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CONTRASTING CONCURRENT AND CHILDHOOD SOCIOECONOMIC PREDICTORS OF SELF-RATED HEALTH AMONG OLDER EUROPEAN MEN AND WOMEN. J Biosoc Sci 2016; 49:478-497. [PMID: 27255528 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932016000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relative importance of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP) on the self-rated health (SRH) of men and women aged 50 or higher in Europe, controlling for a substantial number of mediators and health conditions. Data from Wave 2 (current data) and Wave 3 (retrospective material) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were combined (N=20,829) and logistic regression models applied; the analysis was carried out for males and females separately. The findings indicate that concurrent and past SEP, when considered separately, are both very significant predictors of SRH. When all factors were included in a comprehensive model most childhood and adult SEP variables retained their significance, implying that both types of socioeconomic circumstances have a strong and independent effect on SRH. However, the relative importance of several childhood indicators was reduced, signifying that their effect on SRH is mediated by adult SEP and, especially, educational attainment. Some childhood predictors, such as having experienced a period of hunger, remained very significant. Though these findings roughly hold for both sexes, the relative effects differentiate by sex. Current SEP is more important among women, with the exception of income and 'making ends meet in the household'. Childhood SEP indicators are more significant among men.
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Bijker R, Agyemang C. The influence of early-life conditions on cardiovascular disease later in life among ethnic minority populations: a systematic review. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:341-53. [PMID: 26141120 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-015-1272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The reasons for the high prevalence of CVD in ethnic minority groups are not fully understood. Recently, the importance of early-life developmental factors and their impact on CVDs in adulthood is increasingly being recognised, but little is known about this among ethnic minority groups. Therefore, the current paper aimed to fill this knowledge gap by reviewing the available literature to assess the influence of early-life conditions on CVDs and its risk factors in ethnic minority populations residing in Western countries. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE between 1989 and 2014. In total, 1418 studies were identified of which 19 met the inclusion criteria. Six studies investigated the relationship between early-life anthropometrics and CVD risk factors of which all except one found significant associations between the assessed anthropometric measures and CVD risk factors. Seven studies evaluated the influence of childhood socio-economic status (SES) on CVD and risk factors of which five found significant associations between childhood SES measures and CVD risk factors. Five studies investigated the relationship between other early-life conditions including early-life nutrition, physical development, and childhood psychosocial conditions, and CVD risk factors. Four of these studies found significant associations between the assessed childhood conditions and CVD risk factors. This review reinforces the importance of early-life conditions on adult CVD in ethnic minority groups. Improvement of early-life conditions among ethnic minority groups may contribute to reducing CVD risk in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimke Bijker
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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The epidemiological transition and the global childhood obesity epidemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S3-8. [PMID: 27152182 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity is now recognized as a global public health issue. Social patterning of obesity, consistent with the theory of epidemiologic transition, has not been well described in children, and the limited research has focused on developed settings. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between childhood obesity and household income using objective measures of adiposity and to explore how this relationship differs across levels of country human development. METHODS The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) was a multi-national cross-sectional study conducted in 12 urban/suburban study sites that represented all inhabited continents and wide ranges of development. ISCOLE collected objectively measured height, body mass and percentage body fat in 7341 10-year-old children. Multi-level random-effects models were used to examine income gradients in several obesity measures. RESULTS The mean age of the children was 10.4 years, and 12.6% were obese, ranging from 5.4% (Finland) to 23.8% (China). For both boys and girls, obesity prevalence, body fat percentage and body mass index (BMI) z-score increased linearly with higher income at lower levels of development (all P for trend ⩽0.0012), but decreased linearly with higher income at higher levels of development (all P for trend ⩽0.0003). Country human development explained 75% of the variation in the country-specific income-obesity relationships (r=-0.87, P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with the theory of epidemiologic transition. Global efforts to control obesity must account for socioeconomic factors within a country's context. Future research should seek to understand global socioeconomic patterns in obesity-related lifestyle behaviors.
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Assari S, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Perceived Neighborhood Safety During Adolescence Predicts Subsequent Deterioration of Subjective Health Two Decades Later; Gender Differences in a Racially-Diverse Sample. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:117. [PMID: 26730347 PMCID: PMC4689094 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.170431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current study aimed to investigate whether perceived neighborhood as unsafe during adolescence predicts the subsequent perceived health two decades later. METHODS In a prospective study of an ethnically diverse urban sample (83.2% Black), conducted from 1994 to 2012, 851 adolescents were enrolled at 9(th) grade. Three hundred and seventy-eight participants were followed from 9(th) grade for 18 years. The outcome was subjective health (feeling as healthy as other people of the same age) measured at baseline (mean age 15 years) and end of follow-up (mean age 33 years). The independent variable was neighborhood perceived as unsafe measured at 9(th) grade. Baseline age, family structure, and parental employment were control variables. We ran logistic regressions in the pooled sample and also specific to each gender. RESULTS Perceived neighborhood as unsafe at 9(th) grade predicted deterioration of subjective health over the next 18 years (unadjusted odds ratio = 1.742, 95% confidence interval = 1.042-2.911). This association remained significant in a multivariable model that controlled for baseline subjective health, family structure, and parental employment. The association between perceived neighborhood safety at 9(th) grade and subsequent deterioration of perceived health during the next 12 years was significant for females but not males. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that perception of unsafe neighborhoods during adolescence has negative consequences years later for the health of females. Further research is needed to replicate the findings using objective measures of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Department of Psychiatry, and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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McGovern ME. Comparing the Relationship Between Stature and Later Life Health in Six Low and Middle Income Countries. JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMICS OF AGEING 2014; 4:128-148. [PMID: 25590021 PMCID: PMC4289608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between stature and later life health in 6 emerging economies, each of which are expected to experience significant increases in the mean age of their populations over the coming decades. Using data from the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) and pilot data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), I show that various measures of health are associated with height, a commonly used proxy for childhood environment. In the pooled sample, an additional 10cm increase in height is associated with between a 2 and 3 percentage point increase in the probability of being in very good or good self-reported health, a 3 percentage point increase in the probability of reporting no difficulties with activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living, and between a fifth and a quarter of a standard deviation increase in grip strength and lung function. Adopting a methodology previously used in the research on inequality, I also summarise the height-grip strength gradient for each country using the concentration index, and provide a decomposition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E McGovern
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health
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Gu D, Gomez-Redondo R, Dupre ME. Studying Disability Trends in Aging Populations. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2014; 30:21-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10823-014-9245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With progressive age, the immune system and the propensity for abnormal immunity change fundamentally. Individuals greater than 50 years of age are not only more susceptible to infection and cancer, but also at higher risk for chronic inflammation and immune-mediated tissue damage. The process of immunosenescence is accelerated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RECENT FINDINGS Premature T-cell senescence occurs not only in RA, but also has been involved in morbidity and mortality of chronic HIV infection. Senescent cells acquire the 'senescence-associated secretory phenotype', which promotes and sustains tissue inflammation. Molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell aging are beginning to be understood. In addition to the contraction of T-cell diversity because of uneven clonal expansion, senescent T cells have defects in balancing cytoplasmic kinase and phosphatase activities, changing their activation thresholds. Also, leakiness in repairing DNA lesions and uncapped telomeres imposes genomic stress. Age-induced changes in the tissue microenvironment may alter the T-cell responses. SUMMARY Gain-of-function and loss-of-function in senescent T cells undermine protective immunity and create the conditions for chronic tissue inflammation, a combination typically encountered in RA. Genetic programs involved in T-cell signaling and DNA repair are of high interest in the search for underlying molecular defects.
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Maternal education, anthropometric markers of malnutrition and cognitive function (ELSA-Brasil). BMC Public Health 2014; 14:673. [PMID: 24989981 PMCID: PMC4087199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The early exposure to poor social and nutritional conditions may influence cognitive function during adult age. However, the relative impact of these factors has not yet been established and they can vary during the course of life. Methods Analysis of data from 12,997 participants (35-64 years) of the baseline exams (2008-2010) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort of Brazilian civil servants. Four cognitive tests were applied: learning, recall and word recognition; semantic and phonemic verbal fluency; trail-making test version B. The markers of early nutritional and social conditions were maternal educational level, birth weight, and length of trunk and leg. The presence of independent association between every early marker and the poor performance in each cognitive test was investigated by multiple logistic regression, after mutual adjustment and considering the effects of gender, age and participant’s schooling level. The cut off for poor performance was the worst age-specific percentile of the final score distribution for each test. Results After full adjustments, lower maternal education increased the chances of poor performance in all cognitive tests, with a dose-response gradient; low birth-weight was related to poor performance in the trail-making test B (OR = 1.63, 95% IC = 1.29-2.06); and greater trunk length decreased the chances of poor performance in the semantic and phonemic verbal fluency (OR = 0.96, 95% IC = 0.94-0.97) and in the trail-making test B (OR = 0.94, 95% IC = 0.92-0.95). Leg length was not associated with any of the tests examined. The associations found were not modified by the educational attainment of the participants. Conclusions Early exposure to adverse social and nutritional conditions appear detrimental to semantic memory, learning, concentration, executive control and language among adults, independent of adulthood educational achievement.
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Hristova K, Shiue I, Pella D, Singh RB, Chaves H, Basu TK, Ozimek L, Rastogi SS, Takahashi T, Wilson D, DeMeester F, Cheema S, Garg M, Buttar HS, Milovanovic B, Kumar A, Handjiev S, Cornelissen G, Petrov I. Prevention strategies for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in developing countries: World Conference of Clinical Nutrition 2013. Nutrition 2014; 30:1085-9. [PMID: 24976423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krasimira Hristova
- President of the 7th International Congress on Cardiovascular Diseases and 17th World Congress on Clinical Nutrition, and Department of Noninvasive Functional Diagnostic and Imaging, University National Heart Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivy Shiue
- School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK and Owens Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Pella
- Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak
| | - R B Singh
- Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India
| | - Hilton Chaves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Tapan K Basu
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutrition Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lech Ozimek
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutrition Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S S Rastogi
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Delhi, India
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Douglous Wilson
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy & Health, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Sukhinder Cheema
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
| | - Manohar Garg
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - H S Buttar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Branislav Milovanovic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center Bezanijska Kosa and Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Cardiology Department, Governmental Medical College/GND Hospital, Punjab, India
| | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Metabolic Diseases, National Transport Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ivo Petrov
- President of Bulgarian Society of Cardiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Fernandes C, Pinho R, Carvalho J. Isn't the association between cognitive dysfunction and socioeconomic status a global truth? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:707. [PMID: 24252259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernandes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Pinho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova Gaia, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova Gaia, Portugal
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Onadja Y, Atchessi N, Soura BA, Rossier C, Zunzunegui MV. Gender differences in cognitive impairment and mobility disability in old age: a cross-sectional study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 57:311-8. [PMID: 23827740 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine differences in cognitive impairment and mobility disability between older men and women in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and to assess the extent to which these differences could be attributable to gender inequalities in life course social and health conditions. Data were collected on 981 men and women aged 50 and older in a 2010 cross-sectional health survey conducted in the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Leganés cognitive test. Mobility disability was self-reported as having any difficulty walking 400 m without assistance. We used logistic regression to assess gender differences in cognitive impairment and mobility disability. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was 27.6% in women and 7.7% in men, and mobility disability was present in 51.7% of women and 26.5% of men. The women to men odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for cognitive impairment and mobility disability was 3.52 (1.98-6.28) and 3.79 (2.47-5.85), respectively, after adjusting for the observed life course social and health conditions. The female excess was only partially explained by gender inequalities in nutritional status, marital status and, to a lesser extent, education. Among men and women, age, childhood hunger, lack of education, absence of a partner and being underweight were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment, while age, childhood poor health, food insecurity and being overweight were risk factors for mobility disability. Enhancing nutritional status and education opportunities throughout life span could prevent cognitive impairment and mobility disability and partly reduce the female excess in these disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yentéma Onadja
- Département de démographie, Université de Montréal, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec H3T 1N8, Canada.
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