51
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Comi TJ, Do TD, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Categorizing Cells on the Basis of their Chemical Profiles: Progress in Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3920-3929. [PMID: 28135079 PMCID: PMC5364434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical differences between individual cells within large cellular populations provide unique information on organisms' homeostasis and the development of diseased states. Even genetically identical cell lineages diverge due to local microenvironments and stochastic processes. The minute sample volumes and low abundance of some constituents in cells hinder our understanding of cellular heterogeneity. Although amplification methods facilitate single-cell genomics and transcriptomics, the characterization of metabolites and proteins remains challenging both because of the lack of effective amplification approaches and the wide diversity in cellular constituents. Mass spectrometry has become an enabling technology for the investigation of individual cellular metabolite profiles with its exquisite sensitivity, large dynamic range, and ability to characterize hundreds to thousands of compounds. While advances in instrumentation have improved figures of merit, acquiring measurements at high throughput and sampling from large populations of cells are still not routine. In this Perspective, we highlight the current trends and progress in mass-spectrometry-based analysis of single cells, with a focus on the technologies that will enable the next generation of single-cell measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Comi
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thanh D. Do
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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52
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Do TD, Comi TJ, Dunham SJB, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Single Cell Profiling Using Ionic Liquid Matrix-Enhanced Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for Neuronal Cell Type Differentiation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3078-3086. [PMID: 28194949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput single cell profiling method has been developed for matrix-enhanced-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ME-SIMS) to investigate the lipid profiles of neuronal cells. Populations of cells are dispersed onto the substrate, their locations determined using optical microscopy, and the cell locations used to guide the acquisition of SIMS spectra from the cells. Up to 2,000 cells can be assayed in one experiment at a rate of 6 s per cell. Multiple saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and their fragments are detected and verified with tandem mass spectrometry from individual cells when ionic liquids are employed as a matrix. Optically guided single cell profiling with ME-SIMS is suitable for a range of cell sizes, from Aplysia californica neurons larger than 75 μm to 7-μm rat cerebellar neurons. ME-SIMS analysis followed by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding of peaks in the lipid molecular mass range (m/z 700-850) distinguishes several cell types from the rat central nervous system, largely based on the relative proportions of four dominant lipids, PC(32:0), PC(34:1), PC(36:1), and PC(38:5). Furthermore, subpopulations within each cell type are tentatively classified consistent with their endogenous lipid ratios. The results illustrate the efficacy of a new approach to classify single cell populations and subpopulations using SIMS profiling of lipid and metabolite contents. These methods are broadly applicable for high throughput single cell chemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh D Do
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Troy J Comi
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sage J B Dunham
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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53
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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54
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Piri-Moghadam H, Lendor S, Pawliszyn J. Development of a Biocompatible In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Device: A Sensitive Approach for Direct Analysis of Single Drops of Complex Matrixes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12188-12195. [PMID: 28193058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Piri-Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
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55
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de Graaf EL, Pellegrini D, McDonnell LA. Set of Novel Automated Quantitative Microproteomics Protocols for Small Sample Amounts and Its Application to Kidney Tissue Substructures. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4722-4730. [PMID: 27809536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we assessed the ability of an automated sample preparation device equipped with disposable microcolumns to prepare mass-limited samples for high-sensitivity quantitative proteomics, using both label-free and isobaric labeling approaches. First, we compared peptide label-free quantification reproducibility for 1.5-150 μg of cell lysates and found that labware preconditioning was essential for reproducible quantification of <7.5 μg digest. Second, in-solution and on-column tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling protocols were compared and optimized for 1 μg of sample. Surprisingly, standard methods for in-solution and on-column labeling showed poor TMT labeling (50-85%); however, novel optimized and automated protocols restored efficient labeling to >98%. Third, compared with a single long gradient experiment, a simple robotized high-pH fractionation protocol using only 6 μg of starting material doubled the number of unique peptides and increased proteome coverage 1.43-fold. To facilitate the analysis of heterogeneous tissue samples, such as those obtained from laser capture microdissection, a modified BCA protein assay was developed that consumes and detects down to 15 ng of protein. As a proof-of-principle, the modular automated workflow was applied to 0.5 and 1 mm2 mouse kidney cortex and medulla microdissections to show the method's potential for real-life small sample sources and to create kidney substructure-specific proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Pellegrini
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS , Pisa 56121, Italy.,NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore , Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Liam A McDonnell
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS , Pisa 56121, Italy.,Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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56
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Holzlechner M, Strasser K, Zareva E, Steinhäuser L, Birnleitner H, Beer A, Bergmann M, Oehler R, Marchetti-Deschmann M. In Situ Characterization of Tissue-Resident Immune Cells by MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:65-76. [PMID: 27755872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells differ from their corresponding blood cells in many functional aspects. Although the proteome of blood immune cells has been well-investigated, there are almost no data on tissue-resident immune cells. Here, we explored the potential of using MALDI-TOF-MS imaging (MSI) to investigate these cells in colon tissue, which exhibits a strong infiltration of immune cells. MSI identified several proteinaceous markers that colocalized with specific structures of the colon, such as mucosa or muscularis mucosae, in six patients. In addition, we showed that certain m/z values have the same spatial distribution as CD3+ T lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicular structures or as CD206+ macrophages in the lamina propria. For further corroboration, blood lymphocytes and monocytes from 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed by intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS). Furthermore, we analyzed monocyte-derived macrophages that had been polarized in vitro into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. The mass spectra differed clearly among all immune cell types. Additionally, it was found that distinct signals from ICMS analysis were identical to the m/z values found in the MSI experiment in lymphoid follicular structures. These data show for the first time that MSI is well-suited to visualize the spatial distribution of immune cells in human colon tissue. We consider MALDI mass spectrometry imaging to be a technique with high potential for use in rapid investigations of tissue-specific features of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holzlechner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics (CTA), TU Wien , 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Strasser
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine , 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Elitsa Zareva
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics (CTA), TU Wien , 1060 Vienna, Austria
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57
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Ledvina V, Janečková E, Matalová E, Klepárník K. Parallel single-cell analysis of active caspase-3/7 in apoptotic and non-apoptotic cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:269-274. [PMID: 27757513 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Analysing the chemical content of individual cells has already been proven to reveal unique information on various biological processes. Single-cell analysis provides more accurate and reliable results for biology and medicine than analyses of extracts from cell populations, where a natural heterogeneity is averaged. To meet the requirements in the research of important biologically active molecules, such as caspases, we have developed a miniaturized device for simultaneous analyses of individual cells. A stainless steel body with a carousel holder enables high-sensitivity parallel detections in eight microvials. The holder is mounted in front of a photomultiplier tube with cooled photocathode working in photon counting mode. The detection of active caspase-3/7, central effector caspases in apoptosis, in single cells is based on the bioluminescence chemistry commercially available as Caspase-Glo® 3/7 reagent developed by Promega. Individual cells were captured from a culture medium under microscope and transferred by micromanipulator into detection microvial filled with the reagent. As a result of testing, the limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.27/0.86 of active caspase-3/7 content in an average apoptotic cell and 0.46/2.92 for non-apoptotic cells. Application potential of this technology in laboratory diagnostics and related medical research is discussed. Graphical abstract Miniaturized device for simultaneous analyses of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ledvina
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Janečková
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1/3, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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58
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Jansson ET, Comi TJ, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Single Cell Peptide Heterogeneity of Rat Islets of Langerhans. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2588-95. [PMID: 27414158 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the chemical composition of individual cells in mammalian organs can provide critical insights toward understanding the mechanisms leading to their normal and pathological function. In this work, single cell heterogeneity of islets of Langerhans is characterized with high throughput by microscopy-guided single cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Two levels of chemical heterogeneity were observed from the analysis of more than 3000 individual cells. Within a single islet, cellular heterogeneity was evident from the exclusive expression of the canonical biomarkers glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and somatostatin within α-, β-, γ-, and δ-cells, respectively. We localized the neuropeptide WE-14, a known cell-to-cell signaling molecule, to individual δ-cells. Moreover, several unreported endogenous peptides generated by dibasic site cleavages of PP were detected within individual γ-cells. Of these, PP(27-36) was previously shown to activate the human Y4 receptor, suggesting it has a signaling role in vivo. Heterogeneity in cell composition was also observed between islets as evidenced by a 50-fold larger α-cell population in islets of the dorsal pancreas compared to the ventral-derived pancreatic islets. Finally, PP(27-36) was more abundant in γ-cells from the ventral region of the pancreas, indicating differences in the extent of PP-prohormone processing in the two regions of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Jansson
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Troy J. Comi
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and
the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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59
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Lombard-Banek C, Reddy S, Moody SA, Nemes P. Label-free Quantification of Proteins in Single Embryonic Cells with Neural Fate in the Cleavage-Stage Frog (Xenopus laevis) Embryo using Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (CE-ESI-HRMS). Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2756-68. [PMID: 27317400 PMCID: PMC4974349 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of protein expression in single cells promises to advance a systems-level understanding of normal development. Using a bottom-up proteomic workflow and multiplexing quantification by tandem mass tags, we recently demonstrated relative quantification between single embryonic cells (blastomeres) in the frog (Xenopus laevis) embryo. In this study, we minimize derivatization steps to enhance analytical sensitivity and use label-free quantification (LFQ) for single Xenopus cells. The technology builds on a custom-designed capillary electrophoresis microflow-electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry platform and LFQ by MaxLFQ (MaxQuant). By judiciously tailoring performance to peptide separation, ionization, and data-dependent acquisition, we demonstrate an ∼75-amol (∼11 nm) lower limit of detection and quantification for proteins in complex cell digests. The platform enabled the identification of 438 nonredundant protein groups by measuring 16 ng of protein digest, or <0.2% of the total protein contained in a blastomere in the 16-cell embryo. LFQ intensity was validated as a quantitative proxy for protein abundance. Correlation analysis was performed to compare protein quantities between the embryo and n = 3 different single D11 blastomeres, which are fated to develop into the nervous system. A total of 335 nonredundant protein groups were quantified in union between the single D11 cells spanning a 4 log-order concentration range. LFQ and correlation analysis detected expected proteomic differences between the whole embryo and blastomeres, and also found translational differences between individual D11 cells. LFQ on single cells raises exciting possibilities to study gene expression in other cells and models to help better understand cell processes on a systems biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushma Reddy
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and ¶Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia
| | - Sally A Moody
- §Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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60
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Sun L, Dubiak KM, Peuchen EH, Zhang Z, Zhu G, Huber PW, Dovichi NJ. Single Cell Proteomics Using Frog (Xenopus laevis) Blastomeres Isolated from Early Stage Embryos, Which Form a Geometric Progression in Protein Content. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6653-7. [PMID: 27314579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single cell analysis is required to understand cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. We propose that single cells (blastomeres) isolated from early stage invertebrate, amphibian, or fish embryos are ideal model systems for the development of technologies for single cell analysis. For these embryos, although cell cleavage is not exactly symmetric, the content per blastomere decreases roughly by half with each cell division, creating a geometric progression in cellular content. This progression forms a ladder of single-cell targets for the development of successively higher sensitivity instruments. In this manuscript, we performed bottom-up proteomics on single blastomeres isolated by microdissection from 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-, and 50-cell Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) embryos. Over 1 400 protein groups were identified in single-run reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry from single balstomeres isolated from a 16-cell embryo. When the mass of yolk-free proteins in single blastomeres decreased from ∼0.8 μg (16-cell embryo) to ∼0.2 μg (50-cell embryo), the number of protein group identifications declined from 1 466 to 644. Around 800 protein groups were quantified across four blastomeres isolated from a 16-cell embryo. By comparing the protein expression among different blastomeres, we observed that the blastomere-to-blastomere heterogeneity in 8-, 16-, 32-, and 50-cell embryos increases with development stage, presumably due to cellular differentiation. These results suggest that comprehensive quantitative proteomics on single blastomeres isolated from these early stage embryos can provide valuable insights into cellular differentiation and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kyle M Dubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Peuchen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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61
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Pan N, Rao W, Standke SJ, Yang Z. Using Dicationic Ion-Pairing Compounds To Enhance the Single Cell Mass Spectrometry Analysis Using the Single-Probe: A Microscale Sampling and Ionization Device. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6812-9. [PMID: 27239862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A unique mass spectrometry (MS) method has been developed to determine the negatively charged species in live single cells using the positive ionization mode. The method utilizes dicationic ion-pairing compounds through the miniaturized multifunctional device, the single-probe, for reactive MS analysis of live single cells under ambient conditions. In this study, two dicationic reagents, 1,5-pentanediyl-bis(1-butylpyrrolidinium) difluoride (C5(bpyr)2F2) and 1,3-propanediyl-bis(tripropylphosphonium) difluoride (C3(triprp)2F2), were added in the solvent and introduced into single cells to extract cellular contents for real-time MS analysis. The negatively charged (1- charged) cell metabolites, which form stable ion-pairs (1+ charged) with dicationic compounds (2+ charged), were detected in positive ionization mode with a greatly improved sensitivity. We have tentatively assigned 192 and 70 negatively charged common metabolites as adducts with (C5(bpyr)2F2) and (C3(triprp)2F2), respectively, in three separate SCMS experiments in the positive ion mode. The total number of tentatively assigned metabolites is 285 for C5(bpyr)2F2 and 143 for C3(triprp)2F2. In addition, the selectivity of dicationic compounds in the complex formation allows for the discrimination of overlapped ion peaks with low abundances. Tandem (MS/MS) analyses at the single cell level were conducted for selected adduct ions for molecular identification. The utilization of the dicationic compounds in the single-probe MS technique provides an effective approach to the detection of a broad range of metabolites at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shawna J Standke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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62
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Chen F, Lin L, Zhang J, He Z, Uchiyama K, Lin JM. Single-Cell Analysis Using Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing and Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4354-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luyao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyi He
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji,
Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
University of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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63
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Yang X, Tang Y, Alt RR, Xie X, Li F. Emerging techniques for ultrasensitive protein analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:3473-81. [PMID: 26898911 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00059b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many important biomarkers for devastating diseases and biochemical processes are proteins present at ultralow levels. Traditional techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and protein microarrays, are often not sensitive enough to detect proteins with concentrations below the picomolar level, thus requiring the development of analytical techniques with ultrahigh sensitivities. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in developing novel techniques, sensors, and assays for ultrasensitive protein analysis. Particular attention will be focused on three classes of signal generation and/or amplification mechanisms, including the uses of nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and digital platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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64
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Wang Y, Gao D, Chen Y, Hu G, Liu H, Jiang Y. Development of N,S-doped carbon dots as a novel matrix for the analysis of small molecules by negative ion MALDI-TOF MS. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesized N,S-CDs was firstly used as a matrix for small molecule analysis with good reproducibility, high sensitivity and high salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Yongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Department of Medicine
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
- Worcester
- USA
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
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