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Khezri A, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ropstad E, Fraser TW. Mycotoxins induce developmental toxicity and behavioural aberrations in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:500-506. [PMID: 30005262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. In the current study, we investigated developmental and behavioural toxicity in zebrafish larvae after exposure to six different mycotoxins; ochratoxin A (OTA), type A trichothecenes mycotoxin (T-2 toxin), type B trichothecenes mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZOL). Developmental defects, hatching time, and survival were monitored until 96 h post fertilisation (hpf). The EC50, LC50, and IC50 values were calculated. Subsequently, to assess behavioural toxicity, new sets of embryos were exposed to a series of non-lethal doses within the range of environmental and/or developmental concern. Results indicated that all the tested mycotoxins were toxic, they all induced developmental defects, and with the exception of OTA, all affected hatching time. Behavioural effects were only observed following exposure to OTA and ZEN and its metabolites, α ZOL and β ZOL. These results demonstrate that mycotoxins are teratogenic and can influence behaviour in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wk Fraser
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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The role of mycotoxins in the human exposome: Application of mycotoxin biomarkers in exposome-health studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:504-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C. Mechanisms of Fumonisin B1 Toxicity: A Computational Perspective beyond the Ceramide Synthases Inhibition. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1203-1212. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Bogalho F, Duarte S, Cardoso M, Almeida A, Cabeças R, Lino C, Pena A. Exposure assessment of Portuguese infants to Aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and maternal social-demographical and food consumption determinants. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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55
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Ezekiel CN, Oyeyemi OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Oyeyemi IT, Nabofa W, Nwozichi CU, Dada A. Urinary aflatoxin exposure monitoring in rural and semi-urban populations in Ogun state, Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1565-1572. [PMID: 29843566 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1475752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a major class of fungal toxins that have food safety importance due to their economic and health impacts. This pilot aflatoxin exposure biomonitoring study on 84 individuals was conducted in a rural (Ilumafon) and a semi-urban community (Ilishan Remo) of Ogun state, Nigeria, to compare aflatoxin exposures among the two population cohorts. First morning urine samples were obtained from the participants, and the urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were measured by a quantitative Helica Biosystems Inc. ELISA kit assay. About 99% (83 out of 84) of the urine samples had detectable AFM1 levels in the range of 0.06 to 0.51 ng mL-1 (median: 0.27 ng mL-1). The mean urinary AFM1 levels were significantly (p = 0.001) higher in the semi-urban population (0.31 ± 0.09 ng mL-1) compared to the rural population (0.24 ± 0.07 ng mL-1). There were, however, no significant differences in mean urinary AFM1 levels of males and females, and among children, adolescents and adults. This study indicates high aflatoxin exposure to the extent of public health concerns in the studied populations. Thus, more efforts are required for aflatoxin exposure monitoring and control in high-risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Oyetunde T Oyeyemi
- b Department of Basic Sciences , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | | | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa T Oyeyemi
- c Department of Biological Sciences , University of Medical Sciences , Ondo , Nigeria
| | - Williams Nabofa
- d Department of Physiology, Benjamin Carson (Senior) School of Medicine , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Chinomso U Nwozichi
- e Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Dada
- f Department of Chemical Pathology , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja , Nigeria
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Seetha A, Monyo ES, Tsusaka TW, Msere HW, Madinda F, Chilunjika T, Sichone E, Mbughi D, Chilima B, Matumba L. Aflatoxin-lysine adducts in blood serum of the Malawian rural population and aflatoxin contamination in foods (groundnuts, maize) in the corresponding areas. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:195-204. [PMID: 29679369 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels in blood samples collected from 230 individuals living in three districts of Malawi (Kasungu, Mchinji, and Nkhotakota) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in groundnut and maize samples collected from their respective homesteads were determined using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) methods. AFB1-lys adducts were detected in 67% of blood samples, with a mean concentration of 20.5 ± 23.4 pg/mg of albumin. AFB1 was detected in 91% of groundnut samples and in 70% of maize samples, with mean AFB1 levels of 52.4 and 16.3 μg/kg, respectively. All participants of this study reported consuming maize on a daily basis and consuming groundnuts regularly (mean consumption frequency per week: 3.2 ± 1.7). According to regression analysis, a frequency of groundnut consumption of more than four times per week, being female, and being a farmer were significant (p < 0.05) contributors to elevated AFB1-lys adduct levels in the blood. This is the first report on AFB1-lys adducts in blood samples of residents in Malawi. The results reinforce the urgent need for interventions, aiming at a reduction of aflatoxin exposure of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Seetha
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi.
| | - Emmanuel S Monyo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Takuji W Tsusaka
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Harry W Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Ethel Sichone
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Dickson Mbughi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Benson Chilima
- Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), P/Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, NRC Campus, PO Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Valitutti F, De Santis B, Trovato CM, Montuori M, Gatti S, Oliva S, Brera C, Catassi C. Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Breastfeeding Mothers with Celiac Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E336. [PMID: 29534461 PMCID: PMC5872754 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure (aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in celiac disease (CD) breastfeeding mothers and healthy control mothers, as well as in their offspring, by quantifying these contaminants in breast milk. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-five breastfeeding women with CD on a gluten-free diet and 30 healthy breastfeeding controls were recruited. Milk sampling was performed three times per day for three consecutive days. Mycotoxin content was investigated by an analytical method using immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. RESULTS Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected in 37% of CD group samples (mean ± SD = 0.012 ± 0.011 ng/mL; range = 0.003-0.340 ng/mL). The control group showed lower mean AFM1 concentration levels in 24% of the analyzed samples (0.009 ± 0.007 ng/mL; range = 0.003-0.067 ng/mL, ANOVA on ranks, p-value < 0.01). Ochratoxin A and zearalenone did not differ in both groups. CONCLUSION Breast milk AFM1 contamination for both groups is lower than the European safety threshold. However, the estimated exposures of infants from CD mothers and control mothers was much higher (≃15 times and ≃11 times, respectively) than the threshold set by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Since incongruities exist between JECFA and the European Union standard, a novel regulatory review of the available data on this topic is desirable. Protecting babies from a neglected risk of high AFM1 exposure requires prompt regulatory and food-control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valitutti
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Laboratory for Mycotoxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Maria Trovato
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Montuori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Gatti
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- Laboratory for Mycotoxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Catassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy.
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Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007-2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:43-58. [PMID: 28799776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Misihairabgwi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine , University of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia. P. Bag 13301, Windhoek , Namibia
| | - C N Ezekiel
- b Department of Microbiology , Babcock University, Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - M Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
| | - G S Shephard
- d Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology , Cape Peninsula University of Technology , PO Box 1906, Bellville , South Africa
| | - R Krska
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
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Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9080251. [PMID: 28820481 PMCID: PMC5577585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with bioaccumulation levels leading to their carry-over into animal fluids, organs, and tissues. As a consequence, mycotoxin determination in biological samples from humans and animals has been reported worldwide. Since most mycotoxins show toxic effects at low concentrations and considering the extremely low levels present in biological samples, the application of reliable detection methods is required. This review summarizes the information regarding the studies involving mycotoxin determination in biological samples over the last 10 years. Relevant data on extraction methodology, detection techniques, sample size, limits of detection, and quantitation are presented herein. Briefly, liquid-liquid extraction followed by LC-MS/MS determination was the most common technique. The most analyzed mycotoxin was ochratoxin A, followed by zearalenone and deoxynivalenol—including their metabolites, enniatins, fumonisins, aflatoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Moreover, the studies were classified by their purpose, mainly focused on the development of analytical methodologies, mycotoxin biomonitoring, and exposure assessment. The study of tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, carry-over, persistence and transference of mycotoxins, as well as, toxicokinetics and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) were other proposed goals for biological sample analysis. Finally, an overview of risk assessment was discussed.
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Degen GH, Partosch F, Muñoz K, Gundert-Remy U. Daily uptake of mycotoxins - TDI might not be protective for nursed infants. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:69-75. [PMID: 28602893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive breast feeding is recommended by international bodies for the first six months of life. Because of the presence of contaminants, breast feeding might lead to toxicologically relevant exposure of the nursed child. Exposure towards mycotoxins is of specific interest because of their widespread occurrence in food and of their toxicological profile. We calculated the relationship between maternal intake at the level of the existing TDIs and the exposure in the nursed infants of several mycotoxins to evaluate whether maternal exposure at the TDI is also safe for the nursed infant. If published information was not available we used in silico methods for estimating toxicokinetic parameters and the lactational transfer. A single dose and a continuous daily intake scenario were considered. Maternal intake at the TDI exceeds the age-adjusted TDI (TDI/3) values for infants in case of deoxynivalenol and patulin in the single dose scenario. Exceedance is particularly pronounced for ochratoxin A in the continuous daily intake scenario (29.2 fold above the child adjusted TDI). According to published data in infants impaired kidney function may result from this exceedance. When setting a TDI, the safety of the exclusively nursed infant should be considered in the continuous daily intake scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Degen
- Leibniz Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Partosch
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Muñoz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - U Gundert-Remy
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Ali N, Muñoz K, Degen GH. Ochratoxin A and its metabolites in urines of German adults-An assessment of variables in biomarker analysis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:19-26. [PMID: 28445738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin known for its nephrotoxic and carcinogenic properties, is a worldwide occurring contaminant in a variety of food commodities. Biomonitoring (i.e. analysis in biological fluids) can serve to assess human internal exposure from all consumed foods and beverages. We now determined the concentration of OTA and its metabolite ochratoxin alpha (OTα) in plasma and in urine of two male volunteers with different food habits, in order to assess intra-individual temporal fluctuations and inter-individual differences in their biomarker levels. Moreover, the urinary levels of both OTA and OTα were analyzed in a cohort of German adults (23 males, 27 females) on their regular diet. All samples were subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis of biomarker conjugates prior to clean-up by liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC-FD analysis. The profile in the first individual showed small fluctuations over time: mean levels in plasma were 0.42 and 0.45ng/mL for OTA and OTα, respectively, and in urine means of 0.06ng/mL for both analytes. The other individual had mean levels of 1.64 and 0.20ng/mL for OTA and OTα in plasma, and 0.24 and 2.22ng/mL for these analytes in urine. It is concluded that inter-individual differences in biomarker levels reflect dissimilar dietary exposure and/or disposition of ingested mycotoxin, with an apparently more efficient detoxification of OTA to OTα in the second individual. In the German cohort (n=50), analytes were detected in 100% (OTA: range 0.02-1.82ng/mL mean level 0.21±0.31ng/mL) and 78% (OTα: range 0.01-14.25ng/mL, mean level 1.33±2.63ng/mL) of all urines. Parameters such as gender, age and body mass index did not show a significant association with urine biomarker levels. This study indicates frequent exposure to OTA among German adults. The new results are discussed in the context of biomarker data from other countries and some methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Berrada H. Development of microextraction techniques in combination with GC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins and metabolites in human urine. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1572-1582. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Moltó
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
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Determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine samples indicates frequent dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in the Bangladeshi population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:271-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Rua Minas 866, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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Braicu C, Cojocneanu-Petric R, Jurj A, Gulei D, Taranu I, Gras AM, Marin DE, Berindan-Neagoe I. Microarray based gene expression analysis of Sus Scrofa duodenum exposed to zearalenone: significance to human health. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:646. [PMID: 27530161 PMCID: PMC4987992 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zearalenone (ZEA) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species. ZEA was proved to exert a wide range of unwanted side effects, but its mechanism of action, particularly at duodenum levels, remains unclear. In our study based on the microarray technology we assessed the alteration of gene expression pattern Sus scrofa duodenum which has been previously exposed to ZEA. Gene expression data was validated by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The gene expression data were further extrapolated the results to their human orthologues and analyzed the data in the context of human health using IPA (Ingenuity Pathways Analysis). Results Using Agilent microarray technology, we found that gene expression pattern was significantly affected by ZEA exposure, considering a 2-fold expression difference as a cut-off level and a p-value < 0.05. In total, we found 1576 upregulated and 2446 downregulated transcripts. About 1084 genes (764 downregulated and 751 overexpressed) were extrapolated to their human orthologues. IPA analysis showed various altered key cellular and molecular pathways. As expected, we observed a significant alteration of immune response related genes, MAPK (mitogen activate protein kinases) pathways or Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). What captured our attention was the modulation of pathways related to the activation of early carcinogenesis. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that ZEA has a complex effect at duodenum level. ZEA is able to activate not only the immune response related genes, but also those relate to colorectal carcinogenesis. The effects can be more dramatic when connected with the exposure to other environmental toxic agents or co-occurrence with different microorganisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2984-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncological Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii Street, No. 34-36, 401015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu-Petric
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Farmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihail Gras
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Daniela Eliza Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncological Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii Street, No. 34-36, 401015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Farmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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