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Ionas AC, Ballesteros Gómez A, Leonards PEG, Covaci A. Identification strategies for flame retardants employing time-of-flight mass spectrometric detectors along with spectral and spectra-less databases. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1031-1038. [PMID: 28338271 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past, the preferred strategy for the identification of unknown compounds was to search in an appropriate mass spectral database for spectra obtained using either electron ionisation (GC-MS analyses) or collision-induced dissociation (LC-MS/MS analyses). Recently, an increase has been seen in the use of accurate mass instruments and spectra-less databases, based on monoisotopic accurate mass alone. In this article, we describe a systematic workflow for the screening and identification of new flame retardants. This approach utilises LC-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS and spectra-less databases based only on monoisotopic accurate mass for the identification of 'unknowns'. An in-house database was built, and the input parameters used in the data analysis process were optimised for flame retardant chemicals, so that it can be easily transferred to other laboratories. The procedure was successfully applied to dust, foam and textiles from car interiors and indoor consumer products. The developed method was demonstrated for the main new flame retardant present in Antiblaze V6 and for the three unreported reaction by-products/impurities present in the same technical mixture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Ionas
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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Rapid activity-directed screening of estrogens by parallel coupling of liquid chromatography with a functional gene reporter assay and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Hoydal KS, Letcher RJ, Blair DAD, Dam M, Lockyer C, Jenssen BM. Legacy and emerging organic pollutants in liver and plasma of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from waters surrounding the Faroe Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:270-285. [PMID: 25817764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants and a suite of relevant metabolites of these POPs, in all 175 different compounds, were determined in liver and plasma of traditionally hunted pilot whales (n=14 males and n=13 females of different age groups) from the Faroe Islands. The main objectives of this study were to determine differences in the presence and concentrations of the compounds in the liver and plasma, how they depend on developmental stage (calves, sub adults, and adult females), and to assess maternal transfer of the compounds to suckling calves. Generally, the lipid weight (lw) concentrations of quantified POPs in the liver and plasma of pilot whales were positively correlated, and lw concentrations of most POPs did not differ between these matrices. However, concentrations of some individual POPs differed significantly (p<0.05) between plasma and liver; CB-153 (p=0.044), CB-174 (p=0.027) and BDE-47 (p=0.017) were higher in plasma than in liver, whereas p,p'-DDE (p=0.004) and HCB (p<0.001) were higher in liver than in plasma. POP concentrations differed between age/gender groups with lower levels in adult females than in juveniles. The relative distribution of compounds also differed between the age groups, due to the influence of the maternal transfer of the compounds. The results indicated that larger, more hydrophobic POPs were transferred to the offspring less efficiently than smaller or less lipid soluble compounds. Very low levels of both OH- and/or MeSO2-PCB and PBDE metabolites were found in all age groups, with no significant (p>0.05) differences between the groups, strongly suggesting a very low metabolic capacity for their formation in pilot whales. The lack of difference in the metabolite concentrations between the age groups also indicates less maternal transfer of these contaminant groups compared to the precursor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Hoydal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - David A D Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Jin L, Gaus C, Escher BI. Adaptive stress response pathways induced by environmental mixtures of bioaccumulative chemicals in dugongs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6963-6973. [PMID: 25923886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the poorly understood mixture effects of chemicals in the marine mammal dugong, we coupled equilibrium-based passive sampling in blubber to a range of in vitro bioassays for screening mixtures of bioaccumulative chemicals. The modes of action included early effect indicators along important toxicity pathways, such as induction of xenobiotic metabolism, and some integrative indicators downstream of the molecular initiating event, such as adaptive stress responses. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response were found to be the most prominent effects, while the p53-mediated DNA damage response and NF-κB-mediated response to inflammation were not significantly affected. Although polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) quantified in the samples accounted for the majority of AhR-mediated activity, PCDDs explained less than 5% of the total oxidative stress response, despite their known ability to activate this pathway. Altered oxidative stress response was observed with both individual chemicals and blubber extracts subject to metabolic activation by rat liver S9 fraction. Metabolic activation resulted in both enhanced and reduced toxicity, suggesting the relevance and utility of incorporating metabolic enzymes into in vitro bioassays. Our approach provides a first insight into the burden of toxicologically relevant bioaccumulative chemical mixtures in dugongs and can be applied to lipid tissue of other wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- †The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4018, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- †The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4018, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- †The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4018, Australia
- ‡UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- ∥Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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55
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Weiss JM, Andersson PL, Zhang J, Simon E, Leonards PEG, Hamers T, Lamoree MH. Tracing thyroid hormone-disrupting compounds: database compilation and structure-activity evaluation for an effect-directed analysis of sediment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5625-34. [PMID: 25986900 PMCID: PMC4498237 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of anthropogenic compounds has been found to be capable of disrupting the endocrine systems of organisms, in laboratory studies as well as in wildlife. The most widely described endpoint is estrogenicity, but other hormonal disturbances, e.g., thyroid hormone disruption, are gaining more and more attention. Here, we present a review and chemical characterization, using principal component analysis, of organic compounds that have been tested for their capacity to bind competitively to the thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The database contains 250 individual compounds and technical mixtures, of which 144 compounds are defined as TTR binders. Almost one third of these compounds (n = 52) were even more potent than the natural hormone thyroxine (T4). The database was used as a tool to assist in the identification of thyroid hormone-disrupting compounds (THDCs) in an effect-directed analysis (EDA) study of a sediment sample. Two compounds could be confirmed to contribute to the detected TTR-binding potency in the sediment sample, i.e., triclosan and nonylphenol technical mixture. They constituted less than 1 % of the TTR-binding potency of the unfractionated extract. The low rate of explained activity may be attributed to the challenges related to identification of unknown contaminants in combination with the limited knowledge about THDCs in general. This study demonstrates the need for databases containing compound-specific toxicological properties. In the framework of EDA, such a database could be used to assist in the identification and confirmation of causative compounds focusing on thyroid hormone disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Weiss
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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56
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Gustavson L, Ciesielski TM, Bytingsvik J, Styrishave B, Hansen M, Lie E, Aars J, Jenssen BM. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls decrease circulating steroids in female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:191-201. [PMID: 25725300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a top predator in the Arctic food chain, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are exposed to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Because several of these compounds have been reported to alter endocrine pathways, such as the steroidogenesis, potential disruption of the sex steroid synthesis by POPs may cause implications for reproduction by interfering with ovulation, implantation and fertility. Blood samples were collected from 15 female polar bears in Svalbard (Norway) in April 2008. The concentrations of nine circulating steroid hormones; dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (AN), testosterone (TS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2), 17β-estradiol (βE2), pregnenolone (PRE) and progesterone (PRO) were determined. The aim of the study was to investigate associations among circulating levels of specific POP compounds and POP-metabolites (hydroxylated PCBs [OH-PCBs] and hydroxylated PBDEs [OH-PBDEs]), steroid hormones, biological and capture variables in female polar bears. Inverse correlations were found between circulating levels of PRE and AN, and circulating levels of OH-PCBs. There were no significant relationships between the steroid concentrations and other analyzed POPs or the variables capture date and capture location (latitude and longitude), lipid content, condition and body mass. Although statistical associations do not necessarily represent direct cause-effect relationships, the present study indicate that OH-PCBs may affect the circulating levels of AN and PRE in female polar bears and that OH-PCBs thus may interfere with the steroid homeostasis. Increase in PRO and a decrease in AN concentrations suggest that the enzyme CYP17 may be a potential target for OH-PCBs. In combination with natural stressors, ongoing climate change and contaminant exposure, it is possible that OH-PCBs may disturb the reproductive potential of polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gustavson
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jenny Bytingsvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- University of Copenhagen, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Lie
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NVH), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 5003, Campus Adamstuen, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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57
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Simon E, Lamoree MH, Hamers T, de Boer J. Challenges in effect-directed analysis with a focus on biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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58
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Jenssen BM, Villanger GD, Gabrielsen KM, Bytingsvik J, Bechshoft T, Ciesielski TM, Sonne C, Dietz R. Anthropogenic flank attack on polar bears: interacting consequences of climate warming and pollutant exposure. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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59
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Gabrielsen KM, Krokstad JS, Villanger GD, Blair DAD, Obregon MJ, Sonne C, Dietz R, Letcher RJ, Jenssen BM. Thyroid hormones and deiodinase activity in plasma and tissues in relation to high levels of organohalogen contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:413-23. [PMID: 25460663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown relationships between organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) and circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) in arctic wildlife. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the possible functional effects of OHCs on TH status in target tissues for TH-dependent activity. The relationships between circulating (plasma) levels of OHCs and various TH variables in plasma as well as in liver, muscle and kidney tissues from East Greenland sub-adult polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in 2011 (n=7) were therefore investigated. The TH variables included 3.3',5.5'-tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4), 3.3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and type 1 (D1) and type 2 (D2) deiodinase activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with correlation analyses demonstrated negative relationships between individual polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites and T4 in both plasma and muscle. There were both positive and negative relationships between individual OHCs and D1 and D2 activities in muscle, liver and kidney tissues. In general, PCBs, OH-PCBs and polybrominated dipehenyl ethers (PBDEs) were positively correlated to D1 and D2 activities, whereas organochlorine pesticides and byproducts (OCPs) were negatively associated with D1 and D2 activities. These results support the hypothesis that OHCs can affect TH status and action in the target tissues of polar bears. TH levels and deiodinase activities in target tissues can be sensitive endpoints for exposure of TH-disrupting compounds in arctic wildlife, and thus, tissue-specific responses in target organs should be further considered when assessing TH disruption in wildlife studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Stene Krokstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro Dehli Villanger
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Division of Mental Health, Department of Child Development and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - David A D Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Maria-Jesus Obregon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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60
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Viluksela M, Heikkinen P, van der Ven LTM, Rendel F, Roos R, Esteban J, Korkalainen M, Lensu S, Miettinen HM, Savolainen K, Sankari S, Lilienthal H, Adamsson A, Toppari J, Herlin M, Finnilä M, Tuukkanen J, Leslie HA, Hamers T, Hamscher G, Al-Anati L, Stenius U, Dervola KS, Bogen IL, Fonnum F, Andersson PL, Schrenk D, Halldin K, Håkansson H. Toxicological profile of ultrapure 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in adult rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104639. [PMID: 25137063 PMCID: PMC4138103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PCB 180 is a persistent non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (NDL-PCB) abundantly present in food and the environment. Risk characterization of NDL-PCBs is confounded by the presence of highly potent dioxin-like impurities. We used ultrapure PCB 180 to characterize its toxicity profile in a 28-day repeat dose toxicity study in young adult rats extended to cover endocrine and behavioral effects. Using a loading dose/maintenance dose regimen, groups of 5 males and 5 females were given total doses of 0, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 1700 mg PCB 180/kg body weight by gavage. Dose-responses were analyzed using benchmark dose modeling based on dose and adipose tissue PCB concentrations. Body weight gain was retarded at 1700 mg/kg during loading dosing, but recovered thereafter. The most sensitive endpoint of toxicity that was used for risk characterization was altered open field behavior in females; i.e. increased activity and distance moved in the inner zone of an open field suggesting altered emotional responses to unfamiliar environment and impaired behavioral inhibition. Other dose-dependent changes included decreased serum thyroid hormones with associated histopathological changes, altered tissue retinoid levels, decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin, decreased follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in males and increased expression of DNA damage markers in liver of females. Dose-dependent hypertrophy of zona fasciculata cells was observed in adrenals suggesting activation of cortex. There were gender differences in sensitivity and toxicity profiles were partly different in males and females. PCB 180 adipose tissue concentrations were clearly above the general human population levels, but close to the levels in highly exposed populations. The results demonstrate a distinct toxicological profile of PCB 180 with lack of dioxin-like properties required for assignment of WHO toxic equivalency factor. However, PCB 180 shares several toxicological targets with dioxin-like compounds emphasizing the potential for interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Viluksela
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Päivi Heikkinen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leo T. M. van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Rendel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Esteban
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Merja Korkalainen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Lensu
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna M. Miettinen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Satu Sankari
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hellmuth Lilienthal
- Center of Toxicology, IPA – Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine, German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Annika Adamsson
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Herlin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Finnilä
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heather A. Leslie
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Hamers
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lauy Al-Anati
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kine-Susann Dervola
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Lise Bogen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Fonnum
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Krister Halldin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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