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Briggs EM, Sandoval S, Erten A, Takeshita Y, Kummel AC, Martz TR. Solid State Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Total Alkalinity and pH of Seawater. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1302-1309. [PMID: 28805369 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel design is demonstrated for a solid state, reagent-less sensor capable of rapid and simultaneous measurement of pH and Total Alkalinity (AT) using ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) technology to provide a simplified means of characterization of the aqueous carbon dioxide system through measurement of two "master variables": pH and AT. ISFET-based pH sensors that achieve 0.001 precision are widely used in various oceanographic applications. A modified ISFET is demonstrated to perform a nanoliter-scale acid-base titration of AT in under 40 s. This method of measuring AT, a Coulometric Diffusion Titration, involves electrolytic generation of titrant, H+, through the electrolysis of water on the surface of the chip via a microfabricated electrode eliminating the requirement of external reagents. Characterization has been performed in seawater as well as titrating individual components (i.e., OH-, HCO3-, CO32-, B(OH)4-, PO43-) of seawater AT. The seawater measurements are consistent with the design in reaching the benchmark goal of 0.5% precision in AT over the range of seawater AT of ∼2200-2500 μmol kg-1 which demonstrates great potential for autonomous sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Briggs
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Sergio Sandoval
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Ahmet Erten
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kummel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Todd R. Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
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Schauer KL, Grosell M. Fractionation of the Gulf toadfish intestinal precipitate organic matrix reveals potential functions of individual proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 208:35-45. [PMID: 28315772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms behind the production of CaCO3 in the marine teleost intestine are poorly studied despite being essential for osmoregulation and responsible for a conservatively estimated 3-15% of annual oceanic CaCO3 production. It has recently been reported that the intestinally derived precipitates produced by fish as a byproduct of their osmoregulatory strategy form in conjunction with a proteinaceous matrix containing nearly 150 unique proteins. The individual functions of these proteins have not been the subject of investigation until now. Here, organic matrix was extracted from precipitates produced by Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the matrix proteins were fractionated by their charge using strong anion exchange chromatography. The precipitation regulatory abilities of the individual fractions were then analyzed using a recently developed in vitro calcification assay, and the protein constituents of each fraction were determined by mass spectrometry. The different fractions were found to have differing effects on both the rate of carbonate mineral production, as well as the morphology of the crystals that form. Using data collected from the calcification assay as well as the mass spectrometry experiments, individual calcification promotional indices were calculated for each protein, giving the first insight into the functions each of these matrix proteins may play in regulating precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schauer
- Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
| | - Martin Grosell
- Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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53
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Developments in marine pCO2 measurement technology; towards sustained in situ observations. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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54
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Cortés J, Enochs IC, Sibaja-Cordero J, Hernández L, Alvarado JJ, Breedy O, Cruz-Barraza JA, Esquivel-Garrote O, Fernández-García C, Hermosillo A, Kaiser KL, Medina-Rosas P, Morales-Ramírez Á, Pacheco C, Pérez-Matus A, Reyes-Bonilla H, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Sánchez-Noguera C, Wieters EA, Zapata FA. Marine Biodiversity of Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs. CORAL REEFS OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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55
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Alvarado JJ, Grassian B, Cantera-Kintz JR, Carballo JL, Londoño-Cruz E. Coral Reef Bioerosion in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. CORAL REEFS OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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56
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Rérolle V, Ruiz-Pino D, Rafizadeh M, Loucaides S, Papadimitriou S, Mowlem M, Chen J. Measuring pH in the Arctic Ocean: Colorimetric method or SeaFET? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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57
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Evaluating Carbonate System Algorithms in a Nearshore System: Does Total Alkalinity Matter? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165191. [PMID: 27893739 PMCID: PMC5125570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a threat to many marine organisms, especially those that use calcium carbonate to form their shells and skeletons. The ability to accurately measure the carbonate system is the first step in characterizing the drivers behind this threat. Due to logistical realities, regular carbonate system sampling is not possible in many nearshore ocean habitats, particularly in remote, difficult-to-access locations. The ability to autonomously measure the carbonate system in situ relieves many of the logistical challenges; however, it is not always possible to measure the two required carbonate parameters autonomously. Observed relationships between sea surface salinity and total alkalinity can frequently provide a second carbonate parameter thus allowing for the calculation of the entire carbonate system. Here, we assessed the rigor of estimating total alkalinity from salinity at a depth <15 m by routinely sampling water from a pier in southern California for several carbonate system parameters. Carbonate system parameters based on measured values were compared with those based on estimated TA values. Total alkalinity was not predictable from salinity or from a combination of salinity and temperature at this site. However, dissolved inorganic carbon and the calcium carbonate saturation state of these nearshore surface waters could both be estimated within on average 5% of measured values using measured pH and salinity-derived or regionally averaged total alkalinity. Thus we find that the autonomous measurement of pH and salinity can be used to monitor trends in coastal changes in DIC and saturation state and be a useful method for high-frequency, long-term monitoring of ocean acidification.
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58
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Johnson MS, Kraver DW, Renshaw GMC, Rummer JL. Will ocean acidification affect the early ontogeny of a tropical oviparous elasmobranch (Hemiscyllium ocellatum)? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow003. [PMID: 27293755 PMCID: PMC4784014 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 is increasing due to anthropogenic causes. Approximately 30% of this CO2 is being absorbed by the oceans and is causing ocean acidification (OA). The effects of OA on calcifying organisms are starting to be understood, but less is known about the effects on non-calcifying organisms, notably elasmobranchs. One of the few elasmobranch species that has been studied with respect to OA is the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum. Mature epaulette sharks can physiologically and behaviourally tolerate prolonged exposure to elevated CO2, and this is thought to be because they are routinely exposed to diurnal decreases in O2 and probably concomitant increases in CO2 in their coral reef habitats. It follows that H. ocellatum embryos, while developing in ovo on the reefs, would have to be equally if not more tolerant than adults because they would not be able to escape such conditions. Epaulette shark eggs were exposed to either present-day control conditions (420 µatm) or elevated CO2 (945 µatm) and observed every 3 days from 10 days post-fertilization until 30 days post-hatching. Growth (in square centimetres per day), yolk usage (as a percentage), tail oscillations (per minute), gill movements (per minute) and survival were not significantly different in embryos reared in control conditions when compared with those reared in elevated CO2 conditions. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of investigating early life-history stages, as the consequences are expected to transfer not only to the success of an individual but also to populations and their distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn S Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Daniel W Kraver
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Gillian M C Renshaw
- Hypoxia and Ischemia Research Unit, School of Allied Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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59
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Daschakraborty S, Kiefer PM, Miller Y, Motro Y, Pines D, Pines E, Hynes JT. Reaction Mechanism for Direct Proton Transfer from Carbonic Acid to a Strong Base in Aqueous Solution I: Acid and Base Coordinate and Charge Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2271-80. [PMID: 26879554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protonation by carbonic acid H2CO3 of the strong base methylamine CH3NH2 in a neutral contact pair in aqueous solution is followed via Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. Proton transfer (PT) occurs to form an aqueous solvent-stabilized contact ion pair within 100 fs, a fast time scale associated with the compression of the acid-base hydrogen-bond (H-bond), a key reaction coordinate. This rapid barrierless PT is consistent with the carbonic acid-protonated base pKa difference that considerably favors the PT, and supports the view of intact carbonic acid as potentially important proton donor in assorted biological and environmental contexts. The charge redistribution within the H-bonded complex during PT supports a Mulliken picture of charge transfer from the nitrogen base to carbonic acid without altering the transferring hydrogen's charge from approximately midway between that of a hydrogen atom and that of a proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasis Daschakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Philip M Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yair Motro
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dina Pines
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ehud Pines
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - James T Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States.,Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Chemistry Department, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 Pasteur, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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60
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Johnson KS, Jannasch HW, Coletti LJ, Elrod VA, Martz TR, Takeshita Y, Carlson RJ, Connery JG. Deep-Sea DuraFET: A Pressure Tolerant pH Sensor Designed for Global Sensor Networks. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3249-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Johnson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States
| | - Hans W. Jannasch
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States
| | - Luke J. Coletti
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States
| | - Virginia A. Elrod
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States
| | - Todd R. Martz
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert J. Carlson
- Honeywell Aerospace, 12001 Highway 55, Plymouth, Minnesota 55441, United States
| | - James G. Connery
- 215 E. Welsh Road, Maple Glen, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
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61
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Okamura K, Noguchi T. Evaluation of the Effect on Temperature Conversion of pHT at 25°C in the Temperature Range 0 - 40°C Due to Incorrect Estimations of Salinity, Alkalinity, and Phosphate and Silicate Concentrations. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:847-50. [PMID: 26256611 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions where carbonate and oceanic parameters such as alkalinity (A(T)), salinity (Sp), and phosphate (P(T)) and silicate (SiT) concentrations cannot be obtained, the use of fixed values to calculate total pH (pHT) at 25°C was demonstrated. For temperatures of 20 - 30°C, these values caused a maximum error of ±0.001 in pHT. For temperatures of 0 - 40°C, using fixed values with correct SP values caused a maximum error of approximately +0.0021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Okamura
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University
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62
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On the Frontline: Tracking Ocean Acidification in an Alaskan Shellfish Hatchery. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130384. [PMID: 26131723 PMCID: PMC4488912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into the ocean is shifting the marine carbonate system such that saturation states of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals are decreasing, and this is having a detrimental impact on early life stages of select shellfish species. The global, secular decrease in CaCO3 saturation states is occurring on top of a backdrop of large natural variability in coastal settings; progressively shifting the envelope of variability and leading to longer and more frequent exposure to adverse conditions. This is a great concern in the State of Alaska, a high-latitude setting vulnerable to rapid changes in the marine carbonate system, where an emerging shellfish industry plans major growth over the coming decades. Currently, the Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatchery (APSH) in Seward, Alaska is the only hatchery in the state, and produces many shellfish species with early life stages known to be sensitive to low CaCO3 saturation states. Here we present the first land-based OA measurements made in an Alaskan shellfish hatchery, and detail the trends in the saturation state of aragonite (Ωarag), the more soluble form of CaCO3, over a 10-month period in the APSH seawater supply. These data indicate the largest changes are on the seasonal time scale, with extended periods of sub-optimal Ωarag levels (Ωarag < 1.5) in winter and autumn associated with elevated water column respiration and short-lived runoff events, respectively. The data pinpoint a 5-month window of reprieve with favorable Ωarag conditions above the sub-optimal Ωarag threshold, which under predicted upper-bound CO2 emissions trajectories is estimated to close by 2040. To date, many species in production at APSH remain untested in their response to OA, and the data presented here establish the current conditions at APSH as well as provide a framework for hatchery-based measurements in Alaska. The current and expected conditions seen at APSH are essential to consider for this developing Alaskan industry.
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63
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Wang ZA, Sonnichsen FN, Bradley AM, Hoering KA, Lanagan TM, Chu SN, Hammar TR, Camilli R. In situ sensor technology for simultaneous spectrophotometric measurements of seawater total dissolved inorganic carbon and pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4441-4449. [PMID: 25720851 DOI: 10.1021/es504893n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new, in situ sensing system, Channelized Optical System (CHANOS), was recently developed to make high-resolution, simultaneous measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH in seawater. Measurements made by this single, compact sensor can fully characterize the marine carbonate system. The system has a modular design to accommodate two independent, but similar measurement channels for DIC and pH. Both are based on spectrophotometric detection of hydrogen ion concentrations. The pH channel uses a flow-through, sample-indicator mixing design to achieve near instantaneous measurements. The DIC channel adapts a recently developed spectrophotometric method to achieve flow-through CO2 equilibration between an acidified sample and an indicator solution with a response time of only ∼ 90 s. During laboratory and in situ testing, CHANOS achieved a precision of ±0.0010 and ± 2.5 μmol kg(-1) for pH and DIC, respectively. In situ comparison tests indicated that the accuracies of the pH and DIC channels over a three-week time-series deployment were ± 0.0024 and ± 4.1 μmol kg(-1), respectively. This study demonstrates that CHANOS can make in situ, climatology-quality measurements by measuring two desirable CO2 parameters, and is capable of resolving the CO2 system in dynamic marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- †Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, McLean 203, MS #8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Frederick N Sonnichsen
- ‡Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Albert M Bradley
- ‡Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Katherine A Hoering
- †Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, McLean 203, MS #8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Thomas M Lanagan
- ‡Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Sophie N Chu
- †Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, McLean 203, MS #8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Terence R Hammar
- ‡Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Richard Camilli
- ‡Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Fassbender AJ, Sabine CL, Lawrence-Slavas N, De Carlo EH, Meinig C, Maenner Jones S. Robust sensor for extended autonomous measurements of surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3628-3635. [PMID: 25692825 DOI: 10.1021/es5047183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ocean carbon monitoring efforts have increased dramatically in the past few decades in response to the need for better marine carbon cycle characterization. Autonomous pH and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors capable of yearlong deployments are now commercially available; however, due to their strong covariance, this is the least desirable pair of carbonate system parameters to measure for high-quality, in situ, carbon-cycle studies. To expand the number of tools available for autonomous carbonate system observations, we have developed a robust surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sensor capable of extended (>year) field deployments with a laboratory determined uncertainty of ±5 μmol kg(-1). Results from the first two field tests of this prototype sensor indicate that measurements of DIC are ∼90% more accurate than estimates of DIC calculated from contemporaneous and collocated measurements of pH and CO2. The improved accuracy from directly measuring DIC gives rise to new opportunities for quantitative, autonomous carbon-cycle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Fassbender
- †University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Christopher L Sabine
- ‡National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Noah Lawrence-Slavas
- ‡National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Eric H De Carlo
- §University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Christian Meinig
- ‡National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Stacy Maenner Jones
- ‡National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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65
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Decrease in CO2 efflux from northern hardwater lakes with increasing atmospheric warming. Nature 2015; 519:215-8. [PMID: 25731167 DOI: 10.1038/nature14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Boreal lakes are biogeochemical hotspots that alter carbon fluxes by sequestering particulate organic carbon in sediments and by oxidizing terrestrial dissolved organic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane through microbial processes. At present, such dilute lakes release ∼1.4 petagrams of carbon annually to the atmosphere, and this carbon efflux may increase in the future in response to elevated temperatures and increased hydrological delivery of mineralizable dissolved organic matter to lakes. Much less is known about the potential effects of climate changes on carbon fluxes from carbonate-rich hardwater and saline lakes that account for about 20 per cent of inland water surface area. Here we show that atmospheric warming may reduce CO2 emissions from hardwater lakes. We analyse decadal records of meteorological variability, CO2 fluxes and water chemistry to investigate the processes affecting variations in pH and carbon exchange in hydrologically diverse lakes of central North America. We find that the lakes have shifted progressively from being substantial CO2 sources in the mid-1990s to sequestering CO2 by 2010, with a steady increase in annual mean pH. We attribute the observed changes in pH and CO2 uptake to an atmospheric-warming-induced decline in ice cover in spring that decreases CO2 accumulation under ice, increases spring and summer pH, and enhances the chemical uptake of CO2 in hardwater lakes. Our study suggests that rising temperatures do not invariably increase CO2 emissions from aquatic ecosystems.
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66
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Okamura K, Kimoto H, Noguchi T, Hatta M, Kawakami H, Suzue T. Colorimetric pH measurement for seawater samples using a three light-emitting diodes detector and a calibration method for temperature dependence. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:1135-41. [PMID: 25492462 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric pH measurement of seawater samples using a light source comprising a three light-emitting diodes (TLED) detector and meta-cresol purple (mCP) as an indicator was investigated. The molar absorption ratios (e1, e2, and e3/e2) for mCP using the TLED detector at 25°C were determined to be 0, 1.9994, and 0.1010, respectively. Next, the pH values of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) and 2-aminopyride (AMP) seawater buffers were determined. Notably, the raw pH of TRIS buffer (∼8.1) agreed with the reference value, while that for the AMP buffer (∼6.8) had an error of +0.004 due to the small absorption ratio (R) and being out of the lower adequate pH range (> 7.2) for mCP. pHT measurements obtained for seawater samples using the present colorimetric method agreed with those obtained using a glass electrode. These results demonstrate that this low-cost TLED detection system with a short cell length, 5 cm, can be used for seawater pHT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Okamura
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University
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67
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Spaulding RS, DeGrandpre MD, Beck JC, Hart RD, Peterson B, De Carlo EH, Drupp PS, Hammar TR. Autonomous in situ measurements of seawater alkalinity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9573-9581. [PMID: 25051401 DOI: 10.1021/es501615x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Total alkalinity (AT) is an important parameter for describing the marine inorganic carbon system and understanding the effects of atmospheric CO2 on the oceans. Measurements of AT are limited, however, because of the laborious process of collecting and analyzing samples. In this work we evaluate the performance of an autonomous instrument for high temporal resolution measurements of seawater AT. The Submersible Autonomous Moored Instrument for alkalinity (SAMI-alk) uses a novel tracer monitored titration method where a colorimetric pH indicator quantifies both pH and relative volumes of sample and titrant, circumventing the need for gravimetric or volumetric measurements. The SAMI-alk performance was validated in the laboratory and in situ during two field studies. Overall in situ accuracy was -2.2 ± 13.1 μmol kg(-1) (n = 86), on the basis of comparison to discrete samples. Precision on duplicate analyses of a carbonate standard was ±4.7 μmol kg(-1) (n = 22). This prototype instrument can measure in situ AT hourly for one month, limited by consumption of reagent and standard solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggie S Spaulding
- Sunburst Sensors, 1226 W Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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68
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Millero FJ. Reflections on my career as a marine physical chemist, and tales of the deep. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2014; 7:1-20. [PMID: 25062406 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This is a personal review of how one can apply the principles of physical chemistry to study the ocean and other natural waters. Physical chemistry is the study of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, and molecular structure. My long-term interest in the chemistry of seawater is an extension of my early work on water and the interactions that occur in aqueous electrolyte solutions, which I began as part of my PhD research on the thermodynamics of organic acids in water. Over the years, I have attempted to apply the tools of physical chemistry to elucidate the structures of seawater, brines, lakes, and rivers. I have developed and continue to work on ionic interaction models that can be applied to all natural waters. Here, I reflect on how my students, postdocs, research assistants, and scientific colleagues have influenced my life, my career, and the field of marine physical chemistry. My hope was and is to use these tools to understand the molecular structures of natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Millero
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149;
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69
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Kroeker KJ, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Hosfelt JD, Miller SH, Sanford E. The role of temperature in determining species' vulnerability to ocean acidification: a case study using Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100353. [PMID: 24984016 PMCID: PMC4077567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is occurring across a backdrop of concurrent environmental changes that may in turn influence species' responses to OA. Temperature affects many fundamental biological processes and governs key reactions in the seawater carbonate system. It therefore has the potential to offset or exacerbate the effects of OA. While initial studies have examined the combined impacts of warming and OA for a narrow range of climate change scenarios, our mechanistic understanding of the interactive effects of temperature and OA remains limited. Here, we use the blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, as a model species to test how OA affects the growth of a calcifying invertebrate across a wide range of temperatures encompassing their thermal optimum. Mussels were exposed in the laboratory to a factorial combination of low and high pCO2 (400 and 1200 µatm CO2) and temperatures (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24°C) for one month. Results indicate that the effects of OA on shell growth are highly dependent on temperature. Although high CO2 significantly reduced mussel growth at 14°C, this effect gradually lessened with successive warming to 20°C, illustrating how moderate warming can mediate the effects of OA through temperature's effects on both physiology and seawater geochemistry. Furthermore, the mussels grew thicker shells in warmer conditions independent of CO2 treatment. Together, these results highlight the importance of considering the physiological and geochemical interactions between temperature and carbonate chemistry when interpreting species' vulnerability to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J. Kroeker
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tessa M. Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Hosfelt
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Seth H. Miller
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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70
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Chen Y, Qiu R, Xu X, Au CT, Yin SF. Organoantimony and organobismuth complexes for CO2fixation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47945e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of organoantimony and organobismuth complexes in CO2fixation is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, China
- College of Basic Medicine
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, China
| | - Chak-Tong Au
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, China
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71
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Reddy SK, Balasubramanian S. Carbonic acid: molecule, crystal and aqueous solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:503-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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van Woesik R, van Woesik K, van Woesik L, van Woesik S. Effects of ocean acidification on the dissolution rates of reef-coral skeletons. PeerJ 2013; 1:e208. [PMID: 24282670 PMCID: PMC3840418 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens the foundation of tropical coral reefs. This study investigated three aspects of ocean acidification: (i) the rates at which perforate and imperforate coral-colony skeletons passively dissolve when pH is 7.8, which is predicted to occur globally by 2100, (ii) the rates of passive dissolution of corals with respect to coral-colony surface areas, and (iii) the comparative rates of a vertical reef-growth model, incorporating passive dissolution rates, and predicted sea-level rise. By 2100, when the ocean pH is expected to be 7.8, perforate Montipora coral skeletons will lose on average 15 kg CaCO3 m−2 y−1, which is approximately −10.5 mm of vertical reduction of reef framework per year. This rate of passive dissolution is higher than the average rate of reef growth over the last several millennia and suggests that reefs composed of perforate Montipora coral skeletons will have trouble keeping up with sea-level rise under ocean acidification. Reefs composed of primarily imperforate coral skeletons will not likely dissolve as rapidly, but our model shows they will also have trouble keeping up with sea-level rise by 2050.
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Vione D, Gao K, Ogawa H. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:461-478. [PMID: 23992682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Algal toxins or red-tide toxins produced during algal blooms are naturally-derived toxic emerging contaminants (ECs) that may kill organisms, including humans, through contaminated fish or seafood. Other ECs produced either naturally or anthropogenically ultimately flow into marine waters. Pharmaceuticals are also an important pollution source, mostly due to overproduction and incorrect disposal. Ship breaking and recycle industries (SBRIs) can also release various pollutants and substantially deteriorate habitats and marine biodiversity. Overfishing is significantly increasing due to the global food crisis, caused by an increasing world population. Organic matter (OM) pollution and global warming (GW) are key factors that exacerbate these challenges (e.g. algal blooms), to which acidification in marine waters should be added as well. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible remedial measures of these challenges to marine ecosystems are discussed, including their eventual impact on all forms of life including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan M G Mostofa
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 46 Guanshui Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
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74
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Li Q, Wang F, Wang ZA, Yuan D, Dai M, Chen J, Dai J, Hoering KA. Automated spectrophotometric analyzer for rapid single-point titration of seawater total alkalinity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11139-11146. [PMID: 23968512 DOI: 10.1021/es402421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An automated analyzer was developed to achieve fast, precise, and accurate measurements of seawater total alkalinity (AT) based on single-point titration and spectrophotometric pH detection. The single-point titration was carried out in a circulating loop, which allowed the titrant (hydrochloric acid and bromocresol green solution) and a seawater sample to mix at a constant volume ratio. The dissolved CO2 in the sample-titrant mixture was efficiently removed by an inline CO2 remover, which consists of a gas-permeable tubing (Teflon AF2400) submerged in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The pH of the mixture was then measured with a custom-made spectrophotometric detection system. The analyzer was calibrated against multiple certified reference materials (CRMs) with different AT values. The analyzer features a sample throughput time of 6.5 min with high precision (±0.33-0.36 μmol kg(-1); n = 48) and accuracy (-0.33 ± 0.99 μmol kg(-1); n = 10). Intercomparison to a traditional open-cell AT titrator showed overall good agreement of 0.88 ± 2.03 μmol kg(-1) (n = 22). The analyzer achieved excellent stability without recalibration over 11 days, during which time 320 measurements were made with a total running time of over 40 h. Because of its small size, low power consumption requirements, and its ability to be automated, the new analyzer can be adapted for underway and in situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, ‡College of the Environment and Ecology, and ∥College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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75
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Liu X, Byrne RH, Adornato L, Yates KK, Kaltenbacher E, Ding X, Yang B. In situ spectrophotometric measurement of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11106-11114. [PMID: 23991621 DOI: 10.1021/es4014807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous in situ sensors are needed to document the effects of today's rapid ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (e.g., ocean acidification). General environmental conditions (e.g., biofouling, turbidity) and carbon-specific conditions (e.g., wide diel variations) present significant challenges to acquiring long-term measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with satisfactory accuracy and resolution. SEAS-DIC is a new in situ instrument designed to provide calibrated, high-frequency, long-term measurements of DIC in marine and fresh waters. Sample water is first acidified to convert all DIC to carbon dioxide (CO2). The sample and a known reagent solution are then equilibrated across a gas-permeable membrane. Spectrophotometric measurement of reagent pH can thereby determine the sample DIC over a wide dynamic range, with inherent calibration provided by the pH indicator's molecular characteristics. Field trials indicate that SEAS-DIC performs well in biofouling and turbid waters, with a DIC accuracy and precision of ∼2 μmol kg(-1) and a measurement rate of approximately once per minute. The acidic reagent protects the sensor cell from biofouling, and the gas-permeable membrane excludes particulates from the optical path. This instrument, the first spectrophotometric system capable of automated in situ DIC measurements, positions DIC to become a key parameter for in situ CO2-system characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Liu
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida , 140 7th Avenue S., St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
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76
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Noisette F, Duong G, Six C, Davoult D, Martin S. Effects of elevated pCO2 on the metabolism of a temperate rhodolith Lithothamnion corallioides grown under different temperatures. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:746-757. [PMID: 27007207 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae are considered among the most sensitive species to near future ocean acidification. We tested the effects of elevated pCO2 on the metabolism of the free-living coralline alga Lithothamnion corallioides ("maerl") and the interactions with changes in temperature. Specimens were collected in North Brittany (France) and grown for 3 months at pCO2 of 380 (ambient pCO2 ), 550, 750, and 1000 μatm (elevated pCO2 ) and at successive temperatures of 10°C (ambient temperature in winter), 16°C (ambient temperature in summer), and 19°C (ambient temperature in summer +3°C). At each temperature, gross primary production, respiration (oxygen flux), and calcification (alkalinity flux) rates were assessed in the light and dark. Pigments were determined by HPLC. Chl a, carotene, and zeaxanthin were the three major pigments found in L. corallioides thalli. Elevated pCO2 did not affect pigment content while temperature slightly decreased zeaxanthin and carotene content at 10°C. Gross production was not affected by temperature but was significantly affected by pCO2 with an increase between 380 and 550 μatm. Light, dark, and diel (24 h) calcification rates strongly decreased with increasing pCO2 regardless of the temperature. Although elevated pCO2 only slightly affected gross production in L. corallioides, diel net calcification was reduced by up to 80% under the 1,000 μatm treatment. Our findings suggested that near future levels of CO2 will have profound consequences for carbon and carbonate budgets in rhodolith beds and for the sustainability of these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Noisette
- UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff Cedex, 29688, France
| | - Gwendoline Duong
- UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff Cedex, 29688, France
| | - Christophe Six
- UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff Cedex, 29688, France
| | - Dominique Davoult
- UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff Cedex, 29688, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff Cedex, 29688, France
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77
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Wang ZA, Chu SN, Hoering KA. High-frequency spectrophotometric measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7840-7847. [PMID: 23710835 DOI: 10.1021/es400567k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method was developed to achieve continuous measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater. It uses a countercurrent flow design and a highly CO2-permeable membrane (Teflon AF 2400) to achieve flow-through CO2 equilibration between an acidified sample and an indicator solution with a fast response time of ~22 s. This method improves the spatiotemporal resolution by more than 1 order of magnitude compared to the existing spectrophotometric method. The flow-through equilibration allows for continuous (~1 Hz) detection and real-time data smoothing. The method had a short-term precision of ± 2.0 μmol kg(-1) for a given flow-through sample. It achieved a field precision of ± 3.6 μmol kg(-1) and successfully captured high DIC variability down to minute scales. Measurements by the new method over the typical range of oceanic DIC showed good agreement with measurements made by an established method (mean differences -1.6 to 0.3 μmol kg(-1) with 1σ ± 6.0-6.7 μmol kg(-1)). This level of precision and accuracy is comparable to that of the existing spectrophotometric method. The characteristics of the new method make it particularly suitable for high-frequency, submerged measurements required for mobile observing platforms in the ocean. It can also be adapted for high-frequency, spectrophotometric measurements of seawater CO2 fugacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , McLean 203, MS no. 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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78
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Rérolle VM, Floquet CF, Harris AJ, Mowlem MC, Bellerby RR, Achterberg EP. Development of a colorimetric microfluidic pH sensor for autonomous seawater measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 786:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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79
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Koch M, Bowes G, Ross C, Zhang XH. Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:103-32. [PMID: 23504724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro-autotrophs) play critical ecological roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open-water ecosystems, their response to ocean acidification (OA) and climate change is not well understood. In this review, we examine marine macro-autotroph biochemistry and physiology relevant to their response to elevated dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC], carbon dioxide [CO2 ], and lower carbonate [CO3 (2-) ] and pH. We also explore the effects of increasing temperature under climate change and the interactions of elevated temperature and [CO2 ]. Finally, recommendations are made for future research based on this synthesis. A literature review of >100 species revealed that marine macro-autotroph photosynthesis is overwhelmingly C3 (≥ 85%) with most species capable of utilizing HCO3 (-) ; however, most are not saturated at current ocean [DIC]. These results, and the presence of CO2 -only users, lead us to conclude that photosynthetic and growth rates of marine macro-autotrophs are likely to increase under elevated [CO2 ] similar to terrestrial C3 species. In the tropics, many species live close to their thermal limits and will have to up-regulate stress-response systems to tolerate sublethal temperature exposures with climate change, whereas elevated [CO2 ] effects on thermal acclimation are unknown. Fundamental linkages between elevated [CO2 ] and temperature on photorespiration, enzyme systems, carbohydrate production, and calcification dictate the need to consider these two parameters simultaneously. Relevant to calcifiers, elevated [CO2 ] lowers net calcification and this effect is amplified by high temperature. Although the mechanisms are not clear, OA likely disrupts diffusion and transport systems of H(+) and DIC. These fluxes control micro-environments that promote calcification over dissolution and may be more important than CaCO3 mineralogy in predicting macroalgal responses to OA. Calcareous macroalgae are highly vulnerable to OA, and it is likely that fleshy macroalgae will dominate in a higher CO2 ocean; therefore, it is critical to elucidate the research gaps identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Koch
- Aquatic Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
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80
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In Situ Phosphate Monitoring in Seawater: Today and Tomorrow. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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83
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Ludovisi A, Roselli L, Basset A. Testing the effectiveness of exergy-based tools on a seasonal succession in a coastal lagoon by using a size distribution approach. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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84
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Michałowski T, Asuero AG. New Approaches in Modeling Carbonate Alkalinity and Total Alkalinity. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.660067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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85
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Kline DI, Teneva L, Schneider K, Miard T, Chai A, Marker M, Headley K, Opdyke B, Nash M, Valetich M, Caves JK, Russell BD, Connell SD, Kirkwood BJ, Brewer P, Peltzer E, Silverman J, Caldeira K, Dunbar RB, Koseff JR, Monismith SG, Mitchell BG, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O. A short-term in situ CO₂ enrichment experiment on Heron Island (GBR). Sci Rep 2012; 2:413. [PMID: 22639723 PMCID: PMC3356889 DOI: 10.1038/srep00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses multiple challenges for coral reefs on molecular to ecological scales, yet previous experimental studies of the impact of projected CO2 concentrations have mostly been done in aquarium systems with corals removed from their natural ecosystem and placed under artificial light and seawater conditions. The Coral–Proto Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment System (CP-FOCE) uses a network of sensors to monitor conditions within each flume and maintain experimental pH as an offset from environmental pH using feedback control on the injection of low pH seawater. Carbonate chemistry conditions maintained in the −0.06 and −0.22 pH offset treatments were significantly different than environmental conditions. The results from this short-term experiment suggest that the CP-FOCE is an important new experimental system to study in situ impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Kline
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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86
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Easley R, Byrne RH. Spectrophotometric calibration of pH electrodes in seawater using purified m-cresol purple. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5018-5024. [PMID: 22463815 PMCID: PMC3342762 DOI: 10.1021/es300491s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the use of purified meta-cresol purple (mCP) for direct spectrophotometric calibration of glass pH electrodes in seawater. The procedures used in this investigation allow for simple, inexpensive electrode calibrations over salinities of 20-40 and temperatures of 278.15-308.15 K without preparation of synthetic Tris seawater buffers. The optimal pH range is ∼7.0-8.1. Spectrophotometric calibrations enable straightforward, quantitative distinctions between Nernstian and non-Nernstian electrode behavior. For the electrodes examined in this study, both types of behavior were observed. Furthermore, calibrations performed in natural seawater allow direct determination of the influence of salinity on electrode performance. The procedures developed in this study account for salinity-induced variations in liquid junction potentials that, if not taken into account, would create pH inconsistencies of 0.028 over a 10-unit change in salinity. Spectrophotometric calibration can also be used to expeditiously determine the intercept potential (i.e., the potential corresponding to pH 0) of an electrode that has reliably demonstrated Nernstian behavior. Titrations to ascertain Nernstian behavior and salinity effects can be undertaken relatively infrequently (∼weekly to monthly). One-point determinations of intercept potential should be undertaken frequently (∼daily) to monitor for stable electrode behavior and ensure accurate potentiometric pH determinations.
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87
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Woosley RJ, Millero FJ, Grosell M. The solubility of fish-produced high magnesium calcite in seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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88
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Tumarkin E, Nie Z, Park JI, Abolhasani M, Greener J, Sherwood-Lollar B, Günther A, Kumacheva E. Temperature-controlled 'breathing' of carbon dioxide bubbles. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3545-3550. [PMID: 21869987 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic (MF) approach to studies of temperature mediated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) transfer between the gas and the liquid phases. Micrometre-diameter CO(2) bubbles with a narrow size distribution were generated in an aqueous or organic liquid and subsequently were subjected to temperature changes in the downstream channel. In response to the cooling-heating-cooling cycle the bubbles underwent corresponding contraction-expansion-contraction transitions, which we term 'bubble breathing'. We examined temperature-controlled dissolution of CO(2) in four exemplary liquid systems: deionized water, a 0.7 M aqueous solution of NaCl, ocean water extracted from Bermuda coastal waters, and dimethyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol), a solvent used in industry for absorption of CO(2). The MF approach can be extended to studies of other gases with a distinct, temperature-dependent solubility in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Tumarkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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89
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90
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Wang W, Hu M, Zheng Y, Wang P, Ma C. CO2 Fixation in Ca2+-/Mg2+-Rich Aqueous Solutions through Enhanced Carbonate Precipitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1025419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, China 250061
| | - Mingqiang Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, China 250061
| | - Yanli Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, China 250061
| | - Peng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, China 250061
| | - Chunyuan Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, China 250061
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91
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De Gregorio S, Camarda M, Longo M, Cappuzzo S, Giudice G, Gurrieri S. Long-term continuous monitoring of the dissolved CO2 performed by using a new device in groundwater of the Mt. Etna (southern Italy). WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3005-3011. [PMID: 21481909 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a new device for continuous monitoring of the concentration of CO(2) dissolved in water. The device consists of a tube made of a polymeric semi-permeable membrane connected to an infrared gas analyser (IRGA) and a pump. Several laboratory experiments were performed to set the best operating condition and test the accuracy of measurements. We used the device for performing 20 months of continuous monitoring of dissolved CO(2) concentration (DCC) in groundwater within a drainage gallery at Mt. Etna. The monitored groundwater intercepts the Pernicana Fault, along which degassing is observed related to volcano-tectonic activity. The acquired data were compared with continuous and discrete data obtained using existing methods. The measurements of DCC resulted in some period of the year well correlated with air temperature. We also found that long-term trends, as well as short-term variations, are probably linked to the dynamics of volcanic activity and/or perturbations in the local or regional stress fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia De Gregorio
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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92
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Mathis JT, Cross JN, Bates NR. Coupling primary production and terrestrial runoff to ocean acidification and carbonate mineral suppression in the eastern Bering Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Millero FJ, Huang F, Lo Surdo A, Vinokurova F. Partial molal volumes and compressibilities of phosphoric acid and sodium phosphates in 0.725 molal NaCl at 25 °C. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16099-104. [PMID: 21141930 DOI: 10.1021/jp101766v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The apparent molal volume V(ϕ) and adiabatic compressibility κ(ϕ) of H(3)PO(4), NaH(2)PO(4), Na(2)HPO(4), and Na(3)PO(4) have been determined from density and sound speed measurements in 0.725 m NaCl solutions at 25 °C. The partial molal volumes V(i)* and compressibilities κ(i)* have been determined by extrapolating the values of V(ϕ) and κ(ϕ) to infinite dilution in the NaCl media. The results have been compared to earlier measurements made on a number of electrolytes in NaCl media. The phosphate results showed correlations between the values of V(i)* and κ(i)* as found for other electrolytes. The values for the volume ΔV(i) and compressibility Δκ(i) changes for the dissociation of H(3)PO(4) in 0.725 m NaCl have been calculated from the measurements. The calculated values of ΔV(i) and compressibility Δκ(i) have been used to estimate the effect of pressure K(P)/K(0) on the dissociation of H(3)PO(4) in the oceans using RT ln[K(P)/K(0)] = -ΔV(i)P + 0.5Δκ(i)P(2), where P is the applied pressure in bars. The results are in reasonable agreement with directly measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Millero
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
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94
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Jiang ZJ, Huang XP, Zhang JP. Effects of CO(2) enrichment on photosynthesis, growth, and biochemical composition of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:904-13. [PMID: 20883442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of CO₂ enrichment on various ecophysiological parameters of tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers were tested. T. hemprichii, collected from a seagrass bed in Xincun Bay, Hainan island of Southern China, was cultured at 4 CO₂ (aq) concentrations in flow-through seawater aquaria bubbled with CO₂ . CO₂ enrichment considerably enhanced the relative maximum electron transport rate (RETR(max) ) and minimum saturating irradiance (E(k) ) of T. hemprichii. Leaf growth rate of CO₂ -enriched plants was significantly higher than that in unenriched treatment. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) of T. hemprichii, especially in belowground tissues, increased strongly with elevated CO₂ (aq), suggesting a translocation of photosynthate from aboveground to belowground tissues. Carbon content in belowground tissues showed a similar response with NSC, while in aboveground tissues, carbon content was not affected by CO₂ treatments. In contrast, with increasing CO₂ (aq), nitrogen content in aboveground tissues markedly decreased, but nitrogen content in belowground was nearly constant. Carbon: nitrogen ratio in both tissues were obviously enhanced by increasing CO₂ (aq). Thus, these results indicate that T. hemprichii may respond positively to CO₂ -induced acidification of the coastal ocean. Moreover, the CO₂ -stimulated improvement of photosynthesis and NSC content may partially offset negative effects of severe environmental disturbance such as underwater light reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jian Jiang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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95
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Sun Y, Watanabe N, Qiao W, Gao X, Wang W, Zhu T. Polysulfide as a novel chemical agent to solidify/stabilize lead in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:120-126. [PMID: 20688350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polysulfide was produced and tested for use as an inexpensive chemical agent for the solidification/stabilization of lead in fly ash, generating little hydrogen sulfide gas. According to the equations S(n)(2-)-->S+S(n-1)(2-) and S(n)(2-)+H(+)-->HS(-)+S(n-1), this agent was expected to achieve long-term stability of disposed Pb. The leachate concentration of Pb in fly ash after sulfide treatment showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend. We also compared Pb leaching behavior from an aging/weathering experiment to thermodynamic modeling using the database from the Geochemist's Workbench software. Thermodynamic modeling indicated the tendency that when the precipitate was formed in the order of PbO, PbCO(3).PbO, and PbCO(3), the total concentration of soluble Pb will be lowered. The leaching curve of Pb in fly ash without a lime slurry injection system was close to PbO, whose activity was initially near 1, but when leaching time increased, it shifted to that of PbCO(3).PbO, before finally ending at that of PbCO(3). However, Ca(OH)(2) sprayed on fly ash interfered with the carbonation process of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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96
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Miguens FC, de Oliveira ML, Marins RV, de Lacerda LD. A new protocol to detect light elements in estuarine sediments by X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDS). JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2010; 59:437-446. [PMID: 20388618 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to determine the presence and distribution of atomic elements in mineralogy. However, the detection of light elements such as carbon is difficult to obtain with standard energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and usual proceedings for SEM. This study proposes a new protocol to detect calcium carbonate by SEM/EDS using sediments from the Jaguaribe River estuary, NE Brazil, as a model. Handmade gold mounting discs (Au stubs) were used as sample support and samples were adhered with inexpensive glue (Loctite Super_Bonder) or directly disposed on the Au stubs. CaCO(3) and NaCl for chemical analysis were used as control and counterproof to the carbon adhesive tape. Control salts EDS analyses indicate that the method was efficient to detect light elements. Sediments obtained from different depths in the core sampled at the Jaguaribe River estuary consist of particles and aggregates with diverse morphology that covers a wide range of particle or aggregate size. Morphology and dimensions were similar for all core depths. Analysis of samples disposed on gold mounting disc without glue showed that sediment bulk particles usually presented small particles adhering on the surface. Clay minerals were predominant but silica was also often identified. Calcium was a trace element in a small number of sediment bulk particles. Biological and non-biological calcium carbonates, including nanoparticles, were identified in all core depths. X-ray emitted from Au stub did not interfere in the CaCO(3) EDS analysis. Calcium carbonate particles from sediments were identified using this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Costa Miguens
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil.
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97
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Körtzinger A. Der globale Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Anthropozän. Betrachtung aus meereschemischer Perspektive. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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98
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Adamczyk K, Prémont-Schwarz M, Pines D, Pines E, Nibbering ETJ. Real-time observation of carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution. Science 2009; 326:1690-4. [PMID: 19965381 DOI: 10.1126/science.1180060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread importance of aqueous bicarbonate chemistry, its conjugate acid, carbonic acid, has remained uncharacterized in solution. Here we report the generation of deuterated carbonic acid in deuterium oxide solution by ultrafast protonation of bicarbonate and its persistence for nanoseconds. We follow the reaction dynamics upon photoexcitation of a photoacid by monitoring infrared-active marker modes with femtosecond time resolution. By fitting a kinetic model to the experimental data, we directly obtain the on-contact proton-transfer rate to bicarbonate, previously inaccessible with the use of indirect methods. A Marcus free-energy correlation supports an associated pKa (Ka is the acid dissociation constant) of 3.45 +/- 0.15, which is substantially lower than the value of 6.35 that is commonly assumed on the basis of the overall carbon dioxide-to-bicarbonate equilibrium. This result should spur further exploration of acid-base reactivity in carbon dioxide-rich aqueous environments such as those anticipated under sequestration schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Adamczyk
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max Born Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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99
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Duarte CM, Prairie YT, Montes C, Cole JJ, Striegl R, Melack J, Downing JA. CO2
emissions from saline lakes: A global estimate of a surprisingly large flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Duarte
- CSIC-UIB; Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados; Esporles Spain
| | - Yves T. Prairie
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville; Montréal, Quebec Canada
| | - Carlos Montes
- Departamento de Ecología; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - John Melack
- Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management; University of California, Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - John A. Downing
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa USA
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100
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Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18848-53. [PMID: 19033205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810079105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing global concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) are predicted to decrease ocean pH, with potentially severe impacts on marine food webs, but empirical data documenting ocean pH over time are limited. In a high-resolution dataset spanning 8 years, pH at a north-temperate coastal site declined with increasing atmospheric CO(2) levels and varied substantially in response to biological processes and physical conditions that fluctuate over multiple time scales. Applying a method to link environmental change to species dynamics via multispecies Markov chain models reveals strong links between in situ benthic species dynamics and variation in ocean pH, with calcareous species generally performing more poorly than noncalcareous species in years with low pH. The models project the long-term consequences of these dynamic changes, which predict substantial shifts in the species dominating the habitat as a consequence of both direct effects of reduced calcification and indirect effects arising from the web of species interactions. Our results indicate that pH decline is proceeding at a more rapid rate than previously predicted in some areas, and that this decline has ecological consequences for near shore benthic ecosystems.
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