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Mair DA, Schwei TR, Dinio TS, Fréchet JMJ, Svec F. Use of photopatterned porous polymer monoliths as passive micromixers to enhance mixing efficiency for on-chip labeling reactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:877-83. [PMID: 19294297 PMCID: PMC2790067 DOI: 10.1039/b816521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a passive micromixer with novel architecture using photopatterned porous polymer monoliths (PPM) and demonstrate an improvement in mixing efficiency by monitoring the fluorescence of an on-chip labeling reaction. UV light was used to photopattern a periodic arrangement of PPM structures directly within the channel of a plastic microfluidic chip. By optimizing the composition of the polymerization solution and irradiation time we demonstrate the ability to photopattern PPM in regularly repeating 100 microm segments at the tee-junction of the disposable device. To evaluate the efficiency of this dual functional mixer-reactor fluorescamine and lysine were introduced in separate channels upstream of the tee-junction and the intensity of laser-induced fluorescence resulting from the fluorogenic labeling reaction was monitored. The fluorescence level after the photopatterned periodic monolith configuration was 22% greater than both an equivalent 1 cm continuous segment of PPM and an open channel. Results indicate that this periodic arrangement of PPM, with regularly spaced open areas between 100 microm plugs of PPM, is directly responsible for enhancing the mixing and overall rate of chemical reaction in the system. In addition to facilitating preparation of a dual functional mixer-reactor, the ability to accurately photopattern PPM is an enabling technology for seamlessly integrating multiple monoliths into a single device. This technology will be particularly important to proteomic applications requiring preconcentration, enzymatic digestion and two-dimensional separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R. Schwei
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Theresa S. Dinio
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, USA. Fax: +1 510 486 7419; Tel. +1 510 486 7964; E-mail:
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, USA. Fax: +1 510 486 7419; Tel. +1 510 486 7964; E-mail:
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Kim J, Johnson M, Hill P, Gale BK. Microfluidic sample preparation: cell lysis and nucleic acid purification. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:574-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b905844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sasuga Y, Iwasawa T, Terada K, Oe Y, Sorimachi H, Ohara O, Harada Y. Single-Cell Chemical Lysis Method for Analyses of Intracellular Molecules Using an Array of Picoliter-Scale Microwells. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9141-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8016423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sasuga
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Tomoyuki Iwasawa
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Kayoko Terada
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Yoshihiro Oe
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Osamu Ohara
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Yoshie Harada
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
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54
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Chao TC, Ros A. Microfluidic single-cell analysis of intracellular compounds. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5 Suppl 2:S139-50. [PMID: 18682362 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0233.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological analyses traditionally probe cell ensembles in the range of 103-106 cells, thereby completely averaging over relevant individual cell responses, such as differences in cell proliferation, responses to external stimuli or disease onset. In past years, this fact has been realized and increasing interest has evolved for single-cell analytical methods, which could give exciting new insights into genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and systems biology. Microfluidic or lab-on-a-chip devices are the method of choice for single-cell analytical tools as they allow the integration of a variety of necessary process steps involved in single-cell analysis, such as selection, navigation, positioning or lysis of single cells as well as separation and detection of cellular analytes. Along with this advantageous integration, microfluidic devices confine single cells in compartments near their intrinsic volume, thus minimizing dilution effects and increasing detection sensitivity. This review overviews the developments and achievements of microfluidic single-cell analysis of intracellular compounds in the past few years, from proof-of-principle devices to applications demonstrating a high biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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55
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Abstract
Owing to the small quantities of analytes and small volumes involved in single-cell analysis techniques, manipulation strategies must be chosen carefully. The lysis of single cells for downstream chemical analysis in capillaries and lab-on-a-chip devices can be achieved by optical, acoustic, mechanical, electrical or chemical means, each having their respective strengths and weaknesses. Selection of the most appropriate lysis method will depend on the particulars of the downstream cell lysate processing. Ultrafast lysis techniques such as the use of highly focused laser pulses or pulses of high voltage are suitable for applications requiring high temporal resolution. Other factors, such as whether the cells are adherent or in suspension and whether the proteins to be collected are desired to be native or denatured, will determine the suitability of detergent-based lysis methods. Therefore, careful selection of the proper lysis technique is essential for gathering accurate data from single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Brown
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Abstract
Chemical cytometry, referring to the analysis of the chemical contents in individual cells, has been in intensive study since Kennedy's first work that was published in Science. The early researches relied on fine-tip capillaries to capture the cells and do the analyses, which were lab- and time-intensive and required high skills of operation. The emergence of microfluidics has greatly spurred this research field and a great number of research papers have been published in the last decades. Highly integrated microfluidic chips have been developed to capture multiple single cells, lyse them, perform chemical reactions in enclosed microchambers, separate contents by CE and detect chemical species in individual cells. This review focuses on the development of relevant components and their integration for on-chip chemical cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Yamada M, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Seki M, Okano T. Millisecond treatment of cells using microfluidic devices via two-step carrier-medium exchange. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:772-778. [PMID: 18432348 DOI: 10.1039/b718281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a simple but versatile microfluidic system for the treatment of cells with millisecond chemical stimulus, by rapidly exchanging the carrier-medium of cells twice in a microchannel. A technique we refer to as 'hydrodynamic filtration' has been employed for the exchange of medium, in which the virtual width of flow in the microchannel determines the size of filtered cells/particles. The treatment time of cells could be rigidly adjusted by controlling the inlet flow rates and by changing the volume of the stimulating area in the microchannel. In the experiment, two types of microdevices were designed and fabricated, and at first, the ability for carrier-medium exchange was confirmed. As an application of the presented system, we examined the influence of the treatment time of HeLa cells with Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant used to solubilize the cellular membrane, on cell viability, varying the average treatment time from 17 to 210 ms. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to estimate the damage on cell membrane, demonstrating that the cell viability dramatically decreased when the treatment time was longer than approximately 40 ms. The obtained results demonstrated the ability of the presented system to conduct the rapid stimulation of cells, which would be useful for the analysis of biochemical reactions at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Yamada
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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58
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Abstract
This review describes recent work in cell separation using micro- and nanoscale technologies. These devices offer several advantages over conventional, macroscale separation systems in terms of sample volumes, low cost, portability, and potential for integration with other analytical techniques. More importantly, and in the context of modern medicine, these technologies provide tools for point-of-care diagnostics, drug discovery, and chemical or biological agent detection. This review describes work in five broad categories of cell separation based on (1) size, (2) magnetic attraction, (3) fluorescence, (4) adhesion to surfaces, and (5) new emerging technologies. The examples in each category were selected to illustrate separation principles and technical solutions as well as challenges facing this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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59
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Zheng S, Lin H, Liu JQ, Balic M, Datar R, Cote RJ, Tai YC. Membrane microfilter device for selective capture, electrolysis and genomic analysis of human circulating tumor cells. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1162:154-61. [PMID: 17561026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents development of a parylene membrane microfilter device for single stage capture and electrolysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in human blood, and the potential of this device to allow genomic analysis. The presence and number of CTCs in blood has recently been demonstrated to provide significant prognostic information for patients with metastatic breast cancer. While finding as few as five CTCs in about 7.5mL of blood (i.e., 10(10) blood cells in) is clinically significant, detection of CTCs is currently difficult and time consuming. CTC enrichment is performed by either gradient centrifugation of CTC based on their buoyant density or magnetic separation of epithelial CTC, both of which are laborious procedures with variable efficiency, and CTC identification is typically done by trained pathologists through visual observation of stained cytokeratin-positive epithelial CTC. These processes may take hours, if not days. Work presented here provides a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based option to make this process simpler, faster, better and cheaper. We exploited the size difference between CTCs and human blood cells to achieve the CTC capture on filter with approximately 90% recovery within 10 min, which is superior to current approaches. Following capture, we facilitated polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genomic analysis by performing on-membrane electrolysis with embedded electrodes reaching each of the individual 16,000 filtering pores. The biggest advantage for this on-membrane in situ cell lysis is the high efficiency since cells are immobilized, allowing their direct contact with electrodes. As a proof-of-principle, we show beta actin gene PCR, the same technology can be easily extended to real time PCR for CTC-specific transcript to allow molecular identification of CTC and their further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, M/C 136-93, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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60
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Li X, Li PCH. Microfluidic selection and retention of a single cardiac myocyte, on-chip dye loading, cell contraction by chemical stimulation, and quantitative fluorescent analysis of intracellular calcium. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4315-22. [PMID: 16013841 DOI: 10.1021/ac048240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic method to study the contraction of a single cardiac myocyte (heart muscle cell) has been developed. This method integrates various single-cell operations as well as on-chip dye loading, and quantitative analysis of intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i. After the channel enlargement by on-chip etching to accommodate large-sized cardiac myocytes, a single cell is selected and retained at a V-shaped cell retention structure within the microchip. Owing to the fragile property of the cardiac myocytes that could easily be damaged by centrifugation, the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye was loaded in the cell by on-chip dye loading. This on-chip method minimized the damage to the cells from the use of a centrifuge in the conventional method and provided a way of cellular analysis of fragile cells. Subsequently, quantitative analysis of [Ca2+]i of a single cardiac myocyte by fluorescence measurement was achieved for the first time in a microfluidic chip, thanks to the intracellular calcium stimulant of ionomycin. The resting [Ca2+]i of the cardiomyocyte determined was consistent with the literature value. From the spontaneous contraction study, it was found that fluorescence intensity cannot represent the [Ca2+]i variation accurately, which implied the importance of the quantitative analysis of [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada
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61
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Abstract
A goal of modern biology is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular function. The ability to manipulate and analyze single cells is crucial for this task. The advent of microengineering is providing biologists with unprecedented opportunities for cell handling and investigation on a cell-by-cell basis. For this reason, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies are emerging as the next revolution in tools for biological discovery. In the current discussion, we seek to summarize the state of the art for conventional technologies in use by biologists for the analysis of single, mammalian cells, and then compare LOC devices engineered for these same single-cell studies. While a review of the technical progress is included, a major goal is to present the view point of the practicing biologist and the advances that might increase adoption by these individuals. The LOC field is expanding rapidly, and we have focused on areas of broad interest to the biology community where the technology is sufficiently far advanced to contemplate near-term application in biological experimentation. Focus areas to be covered include flow cytometry, electrophoretic analysis of cell contents, fluorescent-indicator-based analyses, cells as small volume reactors, control of the cellular microenvironment, and single-cell PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Sims
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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62
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Wolbers F, ter Braak P, Le Gac S, Luttge R, Andersson H, Vermes I, van den Berg A. Viability study of HL60 cells in contact with commonly used microchip materials. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:5073-80. [PMID: 17124709 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a study in which different commonly used microchip materials (silicon oxide, borosilicate glass, and PDMS) were analyzed for their effect on human promyelocytic leukemic (HL60) cells. Copper-coated silicon was analyzed for its toxicity and therefore served as a positive control. With quantitative PCR, the expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 and the apoptosis marker tissue transglutaminase were measured. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the distribution through the different phases of the cell cycle (propidium iodide, PI) and the apoptotic cascade (Annexin V in combination with PI). All microchip materials, with the exception of Cu, appeared to be suitable for HL60 cells, showing a ratio apoptosis/proliferation (R(ap)) comparable to materials used in conventional cell culture (polystyrene). These results were confirmed with cell cycle analysis and apoptosis studies. Precoating the microchip material surfaces with serum favor the proliferation, as demonstrated by a lower R(ap) as compared to uncoated surfaces. The Cu-coated surface appeared to be toxic for HL60 cells, showing over 90% decreased viability within 24 h. From these results, it can be concluded that the chosen protocol is suitable for selection of the cell culture material, and that the most commonly used microchip materials are compatible with HL60 culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Wolbers
- Department of Sensor systems for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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63
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Lu KY, Wo AM, Lo YJ, Chen KC, Lin CM, Yang CR. Three dimensional electrode array for cell lysis via electroporation. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:568-74. [PMID: 16997544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfabricated devices for cell lysis have demonstrated many advantages over conventional approaches. Among various design of microdevices that employ electroporation for cytolysis, most utilize Ag/AgCl wires or 2D planar electrodes. Although, simple in fabrication the electric field generated by 2D electrodes decays exponentially, resulting in rather non-uniform forcing on the cell membrane. This paper investigates the effect of electric field generated by 3D cylindrical electrodes to perform cell lysis via electroporation in a microfluidic platform, and compared with that by 2D design. Computational results of the electric field for both 2D and 3D electrode geometries showed that the 3D configuration demonstrated a significantly higher effective volume ratio-volume which electric field is sufficient for cell lysis to that of net throughflow volume. Hence, the efficacy of performing cell lysis is substantially greater for cells passing through 3D than 2D electrodes. Experimentally, simultaneous multi-pores were observed on leukocytes lysed with 3D electrodes, which is indicative of enhanced uniformity of the electric field generated by 3D design. Additionally, a single row of 3D electrode demonstrated a substantially higher lysing percentage (30%) than that of 2D (8%) under that same flow condition. This work should aid in the design of electrodes in performing cell lysis via electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Lu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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64
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Dittrich PS, Tachikawa K, Manz A. Micro Total Analysis Systems. Latest Advancements and Trends. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3887-908. [PMID: 16771530 DOI: 10.1021/ac0605602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Dittrich
- Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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65
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Abstract
Gentle and precise handling of cell suspensions is essential for scientific research and clinical diagnostic applications. Although different techniques for cell analysis at the micro-scale have been proposed, many still require that preliminary sample preparation steps be performed off the chip. Here we present a microstructured membrane as a new microfluidic design concept, enabling the implementation of common sample preparation procedures for suspensions of eukaryotic cells in lab-on-a-chip devices. We demonstrate the novel capabilities for sample preparation procedures by the implementation of metered sampling of nanoliter volumes of whole blood, concentration increase up to three orders of magnitude of sparse cell suspension, and circumferentially uniform, sequential exposure of cells to reagents. We implemented these functions by using microstructured membranes that are pneumatically actuated and allowed to reversibly decouple the flow of fluids and the displacement of eukaryotic cells in suspensions. Furthermore, by integrating multiple structures on the same membrane, complex sequential procedures are possible using a limited number of control steps.
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66
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Yi C, Li CW, Ji S, Yang M. Microfluidics technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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Sun Y, Kwok YC. Polymeric microfluidic system for DNA analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 556:80-96. [PMID: 17723333 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of micro total analysis system (microTAS) has grown exponentially in the past decade. DNA analysis is one of the primary applications of microTAS technology. This review mainly focuses on the recent development of the polymeric microfluidic devices for DNA analysis. After a brief introduction of material characteristics of polymers, the various microfabrication methods are presented. The most recent developments and trends in the area of DNA analysis are then explored. We focus on the rapidly developing fields of cell sorting, cell lysis, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA separation and detection. Lastly, commercially available polymer-based microdevices are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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68
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Liu AL, He FY, Wang K, Zhou T, Lu Y, Xia XH. Rapid method for design and fabrication of passive micromixers in microfluidic devices using a direct-printing process. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:974-8. [PMID: 16100582 DOI: 10.1039/b502764k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed a facile and rapid one-step technique for design and fabrication of passive micromixers in microfluidic devices using a direct-printing process. A laser printing mechanism was dexterously adopted to pattern the microchannels with different gray levels using vector graphic software. With the present method, periodically ordered specific bas-relief microstructures can be easily fabricated on transparencies by a simple printing process. The size and shape of the resultant microstructures are determined by the gray level of the graphic software and the resolution of the laser printer. Patterns of specific bas-relief microstructures on the floor of a channel act as obstacles in the flow path for advection mixing, which can be used as efficient mixing elements. The mixing effect of the resultant micromixer in microfluidic devices was evaluated using CCD fluorescence spectroscopy. We found that the mixing performance depends strongly on the gray level values. Under optimal conditions, fast passive mixing with our periodic ordered patterns in microfluidic devices has been achieved at the very early stages of the laminar flow. In addition, fabrication of micromixers using the present versatile technique requires less than an hour. The present method is promising for fabrication of micromixers in microfluidic devices at low cost and without complicated devices and environment, providing a simple solution to mixing problems in the micro-total-analysis-systems field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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69
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Abstract
Accurate, fast, and affordable analysis of the cellular component of blood is of prime interest for medicine and research. Yet, most often sample preparation procedures for blood analysis involve handling steps prone to introducing artifacts, whereas analysis methods commonly require skilled technicians and well-equipped, expensive laboratories. Developing more gentle protocols and affordable instruments for specific blood analysis tasks is becoming possible through the recent progress in the area of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip-type devices. Precise control over the cell microenvironment during separation procedures and the ability to scale down the analysis to very small volumes of blood are among the most attractive capabilities of the new approaches. Here we review some of the emerging principles for manipulating blood cells at microscale and promising high-throughput approaches to blood cell separation using microdevices. Examples of specific single-purpose devices are described together with integration strategies for blood cell separation and analysis modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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