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Valle-Levinson A, Daly MA, Juarez B, Tenorio-Fernandez L, Fagundes M, Woodson CB, Monismith SG. Influence of kelp forests on flow around headlands. Sci Total Environ 2022; 825:153952. [PMID: 35189222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Kelp forests affect coastal circulation but their influence on upwelling around headlands is poorly understood. Tidal-cycle surveys off two headlands with contrasting kelp coverage illustrated the influence of kelp forests on headland upwelling. Underway acoustic Doppler current and backscatter profiles were collected simultaneously to surface water temperature. Surveys occurred along three off-headland transects in July 25-29, 2018, off Isla Natividad, located midway on the western coast of the Baja California peninsula. Flows and water temperature distributions off the headland with no kelp coverage were consistent with headland upwelling. In contrast, the kelp around the headland with dense coverage: 1) attenuated the ambient flow; 2) favored an increase in effective radius of flow curvature; 3) promoted flow ducting, which consists of enhancing flow through channels unobstructed by kelp; and 4) suppressed headland upwelling. Kelp suppressed upwelling by channeling the flow away from the headland, keeping nearshore waters warmer than offshore. PLAIN LANGUAGE ABSTRACT: This study documents a way in which biology can affect physics in coastal ocean environments. In particular, the study describes how a kelp forest suppresses the upward pumping of cool subsurface waters that is typically found around headlands. Such suppression of subsurface waters injection occurs via a process that we refer to as 'flow ducting.' In flow ducting, coastal flows are channelized through kelp gaps, concentrated in bands <30 m wide, and kept away from the morphological influences of a headland. This ducting is analogous to the tortuous flow through porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Valle-Levinson
- Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Margaret A Daly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Braulio Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - Matheus Fagundes
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - C Brock Woodson
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Stephen G Monismith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
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Abstract
The interaction of coral reefs, both chemically and physically, with the surrounding seawater is governed, at the smallest scales, by turbulence. Here, we review recent progress in understanding turbulence in the unique setting of coral reefs-how it influences flow and the exchange of mass and momentum both above and within the complex geometry of coral reef canopies. Flow above reefs diverges from canonical rough boundary layers due to their large and highly heterogeneous roughness and the influence of surface waves. Within coral canopies, turbulence is dominated by large coherent structures that transport momentum both into and away from the canopy, but it is also generated at smaller scales as flow is forced to move around branches or blades, creating wakes. Future work interpreting reef-related observations or numerical models should carefully consider the influence that spatial variation has on momentum and scalar flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Geno Pawlak
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephen G Monismith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Teixidó N, Caroselli E, Alliouane S, Ceccarelli C, Comeau S, Gattuso JP, Fici P, Micheli F, Mirasole A, Monismith SG, Munari M, Palumbi SR, Sheets E, Urbini L, De Vittor C, Goffredo S, Gambi MC. Ocean acidification causes variable trait-shifts in a coral species. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6813-6830. [PMID: 33002274 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High pCO2 habitats and their populations provide an unparalleled opportunity to assess how species may survive under future ocean acidification conditions, and help to reveal the traits that confer tolerance. Here we utilize a unique CO2 vent system to study the effects of exposure to elevated pCO2 on trait-shifts observed throughout natural populations of Astroides calycularis, an azooxanthellate scleractinian coral endemic to the Mediterranean. Unexpected shifts in skeletal and growth patterns were found. Colonies shifted to a skeletal phenotype characterized by encrusting morphology, smaller size, reduced coenosarc tissue, fewer polyps, and less porous and denser skeletons at low pH. Interestingly, while individual polyps calcified more and extended faster at low pH, whole colonies found at low pH site calcified and extended their skeleton at the same rate as did those at ambient pH sites. Transcriptomic data revealed strong genetic differentiation among local populations of this warm water species whose distribution range is currently expanding northward. We found excess differentiation in the CO2 vent population for genes central to calcification, including genes for calcium management (calmodulin, calcium-binding proteins), pH regulation (V-type proton ATPase), and inorganic carbon regulation (carbonic anhydrase). Combined, our results demonstrate how coral populations can persist in high pCO2 environments, making this system a powerful candidate for investigating acclimatization and local adaptation of organisms to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Teixidó
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Deptartment of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Erik Caroselli
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samir Alliouane
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Chiara Ceccarelli
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris, France
| | - Pietro Fici
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Alice Mirasole
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Deptartment of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen G Monismith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marco Munari
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Deptartment of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sheets
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Lidia Urbini
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Vittor
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Deptartment of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
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Woodson CB, Micheli F, Boch C, Al‐Najjar M, Espinoza A, Hernandez A, Vázquez‐Vera L, Saenz‐Arroyo A, Monismith SG, Torre J. Harnessing marine microclimates for climate change adaptation and marine conservation. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station and Center for Ocean Solutions Stanford University Pacific Grove California
| | - Charles Boch
- Hopkins Marine Station and Center for Ocean Solutions Stanford University Pacific Grove California
| | | | - Antonio Espinoza
- COBIA Lab University of Georgia Athens Georgia
- Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Buzos y Pescadores Isla Natividad Baja California Sur México
| | | | | | - Andrea Saenz‐Arroyo
- Departamento de Conservacion de la Biodiversidad El Colegio de la Frontera Sur San Cristobal de las Casas Mexico
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Houghton IA, Koseff JR, Monismith SG, Dabiri JO. Vertically migrating swimmers generate aggregation-scale eddies in a stratified column. Nature 2018; 556:497-500. [PMID: 29670284 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biologically generated turbulence has been proposed as an important contributor to nutrient transport and ocean mixing1-3. However, to produce non-negligible transport and mixing, such turbulence must produce eddies at scales comparable to the length scales of stratification in the ocean. It has previously been argued that biologically generated turbulence is limited to the scale of the individual animals involved 4 , which would make turbulence created by highly abundant centimetre-scale zooplankton such as krill irrelevant to ocean mixing. Their small size notwithstanding, zooplankton form dense aggregations tens of metres in vertical extent as they undergo diurnal vertical migration over hundreds of metres3,5,6. This behaviour potentially introduces additional length scales-such as the scale of the aggregation-that are of relevance to animal interactions with the surrounding water column. Here we show that the collective vertical migration of centimetre-scale swimmers-as represented by the brine shrimp Artemia salina-generates aggregation-scale eddies that mix a stable density stratification, resulting in an effective turbulent diffusivity up to three orders of magnitude larger than the molecular diffusivity of salt. These observed large-scale mixing eddies are the result of flow in the wakes of the individual organisms coalescing to form a large-scale downward jet during upward swimming, even in the presence of a strong density stratification relative to typical values observed in the ocean. The results illustrate the potential for marine zooplankton to considerably alter the physical and biogeochemical structure of the water column, with potentially widespread effects owing to their high abundance in climatically important regions of the ocean 7 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Houghton
- Bob and Norma Street Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Koseff
- Bob and Norma Street Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Monismith
- Bob and Norma Street Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John O Dabiri
- Bob and Norma Street Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Boch CA, Micheli F, AlNajjar M, Monismith SG, Beers JM, Bonilla JC, Espinoza AM, Vazquez-Vera L, Woodson CB. Local oceanographic variability influences the performance of juvenile abalone under climate change. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5501. [PMID: 29615671 PMCID: PMC5882807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is causing warming, deoxygenation, and acidification of the global ocean. However, manifestation of climate change may vary at local scales due to oceanographic conditions. Variation in stressors, such as high temperature and low oxygen, at local scales may lead to variable biological responses and spatial refuges from climate impacts. We conducted outplant experiments at two locations separated by ~2.5 km and two sites at each location separated by ~200 m in the nearshore of Isla Natividad, Mexico to assess how local ocean conditions (warming and hypoxia) may affect juvenile abalone performance. Here, we show that abalone growth and mortality mapped to variability in stress exposure across sites and locations. These insights indicate that management decisions aimed at maintaining and recovering valuable marine species in the face of climate change need to be informed by local variability in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Boch
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA. .,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA.
| | - F Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - M AlNajjar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - S G Monismith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J M Beers
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - J C Bonilla
- Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera La Purisima, Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - A M Espinoza
- Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Buzos y Pescadores, Isla Natividad, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - L Vazquez-Vera
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., Calle Isla del Peruano No.215, Guaymas, Sonora, 85448, Mexico
| | - C B Woodson
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Wong SHC, Monismith SG, Boehm AB. Simple estimate of entrainment rate of pollutants from a coastal discharge into the surf zone. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11554-11561. [PMID: 24006887 DOI: 10.1021/es402492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pollutants from coastal discharges can increase illness risks for swimmers and cause beach advisories. There is presently no predictive model for estimating the entrainment of pollution from coastal discharges into the surf zone. We present a novel, quantitative framework for estimating surf zone entrainment of pollution at a wave-dominant open beach. Using physical arguments, we identify a dimensionless parameter equal to the quotient of the surf zone width l(sz) and the cross-flow length scale of the discharge la = M(j) (1/2)/U(sz), where M(j) is the discharge's momentum flux and U(sz) is a representative alongshore velocity in the surf zone. We conducted numerical modeling of a nonbuoyant discharge at an alongshore uniform beach with constant slope using a wave-resolving hydrodynamic model. Using results from 144 numerical experiments we develop an empirical relationship between the surf zone entrainment rate α and l(sz)/(la). The empirical relationship can reasonably explain seven measurements of surf zone entrainment at three diverse coastal discharges. This predictive relationship can be a useful tool in coastal water quality management and can be used to develop predictive beach water quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H C Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Studies, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Walter RK, Woodson CB, Arthur RS, Fringer OB, Monismith SG. Nearshore internal bores and turbulent mixing in southern Monterey Bay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jc008115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kline DI, Teneva L, Schneider K, Miard T, Chai A, Marker M, Headley K, Opdyke B, Nash M, Valetich M, Caves JK, Russell BD, Connell SD, Kirkwood BJ, Brewer P, Peltzer E, Silverman J, Caldeira K, Dunbar RB, Koseff JR, Monismith SG, Mitchell BG, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O. A short-term in situ CO₂ enrichment experiment on Heron Island (GBR). Sci Rep 2012; 2:413. [PMID: 22639723 PMCID: PMC3356889 DOI: 10.1038/srep00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses multiple challenges for coral reefs on molecular to ecological scales, yet previous experimental studies of the impact of projected CO2 concentrations have mostly been done in aquarium systems with corals removed from their natural ecosystem and placed under artificial light and seawater conditions. The Coral–Proto Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment System (CP-FOCE) uses a network of sensors to monitor conditions within each flume and maintain experimental pH as an offset from environmental pH using feedback control on the injection of low pH seawater. Carbonate chemistry conditions maintained in the −0.06 and −0.22 pH offset treatments were significantly different than environmental conditions. The results from this short-term experiment suggest that the CP-FOCE is an important new experimental system to study in situ impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Kline
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Steinbuck JV, Koseff JR, Genin A, Stacey MT, Monismith SG. Horizontal dispersion of ocean tracers in internal wave shear. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Giddings SN, Fong DA, Monismith SG. Role of straining and advection in the intratidal evolution of stratification, vertical mixing, and longitudinal dispersion of a shallow, macrotidal, salt wedge estuary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Falter JL, Lowe RJ, Atkinson MJ, Monismith SG, Schar DW. Continuous measurements of net production over a shallow reef community using a modified Eulerian approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones NL, Monismith SG. Modeling the influence of wave-enhanced turbulence in a shallow tide- and wind-driven water column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lowe RJ, Falter JL, Koseff JR, Monismith SG, Atkinson MJ. Spectral wave flow attenuation within submerged canopies: Implications for wave energy dissipation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rosman JH, Koseff JR, Monismith SG, Grover J. A field investigation into the effects of a kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera) on coastal hydrodynamics and transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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