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Xia C, Zhu S, Zhang ST, Zeng Q, Tao S, Tian X, Li Y, Yang B. Carbonized Polymer Dots with Tunable Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Lifetime and Wavelength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38593-38601. [PMID: 32846498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) properties of carbon dots (CDs) have attracted significant interest. However, the regulation of RTP emission faces great challenges because of untunable emissive lifetime and wavelength. Here, ultrahigh-yield acrylamide-based N-doped carbonized polymer dots (AN-CPDs) with ultralong RTP lifetime are synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal addition polymerization and carbonization strategy. The RTP lifetime and wavelength of the proposed AN-CPDs can be regulated by changing the carbonization degree. Thus, the AN-CPDs' RTP lifetimes are in the range of 61.4-466.5 ms, while the RTP emission wavelengths vary from 485 to 558 nm. Further experiment and theoretical calculation proved that RTP can be attributed to the polymer/carbon hybrid structure and nitrous functional groups as the molecular state related emission centers. Supramolecular cross-linking in the aggregated state is vital for the RTP emission of the AN-CPDs by restricting the nonradiative transition of the triplet excitons. AN-CPDs of different RTP lifetimes can be applied to time-resolved multistage information encryption and multistage anticounterfeiting. This work facilitates the optical regulation and application potential of CDs and provides profound insights into the effect of the polymer/carbon hybrid structure on the properties of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qingsen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Songyuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Minervini G, Panniello A, Fanizza E, Agostiano A, Curri ML, Striccoli M. Oil-Dispersible Green-Emitting Carbon Dots: New Insights on a Facile and Efficient Synthesis. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173716. [PMID: 32842684 PMCID: PMC7503313 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been progressively attracting interest as novel environmentally friendly and cost-effective luminescent nanoparticles, for implementation in light-emitting devices, solar cells, photocatalytic devices and biosensors. Here, starting from a cost-effective bottom-up synthetic approach, based on a suitable amphiphilic molecule as carbon precursor, namely cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), green-emitting CDs have been prepared at room temperature, upon treatment of CPC with concentrated NaOH solutions. The investigated method allows the obtaining, in one-pot, of both water-dispersible (W-CDs) and oil-dispersible green-emitting CDs (O-CDs). The study provides original insights into the chemical reactions involved in the process of the carbonization of CPC, proposing a reliable mechanism for the formation of the O-CDs in an aqueous system. The ability to discriminate the contribution of different species, including molecular fluorophores, allows one to properly single out the O-CDs emission. In addition, a mild heating of the reaction mixture, at 70 °C, has demonstrated the ability to dramatically decrease the very long reaction time (i.e. from tens of hours to days) at room temperature, allowing us to synthesize O-CDs in a few tens of minutes while preserving their morphological and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- Italian National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Bari Unit, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Agostiano
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- Italian National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Bari Unit, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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53
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Jalilov AS. Solvent Effect on Structural Elucidation of Photoluminescent Graphitic Carbon Nanodots. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20409-20416. [PMID: 32832794 PMCID: PMC7439391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanodots (CNDs) is proposed to originate from the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core and in situ synthesized molecular fluorophores. This work reports the CNDs prepared by direct pyrolysis of citric acid only at a prolonged time, 40 h, and their fluorescence emission parameters in a variety of solvents by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopies. The response of fluorescence emission lifetime and emission quenching rate constants to changes in solvent parameters such as polarity and tumbling lifetime were essentially independent, unlike molecular fluorophores that display solvent-dependent emission parameters. Fluorescence emission was quenched in nitromethane additionally indicating to the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core as a predominant structural feature of the CNDs. The quenching of CND emission in the presence of benzophenone that has a strong triplet component in the excited state was observed. Quenching demonstrates the Stern-Volmer behavior and reveals the additional nonradiative decay pathways of CNDs. The main photophysical features of CNDs are discussed in terms of fluorescence emission originating from the excited state of the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core where contribution from the potential molecular fluorophores is considered minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz S. Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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54
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Zeng Q, Chang S, Beyhaqi A, Lian S, Xu H, Xie J, Guo F, Wang M, Hu C. Efficient solar hydrogen production coupled with organics degradation by a hybrid tandem photocatalytic fuel cell using a silicon-doped TiO 2 nanorod array with enhanced electronic properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121048. [PMID: 32203716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel, unassisted, hybrid tandem photocatalytic fuel cell (HTPFC) is constructed by adhering a silicon solar cell (SSC) to the back of a highly-active silicon-doped TiO2 nanorod array (STNR) for efficient solar hydrogen production coupled with organic compound degradation. The STNR with vertically arranged nanorods is prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and has improved charge transport properties and donor density due to the homogenously distributed silicon in the TiO2 matrix. As a result, the STNR has a notably enhanced photocurrent density that is as high as ˜0.76 mA cm-2 at 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl, which is ˜271% of the photocurrent density of undoped sample. By combining the intriguing features of the STNR and SSC, the HTPFC shows a superior performance for tetracycline degradation and hydrogen production, with a removal ratio of 94.3% after 1.5 h of operation and an average hydrogen generation rate of ˜28.8 μmol h-1 cm-2. Compared to conventional PFCs, HTPFCs have improved light absorption and charge transfer, owing to the synergistic effect between the STNR and SSC. The results also indicate that the HTPFC is highly flexible, adaptable, and stable when treating wastewaters with various organics, and a wide range of pH values and salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Sheng Chang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ahmad Beyhaqi
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shaoping Lian
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huishun Xu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xie
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chun Hu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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55
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Luo H, Guo Q, Szilágyi PÁ, Jorge AB, Titirici MM. Carbon Dots in Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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56
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Chung YJ, Kim J, Park CB. Photonic Carbon Dots as an Emerging Nanoagent for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6470-6497. [PMID: 32441509 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a class of carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have attracted enormous attention because of their tunable optical and physicochemical properties, such as absorptivity and photoluminescence from ultraviolet to near-infrared, high photostability, biocompatibility, and aqueous dispersity. These characteristics make CDs a promising alternative photonic nanoagent to conventional fluorophores in disease diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare managements. This review describes the fundamental photophysical properties of CDs and highlights their recent applications to bioimaging, photomedicine (e.g., photodynamic/photothermal therapies), biosensors, and healthcare devices. We discuss current challenges and future prospects of photonic CDs to give an insight into developing vibrant fields of CD-based biomedicine and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jung Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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57
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Alexandre MR, Costa AI, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection. Molecules 2020; 25:E2320. [PMID: 32429224 PMCID: PMC7287723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Valorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry-an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterised, and their photophysical properties were analysed by an ensemble of spectroscopy techniques. Afterwards, they were successfully applied as highly-sensitive fluorescence probes for the direct detection of haemproteins. Haemoglobin, cytochrome c and myoglobin were selected as specific targets owing to their relevant roles in living organisms, wherein their deficiencies or surpluses are associated with several medical conditions. For all of them, remarkable responses were achieved, allowing their detection at nanomolar levels. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, ground-state UV-Vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism techniques were used to investigate the probable mechanisms behind the fluorescence turn-off of C-dots. Extensive experimental evidence points to a static quenching mechanism. Likewise, resonance energy transfer and collisional quenching have been discarded as excited-state deactivating mechanisms. It was additionally found that an oxidative, photoinduced electron transfer occurs for cytochrome c, the most electron-deficient protein. Besides, C-dots prepared from citric acid/ethylenediamine were comparatively assayed for protein detection and the differences between the two types of nanomaterials highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R. Alexandre
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Alexandra I. Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
- Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário N. Berberan-Santos
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José V. Prata
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
- Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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58
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De Los Reyes-Berbel E, Ortiz-Gomez I, Ortega-Muñoz M, Salinas-Castillo A, Capitan-Vallvey LF, Hernandez-Mateo F, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Carbon dots-inspired fluorescent cyclodextrins: competitive supramolecular "off-on" (bio)sensors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9178-9185. [PMID: 32297891 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromophore-appended cyclodextrins combine the supramolecular loading capabilities of cyclodextrins (CDs) with the optical properties of the affixed chromophores. Among fluorescent materials, carbon dots (CNDs) are attractive and the feasibility of CND-appended CDs as sensors has been demonstrated by different authors. However, CNDs are intrinsically heterogeneous materials and their ulterior functionalization yields hybrid composites that are not well defined in terms of structure and composition. Inspired by the fluorescence properties of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA), the most paradigmatic of the molecular fluorophores detected in CNDs, herein we report two highly efficient synthetic chemical strategies for the preparation of IPCA-appended CDs that behave as CND-based CD "turn off-on" biosensors suitable for the analysis of cholesterol and β-galactosidase activity. We have deconstructed the CND-CD systems to demonstrate that (i) the role of CNDs is limited to acting as a support for the molecular fluorophores produced during their synthesis and (ii) the molecular fluorophores suffice for the determination of the enzymatic activity based on the quenching by p-nitrophenol as a sacrificial quencher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Los Reyes-Berbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Fuentenueva sn, University of Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain.
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Shuang E, Mao QX, Wang JH, Chen XW. Carbon dots with tunable dual emissions: from the mechanism to the specific imaging of endoplasmic reticulum polarity. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6852-6860. [PMID: 32186547 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10982j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the fluorescence of carbon dots (CDs) is important but highly challenging. Here, carbon dots with tunable dual emissions were facilely fabricated via modulating the polymerization and carbonization processes of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) with lysine (Lys) as the co-precursor and modulator, respectively. The self-polymerization/carbonization of the OPD molecules contributed to the blue/green emission of the OPD-derived CDs. The introduction of Lys in the CD fabrication process efficiently suppressed the carbonization of the OPD polymer chains and enhanced the self-polymerization of the OPD molecules. Meanwhile, the formed OPD-Lys co-polymer chains endowed the final CD product with a new green emission center. The dual-emissive CDs were distinctly sensitive to polarity fluctuations, providing a ratiometric fluorescence response towards solution polarity. Due to their specific distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the as-prepared dual-emissive CDs successfully distinguished the polarity variations in ER under stress, which offers a new approach for the early diagnosis of cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shuang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
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60
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Li C, Zhang J, Jiang H, Wang X, Liu J. Orthogonal Adsorption of Carbon Dots and DNA on Nanoceria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2474-2481. [PMID: 32069412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are highly fluorescent nanomaterials with surface carboxyl and amino groups. However, their exact structure remains under debate. In this work, we probed the surface properties of CDs by physically adsorbing them onto various nanomaterials. Three types of nanomaterials, including CeO2 nanoparticles (nanoceria), gold nanoparticles, and graphene oxide were tested. Among them, nanoceria strongly adsorbed the CDs and quenched their fluorescence. For the tested anions to compete with the CDs for adsorption, only phosphate and F- induced desorption of the CDs from nanoceria, and the phosphate-induced desorption was less compared to that by F-. This was opposite to the desorption of DNA from nanoceria, where phosphate induced more DNA desorption. Furthermore, using calcein and fluorescein as representative dyes for comparison, we conclude that the CDs might use their carboxyl groups to adsorb on nanoceria, while DNA uses its phosphate backbone for adsorption. This difference may explain their occupying different surface sites on nanoceria and different displacement by phosphate and F-. Using nanomaterials as probes to understand the surface properties of CDs is effective, and such understanding might in turn be used for building hybrid materials for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kumar YR, Deshmukh K, Sadasivuni KK, Pasha SKK. Graphene quantum dot based materials for sensing, bio-imaging and energy storage applications: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23861-23898. [PMID: 35517370 PMCID: PMC9055121 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are an attractive nanomaterial consisting of a monolayer or a few layers of graphene having excellent and unique properties. GQDs are endowed with the properties of both carbon dots (CDs) and graphene. This review addresses applications of GQD based materials in sensing, bioimaging and energy storage. In the first part of the review, different approaches of GQD synthesis such as top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods have been discussed. The prime focus of this review is on green synthesis methods that have also been applied to the synthesis of GQDs. The GQDs have been discussed thoroughly for all the aspects along with their potential applications in sensors, biomedicine, and energy storage systems. In particular, emphasis is given to popular applications such as electrochemical and photoluminescence (PL) sensors, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors, humidity and gas sensors, bioimaging, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, supercapacitors and dye-sensitized solar cells. Finally, the challenges and the future perspectives of GQDs in the aforementioned application fields have been discussed. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are an attractive nanomaterial consisting of a monolayer or a few layers of graphene having excellent and unique properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physics
- VIT-AP University
- Amaravati
- India
| | - Kalim Deshmukh
- New Technologies – Research Center
- University of West Bohemia
- Univerzitní 8
- Plzeň
- Czech Republic
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Yoo HJ, Kwak BE, Kim DH. Interparticle distance as a key factor for controlling the dual-emission properties of carbon dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20227-20237. [PMID: 32633736 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their distinct and useful features, multi-color-emissive carbon dots (CDs) have gained much attention, however, their lack of red emission has so far limited their practical use for various applications, thus understanding of their emission origins is required. Concentration-dependent photoluminescence (PL) is a unique feature of CDs and is regarded as one way to realize tunable PL, providing information on their PL mechanism. In this work, we synthesized concentration-dependent blue/red dual-color-emissive CDs under single excitation at 365 nm. With the increase in concentration, the blue emission band showed a large red-shift from 431 to 500 nm, while the red emission band at around 650 nm showed only a relative intensity change, without a significant spectral shift. We performed spectroscopic analysis by changing the solution environment including the solvent type and pH to investigate the origins of the two emission bands. These results, combined with the zeta potential and fluorescence microscopy results, confirmed that the interparticle distance of CDs is a key factor for their dual-emissive PL behavior. With the advantage of unique PL features, we showed the potential of the CDs for white light-emitting diode (WLED) and ratiometric pH sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Yoo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong Eun Kwak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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63
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Xia C, Zhu S, Feng T, Yang M, Yang B. Evolution and Synthesis of Carbon Dots: From Carbon Dots to Carbonized Polymer Dots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901316. [PMID: 31832313 PMCID: PMC6891914 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the various synthesis methods to obtain carbon dots (CDs), the bottom-up methods are still the most widely administrated route to afford large-scale and low-cost synthesis. However, as CDs are developed with increasing reports involved in producing many CDs, the structure and property features have changed enormously compared with the first generation of CDs, raising classification concerns. To this end, a new classification of CDs, named carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), is summarized according to the analysis of structure and property features. Here, CPDs are revealed as an emerging class of CDs with distinctive polymer/carbon hybrid structures and properties. Furthermore, deep insights into the effects of synthesis on the structure/property features of CDs are provided. Herein, the synthesis methods of CDs are also summarized in detail, and the effects of synthesis conditions of the bottom-up methods in terms of the structures and properties of CPDs are discussed and analyzed comprehensively. Insights into formation process and nucleation mechanism of CPDs are also offered. Finally, a perspective of the future development of CDs is proposed with critical insights into facilitating their potential in various application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and NanomedicineNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of Health35 Convent DrBethesda20892MDUSA
| | - Tanglue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Mingxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied OpticsChangchun Institute of OpticsFine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130033P. R. China
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64
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Zhi B, Yao X, Cui Y, Orr G, Haynes CL. Synthesis, applications and potential photoluminescence mechanism of spectrally tunable carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20411-20428. [PMID: 31641702 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prominent characteristics of carbon-based luminescent nanostructures (known colloquially as carbon dots), such as inexpensive precursors, excellent hydrophilicity, low toxicity, and intrinsic fluorescence, these nanomaterials are regarded as potential candidates to replace traditional quantum dots in some applications. As such, research in the field of carbon dots has been increasing in recent years. In this mini-review, we summarize recent progress in studies of multicolor carbon dots focusing on potential photoluminescence (PL) mechanisms, strategies for effective syntheses, and applications in ion/molecule and temperature sensing, light emitting diodes and high-resolution bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
| | - XiaoXiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
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Madhu M, Chen TH, Tseng WL. White-light emission of single carbon dots prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride): Applications to fabrication of white-light-emitting films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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67
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A first principle photo-induced electron transfer study on a quinolin schiff base as Al3+ chemosensor using TD-DFT method. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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68
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Zhao YY, Qu SN, Feng XY, Xu JC, Yang Y, Su SC, Wang SP, Ng KW. Tailoring the Photoluminescence Excitation Dependence of the Carbon Dots via an Alkali Treatment. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4596-4602. [PMID: 31361140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have shown great potential in various applications including biomedicines and optoelectronics. However, the origin of their photoluminescence excitation dependence (PL-ED) still remains uncertain, and this can limit the full exploit of their wonderful optical properties. Here we studied the mechanism for the PL-ED of solvothermally synthesized CDs using an alkali treatment. As-synthesized CDs were found to agglomerate and exhibited multicolor emissions with strong PL-ED. The alkali treatment can effectively break down the clusters into individual CDs via the hydrolysis of the amide and ester bonds that link the CDs together. This process effectively narrowed the emission line width and suppressed the observed PL-ED. The understanding of the excitation dependence mechanism here outlined a novel strategy for tailoring of the PL-ED of CDs via a synergy of chemical and physical processes, thus enhancing the versatility of CDs for a broader spectrum of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang Zhao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Song Nan Qu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Xi Yuan Feng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Jin Cheng Xu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Shi Chen Su
- Institute of Optoelectronic Material and Technology , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Peng Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
| | - Kar Wei Ng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macao SAR, China
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69
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Liu C, Bao L, Yang M, Zhang S, Zhou M, Tang B, Wang B, Liu Y, Zhang ZL, Zhang B, Pang DW. Surface Sensitive Photoluminescence of Carbon Nanodots: Coupling between the Carbonyl Group and π-Electron System. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3621-3629. [PMID: 31199162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The functional groups and π-electron system of carbon dots (C-dots) were carefully controlled by several innovative chemical methods, without any changes in size, to unravel the relationship between the surface structure and photoluminescence (PL). The results of experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the PL of C-dots is related to the surface state. The energy gap is determined by the coupling of the π-electron system and carbonyl group, and the quantum yield (QY) is dependent on the carbonyl group. The carbonyl group is the main factor increasing the ratio of nonradiation to radiation recombination, thereby leading to the low QY of C-dots. This work provides a strategy for effectively tuning the structure of C-dots, giving rise to the tunable PL emission wavelength and highly desirable QY, which enables us to further unravel the PL mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Centre for Intelligent Sensing Technology, College of Optoelectronic Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Bao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Mengli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Centre for Intelligent Sensing Technology, College of Optoelectronic Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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Shamsipur M, Barati A, Nematifar Z. Fluorescent pH nanosensors: Design strategies and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hinterberger V, Damm C, Haines P, Guldi DM, Peukert W. Purification and structural elucidation of carbon dots by column chromatography. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8464-8474. [PMID: 30990494 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an astonishing class of fluorescent materials with many applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, photovoltaics and photocatalysis due to their outstanding luminescence properties and low toxicity. However, the internal CD structure of bottom-up synthesized CDs is still the subject of considerable debate. Unambiguous analysis of the internal CD composition is hampered by the fact that reaction products usually contain mixtures of several CD fractions as well as molecular intermediate and side products. Therefore, purification and careful separation of the various CD fractions is vital for structural analysis and isolation of pure CDs possessing optimized optical properties. In this study, CD solutions were synthesized from citric acid and cysteine via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. A simple column chromatography unit was used to systematically study the influence of the molar precursor ratios and synthesis conditions (temperature, reaction time) on the CD solution composition. By investigating the structural and optical properties of the chromatographically separated fractions, three different fluorescent species could be identified. Freely floating molecular fluorophores left the column first, followed by highly fluorescent CDs with fluorophores bound to the carbon core, finally followed by low-fluorescent carbon particles without fluorophores. We demonstrate that the CD solution composition and the internal structure of the individual fluorescent components can be clarified via chromatographic separation. This information can be further applied to isolate pure CDs with optimized optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hinterberger
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Mintz KJ, Zhou Y, Leblanc RM. Recent development of carbon quantum dots regarding their optical properties, photoluminescence mechanism, and core structure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4634-4652. [PMID: 30834912 PMCID: PMC6467229 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are a relatively new class of carbon nanomaterials which have been studied very much in the last fifteen years to improve their already favorable properties. The optical properties of CDs have drawn particular interest as they display the unusual trait of excitation-dependent emission, as well as high fluorescence quantum yields (QY), long photoluminescence (PL) decay lifetimes, and photostability. These qualities naturally lead researchers to apply CDs in the field of imaging (particularly bio-imaging) and sensing. Since the amount of publications regarding CDs has been growing nearly exponentially in the last ten years, many improvements have been made in the optical properties of CDs such as QY and PL lifetime. However, a great deal of confusion remains regarding the PL mechanism of CDs as well as their structural properties. Therefore, presented in this review is a summary and discussion of the QYs and PL lifetimes reported in recent years. The effect of method as well as precursor has been evaluated and discussed appropriately. The current theories regarding the PL mechanism of CDs are discussed, with special attention to the concept of surface state-controlled PL. With this knowledge, the improvement of preparation and applications of CDs related to their optical properties will be easily accomplished. Further improvements can be made to CDs through the understanding of their structural and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
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Shamsipur M, Davarani SSH, Nematollahi D, Taherpour A(A, Dehdashtian S, Pashabadi A. One-step electrochemically driven production of aza macrocycle-based pseudo-cryptand: An accessible route for creating of diverse cryptand-resembles compounds. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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74
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Shi B, Nachtigallová D, Aquino AJA, Machado FBC, Lischka H. Excited states and excitonic interactions in prototypic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dimers as models for graphitic interactions in carbon dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9077-9088. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The HOMO–LUMO transition in a stacked circum-1-coronene dimer as a model for excimer interactions in carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- Flemingovo nám. 2
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Adélia J. A. Aquino
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Francisco B. C. Machado
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
- São José dos Campos 12228-900
- Brazil
| | - Hans Lischka
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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