51
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Lin L, Zhu J. Antiaromaticity-Promoted Radical Anion stability in α-vinyl Heterocyclics. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an electron-rich species, radical anions have a wide range of applications in organic synthesis. In addition, aromaticity is an essential concept in chemistry that has attracted considerable attention from...
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52
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Lin L, Zhu J. Computational predictions of adaptive aromaticity for the design of singlet fission materials. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01442k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The concept of adaptive aromaticity has been demonstrated as an alternative strategy for the design of singlet fission materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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53
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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54
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Golpayegani F, Mirjafary Z, Aliabad JM, Saeidian H. Harnessing aromaticity to obtain new powerful organic superbases based on phosphaallene ylide scaffold: A density functional theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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55
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Qiu R, Zhu J. Adaptive aromaticity in 16-valence-electron metallazapentalenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16842-16848. [PMID: 34779463 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to Hückel's and Baird's rules, cyclic species are generally aromatic only either in the lowest singlet state (S0) or in the lowest-lying triplet ππ* excited state (T1). Thus, species with aromaticity both in S0 and T1 states (termed as adaptive aromaticity) are particularly rare. Herein, we carry out density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the aromaticity of 16e metallapentalenes containing heteroatoms (N, O). Interestingly, metallazapentalenes show adaptive aromaticity whereas metalloxapentalenes display nonaromaticity in the S0 and T1 states, which is supported by structural, magnetic, and electronic indices. In addition, a series of metallazapentalenes containing strong σ- or π-donor ligands are predicted to achieve adaptive aromaticity. Our findings expand the family of adaptive aromatics significantly, inviting experimental chemists to realize more hetero-metallapentalenes with adaptive aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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56
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Lin L, Zhu J. Antiaromaticity-Promoted Radical Stability in α-Methyl Heterocyclics. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15558-15567. [PMID: 34632764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental and important concept in chemistry, and usually, the enhancement of aromaticity brings additional thermodynamic stability to a compound. Moreover, since radicals can act as intermediates in chemical reactions, they have attracted considerable attention from both experimental and theoretical chemists for a long time. However, it remains unclear whether there is a relationship between the thermodynamic stability of cyclic planar radicals and their aromaticity. In this work, using various aromaticity indices including anisotropy of the induced current density analysis and nucleus-independent chemical shifts against the radical stabilization energy, we systematically investigated the relationship between aromaticity and the thermodynamic stability of α-methyl heterocyclics. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the stronger the antiaromaticity of the original form heterocyclics, the higher the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding radicals, which is in sharp contrast to the general knowledge that aromaticity brings compounds' thermodynamic stabilities. The principal interacting spin orbital analysis shows that the stronger the π-bond formed between the heterocyclics and the α-methyl carbon, the more spin density the radicals tend to be distributed on the heterocyclics. Thus, the strong π-bonding is one of the factors for improving the thermodynamic stability of radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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57
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. Disclosure of Ground-State Zimmerman-Möbius Aromaticity in the Radical Anion of [6]Helicene and Evidence for 4π Periodic Aromatic Ring Currents in a Molecular "Metallic" Möbius Strip. Chemistry 2021; 27:14660-14671. [PMID: 34375466 PMCID: PMC8596793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1966, Zimmerman proposed a type of Möbius aromaticity that involves through-space electron delocalization; it has since been widely applied to explain reactivity in pericyclic reactions, but is considered to be limited to transition-state structures. Although the easily accessible hexahelicene radical anion has been known for more than half a century, it was overlooked that it exhibits a ground-state minimum and robust Zimmerman-Möbius aromaticity in its central noose-like opening, becoming, hence, the oldest existing Möbius aromatic system and with smallest Möbius cycle known. Despite its overall aromatic stabilization energy of 13.6 kcal mol-1 (at B3LYP/6-311+G**), the radical also features a strong, globally induced paramagnetic ring current along its outer edge. Exclusive global paramagnetic currents can also be found in other fully delocalized radical anions of 4N+2 π-electron aromatic polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons (PAH), thus questioning the established magnetic criterion of antiaromaticity. As an example of a PAH with nontrivial topology, we studied a novel Möbius[16]cyclacene that has a non-orientable surface manifold and a stable closed-shell singlet ground state at several density functional theory levels. Its metallic monoanion radical (0.0095 eV band gap at HSE06/6-31G* level) is also wave-function stable and displays an unusual 4π-periodic, magnetically induced ring current (reminiscent of the transformation behaviour of spinors under spatial rotation), thus indicating the existence of a new, Hückel-rule-evading type of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstrasse 25a, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebinger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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58
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Tang C, Zhao Y, Wu J, Chen Z, Liu LL, Tan YZ, Zhu J, Xia H. Releasing Antiaromaticity in Metal-Bridgehead Naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15587-15592. [PMID: 34533932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a fundamental chemical property, aromaticity guides the synthesis of novel structures and materials. Replacing the carbon moieties of aromatic hydrocarbons with transition metal fragments is a promising strategy to synthesize intriguing organometallic counterparts with a similar aromaticity to their organic parents. However, since antiaromaticity will endow compound instability, it is a great challenge to obtain an antiaromatic organometallic counterpart based on such transition metal replacement in aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, we report an efficient aromaticity transformation on aromatic naphthalene through the bridgehead replacement of an osmium fragment, leading to the unprecedented synthesis of metal-bridgehead naphthalene featuring a highly twisted structure as confirmed by X-ray crystallography characterization. Such a twisted conformation works together with its phosphonium substituents to release the antiaromaticity in the planar conformation of the metal-bridgehead naphthalene. Our findings prove the bridgehead involvement of transition metals in unexpected aromaticity modifications and open an avenue for novel metal-bridgehead complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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59
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Cai Y, Hua Y, Lu Z, Lan Q, Lin Z, Fei J, Chen Z, Zhang H, Xia H. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of compounds with Craig-Möbius aromaticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102310118. [PMID: 34544859 PMCID: PMC8488665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102310118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions are widely regarded as characteristic reactions of aromatic species, but no comparable reaction has been reported for molecules with Craig-Möbius aromaticity. Here, we demonstrate successful EAS reactions of Craig-Möbius aromatics, osmapentalenes, and fused osmapentalenes. The highly reactive nature of osmapentalene makes it susceptible to electrophilic attack by halogens, thus osmapentalene, osmafuran-fused osmapentalene, and osmabenzene-fused osmapentalene can undergo typical EAS reactions. In addition, the selective formation of a series of halogen substituted metalla-aromatics via EAS reactions has revealed an unprecedented approach to otherwise elusive compounds such as the unsaturated cyclic chlorirenium ions. Density functional theory calculations were conducted to study the electronic effect on the regioselectivity of the EAS reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
| | - Yuhui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518005
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518005
| | - Qing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
| | - Zuzhang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
| | - Jiawei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005;
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005;
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518005
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60
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Analysis of Local and Global Aromaticity in Si3C5 and Si4C8 Clusters. Aromatic Species Containing Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimum energy structures of the Si3C5 and Si4C8 clusters are planar and contain planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs). These species have been classified, qualitatively, as global (π) and local (σ) aromatics according to the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) method, which is an orbital localization method. This work evaluates these species’ aromaticity, focusing on confirming and quantifying their global and local aromatic character. For this purpose, we use an orbital localization method based on the partitioning of the molecular space according to the topology of the electronic localization function (LOC-ELF). In addition, the magnetically induced current density is analyzed. The LOC-ELF-based analysis coincides with the AdNDP study (double aromaticity, global, and local). Moreover, the current density analysis detects global and local ring currents. The strength of the global and local current circuit is significant, involving 4n + 2 π- and σ-electrons, respectively. The latter implicates the Si-ptC-Si fragment, which would be related to the 3c-2e σ-bond detected by the orbital localization methods in this fragment.
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61
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Schulte Y, Geoghegan BL, Helling C, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Cutsail GE, Schulz S. Observation of Discrete Valence Tautomers in Crystalline Cyclopentadienyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12658-12664. [PMID: 34369756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Single crystal X-ray (sc XRD) analyses of three symmetrically substituted cyclopentadienyl radicals (1, 2, 5) containing sterically demanding aryl groups showed that they crystallize as discrete valence tautomers (Jahn-Teller distortion) in the solid state with the unpaired electron either located in the b1 orbital (type I, state 2B1), resulting in a localized radical with two adjacent double bonds, or the a2 orbital (type II, state 2A2), leading to an allyl-type radical. Their properties in solution were examined by EPR spectroscopy as well as cyclovoltammetry and UV/vis spectroscopy including two additional cyclopentadienyl radicals (1-5). The electronic nature of 1-5 was further investigated by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blaise L Geoghegan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
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62
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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63
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Orozco-Ic M, Dimitrova M, Barroso J, Sundholm D, Merino G. Magnetically Induced Ring-Current Strengths of Planar and Nonplanar Molecules: New Insights from the Pseudo-π Model. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5753-5764. [PMID: 34161099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pseudo-π model yields current densities and induced magnetic fields that mimic the π-component, allowing investigations of large molecular structures, whether they are planar or not, at a low computational cost but with high accuracy. Herein the π-contribution to the magnetically induced current densities and induced magnetic fields of large planar molecules and nonplanar molecules (such as [10]cyclophenacene and chiral toroidal nanotubes C2016 and C2196) were computed using the pseudo-π model with the gauge-including magnetically induced currents method. Additionally, we provide a way to determine the π-component of the ring-current strengths, which can be used for assessing the aromatic character of large carbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
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64
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Szatylowicz H, Stasyuk OA, Solà M, Krygowski TM. Aromaticity of nucleic acid bases. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00‐664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olga A. Stasyuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurélia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurélia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona Spain
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65
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Zhang X, Shi H, Zhuang G, Wang S, Wang J, Yang S, Shao X, Du P. A Highly Strained All‐Phenylene Conjoined Bismacrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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66
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Zhang X, Shi H, Zhuang G, Wang S, Wang J, Yang S, Shao X, Du P. A Highly Strained All-Phenylene Conjoined Bismacrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17368-17372. [PMID: 33945657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the precise synthesis of a 3D highly strained all-phenylene bismacrocycle, termed conjoined (1,4)[10]cycloparaphenylenophane (SCPP[10]). This structure consists of a twisted benzene ring which is bridged twice by phenylene units anchored in two para-positions. The conjoined structure of SCPP[10] was confirmed in real space at the atomic scale by scanning tunneling microscopy. Theoretical calculations indicate that this bismacrocycle has a very high strain energy of 110.59 kcal mol-1 and the largest interphenylene torsion angle of 46.07° caused by multiple repulsive interactions. Furthermore, a 1:2 host-guest complex of SCPP[10] and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester was investigated, which represents the first peanut-shaped 1:2 host-guest complex based on bismacrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310032, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
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67
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Miyoshi H, Hisaki I, Tobe Y. Crystal Structures of Tetramesityl‐Substituted Tetracyclopenta[
def,jkl,pqr,vwx
]tetraphenylene. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) Hokkaido University 001-0020 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University 567-0047 Ibaraki Osaka Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta Hsueh Road 30010 Hsinchu Taiwan
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68
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Abstract
Recently, we discovered that the delocalization of nitrogen lone-pair electrons (NLPEs) in five-membered nitrogen heterocycles created a second σ-aromaticity in addition to the prototypical π-aromaticity. Such dual-aromatic compounds, such as the pentazole anion, were proved to have distinct chemistry in comparison to traditional π-aromatics, such as benzene, and were surprisingly unstable, susceptible to electrophilic attack, and relatively difficult to obtain. The dual-aromatics are basic in nature, but prefer not to be protonated when confronting more than three hydronium/ammonium ions, which violates common sense understanding of acid−base neutralization for a reason that is unclear. Here, we carried out 63 test simulations to explore the stability and reactivity of three basic heterocycle anions (pentazole anion N5¯, tetrazole anion N4C1H1¯, and 1,2,4-triazole anion N3C2H2¯) in four types of solvents (acidic ions, H3O+ and NH4+, polar organics, THF, and neutral organics, benzene) with different acidities and concentrations. By quantum mechanical calculations of the electron density, atomistic structure, interatomic interactions, molecular orbital, magnetic shielding, and energetics, we confirmed the presence of dual aromaticity in the heterocyclic anions, and discovered their reactivity to be a competition between their basicity and dual aromaticity. Interestingly, when the acidic ions H3O+/NH4+ are three times more in number than the basic heterocyclic anions, the anions turn to violate acid−base neutralization and remain unprotonated, and the surrounding acidic ions start to show a significant stabilization effect on the studied heterocyclic anions. This work brings new knowledge to nitrogen aromatics and the finding is expected to be adaptable for other pnictogen five-membered ring systems.
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69
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Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Solà M. Acenes and phenacenes in their lowest-lying triplet states. Does kinked remain more stable than straight? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13574-13582. [PMID: 34109330 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The larger stability of phenacenes compared to their acene isomers in their ground states is attributed to the larger aromaticity of the former. To our knowledge the relative stability of acenes and phenacenes in their lowest-lying triplet states (T1) has not been discussed yet. Using unrestricted density functional theory calculations, our results show that for the smallest members of the series, acenes in their T1 states are more stable than the corresponding phenacenes. However, when the number of the rings (n) involved increases, the energy difference is reduced and for n > 12, phenacenes become more stable than acenes in their T1 states. To rationalize this trend, we analyze the aromaticity of acenes and phenacenes using a set of aromaticity descriptors. We find that in the T1 states of both acenes and phenacenes, the outer rings form aromatic Clar π-sextets. In acenes, delocalization of spin density in the central rings leads to the preferred formation of the largest antiaromatic diradical. Resonant structures in the form of antiaromatic diradical Baird π-octadectets and π-tetradectets are the major contributors, while the smaller ones, such as π-doublets and π-sextets, contribute the least. In phenacenes, structures with diradical antiaromatic Baird π-sextets in some of the central rings contribute the most. These results are relevant to understand the (anti)aromaticity of larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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70
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Warren GI, Barker JE, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Enhancing the Antiaromaticity of s-Indacene through Naphthothiophene Fusion. Org Lett 2021; 23:5012-5017. [PMID: 34129339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the instability of antiaromatic compounds often involves protection with bulky groups and/or fusion of aromatic rings, thus decreasing paratropicity. We report four naphthothiophene-fused s-indacene isomers, one of which is more antiaromatic than parent s-indacene. This surprising result is examined computationally through nucleus-independent chemical shift XY calculations and experimentally via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and cyclic voltammetry, with the latter two indicating that this molecule possesses the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap observed for heterocycle-fused s-indacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle I Warren
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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71
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López-Estrada O, Selenius E, Zuniga-Gutierrez B, Malola S, Häkkinen H. Cubic aromaticity in ligand-stabilized doped Au superatoms. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204303. [PMID: 34241155 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetic response of valence electrons in doped gold-based M@Au8L8 q superatoms (M = Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ir, and Rh; L = PPh3; and q = 0, +1, +2) is studied by calculating the gauge including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) in the framework of the auxiliary density functional theory. The studied systems include 24 different combinations of the dopant, total cluster charge, and cluster structure (cubic-like or oblate). The magnetically induced currents (both diatropic and paratropic) are shown to be sensitive to the atomic structure of clusters, the number of superatomic electrons, and the chemical nature of the dopant metal. Among the cubic-like structures, the strongest aromaticity is observed in Pd- and Pt-doped M@Au8L8 0 clusters. Interestingly, Pd- and Pt-doping increases the aromaticity as compared to a similar all-gold eight-electron system Au9L8 +1. With the recent implementation of the GIMIC in the deMon2k code, we investigated the aromaticity in the cubic and butterfly-like M@Au8 core structures, doped with a single M atom from periods 5 and 6 of groups IX-XII. Surprisingly, the doping with Pd and Pt in the cubic structure increases the aromaticity compared to the pure Au case not only near the central atom but encompassing the whole metallic core, following the aromatic trend Pd > Pt > Au. These doped (Pd, Pt)@Au8 nanoclusters show a closed shell 1S21P6 superatom electronic structure corresponding to the cubic aromaticity rule 6n + 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar López-Estrada
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elli Selenius
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bernardo Zuniga-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, C. P. 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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72
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Pandey SK, Arunan E. Effects of Multiple OH/SH Substitution on the H‐Bonding/Stability versus Aromaticity of Benzene Rings: From Computational Insights. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Bangalore 560 012 India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016 India
| | - Elangannan Arunan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Bangalore 560 012 India
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73
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Impact of Deuteration and Temperature on Furan Ring Dynamics. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102889. [PMID: 34068118 PMCID: PMC8152745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in conformational analysis of cyclic molecules, the number of computational studies is still limited while most of that available in the literature data have been obtained long time ago with outdated methods. In present research, we have studied temperature driven conformational changes of the furan ring at three different temperatures. Additionally, the effect of deuteration on the ring dynamics is discussed; in addition, the aromaticity indices following the Bird and HOMA schemes are computed along all trajectories. Our ab initio molecular dynamic simulations revealed that deuteration has changed the furan ring dynamics and the obvious consequences; in addition, the shape and size of molecule are expected to be different.
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74
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Markert G, Paenurk E, Gershoni-Poranne R. Prediction of Spin Density, Baird-Antiaromaticity, and Singlet-Triplet Energy Gap in Triplet-State Polybenzenoid Systems from Simple Structural Motifs. Chemistry 2021; 27:6923-6935. [PMID: 33438296 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-state aromaticity has been recently proposed as a strategy for designing functional organic electronic compounds, many of which are polycyclic aromatic systems. However, in many cases, the aromatic nature of the triplet state cannot be easily predicted. Moreover, it is often unclear how specific structural manipulations affect the electronic properties of the excited-state compounds. Herein, the relationship between the structure of polybenzenoid hydrocarbons (PBHs) and their spin-density distribution and aromatic character in the first triplet excited state is studied. Although a direct link is not immediately visible, classifying the PBHs according to their annulation sequence reveals regularities. Based on these, a set of guidelines is defined to qualitatively predict the location of spin and paratropicity and the singlet-triplet energy gap in larger PBHs, using only their smaller tri- and tetracyclic components, and subsequently tested on larger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Markert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eno Paenurk
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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76
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A tris-spiro metalla-aromatic system featuring Craig-Möbius aromaticity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1319. [PMID: 33637738 PMCID: PMC7910433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As aromaticity is one of the most fundamental concepts in chemistry, the construction of aromatic systems has long been an important subject. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a tris-spiroaromatic complex, hexalithio spiro vanadacycle 2. The delocalization of the four electrons within the two V 3d orbitals and the π* orbitals of the three biphenyl ligands leads to a 40π Craig-Möbius aromatic system with three metalla-aromatic rings, as revealed by both experimental measurements and theoretical analyses. For comparison, if Cr is used instead of V, a similar Craig-Möbius aromatic system can not be generated. In this case, pentalithio spiro chromacycle 3 is obtained, and the Cr center uses its two 3d orbitals to form two independent metalla-aromatic rings. This work presents a type of aromatic systems that will contribute to both aromaticity theory and organometallic chemistry. Spiroaromatic compounds are advantageous platforms for designing expanded aromatic systems. Herein, the authors present a tris‐spiro metalla‐aromatic Vanadium compound which forms a 40π Craig‐Möbius aromatic system.
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77
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Charisiadis A, Giannoudis E, Pournara Z, Kosma A, Nikolaou V, Charalambidis G, Artero V, Chavarot‐Kerlidou M, Coutsolelos AG. Synthesis and Characterization of a Covalent Porphyrin‐Cobalt Diimine‐Dioxime Dyad for Photoelectrochemical H
2
Evolution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Charisiadis
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - Emmanouil Giannoudis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Zoi Pournara
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - Aimilia Kosma
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Murielle Chavarot‐Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry Voutes Campus, Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
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78
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Muñoz-Castro A, Solà M. Aromaticity Survival in Hydrofullerenes: The Case of C 66 H 4 with Its π-Aromatic Circuits. Chemistry 2021; 27:802-808. [PMID: 33089913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) is a determining structural feature that accounts for hollow fullerene stabilization and properties related to Cn (n≥60) cages. The recent characterization of an unprecedented non-IPR hydrofullerene, C2v C66 H4 , bearing two heptagons with adjacent fused-pentagon motifs, largely dismisses this feature. Herein, employing DFT calculations, the 13 C NMR spectroscopy and aromatic behavior of C2v C66 H4 are explored. The results show the presence of three π-aromatic circuits at the bottom boat section of C66 H4 , indicating the unique features of this hydrofullerene in comparison to those of pristine C60 . In addition, under specific orientations of the external field, certain π-aromatic circuits are enabled, resulting in a more aromatic fullerene than that of C60 , but lower than that of the spherical aromatic C60 6- fulleride. Notably, under a field aligned with the saturated carbon atoms, nonaromatic characteristics are exposed. This reveals that spherical-like cages can involve a complex magnetic response that heavily depends on the orientation of the applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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79
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Zhao Y, Zeng J, Zhu J. Tuning the hyperconjugative aromaticity in Au(III)-substituted indoliums. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8096-8101. [PMID: 34018516 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00599e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a fundamental concept in chemistry, aromaticity has been extended from traditional organics to organometallics. Similarly, hyperconjugative aromaticity (HCA) has also been developed from main group to transition metal systems through the hyperconjugation of the substituents. However, it remains unclear that how the oxidation state of transition metal in the substituents affects the HCA. Herein, we demonstrate via density functional theory calculations that HCA could disappear in indoliums when the Au(i) substituents are changed to the Au(iii) ones. By tuning the ligand or cis-trans isomerization, HCA could be regained or enhanced in indoliums containing Au(iii) substitutents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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80
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Li S, Smaga O, Sun Y, Li X, Pawlicki M, Sukniewicz M, Chmielewski PJ. Friedel–Crafts acylation of antiaromatic norcorroles: electronic and steric modulation of the paratropic current. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first ever Friedel–Crafts acylation of an antiaromatic macrocycle was performed for norcorrolatonickel(ii) reacting with aromatic or aliphatic carboxylic acid chlorides in the presence of AlCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
| | - Oskar Smaga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50 383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Yahan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50 383 Wrocław
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
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81
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Abstract
The meso-entropy concept is proposed to re-understand the material world and to develop new carbon-rich materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxu Feng
- Meso-Entropy Matter Lab
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Meso-Entropy Matter Lab
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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82
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Inostroza D, García V, Yañez O, Torres-Vega JJ, Vásquez-Espinal A, Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Tiznado W. On the NICS limitations to predict local and global current pathways in polycyclic systems. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we analyze the possibility of predicting local and global current densities in a series of bicyclic hydrocarbons with 4n and 4n + 2 π-electrons from the nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Inostroza
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
| | - Victor García
- Departamento Académico de Fisicoquímica - Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
- Lima
- Peru
| | - Osvaldo Yañez
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY)
- Santiago
- Chile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Juan J. Torres-Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas
- Biomédicas y Medioambientales
- Callao
- Peru
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica
- Facultad de Química y Biología. Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
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83
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Aromatic nature of neutral and dianionic 1,4-diaza-2,3,5,6-tetraborinine derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 11:592-598. [PMID: 35423032 PMCID: PMC8691108 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aromatically relevant parameters of boron-rich inorganic benzenes-neutral and dianionic 1,4-diaza-2,3,5,6-tetraborinine derivatives (B4N2R6)-have been computationally estimated and evaluated from geometric, electronic, magnetic, and energetic points of view. The majority of the criteria (ASE, NICSzz, ELF, and PDI) indicate that the aromaticity of the neutral B4N2 benzene analogue stabilized by Lewis bases lies in between those of benzene and borazine. On the other hand, the aromaticity of the dianionic B4N2 benzene analogue 4' is controversial. The pronounced aromatic nature of 4' is supported by ELFπ, PDI, and NICSπzz, but ASE, the FiPC-NICS plot, and ACID oppose this. These data confirm that even with the same B4N2-skeletal framework of a 6π-system, the aromatic feature varies depending on the overall charge of the B4N2 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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84
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Monaco G, Summa FF, Zanasi R. Program Package for the Calculation of Origin-Independent Electron Current Density and Derived Magnetic Properties in Molecular Systems. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 61:270-283. [PMID: 33347314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present SYSMOIC, a program package for the calculation of the origin-independent current density induced at first order by an external magnetic field in planar and nonplanar molecular systems. Origin independence is obtained adopting the continuous transformation of the origin of the current density method, implemented at both density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) levels. Expansion coefficients for perturbed and unperturbed molecular orbitals, over basis sets containing up to m-type Gaussian functions, can be calculated by the package itself or obtained from a Gaussian calculation. A number of different functionalities presented so far in the literature that are connected to the induced current, such as current density maps for any orientation of the inducing magnetic field, net bond current strengths, stagnation graphs, magnetic shielding densities, vorticities, and anisotropies, are now made available all together in a single multiplatform package installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 SA, Italy
| | - Francesco F Summa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 SA, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 SA, Italy
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85
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Sarkar SK, Chaliha R, Siddiqui MM, Banerjee S, Münch A, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D, Jemmis ED, Roesky HW. A Neutral Three‐Membered 2π Aromatic Disilaborirane and the Unique Conversion into a Four‐Membered BSi
2
N‐Ring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Rinkumoni Chaliha
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Mujahuddin M. Siddiqui
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Annika Münch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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86
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Tian Z, López‐Salas N, Liu C, Liu T, Antonietti M. C 2N: A Class of Covalent Frameworks with Unique Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001767. [PMID: 33344122 PMCID: PMC7740084 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
C2N is a unique member of the CnNm family (carbon nitrides), i.e., having a covalent structure that is ideally composed of carbon and nitrogen with only 33 mol% of nitrogen. C2N, with a stable composition, can easily be prepared using a number of precursors. Moreover, it is currently gaining extensive interest owing to its high polarity and good thermal and chemical stability, complementing carbon as well as classical carbon nitride (C3N4) in various applications, such as catalysis, environmental science, energy storage, and biotechnology. In this review, a comprehensive overview on C2N is provided; starting with its preparation methods, followed by a fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships, and finally introducing its application in gas sorption and separation technologies, as supercapacitor and battery electrodes, and in catalytic and biological processes. The review with an outlook on current research questions and future possibilities and extensions based on these material concepts is ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of EducationNational Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450002China
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14476Germany
| | - Nieves López‐Salas
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14476Germany
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of EducationNational Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450002China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of EducationNational Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450002China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122P. R. China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14476Germany
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87
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Meitinger N, Mengele AK, Witas K, Kupfer S, Rau S, Nauroozi D. Tetraaryl Cyclopentadienones: Experimental and Theoretical Insights into Negative Solvatochromism and Electrochemistry. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meitinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | - Kamil Witas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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88
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Stolarczyk LZ, Krygowski TM. Augmented Hückel molecular orbital model of
π
‐electron systems: from
topology
to
metric
. I. General theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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89
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Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Monfredini A, Muñoz-Castro A, Balestri D, Boldyrev AI, Maestri G. "Bottled" spiro-doubly aromatic trinuclear [Pd 2Ru] + complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:477-486. [PMID: 34163610 PMCID: PMC8178750 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an ongoing interest in the study of transition metal complexes with exotic bonding networks, we report herein the synthesis of a family of heterobimetallic triangular clusters involving Ru and Pd atoms. These are the first examples of trinuclear complexes combining these nuclei. Structural and bonding analyses revealed both analogies and unexpected differences for these [Pd2Ru]+ complexes compared to their parent [Pd3]+ peers. Noticeably, participation of the Ru atom in the π-aromaticity of the coordinated benzene ring makes the synthesized compound the second reported example of ‘bottled’ double aromaticity. This can also be referred to as spiroaromaticity due to the participation of Ru in two aromatic systems at a time. Moreover, the [Pd2Ru]+ kernel exhibits unprecedented orbital overlap of Ru dz2 AO and two Pd dxy or dx2−y2 AOs. The present findings reveal the possibility of synthesizing stable clusters with delocalized metal–metal bonding from the combination of non-adjacent elements of the periodic table which has not been reported previously. Synthesis of a triangular [Pd2Ru]+ complex with delocalized metal–metal bonding between non-adjacent elements of the periodic table, double aromaticity and overlap of d-AOs with different angular momentum.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Anna Monfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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90
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Abstract
Since the prediction of the existence of metallabenzenes in 1979, metallaaromatic chemistry has developed rapidly, due to its importance in both experimental and theoretical fields. Now six major types of metallaromatic compounds, metallabenzenes, metallabenzynes, heterometallaaromatics, dianion metalloles, metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes (also termed carbolongs), and spiro metalloles, have been reported and extensively studied. Their parent organic analogues may be aromatic, non-aromatic, or even anti-aromatic. These unique systems not only enrich the large family of aromatics, but they also broaden our understanding and extend the concept of aromaticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallaaromatic chemistry. We have focused on not only the six major classes of metallaaromatics, including the main-group-metal-based metallaaromatics, but also other types, such as metallacyclobutadienes and metallacyclopropenes. The structures, synthetic methods, and reactivities are described, their applications are covered, and the challenges and future prospects of the area are discussed. The criteria commonly used to judge the aromaticity of metallaaromatics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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91
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Sarkar SK, Chaliha R, Siddiqui MM, Banerjee S, Münch A, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Jemmis ED, Roesky HW. A Neutral Three-Membered 2π Aromatic Disilaborirane and the Unique Conversion into a Four-Membered BSi 2 N-Ring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23015-23019. [PMID: 32840959 PMCID: PMC7756765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, structure, bonding, and reaction of a neutral 2π aromatic three‐membered disilaborirane. The disilaborirane is synthesized by a facile one‐pot reductive dehalogenation of amidinato‐silylene chloride and dibromoarylborane with potassium graphite. Despite the tetravalent arrangement of atoms around silicon, the three‐membered silicon‐boron‐silicon ring is aromatic, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy, nucleus independent chemical shift calculations, first‐principles electronic structure studies using density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital (NBO) based bonding analysis. Trimethylsilylnitrene, generated in situ, inserts in the Si−Si bond of disilaborirane to obtain a four‐membered heterocycle 1‐aza‐2,3‐disila‐4‐boretidine derivative. Both the heterocycles are fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rinkumoni Chaliha
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mujahuddin M Siddiqui
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Münch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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92
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Solà M. Probing the Origin of Adaptive Aromaticity in 16-Valence-Electron Metallapentalenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:12964-12971. [PMID: 32519777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species with adaptive aromaticity are aromatic in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states and they have normally intermediate singlet-triplet gaps. Few examples of compounds with adaptive aromaticity are known to date, including 16-valence-electron (16e) metallapentalenes. A sweeping search could be conducted to discover new members of this group, but efficient designs with an explicit strategy would facilitate the quest for new members of this elusive family. Density functional theory calculations and aromaticity evaluations have been performed to reveal the nature of triplet-state aromaticity in 16e metallapentalenes. Our results show that coordination of strong σ- or π-donor ligands helps achieving adaptive aromaticity of 16e metallapentalenes by means of a spin delocalization mechanism. These results have important implications for understanding the unusual properties of the organometallic adaptive aromatics, leading the way to efficient design of new compounds with tunable singlet-triplet gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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93
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Jia X, Zhou Q, Chen J, Zhang L, Chen ZN. Theoretical Insight into the Structural Nonplanarity in Aromatic Fused-Ring Metallabenzenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7071-7079. [PMID: 32786973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metalla-aromatics have attracted considerable attention due to their fascinating structural and reactive properties as well as their potential as prospective functional materials. Metallabenzenes and their fused-ring counterparts are significant members of metalla-aromatics, while their crystal structures often display seemly counterintuitive nonplanar geometry. The geometric bending of metallabenzenes has been attributed to the unfavorable antibonding interactions in the σ-space orbitals rather than the general opinion regarding the π-space orbitals of an aromatic compound. However, the origin of the geometric bending in fused-ring metallabenzenes remains elusive. In this work, we elucidated that such a "σ-control mechanism" still holds for fused-ring metallabenzenes by performing systematic calculations for a plethora of metallabenzenes and fused-ring metallabenzenes. Furthermore, we found that a more bent geometry can be achieved for fused-ring metallabenzenes than their corresponding metallabenzenes by fusing the aromatic rings at the ortho-position of a metal center to induce extra repulsion. The more significant bending in fused-ring metallabenzenes also favors the aromaticity enhancement. These findings not only provide mechanistic insight into the unexpected geometric distortion in both metallabenzenes and fused-ring metallabenzenes but also pave the way to design and develop bent metalla-aromatics with enhanced metalla-aromaticity, which hold great potential as aromatic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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94
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Deng Z, Wu P, Cai Y, Sui Y, Chen Z, Zhang H, Wang B, Xia H. Dioxygen Activation by Internally Aromatic Metallacycle: Crystallographic Structure and Mechanistic Investigations. iScience 2020; 23:101379. [PMID: 32739835 PMCID: PMC7399181 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear metal-peroxo species are invoked as the key intermediates in metalloenzymatic or synthetic catalysis. However, either transience or sluggishness reactivity of synthetic analogs of metal-peroxo species impedes our understanding of oxygen activation mechanism. Herein, we designed and characterized a dioxygen-derived mononuclear osmium-peroxo complex, in which the peroxo ligand is stabilized by internally aromatic metallacycle. We demonstrate that the osmium-peroxo species shows catalytic activity toward promoterless alcohol dehydrogenations. Furthermore, computational studies provide a new mechanism for the osmium-peroxo-mediated alcohol oxidation, starting with the concerted double-hydrogen transfer and followed by the generation of osmium-oxo species. Interestingly, the internally aromatic metallacycle also plays a vital role in catalysis, which mediates the hydrogen transfer from osmium center to the distal oxygen atom of Os–OOH moiety, thus facilitating the Os–OOH→Os=O conversion. We expect that these insights will advance the development of aromatic metallacycle toward aerobic oxidation catalysis. A dioxygen-derived mononuclear osmium-peroxo complex was characterized The peroxo ligand is stabilized by internally aromatic metallacycle O2 activation involves the reversible aromatization-dearomatization A concerted double-hydrogen transfer mechanism for alcohol dehydrogenation
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanheng Sui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Binju Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Haiping Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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95
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Zong HH, Yao C, Sun CQ, Zhang JG, Zhang L. Structure and Stability of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles Used in the Field of Energetic Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143232. [PMID: 32679862 PMCID: PMC7397173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the stabilization of nitrogen heterocycles is critical in the field of energetic materials and calls for innovative knowledge of nitrogen aromatics. Herewith, we report for the first time that nitrogen lone pair electron (NLPE) delocalization in five-membered nitrogen heterocycles creates a second σ-aromaticity in addition to the prototypical π-aromaticity. The NLPE delocalization and the attendant dual-aromaticity are enhanced as more carbon atoms in the ring are substituted by unsaturated nitrogen atoms. The presence of adjacent nitrogen atoms in the ring can enhance the aromaticity of the nitrogen heterocycles and improve in-crystal intermolecular binding strength but will decrease the firmness of the individual molecular architecture. Notably, such σ-aromaticity is not present in six-membered nitrogen heterocycles, probably due to the longer bonds and broader regions of their rings; therefore, six-membered heterocycles present overall lower aromaticity than five-membered heterocycles. This work brings new knowledge to nitrogen aromatics and is expected to inspire broad interest in the chemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Hou Zong
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China;
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chuang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advance Materials Technology (EBEAM) of Chongqing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China; (C.Y.); (C.Q.S.)
| | - Chang Q Sun
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advance Materials Technology (EBEAM) of Chongqing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China; (C.Y.); (C.Q.S.)
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (J.-G.Z.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-1068918091 (J.-G.Z.); +86-1061935621 (L.Z.); Fax: +86-1068918091 (J.-G.Z.); +86-1061935702 (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
- Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Correspondence: (J.-G.Z.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-1068918091 (J.-G.Z.); +86-1061935621 (L.Z.); Fax: +86-1068918091 (J.-G.Z.); +86-1061935702 (L.Z.)
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96
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Slanina T, Ayub R, Toldo J, Sundell J, Rabten W, Nicaso M, Alabugin I, Fdez Galván I, Gupta AK, Lindh R, Orthaber A, Lewis RJ, Grönberg G, Bergman J, Ottosson H. Impact of Excited-State Antiaromaticity Relief in a Fundamental Benzene Photoreaction Leading to Substituted Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10942-10954. [PMID: 32456426 PMCID: PMC7497645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Benzene exhibits a rich photochemistry
which can provide access
to complex molecular scaffolds that are difficult to access with reactions
in the electronic ground state. While benzene is aromatic in its ground
state, it is antiaromatic in its lowest ππ* excited
states. Herein, we clarify to what extent relief of excited-state
antiaromaticity (ESAA) triggers a fundamental benzene photoreaction:
the photoinitiated nucleophilic addition of solvent to benzene in
acidic media leading to substituted bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes. The
reaction scope was probed experimentally, and it was found that silyl-substituted
benzenes provide the most rapid access to bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene derivatives,
formed as single isomers with three stereogenic centers in yields
up to 75% in one step. Two major mechanism hypotheses, both involving
ESAA relief, were explored through quantum chemical calculations and
experiments. The first mechanism involves protonation of excited-state
benzene and subsequent rearrangement to bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenium cation,
trapped by a nucleophile, while the second involves photorearrangement
of benzene to benzvalene followed by protonation and nucleophilic
addition. Our studies reveal that the second mechanism is operative.
We also clarify that similar ESAA relief leads to puckering of S1-state silabenzene and pyridinium ion, where the photorearrangement
of the latter is of established synthetic utility. Finally, we identified
causes for the limitations of the reaction, information that should
be valuable in explorations of similar photoreactions. Taken together,
we reveal how the ESAA in benzene and 6π-electron heterocycles
trigger photochemical distortions that provide access to complex three-dimensional
molecular scaffolds from simple reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Slanina
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josene Toldo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wangchuk Rabten
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Nicaso
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Ignacio Fdez Galván
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arvind K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala Center for Computational Chemistry - UC3, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Grönberg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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97
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Li N, Wu B, Yu C, Li T, Zhang W, Xi Z. Trishomoaromatic (B
3
N
3
Ph
6
) Dianion: Characterization and Two‐Electron Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Tianyu Li
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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98
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Martínez RF, Matamoros E, Cintas P, Palacios JC. Imine or Enamine? Insights and Predictive Guidelines from the Electronic Effect of Substituents in H-Bonded Salicylimines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5838-5862. [PMID: 32259438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Imine and enamine bonds decorate the skeleton of numerous reagents, catalysts, and organic materials. However, it is difficult to isolate at will a single tautomer, as dynamic equilibria occur easily, even in the solid state, and are sensitive to electronic and steric effect, including π-conjugation and H-bonding. Here, using as model Schiff bases generated from salicylaldehydes and TRIS in a set of linear free energy relationships (LFER), we disclose how the formation of either imines or enamines can be controlled and provide a comprehensive framework that captures the structural underpinning of this prediction. This work highlights the potentiality of tailor-made designs en route to compounds with desirable functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernando Martínez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Quı́mica Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Esther Matamoros
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Quı́mica Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Quı́mica Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan C Palacios
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Quı́mica Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
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99
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Öztürk E, Turhan İrak Z, Karakoyun N, Gümüş A, Gümüş S. Investigation of the aromaticity of mono, di, tri and tetraazaphenanthrene derivatives. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this chapter mono, di, tri and tetraaza substituted phenanthrene derivatives have been investigated computationally with B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory. Substitution of carbon atom of the main structure with nitrogen obviously disturbs the aromaticity, indeed it decreases it. Thus, the idea of regaining of the aromaticity back by using electron withdrawing groups came across. As a result of the computational calculations, energetically most unfavored structures have been found to be those where aza substitutiona are vicinal. Secondly, the aromaticities of the present species depend on the position of the centric substituent. In addition, the effect position of the side substituent has been considered. The system becomes more aromatic (possess greater negative NICS values or smaller HOMA value) when the electron withdrawing atoms or groups are adjacent to the centrically substituted heteroatoms.
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100
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Li N, Wu B, Yu C, Li T, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Trishomoaromatic (B 3 N 3 Ph 6 ) Dianion: Characterization and Two-Electron Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8868-8872. [PMID: 32133711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, a common aromatic compound, can be converted into an unstable antiaromatic 8π-electron intermediate through two-electron reduction. However, as an isoelectronic equivalent of benzene, borazine (B3 N3 Ph6 ), having weak aromaticity, undergoes a totally different two-electron reduction to afford (B3 N3 R6 )2- homoaromatic compounds. Reported here is the synthesis of homoaromatic (B3 N3 Ph6 )2- by the reduction of B3 N3 Ph6 with either potassium or rubidium in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether. Theoretical investigations illustrate that two electrons delocalize over the three boron atoms in (B3 N3 Ph6 )2- , which is formed by the geometric and orbital reorganization and exhibits (π,σ)-mixed homoaromaticity. Moreover, (B3 N3 Ph6 )2- can act as a robust 2e reductant for unsaturated compounds, such as anthracene, chalcone, and tanshinones. This 2e reduction is of high efficiency and selectivity, proceeds under mild reaction conditions, and can regenerate neutral borazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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