished glucose uptake provoked by high glucose, returning enhanced levels of glucose production and decreased glycogen content to control values. These findings suggest that EC and CPE improved insulin sensitivity of HepG2 treated with high glucose, preventing or delaying a potential hepatic dysfunction through the attenuation of the insulin signalling blockade and the modulation of glucose uptake and production.
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73
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Li Y, Zou X, Cao K, Xu J, Yue T, Dai F, Zhou B, Lu W, Feng Z, Liu J. Curcumin analog 1, 5-bis (2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1, 4-pentadien-3-one exhibits enhanced ability on Nrf2 activation and protection against acrolein-induced ARPE-19 cell toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:726-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martín MÁ, Fernández-Millán E, Ramos S, Bravo L, Goya L. Cocoa flavonoid epicatechin protects pancreatic beta cell viability and function against oxidative stress. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:447-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Martín
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN - CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Elisa Fernández-Millán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN - CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Bravo
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN - CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN - CSIC); Madrid Spain
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75
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Potential for preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa polyphenols in cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:336-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Cordero-Herrera I, Martín MA, Bravo L, Goya L, Ramos S. Cocoa flavonoids improve insulin signalling and modulate glucose production via AKT and AMPK in HepG2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:974-85. [PMID: 23456781 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cocoa and (-)-epicatechin (EC), a main cocoa flavanol, have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in diabetes, but the mechanism for their insulin-like effects remains unknown. In this study, the modulation of insulin signalling by EC and a cocoa phenolic extract (CPE) on hepatic HepG2 cells was investigated by analysing key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and 2, PI3K/AKT and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as the levels of the glucose transporter GLUT-2 and the hepatic glucose production. METHODS AND RESULTS EC and CPE enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation and total insulin receptor, IRS-1 and IRS-2 levels and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway and AMPK in HepG2 cells. CPE also enhanced the levels of GLUT-2. Interestingly, EC and CPE modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a key protein involved in the gluconeogenesis, leading to a diminished glucose production. In addition, EC- and CPE-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis was prevented by the blockage of AKT and AMPK. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that EC and CPE strengthen the insulin signalling by activating key proteins of that pathway and regulating glucose production through AKT and AMPK modulation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cordero-Herrera
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Cocoa polyphenols prevent inflammation in the colon of azoxymethane-treated rats and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Br J Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence support a relationship between intestinal inflammation and cancer. Therefore, much attention has recently been focused on the identification of natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activities as a strategy to suppress the early stages of colorectal cancer. Because cocoa is a rich source of bioactive compounds, the present study investigated its anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. A total of forty male rats were fed with control or cocoa-enriched diets (12 %) during 8 weeks and injected with saline or AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) during the third and fourth week (n10 rats/group). At the end of the experiment, colon samples were evaluated for markers of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (10 μg/ml) was examined in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells, anin vitromodel of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation. The signalling pathways involved, including NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38, were also evaluated. The results show that the cocoa-rich diet decreases the nuclear levels of NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase induced by AOM in the colon. Additionally, the experiments in Caco-2 cells confirm that cocoa polyphenols effectively down-regulate the levels of inflammatory markers induced by TNF-α by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and JNK phosphorylation. We conclude that cocoa polyphenols suppress inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis and could be promising in the dietary prevention of intestinal inflammation and related cancer development.
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78
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Zhang A, Chen D, Wei H, Du L, Zhao T, Wang X, Zhou H. Functional characterization of TNF-α in grass carp head kidney leukocytes: induction and involvement in the regulation of NF-κB signaling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1123-1132. [PMID: 22981915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a potent regulatory cytokine, which serves as a key mediator of inflammation, immunity and apoptosis in mammals. Identification, expression and regulatory effects of TNF-α have been reported in various fish species, showing the structural and functional similarity or discrepancy between each other. In this study, TNF-α was identified from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the deduced grass carp TNF-α (gcTNF-α) protein possessed the TNF family signature motifs, a protease cleavage site, a transmembrane domain and two conserved cysteine residues. Further studies showed that gcTNF-α expression was induced with a rapid kinetics by immune challenge in vitro and in vivo. To characterize the function of gcTNF-α, recombinant gcTNF-α (rgcTNF-α) was prepared by using the Escherichia coli expression system. It was shown to enhance the mRNA expression of gcTNF-α and gcIL-1β in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), confirming the biological activity of rgcTNF-α. In the same model, NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) was able to attenuate rgcTNF-α-induced gcTNF-α mRNA expression, implying the involvement of NF-κB pathway in fish TNF-α action. This notion was reinforced by the finding that rgcTNF-α could induce the phosphorylation of IκBα in a time-dependent oscillation in HKLs, indicating a dynamical variation of NF-κB activity as seen in mammals. In addition, rgcTNF-α could up-regulate the expression of two TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF), TRAF1 and TRAF2, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, suggesting that gcTNF-α may function as a regulator of fish NF-κB pathway. These results for the first time reveal the link of gcTNF-α to the NF-κB pathway and provide a better understanding of TNF-α signaling in teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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79
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González-Manzano S, González-Paramás AM, Delgado L, Patianna S, Surco-Laos F, Dueñas M, Santos-Buelga C. Oxidative status of stressed Caenorhabditis elegans treated with epicatechin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8911-8916. [PMID: 22651237 DOI: 10.1021/jf3004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine the mechanisms involved in the in vivo antioxidant effects of epicatechin (EC), a major flavonoid in the human diet. The influence of EC in different oxidative biomarkers (reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular glutathione, activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) was studied in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans . Under thermal stress condition, exposure of the worms (wild type N2 strains) to EC (200 μM) significantly reduced ROS levels (up to 28%) and enhanced the production of reduced glutathione (GSH). However, no significant changes were appreciated in the activities of GPx, CAT, and SOD, suggesting that further activation of these antioxidant enzymes was not required once the concentration of ROS in the EC-treated worms was restored to what could be considered physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana González-Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Jiménez R, Duarte J, Perez-Vizcaino F. Epicatechin: endothelial function and blood pressure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8823-8830. [PMID: 22440087 DOI: 10.1021/jf205370q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse relationship between flavanol intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms include their effects on endothelial function and hypertension. A number of studies have shown that flavanol-rich cocoa reduces blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction, whereas black tea may have opposite effects. These results highlight the importance of the different effects of the multitude of phytochemical constituents in these foods and the need for studying the individual flavanols. Epicatechin seems to be a major bioactive constituent of cocoa and other flavanol-rich foods and beverages. It has been shown to improve endothelial function in animals and humans. In salt-sensitive animal models of hypertension, epicatechin lowers blood pressure and the associated end-organ damage. Nitric oxide (NO) seems to play a key role in the protection of both hypertension and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
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81
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Song C, Zhang Q, Liu X, Shan Y. IL-12 and IL-10 production are differentially regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in mast cells. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:266-72. [PMID: 22023709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that directly regulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in mast cells are currently unresolved. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in the production of IL-12 and IL-10 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), stimulated with Escherichia coli-derived LPS. LPS activates the PI3K signalling pathway; analysis of cytokine production following LPS stimulation of BMMCs revealed that inhibition of the PI3K pathway differentially regulated IL-10 and IL-12 syntheses. IL-12 production was enhanced, whereas IL-10 levels were suppressed. Inhibition of LPS-mediated activation of the PI3K pathway resulted in a pronounced reduction of NF-κB activity that was dependent on IκBα phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate a regulatory function for PI3K in modulating IL-10 and IL-12 production in mast cells and provide insight into how engagement of the PI3K pathway affects the induction of key immunoregulatory cytokines that control both qualitative and quantitative aspects of early inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Song
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Granado-Serrano AB, Martín MÁ, Bravo L, Goya L, Ramos S. Quercetin Attenuates TNF-Induced Inflammation in Hepatic Cells by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:588-98. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.661513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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83
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Masterjohn C, Bruno RS. Therapeutic potential of green tea in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:41-56. [PMID: 22221215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a constellation of progressive liver disorders that are closely related to obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance and may afflict over 70 million Americans. NAFLD may occur as relatively benign, nonprogressive liver steatosis, but in many individuals it may progress in severity to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. No validated treatments currently exist for NAFLD except for weight loss, which has a poor long-term success rate. Thus, dietary strategies that prevent the development of liver steatosis or its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are critically needed. Green tea is rich in polyphenolic catechins that have hypolipidemic, thermogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that may mitigate the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. This review presents the experimental evidence demonstrating the hepatoprotective properties of green tea and its catechins and the proposed mechanisms by which these targeted dietary agents protect against NAFLD.
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Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Galindo P, Quintela AM, López-Sepúlveda R, Romero M, Tamargo J, Vargas F, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:70-9. [PMID: 22001745 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavanol-rich diets have been reported to exert beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. We studied the effects of chronic treatment with epicatechin on blood pressure, endothelial function, and oxidative status in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension. Rats were treated for 5 weeks with (-)-epicatechin at 2 or 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1). The high dose of epicatechin prevented both the increase in systolic blood pressure and the proteinuria induced by DOCA-salt. Plasma endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde levels and urinary iso-prostaglandin F(2α) excretion were increased in animals of the DOCA-salt group and reduced by the epicatechin 10 mg kg(-1) treatment. Aortic superoxide levels were enhanced in the DOCA-salt group and abolished by both doses of epicatechin. However, only epicatechin at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced the rise in aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and p47(phox) and p22(phox) gene overexpression found in DOCA-salt animals. Epicatechin increased the transcription of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 target genes in aortas from control rats. Epicatechin also improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation response to acetylcholine and increased the phosphorylation of both Akt and eNOS in aortic rings. In conclusion, epicatechin prevents hypertension, proteinuria, and vascular dysfunction. Epicatechin also induced a reduction in ET-1 release, systemic and vascular oxidative stress, and inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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85
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Granado-Serrano AB, Martín MA, Bravo L, Goya L, Ramos S. Quercetin modulates Nrf2 and glutathione-related defenses in HepG2 cells: Involvement of p38. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 195:154-64. [PMID: 22197970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoid quercetin has been suggested as a cancer chemopreventive agent, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study investigated the influence of quercetin on p38-MAPK and the potential regulation of the nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2p45-related factor (Nrf2) and the cellular antioxidant/detoxifying defense system related to glutathione (GSH) by p38 in HepG2 cells. Incubation of HepG2 cells with quercetin at a range of concentrations (5-50μM) for 4 or 18h induced a differential effect on the modulation of p38 and Nrf2 in HepG2 cells, 50μM quercetin showed the highest activation of p38 at 4h of treatment and values of p38 similar to those of control cells after 18 h of incubation, together with the inhibition of Nrf2 at both incubation times. Quercetin (50μM) induced a time-dependent activation of p38, which was in concert with a transient stimulation of Nrf2 to provoke its inhibition afterward. Quercetin also increased GSH content, mRNA levels of glutamylcysteine-synthetase (GCS) and expression and/or activity of glutathione-peroxidase, glutathione-reductase and GCS after 4h of incubation, and glutathione-S-transferase after 18h of exposure. Further studies with the p38 specific inhibitor SB203580 showed that the p38 blockage restored the inhibited Nrf2 transcription factor and the enzymatic expression and activity of antioxidant/detoxificant enzymes after 4h exposure. In conclusion, p38-MAPK is involved in the mechanisms of the cell response to quercetin through the modulation of Nrf2 and glutathione-related enzymes in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Granado-Serrano
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition-ICTAN (Former Instituto del Frío), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
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86
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Machana S, Weerapreeyakul N, Barusrux S, Nonpunya A, Sripanidkulchai B, Thitimetharoch T. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of six herbal plants against the human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Chin Med 2011; 6:39. [PMID: 22041055 PMCID: PMC3224580 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Six plants from Thailand were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) as compared to normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines. Methods Ethanol-water crude extracts of the six plants were tested with neutral red assay for their cytotoxicity after 24 hours of exposure to the cells. Apoptotic induction was tested in the HepG2 cells with diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, was analyzed with agarose gel electrophoresis. Alkylation, indicative of DNA damage, was also evaluated in vitro by 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl) pyridine assay. Results The extract of Pinus kesiya showed the highest selectivity (selectivity index = 9.6) and potent cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cell line, with an IC50 value of 52.0 ± 5.8 μg/ml (mean ± standard deviation). Extract of Catimbium speciosum exerted cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 55.7 ± 8.1 μg/ml. Crude extracts from Glochidion daltonii, Cladogynos orientalis, Acorus tatarinowii and Amomum villosum exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging 100-500 μg/ml. All crude extracts showed different alkylating abilities in vitro. Extracts of P. kesiya, C. speciosum and C. orientalis caused nuclei morphological changes and DNA laddering. Conclusion The extracts of C. speciosum, C. orientalis and P. kesiya induced apoptosis. Among the three plants, P. kesiya possessed the most robust anticancer activity, with specific selectivity against HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasipawan Machana
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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87
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Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Ramos S, López-Oliva E, Agis-Torres A, Gómez-Juaristi M, Mateos R, Bravo L, Goya L, Martín MÁ. Cocoa-rich diet prevents azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by restraining oxidative stress and cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1895-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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88
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Ayala V, Granado-Serrano AB, Cacabelos D, Naudí A, Ilieva EV, Boada J, Caraballo-Miralles V, Lladó J, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Cell stress induces TDP-43 pathological changes associated with ERK1/2 dysfunction: implications in ALS. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:259-70. [PMID: 21706176 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TDP-43 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Here we demonstrate, using neuronal and spinal cord organotypic culture models, that chronic excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, proteasome dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanistically induce mislocalization, phosphorylation and aggregation of TDP-43. This is compatible with a lack of function of this protein in the nucleus, specially in motor neurons. The relationship between cell stress and pathological changes of TDP-43 also includes a dysfunction in the survival pathway mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). Thus, under stress conditions, neurons and other spinal cord cells showed cytosolic aggregates containing ERK1/2. Moreover, aggregates of abnormal phosphorylated ERK1/2 were also found in the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), specifically in motor neurons with abnormal immunoreactive aggregates of phosphorylated TDP-43. These results demonstrate that cellular stressors are key factors in neurodegeneration associated with TDP-43 and disclose the identity of ERK1/2 as novel players in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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89
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Forester SC, Lambert JD. The role of antioxidant versus pro-oxidant effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:844-54. [PMID: 21538850 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of green tea (Camellia sinensis) may provide protection against chronic diseases, including cancer. Green tea polyphenols are believed to be responsible for this cancer preventive effect, and the antioxidant activity of the green tea polyphenols has been implicated as a potential mechanism. This hypothesis has been difficult to study in vivo due to metabolism of these compounds and poor understanding of the redox environment in vivo. Green tea polyphenols can be direct antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species or chelating transition metals as has been demonstrated in vitro. Alternatively, they may act indirectly by upregulating phase II antioxidant enzymes. Evidence of this latter effect has been observed in vivo, yet more work is required to determine under which conditions these mechanisms occur. Green tea polyphenols can also be potent pro-oxidants, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide, the hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion. The potential role of these pro-oxidant effects in the cancer preventive activity of green tea is not well understood. The evidence for not only the antioxidant, but also pro-oxidant, properties of green tea is discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Forester
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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90
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Wang HC, Brumaghim JL. Polyphenol Compounds as Antioxidants for Disease Prevention: Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, Enzyme Regulation, and Metal Chelation Mechanisms in E. coliand Human Cells. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1083.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao C. Wang
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Julia L. Brumaghim
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
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91
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Chang HC, Chen HW, Tung HS, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK. Butein up-regulates the expression of the π class of glutathione S-transferase in rat primary hepatocytes through the ERK/AP-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8994-9000. [PMID: 20681544 DOI: 10.1021/jf1014439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Induction of phase II enzymes is an important mechanism of chemoprevention. Here we compared the effects of chalcones on the expression of the π class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) in rat primary hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were treated with 10 or 25 μM of phloretin or butein for 24 h. Both butein and phloretin dose-dependently increased GSTP protein expression, and the induction potency of butein was stronger than that of phloretin. The increase in GSTP mRNA in cells treated with 25 μM of phloretin and butein was 107% and 211%, respectively (P < 0.05). Butein increased GST enzyme activity by 27% compared with that in the control cells (P < 0.05). In contrast, phloretin had no significant effect on GST enzyme activity. The pTA-luciferase reporter construct with the rat -2.7 kb GSTP promoter region was transiently transfected into Clone 9 liver cells, and the luciferase activity in butein-treated cells was 1.1-fold higher than that in control cells (P < 0.05). GSTP enhancer 1 (GPE1) deletion abolished the induction of reporter activity by butein. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, was stimulated in the presence of butein. Pretreatment with PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, alleviated the increase in activator protein-1 (AP-1)-DNA binding activity and also the activation of GSTP protein expression by butein. Moreover, c-Jun is likely to bind to the GPE1. Silencing of ERK2 by siRNA gene knockdown reduced the butein-induced expression of GSTP. In conclusion, the increased GSTP expression by butein is likely related to the ERK-AP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebron C Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, NO. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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