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Ahnaou A, Huysmans H, Biermans R, Manyakov NV, Drinkenburg WHIM. Ketamine: differential neurophysiological dynamics in functional networks in the rat brain. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1237. [PMID: 28926001 PMCID: PMC5639243 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine has emerged as a fast-onset mechanism to achieve antidepressant activity, whereas its psychomimetic, dissociative and amnestic effects have been well documented to pharmacologically model schizophrenia features in rodents. Sleep-wake architecture, neuronal oscillations and network connectivity are key mechanisms supporting brain plasticity and cognition, which are disrupted in mood disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. In rats, we investigated the dynamic effects of acute and chronic subcutaneous administration of ketamine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) on sleep-wake cycle, multichannels network interactions assessed by coherence and phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling, locomotor activity (LMA), cognitive information processing as reflected by the mismatch negativity-like (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Acute ketamine elicited a short, lasting inhibition of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased coherence in higher gamma frequency oscillations independent of LMA, altered theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling, increased MMN peak-amplitude response and evoked higher gamma oscillations. In contrast, chronic ketamine reduced large-scale communication among cortical regions by decreasing oscillations and coherent activity in the gamma frequency range, shifted networks activity towards slow alpha rhythm, decreased MMN peak response and enhanced aberrant higher gamma neuronal network oscillations. Altogether, our data show that acute and chronic ketamine elicited differential changes in network connectivity, ERPs and event-related oscillations (EROs), supporting possible underlying alterations in NMDAR-GABAergic signaling. The findings underscore the relevance of intermittent dosing of ketamine to accurately maintain the functional integrity of neuronal networks for long-term plastic changes and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - H Huysmans
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - R Biermans
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - N V Manyakov
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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Yamashita PS, Spiacci A, Hassel JE, Lowry CA, Zangrossi H. Disinhibition of the rat prelimbic cortex promotes serotonergic activation of the dorsal raphe nucleus and panicolytic-like behavioral effects. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:704-714. [PMID: 28071216 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116684334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that serotonin plays a dual role in the modulation of defensive behaviors related to anxiety and panic. A major source of serotonergic projections to limbic structures responsible for this modulation is the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Anatomical studies indicate that the prelimbic (PL) cortex sends dense glutamatergic projections to the DR, leading to stimulation or inhibition of serotonin release in structures innervated by the DR. The objective of the present study was to investigate if GABAergic disinhibition of the PL by means of local administration of picrotoxin (PIC), a chloride channel blocker, can affect serotonergic tone and the expression of defensive behaviors related to anxiety and panic. We used the elevated T-maze model and Vogel conflict test to evaluate defensive responses associated with anxiety or panic. The results showed that intra-PL PIC caused an increase in c-Fos activation in serotonergic cells in DR subregions. Furthermore, the intra-PL injection of PIC induced a panicolytic-like effect without affecting behaviors associated with anxiety. Our findings suggest that the PL-DR pathway, through DR serotonergic stimulation, is involved in the control of panic-related behaviors by control of serotonin release in structures that modulate panic responses, such as the dorsal periaqueductal gray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sm Yamashita
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ailton Spiacci
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - James E Hassel
- 2 Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- 2 Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Helio Zangrossi
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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53
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Eskelund A, Li Y, Budac DP, Müller HK, Gulinello M, Sanchez C, Wegener G. Drugs with antidepressant properties affect tryptophan metabolites differently in rodent models with depression-like behavior. J Neurochem 2017; 142:118-131. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- Lundbeck Research US; Paramus New Jersey USA
| | | | | | - Maria Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility; Department of Neuroscience; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York USA
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit; Risskov Denmark
- Lundbeck Research US; Paramus New Jersey USA
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Nagayasu K. Elucidation of the Role of Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons in Mood Regulation Using Pharmacological and Viral Vector-based Approaches. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:341-346. [PMID: 28250331 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that serotonergic neurons play a crucial role in brain function and dysfunction, such as in major depressive disorder. However, the complexity of serotonergic projections severely hampers the elucidation of their precise mechanisms. Here we summarize our recent studies on the effects of ketamine and olanzapine, which have been reported to be effective in treatment-resistant depression, on dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons, using microdialysis, electrophysiology experiments, and slice cultures. Furthermore, we discuss the results of our recent approach using viral vectors, in particular, HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagayasu
- iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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55
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Hare BD, Ghosal S, Duman RS. Rapid Acting Antidepressants in Chronic Stress Models: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. CHRONIC STRESS 2017. [PMID: 28649673 PMCID: PMC5482287 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017697317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stress-associated disorders, including depression and anxiety, impact nearly 20% of individuals in the United States. The social, health, and economic burden imposed by stress-associated disorders requires in depth research efforts to identify suitable treatment strategies. Traditional medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors) have significant limitations, notably a time lag for therapeutic response that is compounded by low rates of efficacy. Excitement over ketamine, a rapid acting antidepressant effective in treatment resistant patients, is tempered by transient dissociative and psychotomimetic effects, as well as abuse potential. Rodent stress models are commonly used to produce behavioral abnormalities that resemble those observed in stress-associated disorders. Stress models also produce molecular and cellular morphological changes in stress sensitive brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus that resemble alterations observed in depression. Rapid acting antidepressants such as ketamine can rescue stress-associated morphological and behavioral changes in rodent models. Here, we review the literature supporting a role for rapid acting antidepressants in opposing the effects of stress, and summarize research efforts seeking to elucidate the molecular, cellular, and circuit level targets of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Hare
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sriparna Ghosal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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56
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Nagayasu K, Kaneko S. Pharmacological approach for elucidating the role of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons in mood/emotion regulation. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 149:44-47. [PMID: 28049879 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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57
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Ketamine decreases sensitivity of male rats to misleading negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal-learning task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:613-620. [PMID: 27933365 PMCID: PMC5263208 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression is characterized by an excessive attribution of value to negative feedback. This imbalance in feedback sensitivity can be measured using the probabilistic reversal-learning (PRL) task. This task was initially designed for clinical research, but introduction of its rodent version provides a new and much needed translational paradigm to evaluate potential novel antidepressants. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the effects of a compound showing clear antidepressant properties-ketamine (KET)-on the sensitivity of rats to positive and negative feedback in the PRL paradigm. METHODS We trained healthy rats in an operant version of the PRL task. For successful completion of the task, subjects had to learn to ignore infrequent and misleading feedback, arising from the probabilistic (80:20) nature of the discrimination. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of KET (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) on feedback sensitivity 1, 24, and 48 h after administration. RESULTS We report that acute administration of the highest dose of KET (20 mg/kg) rapidly and persistently decreases the proportion of lose-shift responses made by rats after receiving negative feedback. CONCLUSION Present results suggest that KET decreases negative feedback sensitivity and that changes in this basic neurocognitive function might be one of the factors responsible for its antidepressant action.
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Du Jardin KG, Müller HK, Sanchez C, Wegener G, Elfving B. Gene expression related to serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the flinders sensitive line rat model of depression: Effect of ketamine. Synapse 2016; 71:37-45. [PMID: 27589698 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with dysfunctional serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and the genetic animal model of depression Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats display alterations in these systems relatively to their control strain Flinders Resistant Line (FRL). However, changes on transcript level related to serotonergic and glutamatergic signaling have only been sparsely studied in this model. The non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has fast-onset antidepressant properties, and recent data implicate serotonergic neurotransmission in ketamine's antidepressant-like activities in rodents. Here, we investigated the transcript levels of 40 genes involved in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in FSL and FRL rats in response to a single dose of ketamine (15 mg/kg; 90 min prior to euthanization). Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we studied the effect of ketamine in the hippocampus, whereas strain differences were investigated in both hippocampus and frontal cortex. The expression of genes involved in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission were unaffected by a single dose of ketamine in the hippocampus. Relative to FRL rats, FSL rats displayed enhanced hippocampal transcript levels of 5-ht2c , and P11, whereas the expression was reduced for 5-ht2a , Nr2a, and Mglur2. In the frontal cortex, we found higher transcript levels of 5-ht2c and Mglur2, whereas the expression of 5-ht2a was reduced in FSL rats. Thus, ketamine is not associated with hippocampal alterations in serotonergic or glutamatergic genes at 90 min after an antidepressant dose. Furthermore, FSL rats display serotonergic and glutamatergic abnormalities on gene expression level that partly may resemble findings in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Gaarn Du Jardin
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark.,Lundbeck US LLC, 215 College Rd, Paramus, New Jersey
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark
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Potential involvement of serotonergic signaling in ketamine's antidepressant actions: A critical review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:27-38. [PMID: 27262695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single i.v. infusion of ketamine, classified as an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, may alleviate depressive symptoms within hours of administration in treatment resistant depressed patients, and the antidepressant effect may last for several weeks. These unique therapeutic properties have prompted researchers to explore the mechanisms mediating the antidepressant effects of ketamine, but despite many efforts, no consensus on its antidepressant mechanism of action has been reached. Recent preclinical reports have associated the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) with the antidepressant-like action of ketamine. Here, we review the current evidence for a serotonergic role in ketamine's antidepressant effects. The pharmacological profile of ketamine may include equipotent activity on several non-NMDA targets, and the current hypotheses for the mechanisms responsible for ketamine's antidepressant activity do not appear to preclude the possibility that non-glutamate neurotransmitters are involved in the antidepressant effects. At multiple levels, the serotonergic and glutamatergic systems interact, and such crosstalk could support the notion that changes in serotonergic neurotransmission may impact ketamine's antidepressant potential. In line with these prospects, ketamine may increase 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats, plausibly via hippocampal NMDA receptor inhibition and activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In addition, a number of preclinical studies suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine may depend on endogenous activation of 5-HT receptors. Recent imaging and behavioral data predominantly support a role for 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors, but the full range of 5-HT receptors has currently not been systematically investigated in this context. Furthermore, the nature of any 5-HT dependent mechanism in ketamine's antidepressant effect is currently not understood, and therefore, more studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis and explore the specific pathways that might implicate 5-HT.
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60
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Thelen C, Sens J, Mauch J, Pandit R, Pitychoutis PM. Repeated ketamine treatment induces sex-specific behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:305-12. [PMID: 27343934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major depression was the finding that infusion of a single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depressed patients. However, ketamine's antidepressant-like actions are transient and can only be sustained by repeated drug treatment. Despite the fact that women experience major depression at roughly twice the rate of men, research regarding the neurobiological antidepressant-relevant effects of ketamine has focused almost exclusively on the male sex. Importantly, knowledge regarding the sex-differentiated effects, the frequency and the dose on which repeated ketamine administration stops being beneficial, is limited. In the current study, we investigated the behavioral, neurochemical and synaptic molecular effects of repeated ketamine treatment (10mg/kg; 21days) in male and female C57BL/6J mice. We report that ketamine induced beneficial antidepressant-like effects in male mice, but induced both anxiety-like (i.e., decreased time spent in the center of the open field arena) and depressive-like effects (i.e., enhanced immobility duration in the forced swim test; FST) in their female counterparts. Moreover, repeated ketamine treatment induced sustained sex-differentiated neurochemical and molecular effects, as it enhanced hippocampal synapsin protein levels and serotonin turnover in males, but attenuated glutamate and aspartate levels in female mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that repeated ketamine treatment induces opposite behavioral effects in male and female mice, and thus, present data have far-reaching implications for the sex-oriented use of ketamine in both experimental and clinical research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Thelen
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Jonathon Sens
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Joseph Mauch
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Radhika Pandit
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA.
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61
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Guo R, Tang Q, Ye Y, Lu X, Chen F, Dai X, Yan Y, Liao L. Effects of gender on ketamine-induced conditioned placed preference and urine metabonomics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:263-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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du Jardin KG, Müller HK, Sanchez C, Wegener G, Elfving B. A single dose of vortioxetine, but not ketamine or fluoxetine, increases plasticity-related gene expression in the rat frontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 786:29-35. [PMID: 27235984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has been shown to induce a rapid antidepressant effect in treatment-resistant patients. Vortioxetine is a multimodal-acting antidepressant that exert its therapeutic activity through serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibition and modulation of several 5-HT receptors. In clinical trials, vortioxetine improves depression symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Neuroplasticity as well as serotonergic and glutamatergic signaling attain significant roles in depression pathophysiology and antidepressant responses. Here, we investigate the effects of ketamine and vortioxetine on gene expression related to serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as neuroplasticity and compare them to those of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rats were injected with fluoxetine (10mg/kg), ketamine (15mg/kg), or vortioxetine (10mg/kg) at 2, 8, 12, or 27h prior to harvesting of the frontal cortex and hippocampus. mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The main finding was that vortioxetine enhanced plasticity-related gene expression (Mtor, Mglur1, Pkcα, Homer3, Spinophilin, and Synapsin3) in the frontal cortex at 8h after a single dose. Ingenuity pathway analysis of this subset of data identified a biological network that was engaged by vortioxetine and is plausibly associated with neuroplasticity. Transcript levels had returned to baseline levels 12h after injection. Only minor effects on gene expression were found for ketamine or fluoxetine. In conclusion, acute vortioxetine, but not fluoxetine or ketamine, transiently increased plasticity-related gene expression in the frontal cortex. These effects may be ascribed to the direct 5-HT receptor activities of vortioxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Gaarn du Jardin
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark.
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; Lundbeck US LLC, 215 College Rd, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
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The Antidepressant Effects of an mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist and Ketamine Require AMPA Receptor Stimulation in the mPFC and Subsequent Activation of the 5-HT Neurons in the DRN. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1046-56. [PMID: 26245499 PMCID: PMC4748429 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have reported the antidepressant effects of both metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor antagonists and ketamine in several animal models, and proposed that serotonergic (5-HTergic) transmission is involved in these actions. Given that the projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), where the majority of serotonin (5-HT) neurons exist, are reportedly involved in the antidepressant effects, in this study, we investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) of C57BL/6J male mice, the role of 5-HT neurons in the DRN regulated by the mPFC-DRN projections in the antidepressant effects of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495, and ketamine. Following systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC, both LY341495 and ketamine were found to exert antidepressant effects in the FST, and the effects were attenuated by depletion of 5-HT by treatment with an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, PCPA. The antidepressant effects of LY341495 and ketamine were also blocked by systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC of an AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX. Moreover, systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC of LY341495 and ketamine significantly increased the c-Fos expression in the 5-HT neurons in the DRN, and the effect of systemic administration of these drugs on the neuronal c-Fos expression was attenuated by microinjection of NBQX into the mPFC. Our findings suggest that activation of 5-HT neurons in the DRN regulated by stimulation of the AMPA receptor in the mPFC may be involved in the antidepressant effects of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist and ketamine.
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Réus GZ, Abelaira HM, Tuon T, Titus SE, Ignácio ZM, Rodrigues ALS, Quevedo J. Glutamatergic NMDA Receptor as Therapeutic Target for Depression. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 103:169-202. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Asaoka N, Nagayasu K, Nishitani N, Yamashiro M, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Kaneko S. Olanzapine augments the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by suppressing GABAergic inhibition via antagonism of 5-HT₆ receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:261-8. [PMID: 25863120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotic drugs shows better therapeutic efficacy than SSRI monotherapy in the treatment of depression. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the augmenting effects of olanzapine are not fully understood. Here, we report that olanzapine enhances the SSRI-induced increase in extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels and antidepressant-like effects by inhibiting GABAergic neurons through 5-HT6 receptor antagonism in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). In organotypic raphe slice cultures, treatment with olanzapine (1-100 μM) enhanced the increase in extracellular 5-HT levels in the presence of fluoxetine (10 μM) or citalopram (1 μM). The enhancing effect of olanzapine was not further augmented by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that olanzapine (50 μM) decreased the firing frequency of GABAergic neurons in acute DRN slices. Among many serotonergic agents, the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB399885 (1-100 μM) mimicked the effects of olanzapine by enhancing the SSRI-induced increase in extracellular 5-HT levels, which was not further augmented by bicuculline or olanzapine. SB399885 (50 μM) also decreased the firing frequency of GABAergic neurons in the DRN. In addition, an intraperitoneal administration of SB399885 (10 mg/kg) to mice significantly enhanced the antidepressant-like effect of a subeffective dose of citalopram (3 mg/kg) in the tail-suspension test. These results suggest that olanzapine decreases local inhibitory GABAergic tone in the DRN through antagonism of 5-HT6 receptors, thereby increasing the activity of at least part of serotonergic neurons, which may contribute to the augmentation of the efficacy of SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Franceschelli A, Sens J, Herchick S, Thelen C, Pitychoutis PM. Sex differences in the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in stress-naïve and "depressed" mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Neuroscience 2015; 290:49-60. [PMID: 25595985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, one of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major depression was the clinical finding that a single infusion of a sub-anesthetic dose of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces a rapid (i.e. within a few hours) and long-lasting (i.e. up to two weeks) antidepressant effect in both treatment-resistant depressed patients and in animal models of depression. Notably, converging clinical and preclinical evidence support that responsiveness to antidepressant drugs is sex-differentiated. Strikingly, research regarding the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine has focused almost exclusively on the male sex. Herein we report that female C57BL/6J stress-naïve mice are more sensitive to the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the forced swim test (FST). In particular, female mice responded to lower doses of ketamine (i.e. 3mg/kg at 30 min and 5mg/kg at 24h post-injection), doses that were not effective in their male counterparts. Moreover, tissue levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, as well as serotonergic activity, were affected in a sex-dependent manner in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, at the same time-points. Most importantly, a single injection of ketamine (10mg/kg) induced sex-dependent behavioral effects in mice subjected to the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. Intriguingly, female mice were more reactive to the earlier effects of ketamine, as assessed in the open field and the FST (at 30 min and 24h post-treatment, respectively) but the antidepressant potential of the drug proved to be longer lasting in males, as assessed in the splash test and the FST (days 5 and 7 post-treatment, respectively). Taken together, present data revealed that ketamine treatment induces sex-dependent rapid and sustained neurochemical and behavioral antidepressant-like effects in stress-naïve and CMS-exposed C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franceschelli
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - J Sens
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - S Herchick
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - C Thelen
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - P M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
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Fukumoto K, Chaki S. Involvement of serotonergic system in the effect of a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist in the novelty-suppressed feeding test. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Sanacora G, Schatzberg AF. Ketamine: promising path or false prophecy in the development of novel therapeutics for mood disorders? Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:259-67. [PMID: 25257213 PMCID: PMC4443967 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large 'real world' studies demonstrating the limited effectiveness and slow onset of clinical response associated with our existing antidepressant medications has highlighted the need for the development of new therapeutic strategies for major depression and other mood disorders. Yet, despite intense research efforts, the field has had little success in developing antidepressant treatments with fundamentally novel mechanisms of action over the past six decades, leaving the field wary and skeptical about any new developments. However, a series of relatively small proof-of-concept studies conducted over the last 15 years has gradually gained great interest by providing strong evidence that a unique, rapid onset of sustained, but still temporally limited, antidepressant effects can be achieved with a single administration of ketamine. We are now left with several questions regarding the true clinical meaningfulness of the findings and the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant action. In this Circumspectives piece, Dr Sanacora and Dr Schatzberg share their opinions on these issues and discuss paths to move the field forward.
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