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Feng L, Li H, Qu Y, Lü C. Detection of TNT based on conjugated polymer encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles through FRET. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4633-5. [PMID: 22473295 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing poly(p-phenylenevinylene) provide a facile strategy to detect TNT through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The observed linear fluorescence intensity change allows the quantitative detection of TNT with the detection limit of 6 × 10(-7) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
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52
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Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system is able to detect many more odorants than the number of receptors it has by utilizing cross-reactive odorant receptors that generate unique response patterns for each odorant. Mimicking the mammalian system, artificial noses combine cross-reactive sensor arrays with pattern recognition algorithms to create robust odor-discrimination systems. The first artificial nose reported in 1982 utilized a tin-oxide sensor array. Since then, however, a wide range of sensor technologies have been developed and commercialized. This review highlights the most commonly employed sensor types in artificial noses: electrical, gravimetric, and optical sensors. The applications of nose systems are also reviewed, covering areas such as food and beverage quality control, chemical warfare agent detection, and medical diagnostics. A brief discussion of future trends for the technology is also provided.
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53
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Characterization of thermal desorption instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition calibration method for trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene quantitation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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54
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Rana A, Panda PK. Fluorescent turn-off based sensing of nitrated explosives using porphyrins and their Zn(ii)-derivatives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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55
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Wei W, Huang X, Chen K, Tao Y, Tang X. Fluorescent organic–inorganic hybrid polyphosphazene microspheres for the trace detection of nitroaromatic explosives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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56
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Salinas Y, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos MD, Sancenón F, Costero AM, Parra M, Gil S. Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:1261-96. [PMID: 21947358 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This critical review is focused on examples reported from 1947 to 2010 related to the design of chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for explosives (141 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Centro Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - Universitat de València, Spain
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57
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Zheng Y, Wang Q, Tan C. Selective signaling of fluoride anion based on imidazole moieties. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 27:302-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; People's Republic of China
| | | | - Chaoliang Tan
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; People's Republic of China
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Apodaca DC, Pernites RB, Del Mundo FR, Advincula RC. Detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) as a model system for nitroaromatic compounds via molecularly imprinted short-alkyl-chain SAMs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6768-6779. [PMID: 21534549 DOI: 10.1021/la105128q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A 2-D molecularly imprinted monolayer (2-D MIM) approach was used to prepare a simple and robust sensor for nitroaromatic compounds with 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) as the model compound, which is a precursor and analog for explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). In contrast to studies utilizing long-chain hexadecylmercaptan self-assembled monolayers (SAM)s for sensing, a shorter-chain alkylthiol (i.e., butanethiol SAM) was utilized for DNT detection. The role of the chain length of the coadsorbed alkylthiol was emphasized with a matched template during solution adsorption. Semiempirical PM3 quantum calculations were used to determine the molecular conformation and complexation of the adsorbates. A switching mechanism was invoked on the basis of the ability of the template analyte to alter the packing arrangement of the alkylthiol SAMs near defect sites as influenced by the DNT-ethanol solvent complex. A 2-D MIM was formed on the Au surface electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), which was then used to sense various concentrations of the analyte. Interestingly, the 2-D MIM QCM also enabled the selective detection of DNT even in a mixed solution of competing molecules, demonstrating the selectivity figure of merit. Likewise, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data at different concentrations of DNT confirmed the 2-D MIM effectiveness for sensing based on the interfacial conformation and electron-transport properties of the imprinted butanethiol SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia C Apodaca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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60
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Al-Kindy SM, Miller JN. Fluorescence quenching studies of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:148-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Fluorescence enhancement by heterostructure colloidal photonic crystals with dual stopbands. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 356:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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62
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Lapresta-Fernández A, Capitán-Vallvey LF. Multi-ion detection by one-shot optical sensors using a colour digital photographic camera. Analyst 2011; 136:3917-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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63
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Woodka MD, Schnee VP, Polcha MP. Fluorescent Polymer Sensor Array for Detection and Discrimination of Explosives in Water. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9917-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102504t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. Woodka
- RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, United States Army, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, United States
| | - Vincent P. Schnee
- RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, United States Army, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, United States
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64
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Martínez-Otero A, Busqué F, Hernando J, Ruiz-Molina D. Structuration of pH-responsive fluorescent molecules on surfaces by soft lithographic techniques. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1781-1788. [PMID: 20820710 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two different soft lithographic techniques (LCW and microCP) have been successfully used for the structuration of fluorescent pH-responsive molecules on surface. The molecules of choice, fluorescein (1) and a new catechol derivative (2), exhibit several protonation states with distinct emission properties over a large acid-base range. This allowed us to fabricate fluorescent arrays that respond over a large pH-window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martínez-Otero
- Centro de Investigación en Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CIN2, CSIC-ICN), Esfera UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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66
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67
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Díaz Aguilar A, Forzani ES, Leright M, Tsow F, Cagan A, Iglesias RA, Nagahara LA, Amlani I, Tsui R, Tao NJ. A hybrid nanosensor for TNT vapor detection. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:380-384. [PMID: 20041699 DOI: 10.1021/nl902382s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of trace chemicals, such as explosives, in a complex environment containing various interferents has been a difficult challenge. We describe here a hybrid nanosensor based on the electrochemical reduction of TNT and the interaction of the reduction products with conducting polymer nanojunctions in an ionic liquid. The sensor simultaneously measures the electrochemical current from the reduction of TNT and the conductance change of the polymer nanojunction caused from the reduction product. The hybrid detection mechanism, together with the unique selective preconcentration capability of the ionic liquid, provides a selective, fast, and sensitive detection of TNT. The sensor, in its current form, is capable of detecting parts-per-trillion level TNT in the presence of various interferents within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Díaz Aguilar
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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68
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Fluorescence Based Sensor Arrays. LUMINESCENCE APPLIED IN SENSOR SCIENCE 2010; 300:139-74. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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69
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Aernecke MJ, Walt DR. Detection and classification of ignitable liquid residues using a fluorescence-based vapor-sensitive microsphere array. J Forensic Sci 2009; 55:178-84. [PMID: 20002259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the application of microsphere vapor sensing arrays to the detection of ignitable liquid (IL) vapors as both pure vapors and as residues (ILRs) on simulated fire debris samples. The temporal fluorescence response profile of the microsphere array generated a reproducible pattern unique to each analyte that could be used to classify subsequent sensor responses. This system, together with a support vector machine pattern recognition algorithm, was used to address several different IL and ILR classification scenarios. High classification accuracy (98%) was maintained over more than 200 vapor responses and the array was able to identify ILs when presented to the pattern classification algorithm within a dataset containing 11 other volatile compounds. Both burned and unburned IL treated samples were classified correctly greater than 97% of the time. These results indicate that microsphere vapor sensing arrays may be useful for the rapid identification of ILs and ILRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Aernecke
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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70
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Fang Q, Geng J, Liu B, Gao D, Li F, Wang Z, Guan G, Zhang Z. Inverted Opal Fluorescent Film Chemosensor for the Detection of Explosive Nitroaromatic Vapors through Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Chemistry 2009; 15:11507-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Aernecke MJ, Walt DR. Temporally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of a microarray-based vapor sensing system. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5762-9. [PMID: 19518137 DOI: 10.1021/ac900589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method to measure the complete fluorescence spectrum from numerous fluorescent microspheres in a microarray simultaneously during exposure to a vapor. The technique, called spectrally resolved sensor imaging (SRSI), positions a transmission grating directly in front of the microscope objective on a standard epi-fluorescence microscope. This modification produces a hybrid image on the CCD camera that contains a conventional fluorescence image in the zero-order diffracted light and a fluorescence spectral image in the first-order diffracted light. Three types of surface-functionalized silica microspheres were coated with a solvatochromic dye. The surface functionality on the microspheres influences the maximum emission wavelength of the dye and generates a fluorescence spectral signature that is used to identify each sensor type. These sensors were randomly distributed into a photolithographically fabricated microarray platform, and the spectral signature of each individual sensor was measured. The time resolution of spectral acquisition is short enough to capture dynamic changes in the fluorescence emission as a vapor is presented to the array. The ability to measure the entire fluorescence spectrum from each sensor simultaneously during a vapor exposure increases the dimensionality of the response data and significantly improves the classification accuracy of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Aernecke
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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72
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Aernecke MJ, Guo J, Sonkusale S, Walt DR. Design, implementation, and field testing of a portable fluorescence-based vapor sensor. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5281-90. [PMID: 19563211 DOI: 10.1021/ac900505p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The design and implementation of a portable fluorescence-based vapor sensing system are described. The system incorporates previously developed microsensor array technology into a compact, low-power device capable of collecting and delivering ambient vapor samples to the array while monitoring and recording the fluorescent responses of the sensors. The sensors respond differentially when exposed to a sample vapor and, when processed using a support vector machine (SVM) pattern recognition algorithm, are shown to discriminate between three classes of petroleum distillates. The system was characterized using sample vapors prepared under several different conditions in three sensing scenarios. The first scenario demonstrates the basic operational capability of the device in the field by presenting high concentration vapors to the array. The second scenario introduces the potential for a greater degree of variability in both sample vapor concentration and composition in an effort to emulate real-world sensing conditions. The third scenario uses an on-board trained pattern recognition algorithm to identify unknown vapors as their responses are collected. The device demonstrated high classification accuracy throughout the field tests and is capable of improving its classification accuracy when challenged with samples presented under variable ambient conditions by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the array response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Aernecke
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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73
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Kang S, Kim S, Yang YK, Bae S, Tae J. Fluorescent and colorimetric detection of acid vapors by using solid-supported rhodamine hydrazides. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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74
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Wu Y, Na N, Zhang S, Wang X, Liu D, Zhang X. Discrimination and Identification of Flavors with Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Chemosensor Array. Anal Chem 2009; 81:961-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Na Na
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of the Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi’an, P. R. China
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75
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Germain ME, Knapp MJ. Optical explosives detection: from color changes to fluorescence turn-on. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b809631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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76
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Martínez-Otero A, Hernando J, Ruiz-Molina D, Maspoch D. pH-responsive fluorescent nanoarrays fabricated by direct-write parallel dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:2131-2135. [PMID: 19003822 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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77
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Kimura F, Rodriguez M, McCann J, Carlson B, Dabiri D, Khalil GE, Callis JB, Xia Y, Gouterman M. Development and characterization of fast responding pressure sensitive microspheres. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:074102. [PMID: 18681720 DOI: 10.1063/1.2952502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The response times of pressure sensitive paint (PSP) and pressure sensitive microspheres to passing shockwaves were measured to investigate their ability to accurately determine pressure changes in unsteady flows. The PSPs tested used platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine (PtTFPP), platinum octaethylporphine (PtOEP), and a novel set of osmium-based organometallic complexes as pressure sensitive luminophors incorporated into polymer matrices of dimethylsiloxane bisphenol A-polycarbonate block copolymer or polystyrene. Two types of pressure sensitive microspheres were used, the first being PtOEP-doped polystyrene microspheres (PSBeads) and the second being porous silicon dioxide microspheres containing the novel, pressure sensitive osmium complexes. Response times for the platinum-based PSPs ranged from 47.2 to 53.0 micros, while the osmium-based PSPs ranged between 37.6 and 58.9 micros. For the microspheres, 2.5 microm diameter PSBeads showed a response time of 3.15 ms, while the osmium-based silicon dioxide microspheres showed a response time ranging between 13.6 and 18.9 micros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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78
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Meaney MS, McGuffin VL. Luminescence-based methods for sensing and detection of explosives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2557-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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79
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Tu R, Liu B, Wang Z, Gao D, Wang F, Fang Q, Zhang Z. Amine-Capped ZnS−Mn2+Nanocrystals for Fluorescence Detection of Trace TNT Explosive. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3458-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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80
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Lazzara G, Milioto S, Muratore N. Solubilization of an Organic Solute in Aqueous Solutions of Unimeric Block Copolymers and Their Mixtures with Monomeric Surfactant: Volume, Surface Tension, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Viscosity, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Studies. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:5616-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp712126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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81
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Hughes A, Glenn I, Patrick A, Ellington A, Anslyn E. A Pattern Recognition Based Fluorescence Quenching Assay for the Detection and Identification of Nitrated Explosive Analytes. Chemistry 2008; 14:1822-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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82
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83
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84
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Sulzer P, Mauracher A, Denifl S, Zappa F, Ptasinska S, Beikircher M, Bacher A, Wendt N, Aleem A, Rondino F, Matejcik S, Probst M, Märk TD, Scheier P. Identification of Isomers of Nitrotoluene via Free Electron Attachment. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6585-91. [PMID: 17683163 DOI: 10.1021/ac070656b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free electron attachment to the three different isomers of mononitrotoluene molecules in the gas phase is studied using a crossed electron-molecule beams technique. In contrast to previous studies for a large number of negative ions, the presently measured relative cross section curves are recorded with an electron energy resolution of better than 100 meV. For several product anions including the nitro anion NO(2)-, remarkable differences for the three isomers are observed. In almost all fragment anion efficiency curves, the 2-nitrotoluene exhibits pronounced differences from the two other isomers. In contrast, 3- and 4-nitrotoluene disagree only slightly in a few fragment anions from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sulzer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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85
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{MSU/PDDA}n LBL assembled modified sensor for electrochemical detection of ultratrace explosive nitroaromatic compounds. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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86
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Walker NR, Linman MJ, Timmers MM, Dean SL, Burkett CM, Lloyd JA, Keelor JD, Baughman BM, Edmiston PL. Selective detection of gas-phase TNT by integrated optical waveguide spectrometry using molecularly imprinted sol–gel sensing films. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 593:82-91. [PMID: 17531827 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A chemical sensor was developed to detect the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilizing planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW) attenuated total reflection spectrometry. Submicron thick films of organically modified sol-gel polymers were deposited on the waveguide surface as the sensing layer. Sol-gels were molecularly imprinted for TNT using covalently bound template molecules linked to the matrix through 1 or 2 carbamate linkages. Upon chemical cleavage of the template and displacement of the TNT-like pendant groups from the matrix, shape-selective binding sites were created that possess a primary amine group. The amine was used to deprotonate bound TNT yielding an anionic form that absorbs visible light. Binding of TNT and subsequent conversion to the anion results in the attenuation of light propagating through the waveguide, thus creating a spectrophotometric device. Sensitivity can be achieved by taking advantage of the substantial pathlength provided by the use of single mode IOWs. The limit-of-detection to gas-phase TNT was found to be five parts-per-billion (ppbV) in ambient air at a flow rate of 40 mL min(-1) given a 60 s sampling time. The sensor is highly selective for TNT due to the selectivity of binding site recognition of TNT and the subsequent generation of the TNT anion. Response to TNT is not reversible which results in an integrating sensor device which, in theory, can improve the ability to detect small amounts of the explosive if the exposure time is sufficient in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Walker
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
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87
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Singh S. Sensors--an effective approach for the detection of explosives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 144:15-28. [PMID: 17379401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of explosives and explosive related illicit materials is an important area for preventing terrorist activities and for putting a check on their deleterious effects on health. A number of different methods, based on different principles, have been developed in the past for the detection of explosives. Sensors are one of those methods of detection which have capability to mimic the canine system and which are known to be the most reliable method of detection. The objective of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge and information on the sensors operating on different transduction principles, ranging from electrochemical to immunosensors, being used for the detection of explosives as they pose a threat for both health and security of the nation. The review focuses mainly on the sensors developed in the recent 5 years and is prepared through summary of literature available on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Singh
- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M. G Avenue, Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal, India.
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88
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Bencic-Nagale S, Walt DR. Extending the longevity of fluorescence-based sensor arrays using adaptive exposure. Anal Chem 2007; 77:6155-62. [PMID: 16194073 DOI: 10.1021/ac0505021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent microbead sensor arrays were prepared to determine sensor array longevity. Sensor longevity is limited by photobleaching of the dyes attached to the microbeads and presents one of the biggest drawbacks of most fluorescent dye-based arrays. Responses of an array of organic vapor sensors were acquired for 2 weeks to evaluate the sensor performance over time. Photobleaching effects were overcome in two ways: (1) by limiting the excitation light power and gradually increasing the power at a rate comparable to the sensor photobleaching rates and (2) by illuminating subsections of the array through an optical slit. Both approaches extended the longevity of a sensor array. During the longevity study, the sensor arrays were employed to test their ability to correctly distinguish between responses to seven vapors. A high classification accuracy (99.8%) was obtained after 17,700 exposures for vapor responses collected over two weeks using only approximately 8% of the array's surface area.
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89
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Descalzo AB, Dolores Marcos M, Monte C, Martínez-Máñez R, Rurack K. Mesoporous silica materials with covalently anchored phenoxazinone dyes as fluorescent hybrid materials for vapour sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b707473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Basabe-Desmonts L, Reinhoudt DN, Crego-Calama M. Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:993-1017. [PMID: 17534482 DOI: 10.1039/b609548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an enormous demand for chemical sensors for many areas and disciplines. High sensitivity and ease of operation are two main issues for sensor development. Fluorescence techniques can easily fulfill these requirements and therefore fluorescent-based sensors appear as one of the most promising candidates for chemical sensing. However, the development of sensors is not trivial; material science, molecular recognition and device implementation are some of the aspects that play a role in the design of sensors. The development of fluorescent sensing materials is increasingly captivating the attention of the scientists because its implementation as a truly sensory system is straightforward. This critical review shows the use of polymers, sol-gels, mesoporous materials, surfactant aggregates, quantum dots, and glass or gold surfaces, combined with different chemical approaches for the development of fluorescent sensing materials. Representative examples have been selected and they are commented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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91
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Janzen MC, Ponder JB, Bailey DP, Ingison CK, Suslick KS. Colorimetric Sensor Arrays for Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3591-600. [PMID: 16737212 DOI: 10.1021/ac052111s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a low-cost, sensitive colorimetric sensor array for the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is reported. Using an array composed of chemoresponsive dyes, enormous discriminatory power is possible in a simple device that can be imaged easily with an ordinary flatbed scanner. Excellent differentiation of closely related organic compounds can be achieved, and a library of 100 VOCs is presented. The array discriminates among VOCs by probing a wide range of intermolecular interactions, including Lewis acid/base, Brønsted acid/base, metal ion coordination, hydrogen bonding, and dipolar interactions. Importantly, by proper choice of dyes and substrate, the array is essentially nonresponsive to changes in humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Janzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenur, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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92
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Bencic-Nagale S, Sternfeld T, Walt DR. Microbead Chemical Switches: An Approach to Detection of Reactive Organophosphate Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:5041-8. [PMID: 16608338 DOI: 10.1021/ja057057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the preparation and application of microbeads that exhibit a "turn on" fluorescence response within seconds of exposure to diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) vapor. This sensing approach is modeled after the mechanism for acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity inhibition and uses a specific and irreversible reaction between phosphoryl halides and a fluorescent indicator. The microbeads are fabricated by adsorbing fluoresceinamine (FLA) onto carboxylate-functionalized polymer microbeads coated with poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP). When the microbeads are subjected to DCP vapor, the conversion of FLA into a phosphoramide causes a rapid and intense fluorescence increase. The PVP layer provides a high density of proton-accepting pyridine nitrogen sites that neutralize the HCl released during the reaction, thereby maintaining high product fluorescence, even after vapor exposure. No significant response is observed when the microbeads are subjected to other nerve agent simulants, a mustard gas simulant, and volatile organics. The size, sensitivity, and subsecond response of these microbeads make them suitable for nerve agent vapor detection and inclusion into microbead sensor arrays.
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93
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Zhang HX, Cao AM, Hu JS, Wan LJ, Lee ST. Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting Ultratrace Nitroaromatic Compounds Using Mesoporous SiO2-Modified Electrode. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1967-71. [PMID: 16536434 DOI: 10.1021/ac051826s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for ultratrace nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) using mesoporous SiO2 of MCM-41 as sensitive materials is reported. MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray diffraction. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with MCM-41 show high sensitivity for cathodic voltammetric detection of NACs (including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) down to the nanomolar level. The high sensitivity is attributed to the strong adsorption of NACs by MCM-41 and large surface area of the working electrode resulting from MCM-41 modification. The voltammetric response is fast, and the detection of NACs can be finished within 14 s. SiO2 nanospheres were similarly used to modify glassy carbon electrodes for electrochemical detection of TNT and TNB. The detection limit of SiO2 nanosphere-modified electrodes is lower than that of MCM-41-modified electrodes, possibly due to the smaller surface area of SiO2 nanospheres than mesoporous MCM-41. The results show mesoporous SiO2-modified glassy carbon electrodes, particularly MCM-41-modified electrodes, open new opportunities for fast, simple, and sensitive field analysis of NACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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94
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95
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Kuang Y, Walt DR. Detecting oxygen consumption in the proximity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells using self-assembled fluorescent nanosensors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 96:318-25. [PMID: 16878334 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for the preparation and self-assembly of fluorescent nanosensors onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surfaces for dynamically measuring oxygen concentration in the proximity of living cells. Amine functionalized polystyrene nanobeads were impregnated with an oxygen-sensitive ruthenium(II) complex and the beads' surface was coated with polyethylenimine. The resulting nanosensors were assembled on individual S. cerevisiae cells in a controlled manner at physiological pH for continuously monitoring oxygen consumption. This approach exemplifies a general scheme for assembling fluorescent nanosensors on cells for the non-invasive, reversible, and real-time measurement of other physiologically relevant processes, such as the efflux of protons and carbon dioxide, or the influx of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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96
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Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Probes for Organic Vapors: On/off and Dual Color Fluorescence Switching. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.10.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Wosnick JH, Liao JH, Swager TM. Layer-by-Layer Poly(phenylene ethynylene) Films on Silica Microspheres for Enhanced Sensory Amplification. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051182q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H. Wosnick
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jessica H. Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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98
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Carter JC, Angel SM, Lawrence-Snyder M, Scaffidi J, Whipple RE, Reynolds JG. Standoff detection of high explosive materials at 50 meters in ambient light conditions using a small Raman instrument. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:769-75. [PMID: 16053543 DOI: 10.1366/0003702054280612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and demonstrated a standoff Raman system for detecting high explosive materials at distances up to 50 meters in ambient light conditions. In the system, light is collected using an 8-in. Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope fiber-coupled to an f/1.8 spectrograph with a gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector. A frequency-doubled Nd : YAG (532 nm) pulsed (10 Hz) laser is used as the excitation source for measuring remote spectra of samples containing up to 8% explosive materials. The explosives RDX, TNT, and PETN as well as nitrate- and chlorate-containing materials were used to evaluate the performance of the system with samples placed at distances of 27 and 50 meters. Laser power studies were performed to determine the effects of laser heating and photodegradation on the samples. Raman signal levels were found to increase linearly with increasing laser energy up to approximately 3 x 10(6) W/cm2 for all samples except TNT, which showed some evidence of photo- or thermal degradation at higher laser power densities. Detector gate width studies showed that Raman spectra could be acquired in high levels of ambient light using a 10 microsecond gate width.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chance Carter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, M division/Forensic Science Center, 7000 East Ave, L-178, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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99
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Xu C, Wygladacz K, Qin Y, Retter R, Bell M, Bakker E. Microsphere optical ion sensors based on doped silica gel templates. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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100
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Potyrailo R, Lemmon J. Time-Modulated Combinatorially Developed Optical Sensors for Determination of Non-Volatile Analytes in Complex Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200420052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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