51
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Xin N, Jing X, Zhang CG, Peng X, Liu J, Wang Q, Wang W, Cao J, Tao M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Silver Complex Modified Polyacrylonitrile Fiber/MIL-101(Cr) Composite as Efficient Chiral Catalyst for Three-Component Coupling Reaction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4175. [PMID: 36500798 PMCID: PMC9736975 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Complex asymmetric synthesis can be realized by the chiral induction of amino acids in nature. It is of great significance to design a new biomimetic catalytic system for asymmetric synthesis. In this context, we report the preparation and characterization of the composite of polyacrylonitrile fiber (PANF) and metal-organic framework to catalyze the chiral synthesis of propargylamines. A confined microenvironment is established with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) silver complex-supported PANF and D-proline-encapsulated MIL-101(Cr). This novel supported catalyst demonstrated high activity in addition to excellent stereoselectivity in the three-component reaction between alkynes, aldehydes, and amines (A3). The regeneration can be realized by adsorption of D-proline again when the stereoselectivity decreases after recycle uses. By regulating the confined microenvironment on the composite, the activity and selectivity of the catalytic system are improved with turnover numbers of up to 2800 and 98% ee. The biomimetic catalytic system to A3 coupling reaction is systematically studied, and the synergistic catalytic mechanism between NHC-Ag and D-proline in the confined microenvironment is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xin
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Xuemin Jing
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Cheng-Gen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Qixing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hebei Diyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Cangzhou 061007, China
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Minli Tao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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52
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Tajbakhsh M, Mazhari F, Mavvaji M. Copper (II)-immobilized on Starch-coated Nanomagnetite as an Efficient and Magnetically Recoverable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Propargylamines through One-pot A 3 Coupling Reaction. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2134697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mazhari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mavvaji
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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53
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Regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of tertiary amines with alkynes via Au-catalysed concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer to O 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6505. [PMID: 36351920 PMCID: PMC9646731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regioselective transformations of tertiary amines, which are ubiquitously present in natural products and drugs, are important for the development of novel medicines. In particular, the oxidative α-C-H functionalisation of tertiary amines with nucleophiles via iminium cations is a promising approach because, theoretically, there is almost no limit to the type of amine and functionalisation. However, most of the reports on oxidative α-C-H functionalisations are limited to α-methyl-selective or non-selective reactions, despite the frequent appearance of α-methylene-substituted amines in pharmaceutical fields. Herein, we develop an unusual oxidative regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of structurally diverse tertiary amines with alkynes to synthesise various propargylic amines using a catalyst comprising Zn salts and hydroxyapatite-supported Au nanoparticles. Thorough experimental investigations suggest that the unusual α-methylene regiospecificity is probably due to a concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer from amines to O2 on the Au nanoparticle catalyst, which paves the way to other α-methylene-specific functionalisations.
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54
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Zarenezhad E, Taghavi R, Kamrani P, Farjam M, Rostamnia S. Gold nanoparticle decorated dithiocarbamate modified natural boehmite as a catalyst for the synthesis of biologically essential propargylamines. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31680-31687. [PMID: 36380962 PMCID: PMC9638948 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we prepare an Au NP decorated dithiocarbamate functionalized boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)@C-NHCS2H·AuNPs). This stepwise synthetic method gives an efficient, cost-effective, and green heterogenous Au-based nanocatalyst for the A3-coupling preparation of the biologically essential propargylamines. Different characterization methods, including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX spectra, and elemental SEM-mapping, were employed to investigate the structure of the manufactured γ-AlO(OH)@C-NHCS2H·AuNPs. Then we used the prepared composite as a heterogeneous gold-based nanocatalyst for the one-pot A3-coupling preparation of propargyl amines by reacting a variety of aldehydes, amines, and phenylacetylene which exhibited promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran
| | - Reza Taghavi
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) PO Box 16846-13114 Tehran Iran
| | - Parisa Kamrani
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) PO Box 16846-13114 Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran
| | - Sadegh Rostamnia
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) PO Box 16846-13114 Tehran Iran
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55
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Khajuria C, Sadhu MM, Unhale RA, Singh VK. Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed reaction between C-alkynyl imine precursor and thiol: Access to highly enantioenriched alkynyl isoindolinones with N,S-ketal framework. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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56
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Ji P, Liu X, Xu J, Zhang X, Guo J, Chen W, Zhao B. Direct Asymmetric α‐C−H Addition of N‐unprotected Propargylic Amines to Trifluoromethyl Ketones by Carbonyl Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206111. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Ji
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Xiaopei Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Jiwei Xu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Wen‐Wen Chen
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Baoguo Zhao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
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57
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Ji P, Liu X, Xu J, Zhang X, Guo J, Chen W, Zhao B. Direct Asymmetric α‐C−H Addition of N‐unprotected Propargylic Amines to Trifluoromethyl Ketones by Carbonyl Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Ji
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Xiaopei Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Jiwei Xu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Wen‐Wen Chen
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Baoguo Zhao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
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58
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Arabinogalactan propargyl ethers in the A3-coupling reaction with aldehydes and secondary cyclic amines. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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59
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Yadav P, Gupta R, Arora G, Srivastava A, Sharma RK. One‐pot Synthesis of Propargylamines using Aldehydes‐Amines‐Acetylene
via
an Efficient Nickel‐Based Silica‐Coated Magnetic Nanocatalyst. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Radhika Gupta
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
- Department of Chemistry, Shyam Lal College University of Delhi Delhi 110032 India
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Anju Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Rakesh K. Sharma
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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60
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Gholinejad M, Khezri R, Nayeri S, Vishnuraj R, Pullithadathil B. Gold nanoparticles supported on NiO and CuO: The synergistic effect toward enhanced reduction of nitroarenes and A3-coupling reaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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61
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Sohail M, Bilal M, Maqbool T, Rasool N, Ammar M, Mahmood S, Malik A, Zubair M, Abbas Ashraf G. Iron-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles via intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization reactions: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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62
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Behrouz S, Soltani Rad MN, Ganji Z, Behrouz M, Zarenezhad E, Agholi M. Design, synthesis, antigiardial and in silico assessments of novel propargylamines containing nitroimidazole core. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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63
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Luo K, Zhao Y, Tang Z, Li W, Lin J, Jin Y. Visible-Light-Induced Dual C(sp 3)-H Bond Functionalization of Tertiary Amine via Hydrogen Transfer to Carbene and Subsequent Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2022; 24:6335-6340. [PMID: 35985018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the dual C(sp3)-H bond functionalization of a tertiary amine through hydride-transfer-induced dehydrogenation, followed by cycloaddition, using an easily preparable diazoester as a new type hydride-acceptor precursor under mild, redox-neutral conditions. With carbene as a hydrogen acceptor, this method was demonstrated by the preparation of a broad range of functionalized isoxazoldines in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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64
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Yuan XA, Li D, Wang S, Jiang YY, Liu P, Bi S. Distinctive Mechanistic Scenarios and Substituent Effects of Gold(I) versus Copper(I) Catalysis for Hydroacylation of Terminal Alkynes with Glyoxal Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11681-11692. [PMID: 35984222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to study the mechanisms, substituent effects, and the role of bases in Au- and Cu-catalyzed hydroacylation of terminal alkyne with glyoxal derivatives. The two reactions, despite being catalyzed by the same group of transition metals, follow distinctive reaction mechanisms. Through the detailed DFT calculations, insights into the mechanisms are obtained, and the substituent effects and the role of the bases are understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong 273165, People's Republic of China
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65
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Berrichi A, Bailiche Z, Bachir R. Mesoporous Au/Fe2O3 catalyst for propargylamines synthesis via CH2Cl2 under visible light irradiation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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66
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Xu WK, Guo JM, Liu CH, Sun JT, Lv M, Wei BG. AgNTf 2 catalyzed cycloaddition of N-acyliminium ions with alkynes for the synthesis of the 3,4-dihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-one skeleton. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5086-5094. [PMID: 35698865 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A catalyzed process for the synthesis of the 4,6-substituted 3,4-dihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-one skeleton has been developed through cycloaddition of in situ generated acyliminium intermediates with alkynes. A range of chain N,O-acetals and terminal alkynes were amenable for this mild transformation. As a result, a series of desired cycloaddition products were obtained in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Xu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia-Ming Guo
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Ting Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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67
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Hoolageri SR, Kamble RR, Nesaragi AR, Bheemayya L, Nadoni VB, Dixit S, Vootla S, Joshi SD. Cu (Ι) catalyzed A
3
cascade coupling via C‐H functionalization followed by cyclization: Synthesis, in silico, in vitro and toxicity studies of imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lokesh Bheemayya
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Dharwad India
| | - Vishwa B. Nadoni
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Dharwad India
| | - Shruti Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology Karnatak University Dharwad India
| | - Shyamkumar Vootla
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology Karnatak University Dharwad India
| | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Novel Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T.’s College of Pharmacy Dharwad India
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68
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Singh PR, Gopal B, Kumar M, Goswami A. A metal-free BF 3·OEt 2 mediated chemoselective protocol for the synthesis of propargylic cyclic imines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4933-4941. [PMID: 35648486 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective and metal/additive-free protocol for the synthesis of propargylic cyclic imine derivatives via (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and alkynylnitriles in the presence of BF3·OEt2 has been established. The newly developed methodology provided access to a variety of propargylic cyclic imines in good to excellent yields. In addition, the synthesis of propargylic amines and the corresponding very stable enol derivatives from the title compound is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Braj Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Madan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
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69
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Sang X, Tong F, Zeng Z, Wu M, Yuan B, Sun Z, Sheng X, Qu G, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Zhang W. A Biocatalytic Platform for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Propargylic Alcohols and Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:4252-4257. [PMID: 35670732 PMCID: PMC9208015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Propargylic alcohols
and amines are versatile building blocks in
organic synthesis. We demonstrate a straightforward enzymatic cascade
to synthesize enantiomerically pure propargylic alcohols and amines
from readily available racemic starting materials. In the first step,
the peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita converted
the racemic propargylic alcohols into the corresponding ketones, which
then were converted into the enantiomerically pure alcohols using
the (R)-selective alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir or the (S)-selective
alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter brokii. Moreover, an enzymatic Mitsunobu-type conversion of the racemic
alcohols into enantiomerically enriched propargylic amines using (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus
terreus or (S)-selective amine transaminase
from Chromobacterium violaceum was established. The
one-pot two-step cascade reaction yielded a broad range of enantioenriched
alcohol and amine products in 70–99% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianke Sang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Feifei Tong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Minghu Wu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
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70
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Abstract
The multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes, known as A3 coupling, yields propargylamines, a valuable organic scaffold, and has received significant interest and attention in the last years. In order to fully realise the potential of the metal-based catalytic protocols that facilitate this transformation, we summarise substrates, in situ and well-characterised synthetic methods that provide this scaffold and attempt a monumental classification considering several variables (Metal, Coordinating atom(s), Ligand type and name, in-situ or well-characterised, co-catalyst, catalyst and ligand Loading (mol%), solvent, volume, atmosphere, temperature, microwave, time, yield, selectivity (e.e. d.r.), substrate name, functionality, loading (amines, aldehydes, alkynes), and use of molecular sieves). This pioneering work creates a valuable database that contains 2376 entries and allows us to produce graphs and better visualise their impact on the reaction.
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71
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Monleón A, Blay G, Pedro JR. Catalytic Enantioselective Cyclopropylalkynylation of Aldimines Generated In Situ from α-Amido Sulfones. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123763. [PMID: 35744889 PMCID: PMC9231313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient procedure of synthesis of N-carbamoyl-protected propargylic amines substituted with a cyclopropyl group from α-amido sulfones and cyclopropylacetylene is described. The reaction is catalyzed by a chiral BINOL-type zinc complex and provides the corresponding products in good yields and enantioselectivities.
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72
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Lu H, Qiu YC, Zhao Q, Tang R, Chen T, Hu L, Wu ZG. An efficient approach for 3-haloquinoline synthesis: PhI(OAc)2-mediated A3-X type tandem annulation of amine, aldehyde, alkyne and halide salt. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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73
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Synthesis of pyrroles from propargylamines and their derivatives: an update (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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74
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Pandey AR, Tiwari DK, Prakhar A, Mishra DP, Sharma SK. A review towards synthesis of heterocycles using propargyl alcohols and propargyl amines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Yuan J, Yun Y, Tao Z, Zhu YN, Li L, Sheng H, Zhu M. Atomically Precise Cu
n
(n=3, 6 and 11) Nanocatalysts for Alkyne‐Haloalkane‐Amine (AHA) Coupling Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Yapei Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Zhinan Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Yanan N. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Hongting Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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76
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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77
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Kan X, Wang JC, Chen Z, Du JQ, Kan JL, Li WY, Dong YB. Synthesis of Metal-Free Chiral Covalent Organic Framework for Visible-Light-Mediated Enantioselective Photooxidation in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6681-6686. [PMID: 35394764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) presence grows in thermal asymmetric catalysis, their application in equally important asymmetric photocatalysis has yet to begin. Herein, we first report a propargylamine-linked and quaternary ammonium bromide decorated porphyrin-CCOF which can highly promote visible-light-driven enantioselective photooxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides in water and in air. This methodology has also been applied to the synthesis of (R)-modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting medication used for the treatment of excessive sleepiness. This research might open a new way for the application of CCOFs in asymmetric photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jian-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jing-Lan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
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78
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Odin IS, Chertov AY, Grigor'eva OB, Golovanov AA. Ketone Derivatives of Propargylamines as Synthetic Equivalents of Conjugated 2,4,1-Enynones in the Synthesis of Acetylenic 2-Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5916-5924. [PMID: 35394780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An interaction of 1,5-diaryl-3-X-pent-4-yn-1-ones (where X stands for piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) with arylhydrazines proceeds at room temperature and results in 3-aryl-5-arylethynyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles with up to 57-73% yields. Under similar conditions, the cyclocondensation of conjugated 2,4,1-enynones with arylhydrazine proceeds only in the presence of cyclic amines. 1,5-Diaryl-3-X-pent-4-yn-1-ones are reported as synthetic equivalents of conjugated 2,4,1-enynones in reactions with arylhydrazines. On the basis of obtained data, there are highly efficient methods developed for the synthesis of 5-arylethynyl-substituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles, as well as for similarly structured 1H-pyrazoles prepared by oxidation in AcOH. Presented products possess quite marked fluorescent abilities. Emission maximum wavelengths are located at 453-465 and 363-400 nm, respectively; certain compounds show extremely large Stokes shifts that may reach 91,000 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Odin
- Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya Str., 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Anton Yu Chertov
- Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya Str., 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Olga B Grigor'eva
- Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya Str., 445020 Togliatti, Russia
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79
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Sahil, Kaur K, Jaitak V. Thiazole and Related Heterocyclic Systems as Anticancer Agents: A Review on Synthetic Strategies, Mechanisms of Action and SAR Studies. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4958-5009. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220318100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is the second leading cause of death throughout the world. Many anticancer drugs are commercially available, but lack of selectivity, target specificity, cytotoxicity and development of resistance lead to serious side effects. There have been several experiments going on to develop compounds with minor or no side effects.
Objective:
This review mainly emphasizes synthetic strategies, SAR studies, and mechanism of action for thiazole, benzothiazole, and imidazothiazole containing compounds as anticancer agents.
Methods:
Recent literature related to thiazole and thiazole-related derivatives endowed with encouraging anticancer potential is reviewed. This review emphasizes contemporary strategies used for the synthesis of thiazole and related derivatives, mechanistic targets, and comprehensive structural activity relationship studies to provide perspective into the rational design of high-efficiency thiazole-based anticancer drug candidates.
Results:
Exhaustive literature survey indicated that thiazole derivatives are associated with properties of inducing
apoptosis and disturbing tubulin assembly. Thiazoles are also associated with the inhibition of NFkB/mTOR/PI3K/AkT and regulation of estrogen-mediated activity. Furthermore, thiazole derivatives have been found to modulate critical targets such as topoisomerase and HDAC.
Conclusion:
Thiazole derivatives seem to be quite competent and act through various mechanisms. Some of the thiazole derivatives, such as compounds 29, 40, 62, and 74a with IC50 values of 0.05 μM, 0.00042 μM, 0.18 μM, and 0.67 μM, respectively not only have anticancer activity but they also have lower toxicity and better absorption. Therefore, some other similar compounds could be investigated to aid in the development of anticancer pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb.), India
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb.), India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb.), India
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80
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Kim HJ, Lee JE, Koyyada G, Lakavathu M, Kim JH. 1,10‐Phenanthroline Copper(I) Complexes with A3 Coupling to Access Allenes for Cycloaddition Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jo Kim
- Yeungnam University School of chemical engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Yeungnam University School of chemical engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Ganesh Koyyada
- Yeungnam University School of chemical engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Mohan Lakavathu
- Yeungnam University School of Chemical Engineering Gyongsanbuk 712749 Daegu KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Jae Hong Kim
- Yeungnam University School of chemical engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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81
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Cao L, Zhou P, Hu J, Huang L, Feng H. Accessing N‐Propargyl Amino Alcohols through Cu(I)‐Catalyzed A
3
‐Coupling/Annulation and Bi(III)‐Promoted Ring‐Opening. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Pengyu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Junduo Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Liliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA Institute for Frontier Medical Technology Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
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82
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Ahmed KM, Amani K. Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a novel magnetically recyclable triazine‐based Cu‐
NNN
‐pincer complex. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karzan Mahmood Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
- Department of Chemistry College of Education, University of Garmian Kalar Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Kamal Amani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
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83
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Wang X, Liu Z, Bani-Fwaz MZ, Marzouki R, Ali IH, El-kott AF, Alhomaid FA. Ag nanoparticles immobilized on guanidine modified-KIT-5 mesoporous nanostructure: Evaluation of its catalytic activity for synthesis of propargylamines and investigation of its antioxidant and anti-lung cancer effects. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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84
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Lee SH, Lee JH. Efficient Synthesis of N-Carbamoylpropargylamines from α-Amido Sulfones Using Dimethylalkynylaluminum Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDimethylalkynylaluminum reagents derived from terminal alkynes and trimethylaluminum underwent addition to various N-activated α-amido sulfones to produce the corresponding alkynylamines in moderate to excellent yields. The optimized protocol avoids the preparation and isolation of relatively unstable N-activated imines that are generated in situ from their corresponding, stable, N-activated α-amido sulfones. This methodology provides access to a wide range of alkynylamines containing N-carbamoyl, -acyl, and -sulfonyl moieties.
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85
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Golantsov NE, Golubenkova AS, Festa AA, Varlamov AV, Voskressensky LG. Assembly of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazines via the Domino Reaction of 2-Imidazolines and Terminal Electron-Deficient Alkynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3242-3253. [PMID: 35049314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of 2-imidazolines into 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines has been realized. A pseudo-three-component reaction of 2-imidazolines with terminal electron-deficient alkynes (2 equiv) first generates imidazolidines, containing an N-vinylpropargylamine fragment. The latter can then undergo a base-catalyzed domino aza-Claisen rearrangement/cyclization reaction sequence, simultaneously constructing pyrrole and pyrazine rings. The process works in a broad substrate scope, delivering pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines in good to excellent yields (45-90%). This two-step approach can be carried out in a one-pot fashion without a noticeable decrease in yield. Remarkably, a three-component protocol for the introduction of two different alkynes has been also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita E Golantsov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra S Golubenkova
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexey A Festa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexey V Varlamov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Leonid G Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
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86
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Abstract
This review highlights the hydroelementation reactions of conjugated and separated diynes, which depending on the process conditions, catalytic system, as well as the type of reagents, leads to the formation of various products: enynes, dienes, allenes, polymers, or cyclic compounds. The presence of two triple bonds in the diyne structure makes these compounds important reagents but selective product formation is often difficult owing to problems associated with maintaining appropriate reaction regio- and stereoselectivity. Herein we review this topic to gain knowledge on the reactivity of diynes and to systematise the range of information relating to their use in hydroelementation reactions. The review is divided according to the addition of the E-H (E = Mg, B, Al, Si, Ge, Sn, N, P, O, S, Se, Te) bond to the triple bond(s) in the diyne, as well as to the type of the reagent used, and the product formed. Not only are the hydroelementation reactions comprehensively discussed, but the synthetic potential of the obtained products is also presented. The majority of published research is included within this review, illustrating the potential as well as limitations of these processes, with the intent to showcase the power of these transformations and the obtained products in synthesis and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan.
| | - Jakub Szyling
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan. .,Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrian Franczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan.
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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87
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Yao EZ, Chai GL, Zhang P, Zhu B, Chang J. Chiral dihydroxytetraphenylene-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of boronic acids to β-enaminones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient (S)-2,15-Cl2-DHTP-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organic boronic acids to β-enaminones has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ze Yao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guo-Li Chai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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88
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Highly efficient, iodide catalysed propargylamines synthesis via A3 coupling reaction. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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89
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Cirujano FG, Dhakshinamoorthy A. Supported metals on porous solids as heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of propargylamines. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of propargylamines using porous solids (zeolites, MOFs and carbon) as supports/catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Cirujano
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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90
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Veisi H, Sayadi M, Morakabati N, Tamoradi T, Karmakar B. Au NPs fabricated on biguanidine-modified Zr-UiO-66 MOFs: a competent reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst in the green synthesis of propargylamines. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized functionalized metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a host matrix to embed gold (Au) nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojat Veisi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sayadi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neko Morakabati
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taiebeh Tamoradi
- Department of Chemistry, Production Technology Research Institute-ACECR, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bikash Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Gobardanga Hindu College, 24-Parganas (North), India
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91
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Wu Z, Duan W. Direct Asymmetric α-C—H Functionalization of N-Unprotected Propargylic Amines by Carbonyl Catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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92
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Wang XG, Ou W, Liu MH, Liu ZJ, Huang PQ. Tandem Catalysis Enabled Highly Chemoselective Deoxygenative Alkynylation and Alkylation of Tertiary Amides: A Versatile Entry to Functionalized α-Substituted Amines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the highly chemoseive catalytic reductive alkynylation and reductive alkylation of tertiary amides to give propargylamines and α-branched amines, respectively. The method features a tandem iridium (Vaska’s complex)-catalyzed...
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93
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Xie R, Chen S, Xiang X, Yin X, Xu L, Li SS, Wang L, Dong F. Diastereoselective construction of structurally diverse 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-one scaffolds via redox neutral cascade [1,7]-hydride transfer/cyclization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-one scaffolds were constructed diastereoselectively via cascade Knoevengel condensation/[1,7]-HT/cyclization/transesterification featuring novel structures and diastereoselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Xie
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Shixiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Rd. #5, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xianping Xiang
- Peking University science park, No. 127, North Street of Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100080, P. R. China
| | - Xiangcong Yin
- Hematology Diagnosis Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Fengying Dong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
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94
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Sun Z, Chen L, Qiu KX, Liu B, Li H, Yu F. Enantioselective Peroxidation of C-Alkynyl Imines Enabled by Chiral BINOL Calcium Phosphate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3035-3038. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we reported a catalytic enantioselective addition of C-alkynyl imines with hydroperoxides catalyzd by chiral BINOL calcium phosphate, affording a broad range of enantioenriched α-peroxy propargylamines in good yields (80-99%)...
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95
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Maloney TP, Dohoda AF, Zhu AC, Michael FE. Stereoretentive and Regioselective Selenium-catalyzed Intermolecular Propargylic C-H Amination of Alkynes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2121-2127. [PMID: 35308840 PMCID: PMC8849008 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report an intermolecular propargylic C–H amination of alkynes. This reaction is operationally convenient and requires no transition metal catalysts or additives. Terminal, silyl, and internal alkynes bearing a wide range of functional groups can be aminated in high yields. The regioselectivity of amination for unsymmetrical internal alkynes is strongly influenced by substitution pattern (tertiary > secondary > primary) and by relatively remote heteroatomic substituents. We demonstrate that amination of alkynes bearing α-stereocenters occurs with retention of configuration at the newly-formed C–N bond. Competition experiments between alkynes, kinetic isotope effects, and DFT calculations are performed to confirm the mechanistic hypothesis that initial ene reaction of a selenium bis(imide) species is the rate- and product-determining step. This ene reaction has a transition state that results in substantial partial positive charge development at the carbon atom closer to the amination position. Inductive and/or hyperconjugative stabilization or destabilization of this positive charge explains the observed regioselectivities. Selenium catalysis enables a general intermolecular propargylic C–H amination of alkynes. The concerted mechanism gives rise to high regioselectivity for the more electron-rich end of the alkyne and retention of the C–H propargylic stereocenter.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- T Parker Maloney
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry Box 351700 Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Alexander F Dohoda
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry Box 351700 Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Alec C Zhu
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry Box 351700 Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Forrest E Michael
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry Box 351700 Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
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96
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Mamontova E, Favier I, Pla D, Gómez M. Organometallic interactions between metal nanoparticles and carbon-based molecules: A surface reactivity rationale. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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97
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Cao L, Huang L, Xu X, Van der Eycken EV, Feng H. Synthesis of nitrogen-tethered 1,6-enynes through CuI/TFA catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01358k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new cascade process of the TFA-promoted Pictet–Spengler reaction and Cu-catalyzed intermolecular hydride transfer/alkynylation of an amine, formaldehyde solution, and an alkyne has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xianjun Xu
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Shanghai Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
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98
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Catalytic and Biological Activity of Silver and Gold Complexes Stabilized by NHC with Hydroxy Derivatives on Nitrogen Atoms. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper is reported the synthesis of N,N′ hydroxy derivative of NHC silver (3a–4a) and gold(I) (3b–4b) complexes of general formula [M(NHC)2]+ [MX2]−. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and analytic techniques. The complexes turned out to be effective in both catalytic and biological applications. They catalyzed the coupling of aldehyde, piperidine, and phenylacetylene in A3-reaction to produce propargylamines and showed antimicrobial activity. In fact, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) tests with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated that the silver compounds are selective toward E. coli, whereas the gold analogues are active against S. aureus. Moreover, the N,N′ hydroxy derivative of NHC silver complexes 3a and 4a exhibited good anticancer activity on the HeLA cancer cells (3a-IC50 = 12.2 ± 0.1 µM, 4a-IC50 = 11.9 ± 1.2 µM), whereas gold complex 4b displayed good anticancer activity towards the MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 12.2 ± 1.2 µM).
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99
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Liu Z, Qin ZY, Zhu L, Athavale SV, Sengupta A, Jia ZJ, Garcia-Borràs M, Houk KN, Arnold FH. An Enzymatic Platform for Primary Amination of 1-Aryl-2-alkyl Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:80-85. [PMID: 34941252 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Propargyl amines are versatile synthetic intermediates with numerous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. An attractive strategy for efficient preparation of these compounds is nitrene propargylic C(sp3)-H insertion. However, achieving this reaction with good chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective control has proven to be challenging. Here, we report an enzymatic platform for the enantioselective propargylic amination of alkynes using a hydroxylamine derivative as the nitrene precursor. Cytochrome P450 variant PA-G8 catalyzing this transformation was identified after eight rounds of directed evolution. A variety of 1-aryl-2-alkyl alkynes are accepted by PA-G8, including those bearing heteroaromatic rings. This biocatalytic process is efficient and selective (up to 2610 total turnover number (TTN) and 96% ee) and can be performed on preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Yang Qin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Soumitra V Athavale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhi-Jun Jia
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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100
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Buil ML, Esteruelas MA, Oñate E, Picazo NR. Dissimilarity in the Chemical Behavior of Osmaoxazolium Salts and Osmaoxazoles: Two Different Aromatic Metalladiheterocycles. Organometallics 2021; 40:4150-4162. [PMID: 35264819 PMCID: PMC8895684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
preparation of aromatic hydride-osmaoxazolium and hydride-oxazole
compounds is reported and their reactivity toward phenylacetylene
investigated. Complex [OsH(OH)(≡CPh)(IPr)(PiPr3)]OTf (1; IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene,
OTf = CF3SO3) reacts with acetonitrile and benzonitrile
to give [OsH{κ2-C,O-[C(Ph)NHC(R)O]}(NCR)(IPr)(PiPr3)]OTf (R = Me (2), Ph (3)) via amidate intermediates, which are generated by addition of
the hydroxide ligand to the nitrile. In agreement with this, the addition
of 2-phenylacetamide to acetonitrile solutions of 1 gives
[OsH{κ2-C,O-[C(Ph)NHC(CH2Ph)O]}(NCCH3)(IPr)(PiPr3)]OTf (4). The deprotonation of the osmaoxazolium ring of 2 and 4 leads to the oxazole derivatives OsH{κ2-C,O-[C(Ph)NC(R)O]}(IPr)(PiPr3) (R = Me (5), CH2Ph (6)). Complexes 2 and 4 add their Os–H
and Os–C bonds to the C–C triple bond of phenylacetylene
to afford [Os{η3-C3,κ1-O-[CH2C(Ph)C(Ph)NHC(R)O]}(NCCH3)2(IPr)]OTf (R = Me (7), CH2Ph (8)), bearing a tridentate amide-N-functionalized
allyl ligand, while complexes 5 and 6 undergo
a vicarious nucleophilic substitution of the hydride at the metal
center with the alkyne, via the compressed dihydride adduct intermediates
OsH2(C≡CPh){κ2-C,O-[C(Ph)NC(R)O]}(IPr)(PiPr3) (R = Me (9), CH2Ph (10)), which reductively
eliminate H2 to yield the acetylide-osmaoxazoles Os(C≡CPh){κ2-C,O-[C(Ph)NC(R)O]}(IPr)(PiPr3) (R = Me (11), CH2Ph (12)).
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Affiliation(s)
- María L. Buil
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nieves R. Picazo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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