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Walsh TR, Knecht MR. Biointerface Structural Effects on the Properties and Applications of Bioinspired Peptide-Based Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12641-12704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R. Walsh
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Marc R. Knecht
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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52
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Striolo A, Grady BP. Surfactant Assemblies on Selected Nanostructured Surfaces: Evidence, Driving Forces, and Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8099-8113. [PMID: 28516778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces is critical for a number of applications of vast industrial interest and can also be used to seed surface-modification processes. Many of the surfaces of interest are nanostructured, as they might present surface roughness at the molecular scale, chemical heterogeneity, as well as a combination of both surface roughness and chemical heterogeneity. These effects provide lateral confinement on the surfactant aggregates. It is of interest to quantify how much surfactant adsorbs on such nanostructured surfaces and how the surfactant aggregates vary as the degree of lateral confinement changes. This review focuses on experimental evidence on selected substrates, including gold- and carbon-based substrates, suggesting that lateral confinement can have pronounced effects both on the amount adsorbed and on the morphology of the aggregates as well as on a systematic study, via diverse simulation approaches, on the effect of lateral confinement on the structure of the surfactant aggregates. Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations conducted for surfactants on graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes are reviewed, as well as coarse-grained simulations for surfactant adsorption on nanostructured surfaces. Finally, we suggest a few possible extensions of these studies that could positively impact a few practical applications. In particular, the simultaneous effect of lateral confinement and of the coadsorption of molecular compounds within the surface aggregates is expected to yield interesting fundamental results with long-lasting consequences in applications ranging from drug delivery to the design of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Striolo
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London , London, WC1E 7JE United Kingdom
| | - Brian Patrick Grady
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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53
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Shim G, Kim D, Kim J, Suh MS, Kim YK, Oh YK. Bacteriomimetic poly-γ-glutamic acid surface coating for hemocompatibility and safety of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:762-770. [PMID: 28685628 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1353155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA), a major component of the bacterial capsule, is known to confer hydrophilicity to bacterial surfaces and protect bacteria from interactions with blood cells. We tested whether applying a bacteriomimetic surface coating of PGA modulates interactions of nanomaterials with blood cells or affects their safety and photothermal antitumor efficacy. Amphiphilic PGA (APGA), prepared by grafting phenylalanine residues to PGA, was used to anchor PGA to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets, a model of hydrophobic nanomaterials. Surface coating of rGO with bacterial capsule-like APGA yielded APGA-tethered rGO nanosheets (ArGO). ArGO nanosheets remained stable in serum over 4 weeks, whereas rGO in plain form precipitated in serum within 5 minutes. Moreover, ArGO did not interact with blood cells, whereas rGO in plain form or as a physical mixture with PGA formed aggregates with blood cells. Mice administered ArGO at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed 100% survival and no hepatic or renal toxicity. No mice survived exposure at the same dose of rGO or a PGA/rGO mixture. Following intravenous administration, ArGO showed a greater distribution to tumors and prolonged tumor retention compared with other nanosheet formulations. Irradiation with near-infrared light completely ablated tumors in mice treated with ArGO. Our results indicate that a bacteriomimetic surface modification of nanomaterials with bacterial capsule-like APGA improves the stability in blood, biocompatibility, tumor distribution, and photothermal antitumor efficacy of rGO. Although APGA was used here to coat the surfaces of rGO, it could be applicable to coat surfaces of other hydrophobic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Suh
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyu Kim
- b Korea Research Institute of Bio Science , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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54
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Wu A, Wei G. Designed graphene-peptide nanocomposites for biosensor applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 985:24-40. [PMID: 28864192 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The modification of graphene with biomacromolecules like DNA, protein, peptide, and others extends the potential applications of graphene materials in various fields. The bound biomacromolecules could improve the biocompatibility and bio-recognition ability of graphene-based nanocomposites, therefore could greatly enhance their biosensing performances on both selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, we presented a comprehensive introduction and discussion on recent advance in the synthesis and biosensor applications of graphene-peptide nanocomposites. The biofunctionalization of graphene with specifically designed peptides, and the synthesis strategies of graphene-peptide (monomer, nanofibrils, and nanotubes) nanocomposites were demonstrated. On the other hand, the fabrication of graphene-peptide nanocomposite based biosensor architectures for electrochemical, fluorescent, electronic, and spectroscopic biosensing were further presented. This review includes nearly all the studies on the fabrication and applications of graphene-peptide based biosensors recently, which will promote the future developments of graphene-based biosensors in biomedical detection and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, PR China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China
| | - Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, D-28359, Germany.
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55
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Mustata GM, Kim YH, Zhang J, DeGrado WF, Grigoryan G, Wanunu M. Graphene Symmetry Amplified by Designed Peptide Self-Assembly. Biophys J 2017; 110:2507-2516. [PMID: 27276268 PMCID: PMC4906377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy for designed self-assembly of peptides into two-dimensional monolayer crystals on the surface of graphene and graphite. As predicted by computation, designed peptides assemble on the surface of graphene to form very long, parallel, in-register β-sheets, which we call β-tapes. Peptides extend perpendicularly to the long axis of each β-tape, defining its width, with hydrogen bonds running along the axis. Tapes align on the surface to create highly regular microdomains containing 4-nm pitch striations. Moreover, in agreement with calculations, the atomic structure of the underlying graphene dictates the arrangement of the β-tapes, as they orient along one of six directions defined by graphene’s sixfold symmetry. A cationic-assembled peptide surface is shown here to strongly adhere to DNA, preferentially orienting the double helix along β-tape axes. This orientational preference is well anticipated from calculations, given the underlying peptide layer structure. These studies illustrate how designed peptides can amplify the Ångstrom-level atomic symmetry of a surface onto the micrometer scale, further imparting long-range directional order onto the next level of assembly. The remarkably stable nature of these assemblies under various environmental conditions suggests applications in enzymelike catalysis, biological interfaces for cellular recognition, and two-dimensional platforms for studying DNA-peptide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science(IBS), Suwon, Korea.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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56
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Synthetic biology engineering of biofilms as nanomaterials factories. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:585-597. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up fabrication of nanoscale materials has been a significant focus in materials science for expanding our technological frontiers. This assembly concept, however, is old news to biology — all living organisms fabricate themselves using bottom-up principles through a vast self-organizing system of incredibly complex biomolecules, a marvelous dynamic that we are still attempting to unravel. Can we use what we have gleaned from biology thus far to illuminate alternative strategies for designer nanomaterial manufacturing? In the present review article, new synthetic biology efforts toward using bacterial biofilms as platforms for the synthesis and secretion of programmable nanomaterials are described. Particular focus is given to self-assembling functional amyloids found in bacterial biofilms as re-engineerable modular nanomolecular components. Potential applications and existing challenges for this technology are also explored. This novel approach for repurposing biofilm systems will enable future technologies for using engineered living systems to grow artificial nanomaterials.
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57
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Willems N, Urtizberea A, Verre AF, Iliut M, Lelimousin M, Hirtz M, Vijayaraghavan A, Sansom MSP. Biomimetic Phospholipid Membrane Organization on Graphene and Graphene Oxide Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1613-1625. [PMID: 28165704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Supported phospholipid membrane patches stabilized on graphene surfaces have shown potential in sensor device functionalization, including biosensors and biocatalysis. Lipid dip-pen nanolithography (L-DPN) is a method useful in generating supported membrane structures that maintain lipid functionality, such as exhibiting specific interactions with protein molecules. Here, we have integrated L-DPN, atomic force microscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation methods to characterize the molecular properties of supported lipid membranes (SLMs) on graphene and graphene oxide supports. We observed substantial differences in the topologies of the stabilized lipid structures depending on the nature of the surface (polar graphene oxide vs nonpolar graphene). Furthermore, the addition of water to SLM systems resulted in large-scale reorganization of the lipid structures, with measurable effects on lipid lateral mobility within the supported membranes. We also observed reduced lipid ordering within the supported structures relative to free-standing lipid bilayers, attributed to the strong hydrophobic interactions between the lipids and support. Together, our results provide insight into the molecular effects of graphene and graphene oxide surfaces on lipid bilayer membranes. This will be important in the design of these surfaces for applications such as biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea F Verre
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Iliut
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Lelimousin
- CERMAV, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aravind Vijayaraghavan
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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58
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Phenylalanine-Rich Peptide Mediated Binding with Graphene Oxide and Bioinspired Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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Zou X, Wei S, Jasensky J, Xiao M, Wang Q, Brooks Iii CL, Chen Z. Molecular Interactions between Graphene and Biological Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1928-1936. [PMID: 28092440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Applications of graphene have extended into areas of nanobio-technology such as nanobio-medicine, nanobio-sensing, as well as nanoelectronics with biomolecules. These applications involve interactions between proteins, peptides, DNA, RNA etc. and graphene, therefore understanding such molecular interactions is essential. For example, many applications based on using graphene and peptides require peptides to interact with (e.g., noncovalently bind to) graphene at one end, while simultaneously exposing the other end to the surrounding medium (e.g., to detect analytes in solution). To control and characterize peptide behavior on a graphene surface in solution is difficult. Here we successfully probed the molecular interactions between two peptides (cecropin P1 and MSI-78(C1)) and graphene in situ and in real-time using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We demonstrated that the distribution of various planar (including aromatic (Phe, Trp, Tyr, and His)/amide (Asn and Gln)/Guanidine (Arg)) side-chains and charged hydrophilic (such as Lys) side-chains in a peptide sequence determines the orientation of the peptide adsorbed on a graphene surface. It was found that peptide interactions with graphene depend on the competition between both planar and hydrophilic residues in the peptide. Our results indicated that part of cecropin P1 stands up on graphene due to an unbalanced distribution of planar and hydrophilic residues, whereas MSI-78(C1) lies down on graphene due to an even distribution of Phe residues and hydrophilic residues. With such knowledge, we could rationally design peptides with desired residues to manipulate peptide-graphene interactions, which allows peptides to adopt optimized structure and exhibit excellent activity for nanobio-technological applications. This research again demonstrates the power to combine SFG vibrational spectroscopy and MD simulation in studying interfacial biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingquan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua Jasensky
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qiuming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles L Brooks Iii
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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60
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Zhou L, Wang K, Wu Z, Dong H, Sun H, Cheng X, Zhang HL, Zhou H, Jia C, Jin Q, Mao H, Coll JL, Zhao J. Investigation of Controllable Nanoscale Heat-Denatured Bovine Serum Albumin Films on Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12623-12631. [PMID: 27934532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional graphene devices are widely used for biomolecule detection. Nevertheless, the surface modification of graphene is critical to achieve the high sensitivity and specificity required for biological detection. Herein, native bovine serum albumin (BSA) in inorganic solution is denatured on the graphene surface by heating, leading to the formation of nanoscale BSA protein films adsorbed on the graphene substrate via π-stacking interactions. This technique yields a controllable, scalable, uniform, and high-coverage method for graphene biosensors. Further, the application of such nanoscale heat-denatured BSA films on graphene as a universal graphene biosensor platform is explored. The thickness of heat-denatured BSA films increased with heating time and BSA concentration but decreased with solvent concentration as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The noncovalent interaction between denatured BSA films and graphene was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. BSA can act as a p-type and n-type dopant by modulating pH-dependent net charges on the layered BSA-graphene surface, as assessed by current-voltage measurements. Chemical groups of denatured BSA films, including amino and carboxyl groups, were verified by X-ray photoelectron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectra, and fluorescent labeling. The tailoring of the BSA-graphene surfaces through chemical modification, controlled thickness, and doping type via noncovalent interactions provides a controllable, multifunctional biosensor platform for molecular diagnosis without the possibility of nonspecific adsorption on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haidao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015 United States
| | - Hong Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hongju Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- INSERM-UGA U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
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Abstract
Recognition and manipulation of graphene edges enable the control of physical properties of graphene-based devices. Recently, the authors have identified a peptide that preferentially binds to graphene edges from a combinatorial peptide library. In this study, the authors examine the functional basis for the edge binding peptide using experimental and computational methods. The effect of amino acid substitution, sequence context, and solution pH value on the binding of the peptide to graphene has been investigated. The N-terminus glutamic acid residue plays a key role in recognizing and binding to graphene edges. The protonation, substitution, and positional context of the glutamic acid residue impact graphene edge-binding. Our findings provide insights into the binding mechanisms and the design of peptides for recognizing and functionalizing graphene edges.
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62
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Shim G, Kim MG, Park JY, Oh YK. Graphene-based nanosheets for delivery of chemotherapeutics and biological drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:205-227. [PMID: 27085467 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanosheets (GNS), including graphenes, graphene oxides and reduced graphene oxides, have properties suitable for delivery of various molecules. With their two-dimensional structures, GNS provide relatively high surface areas and capacity for non-covalent π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with various drug molecules. Currently, GNS-based delivery applications extend to chemotherapeutics as well as biological drugs, including nucleic acid drugs, proteins, and peptides. Surfaces of GNS have been modified with various polymers, such as polyethylene glycol and biopolymers, which enhance biocompatibility and increase drug loading. Anticancer drugs are prominent among chemotherapeutic agents tested, and have been loaded onto GNS with relatively high loading capacities compared with other nanocarriers. For enhanced distribution to specific tissues, GNS have been covalently or non-covalently modified with targeting ligands, including folic acid, transferrins, and others. In this review, we cover the current status of GNS for delivery of anticancer chemotherapeutics and biological drugs, with a focus on nucleic acid drugs. Remaining challenges for the application of GNS for drug-delivery systems and future perspectives are also addressed.
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63
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Bioelectronic interfaces by spontaneously organized peptides on 2D atomic single layer materials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33778. [PMID: 27653460 PMCID: PMC5031961 DOI: 10.1038/srep33778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of biological molecules on solid materials is central to the “bottom-up” approach to directly integrate biology with electronics. Inspired by biology, exquisite biomolecular nanoarchitectures have been formed on solid surfaces. We demonstrate that a combinatorially-selected dodecapeptide and its variants self-assemble into peptide nanowires on two-dimensional nanosheets, single-layer graphene and MoS2. The abrupt boundaries of nanowires create electronic junctions via spatial biomolecular doping of graphene and manifest themselves as a self-assembled electronic network. Furthermore, designed peptides form nanowires on single-layer MoS2 modifying both its electric conductivity and photoluminescence. The biomolecular doping of nanosheets defined by peptide nanostructures may represent the crucial first step in integrating biology with nano-electronics towards realizing fully self-assembled bionanoelectronic devices.
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64
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Peptide Binding for Bio-Based Nanomaterials. Methods Enzymol 2016. [PMID: 27586350 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Peptide-based strategies represent transformative approaches to fabricate functional inorganic materials under sustainable conditions by modeling the methods exploited in biology. In general, peptides with inorganic affinity and specificity have been isolated from organisms and through biocombinatorial selection techniques (ie, phage and cell surface display). These peptides recognize and bind the inorganic surface through a series of noncovalent interactions, driven by both enthalpic and entropic contributions, wherein the biomolecules wrap the metallic nanoparticle structure. Through these interactions, modification of the inorganic surface can be accessed to drive the incorporation of significantly disordered surface metal atoms, which have been found to be highly catalytically active for a variety of chemical transformations. We have employed synthetic, site-directed mutagenesis studies to reveal localized binding effects of the peptide at the metallic nanoparticle structure to begin to identify the biological basis of control over biomimetic nanoparticle catalytic activity. The protocols described herein were used to fabricate and characterize peptide-capped nanoparticles in atomic resolution to identify peptide sequence effects on the surface structure of the materials, which can then be directly correlated to the catalytic activity to identify structure/function relationships.
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65
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Alshammari A, Posner MG, Upadhyay A, Marken F, Bagby S, Ilie A. A Modular Bioplatform Based on a Versatile Supramolecular Multienzyme Complex Directly Attached to Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21077-21088. [PMID: 27447357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing generic strategies for building adaptable or multifunctional bioplatforms is challenging, in particular because protein immobilization onto surfaces often causes loss of protein function and because multifunctionality usually necessitates specific combinations of heterogeneous elements. Here, we introduce a generic, modular bioplatform construction strategy that uses cage-like supramolecular multienzyme complexes as highly adaptable building blocks immobilized directly and noncovalently on graphene. Thermoplasma acidophilum dihydrolipoyl acyltransferase (E2) supramolecular complexes organize as a monolayer or can be controllably transferred onto graphene, preserving their supramolecular form with specific molecular recognition capability and capacity for engineering multifunctionality. This E2-graphene platform can bind enzymes (here, E1, E2's physiological partner) without loss of enzyme function; in this test case, E1 catalytic activity was detected on E2-graphene over 6 orders of magnitude in substrate concentration. The E2-graphene platform can be multiplexed via patterned cotransfer of differently modified E2 complexes. As the E2 complexes are robust and highly customizable, E2-graphene is a platform onto which multiple functionalities can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alshammari
- Department of Physics, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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66
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Slocik JM, Kuang Z, Knecht MR, Naik RR. Optical Modulation of Azobenzene-Modified Peptide for Gold Surface Binding. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3252-3259. [PMID: 27526644 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to precisely and remotely modulate reversible binding interactions between biomolecules and abiotic surfaces is appealing for many applications. To achieve this level of control, an azobenzene-based optical switch is added to nanoparticle-binding peptides in order to switch peptide conformation and attenuate binding affinity to gold surfaces via binding and dissociation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Slocik
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Zhifeng Kuang
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Marc R Knecht
- Department of Chemistry, Miami University, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Rajesh R Naik
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA.
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67
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Sultan AM, Westcott ZC, Hughes ZE, Palafox-Hernandez JP, Giesa T, Puddu V, Buehler MJ, Perry CC, Walsh TR. Aqueous Peptide-TiO2 Interfaces: Isoenergetic Binding via Either Entropically or Enthalpically Driven Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18620-18630. [PMID: 27355097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A major barrier to the systematic improvement of biomimetic peptide-mediated strategies for the controlled growth of inorganic nanomaterials in environmentally benign conditions lies in the lack of clear conceptual connections between the sequence of the peptide and its surface binding affinity, with binding being facilitated by noncovalent interactions. Peptide conformation, both in the adsorbed and in the nonadsorbed state, is the key relationship that connects peptide-materials binding with peptide sequence. Here, we combine experimental peptide-titania binding characterization with state-of-the-art conformational sampling via molecular simulations to elucidate these structure/binding relationships for two very different titania-binding peptide sequences. The two sequences (Ti-1, QPYLFATDSLIK; Ti-2, GHTHYHAVRTQT) differ in their overall hydropathy, yet via quartz-crystal microbalance measurements and predictions from molecular simulations, we show these sequences both support very similar, strong titania-binding affinities. Our molecular simulations reveal that the two sequences exhibit profoundly different modes of surface binding, with Ti-1 acting as an entropically driven binder while Ti-2 behaves as an enthalpically driven binder. The integrated approach presented here provides a rational basis for peptide sequence engineering to achieve the in situ growth and organization of titania nanostructures in aqueous media and for the design of sequences suitable for a range of technological applications that involve the interface between titania and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas M Sultan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Zayd C Westcott
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zak E Hughes
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | | | - Tristan Giesa
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valeria Puddu
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carole C Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany R Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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68
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Nanda V. Heterogeneous Epitaxy: Designed Peptides Scale Graphene’s Surface. Biophys J 2016; 110:2291-2292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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69
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Kapil N, Singh A, Singh M, Das D. Efficient MoS2Exfoliation by Cross-β-Amyloid Nanotubes for Multistimuli-Responsive and Biodegradable Aqueous Dispersions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kapil
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Ashmeet Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Manish Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati; Andhra Pradesh 517507 India
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70
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Kapil N, Singh A, Singh M, Das D. Efficient MoS2Exfoliation by Cross-β-Amyloid Nanotubes for Multistimuli-Responsive and Biodegradable Aqueous Dispersions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7772-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kapil
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Ashmeet Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Manish Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase 10; Mohali 160062 India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati; Andhra Pradesh 517507 India
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71
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Russell SR, Claridge SA. Peptide interfaces with graphene: an emerging intersection of analytical chemistry, theory, and materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2649-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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72
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Heinz H, Ramezani-Dakhel H. Simulations of inorganic-bioorganic interfaces to discover new materials: insights, comparisons to experiment, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:412-48. [PMID: 26750724 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural and man-made materials often rely on functional interfaces between inorganic and organic compounds. Examples include skeletal tissues and biominerals, drug delivery systems, catalysts, sensors, separation media, energy conversion devices, and polymer nanocomposites. Current laboratory techniques are limited to monitor and manipulate assembly on the 1 to 100 nm scale, time-consuming, and costly. Computational methods have become increasingly reliable to understand materials assembly and performance. This review explores the merit of simulations in comparison to experiment at the 1 to 100 nm scale, including connections to smaller length scales of quantum mechanics and larger length scales of coarse-grain models. First, current simulation methods, advances in the understanding of chemical bonding, in the development of force fields, and in the development of chemically realistic models are described. Then, the recognition mechanisms of biomolecules on nanostructured metals, semimetals, oxides, phosphates, carbonates, sulfides, and other inorganic materials are explained, including extensive comparisons between modeling and laboratory measurements. Depending on the substrate, the role of soft epitaxial binding mechanisms, ion pairing, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and conformation effects is described. Applications of the knowledge from simulation to predict binding of ligands and drug molecules to the inorganic surfaces, crystal growth and shape development, catalyst performance, as well as electrical properties at interfaces are examined. The quality of estimates from molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations is validated in comparison to measurements and design rules described where available. The review further describes applications of simulation methods to polymer composite materials, surface modification of nanofillers, and interfacial interactions in building materials. The complexity of functional multiphase materials creates opportunities to further develop accurate force fields, including reactive force fields, and chemically realistic surface models, to enable materials discovery at a million times lower computational cost compared to quantum mechanical methods. The impact of modeling and simulation could further be increased by the advancement of a uniform simulation platform for organic and inorganic compounds across the periodic table and new simulation methods to evaluate system performance in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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73
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Labeling of Graphene, Graphene Oxides, and of Their Congeners. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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74
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Kim SS, Kuang Z, Ngo YH, Farmer BL, Naik RR. Biotic-Abiotic Interactions: Factors that Influence Peptide-Graphene Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20447-20453. [PMID: 26305504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence the interaction between biomolecules and abiotic surfaces is of utmost interest in biosensing and biomedical research. Through phage display technology, several peptides have been identified as specific binders to abiotic material surfaces, such as gold, graphene, silver, and so forth. Using graphene-peptide as our model abiotic-biotic pair, we investigate the effect of graphene quality, number of layers, and the underlying support substrate effect on graphene-peptide interactions using both experiments and computation. Our results indicate that graphene quality plays a significant role in graphene-peptide interactions. The graphene-biomolecule interaction appears to show no significant dependency on the number of graphene layers or the underlying support substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve S Kim
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Zhifeng Kuang
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Yen H Ngo
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Barry L Farmer
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Rajesh R Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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75
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Welch CM, Camden AN, Barr SA, Leuty GM, Kedziora GS, Berry RJ. Computation of the binding free energy of peptides to graphene in explicit water. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:045104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4927344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corrinne M. Welch
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Aerial N. Camden
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Stephen A. Barr
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Gary M. Leuty
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Gary S. Kedziora
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Engility Corporation, AFRL/RCM, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Rajiv J. Berry
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, USA
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76
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Penna MJ, Mijajlovic M, Tamerler C, Biggs MJ. Molecular-level understanding of the adsorption mechanism of a graphite-binding peptide at the water/graphite interface. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5192-203. [PMID: 25920450 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The association of proteins and peptides with inorganic material has vast technological potential. An understanding of the adsorption of peptides at liquid/solid interfaces on a molecular-level is fundamental to fully realising this potential. Combining our prior work along with the statistical analysis of 100+ molecular dynamics simulations of adsorption of an experimentally identified graphite binding peptide, GrBP5, at the water/graphite interface has been used here to propose a model for the adsorption of a peptide at a liquid/solid interface. This bottom-up model splits the adsorption process into three reversible phases: biased diffusion, anchoring and lockdown. Statistical analysis highlighted the distinct roles played by regions of the peptide studied here throughout the adsorption process: the hydrophobic domain plays a significant role in the biased diffusion and anchoring phases suggesting that the initial impetus for association between the peptide and the interface may be hydrophobic in origin; aromatic residues dominate the interaction between the peptide and the surface in the adsorbed state and the polar region in the middle of the peptide affords a high conformational flexibility allowing strongly interacting residues to maximise favourable interactions with the surface. Reversible adsorption was observed here, unlike in our prior work focused on a more strongly interacting surface. However, this reversibility is unlikely to be seen once the peptide-surface interaction exceeds 10 kcal mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Penna
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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77
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Wang Q, Wang MH, Wang KF, Liu Y, Zhang HP, Lu X, Zhang XD. Computer simulation of biomolecule–biomaterial interactions at surfaces and interfaces. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:032001. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/032001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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78
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Wei Z, Maeda Y, Kanetsuki Y, Shi M, Matsui H. Screening of Oligopeptides that Recognize Inorganic Crystalline Facets of Metal Nanoparticles. Isr J Chem 2015; 55:749-755. [PMID: 31666749 PMCID: PMC6821393 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that possess specific affinity to distinct crystal facets have been reported previously. However, their adsorption behavior in terms of the crystal sizes and shapes is less exploited. Herein, we isolate several phage clones that show the strong affinity to {100} of Pd at a neutral pH from the M13 phage library, and among them the phages that have shape selectivity to the cubic structure are identified by eliminating ones that bind randomly shaped Pd nanoparticles (NPs). Since Pd nanocube-binding phages are eluted by lowering pH values in the biopanning process, the selected phages (and their binding peptides displayed on protein pIII) can be released from Pd surfaces through pH changes. We used this feature to modulate the capping density of selected peptides on NPs. For example, when less peptides are capped on Pd nanocubes by lowering the pH values, the shape of the nanocubes is deformed and some evolve into a concave shape, indicating that Pd atoms are released from the less protected {100} facet selectively due to the higher surface energy. This type of crystalline facet-recognizing peptides can be applied for smart capping agents that not only bind target crystalline planes, but also modify their coverage on the specific surfaces with pH changes. The peptide-capping agents could be useful to fabricate NPs with characteristic shapes through etching and adsorption of atoms on specific crystalline planes of seed nanocrystals.
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79
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Single-carbon discrimination by selected peptides for individual detection of volatile organic compounds. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9196. [PMID: 25779765 PMCID: PMC4361882 DOI: 10.1038/srep09196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are becoming increasingly recognized as harmful agents and potential biomarkers, selective detection of the organic targets remains a tremendous challenge. Among the materials being investigated for target recognition, peptides are attractive candidates because of their chemical robustness, divergence, and their homology to natural olfactory receptors. Using a combinatorial peptide library and either a graphitic surface or phenyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer as relevant target surfaces, we successfully selected three interesting peptides that differentiate a single carbon deviation among benzene and its analogues. The heterogeneity of the designed target surfaces provided peptides with varying affinity toward targeted molecules and generated a set of selective peptides that complemented each other. Microcantilever sensors conjugated with each peptide quantitated benzene, toluene and xylene to sub-ppm levels in real time. The selection of specific receptors for a group of volatile molecules will provide a strong foundation for general approach to individually monitoring VOCs.
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80
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Interlayer water regulates the bio-nano interface of a β-sheet protein stacking on graphene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7572. [PMID: 25557857 PMCID: PMC4650828 DOI: 10.1038/srep07572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated an integrated bio-nano interface consisting of a β-sheet protein stacked onto graphene. We found that the stacking assembly of the model protein on graphene could be controlled by water molecules. The interlayer water filled within interstices of the bio-nano interface could suppress the molecular vibration of surface groups on protein, and could impair the CH···π interaction driving the attraction of the protein and graphene. The intermolecular coupling of interlayer water would be relaxed by the relative motion of protein upon graphene due to the interaction between water and protein surface. This effect reduced the hindrance of the interlayer water against the assembly of protein on graphene, resulting an appropriate adsorption status of protein on graphene with a deep free energy trap. Thereby, the confinement and the relative sliding between protein and graphene, the coupling of protein and water, and the interaction between graphene and water all have involved in the modulation of behaviors of water molecules within the bio-nano interface, governing the hindrance of interlayer water against the protein assembly on hydrophobic graphene. These results provide a deep insight into the fundamental mechanism of protein adsorption onto graphene surface in water.
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81
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De Leo F, Magistrato A, Bonifazi D. Interfacing proteins with graphitic nanomaterials: from spontaneous attraction to tailored assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6916-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiscritical reviewpresents a detailed overview of the chemico-physical principles ruling the non-covalent association between proteins and fullerene, carbon nanotubes and graphene towards the creation of fascinating and innovative hybrid materials for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Leo
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC)
- University of Namur (UNamur)
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-IOM-Democritos c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC)
- University of Namur (UNamur)
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche and INSTM UdR Trieste
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82
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Shim G, Lee J, Kim J, Lee HJ, Kim YB, Oh YK. Functionalization of nano-graphenes by chimeric peptide engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
7F4D motif can be applied for non-covalent tethering of various functional peptides onto rGO nanosheets for protein delivery or biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwoo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- Graduate School of Convergence Science
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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83
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Hughes ZE, Walsh TR. What makes a good graphene-binding peptide? Adsorption of amino acids and peptides at aqueous graphene interfaces. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3211-3221. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the aqueous biomolecule–graphene interface have predicted the free energy of adsorption of amino acids and the structure of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak E. Hughes
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Tiffany R. Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
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84
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San BH, Kim JA, Kulkarni A, Moh SH, Dugasani SR, Subramani VK, Thorat ND, Lee HH, Park SH, Kim T, Kim KK. Combining protein-shelled platinum nanoparticles with graphene to build a bionanohybrid capacitor. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12120-12129. [PMID: 25426677 DOI: 10.1021/nn503178t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of biomolecules and their hybrids with inorganic materials can be utilized for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices. Here, we report the charge transport behavior of protein-shelled inorganic nanoparticles combined with graphene and demonstrate their possible application as a bionanohybrid capacitor. The conductivity of PepA, a bacterial aminopeptidase used as a protein shell (PS), and the platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) encapsulated by PepA was measured using a field effect transistor (FET) and a graphene-based FET (GFET). Furthermore, we confirmed that the electronic properties of PepA-PtNPs were controlled by varying the size of the PtNPs. The use of two poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-coated graphene layers separated by PepA-PtNPs enabled us to build a bionanohybrid capacitor with tunable properties. The combination of bioinorganic nanohybrids with graphene is regarded as the cornerstone for developing flexible and biocompatible bionanoelectronic devices that can be integrated into bioelectric circuits for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boi Hoa San
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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85
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Yadav A, Mishra P. Functionalisation of graphene by edge-halogenation and radical addition using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon models: edge electron density-binding energy relationship. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.974700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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86
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Kong L, Enders A, Rahman TS, Dowben PA. Molecular adsorption on graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:443001. [PMID: 25287516 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/44/443001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Current studies addressing the engineering of charge carrier concentration and the electronic band gap in epitaxial graphene using molecular adsorbates are reviewed. The focus here is on interactions between the graphene surface and the adsorbed molecules, including small gas molecules (H(2)O, H(2), O(2), CO, NO(2), NO, and NH(3)), aromatic, and non-aromatic molecules (F4-TCNQ, PTCDA, TPA, Na-NH(2), An-CH(3), An-Br, Poly (ethylene imine) (PEI), and diazonium salts), and various biomolecules such as peptides, DNA fragments, and other derivatives. This is followed by a discussion on graphene-based gas sensor concepts. In reviewing the studies of the effects of molecular adsorption on graphene, it is evident that the strong manipulation of graphene's electronic structure, including p- and n-doping, is not only possible with molecular adsorbates, but that this approach appears to be superior compared to these exploiting edge effects, local defects, or strain. However, graphene-based gas sensors, albeit feasible because huge adsorbate-induced variations in the relative conductivity are possible, generally suffer from the lack of chemical selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Kong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, Theodore Jorgensen Hall, 855 North 16th Street, University of Nebraska, PO Box 880299, Lincoln, NE 68588-0299, USA
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87
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Programmable biofilm-based materials from engineered curli nanofibres. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4945. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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88
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Design and Applications of Nanomaterial-Based and Biomolecule-Based Nanodevices and Nanosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8848-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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89
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Kang T, Choi H, Joo SW, Lee SY, Yoon KA, Lee K. Peptide nucleic acid-mediated aggregation of reduced graphene oxides and label-free detection of DNA mutation. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6297-301. [PMID: 24821658 DOI: 10.1021/jp501820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated aggregation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. Addition of PNA into suspension of rGOs resulted in aggregation of rGOs, which could be easily detected with the naked eye. To elucidate the mechanism of rGO aggregation, we monitored the reaction by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential measurement, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Our findings suggest that PNA adsorbed on the rGO surface and then acted as a cross-linker to induce aggregation. We also tested the effects of different nucleic acids on rGO aggregation and found that not only the single-stranded DNA, but also the PNA-DNA complex, could stabilize the suspension against aggregation through electrostatic repulsion. Based on our understanding on rGO aggregation, we attempted to detect mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by designing PNA probe to be complementary to the mutant type DNA sequence. Our results showed that PNA-mediated rGO aggregation could successfully be used to detect mutations in EGFR with high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegyeong Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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90
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Sheikholeslami S, Pandey RB, Dragneva N, Floriano W, Rubel O, Barr SA, Kuang Z, Berry R, Naik R, Farmer B. Binding of solvated peptide (EPLQLKM) with a graphene sheet via simulated coarse-grained approach. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:204901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4876716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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91
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Hughes ZE, Tomásio SM, Walsh TR. Efficient simulations of the aqueous bio-interface of graphitic nanostructures with a polarisable model. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5438-5448. [PMID: 24722915 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To fully harness the enormous potential offered by interfaces between graphitic nanostructures and biomolecules, detailed connections between adsorbed conformations and adsorption behaviour are needed. To elucidate these links, a key approach, in partnership with experimental techniques, is molecular simulation. For this, a force-field (FF) that can appropriately capture the relevant physics and chemistry of these complex bio-interfaces, while allowing extensive conformational sampling, and also supporting inter-operability with known biological FFs, is a pivotal requirement. Here, we present and apply such a force-field, GRAPPA, designed to work with the CHARMM FF. GRAPPA is an efficiently implemented polarisable force-field, informed by extensive plane-wave DFT calculations using the revPBE-vdW-DF functional. GRAPPA adequately recovers the spatial and orientational structuring of the aqueous interface of graphene and carbon nanotubes, compared with more sophisticated approaches. We apply GRAPPA to determine the free energy of adsorption for a range of amino acids, identifying Trp, Tyr and Arg to have the strongest binding affinity and Asp to be a weak binder. The GRAPPA FF can be readily incorporated into mainstream simulation packages, and will enable large-scale polarisable biointerfacial simulations at graphitic interfaces, that will aid the development of biomolecule-mediated, solution-based graphene processing and self-assembly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak E Hughes
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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92
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Ulman K, Bhaumik D, Wood BC, Narasimhan S. Physical origins of weak H2 binding on carbon nanostructures: Insight from ab initio studies of chemically functionalized graphene nanoribbons. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:174708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4873435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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93
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Khatayevich D, Page T, Gresswell C, Hayamizu Y, Grady W, Sarikaya M. Selective detection of target proteins by peptide-enabled graphene biosensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1505-13, 1504. [PMID: 24677773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct molecular detection of biomarkers is a promising approach for diagnosis and monitoring of numerous diseases, as well as a cornerstone of modern molecular medicine and drug discovery. Currently, clinical applications of biomarkers are limited by the sensitivity, complexity and low selectivity of available indirect detection methods. Electronic 1D and 2D nano-materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, respectively, offer unique advantages as sensing substrates for simple, fast and ultrasensitive detection of biomolecular binding. Versatile methods, however, have yet to be developed for simultaneous functionalization and passivation of the sensor surface to allow for enhanced detection and selectivity of the device. Herein, we demonstrate selective detection of a model protein against a background of serum protein using a graphene sensor functionalized via self-assembling multifunctional short peptides. The two peptides are engineered to bind to graphene and undergo co-assembly in the form of an ordered monomolecular film on the substrate. While the probe peptide displays the bioactive molecule, the passivating peptide prevents non-specific protein adsorption onto the device surface, ensuring target selectivity. In particular, we demonstrate a graphene field effect transistor (gFET) biosensor which can detect streptavidin against a background of serum bovine albumin at less than 50 ng/ml. Our nano-sensor design, allows us to restore the graphene surface and utilize each sensor in multiple experiments. The peptide-enabled gFET device has great potential to address a variety of bio-sensing problems, such as studying ligand-receptor interactions, or detection of biomarkers in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Khatayevich
- GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 302 Roberts Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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94
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Wang MH, Guo YN, Wang Q, Zhang XSY, Huang JJ, Lu X, Wang KF, Zhang HP, Leng Y. Density functional theory study of interactions between glycine and TiO2/graphene nanocomposites. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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95
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Guo S, Du D, Tang L, Ning Y, Yao Q, Zhang GJ. PNA-assembled graphene oxide for sensitive and selective detection of DNA. Analyst 2013; 138:3216-20. [PMID: 23598429 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA detection based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-DNA hybridization is emerging as an important method in the area of DNA microarrays and biosensors because PNA shows remarkable hybridization properties. In this work, we provide a novel, simple, sensitive, and selective strategy based on a PNA-graphene oxide (GO) assembled biosensor for fluorescence turn-on detection of DNA, in which the new nanomaterial GO was used as a scaffold for PNA and a quencher for the fluorophore. The PNA-GO assembled biosensor is capable of distinguishing sequence specificity including complementary, one-base mismatched and non-complementary targets. Moreover, the results show that the biosensor is able to detect target DNA down to hundreds of picomolar. This sensing platform has been demonstrated to be highly sensitive and specific, and we expect that it will find great applications in the field of biomedicine and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
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96
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Matochko WL, Cory Li S, Tang SKY, Derda R. Prospective identification of parasitic sequences in phage display screens. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1784-98. [PMID: 24217917 PMCID: PMC3919620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display empowered the development of proteins with new function and ligands for clinically relevant targets. In this report, we use next-generation sequencing to analyze phage-displayed libraries and uncover a strong bias induced by amplification preferences of phage in bacteria. This bias favors fast-growing sequences that collectively constitute <0.01% of the available diversity. Specifically, a library of 109 random 7-mer peptides (Ph.D.-7) includes a few thousand sequences that grow quickly (the ‘parasites’), which are the sequences that are typically identified in phage display screens published to date. A similar collapse was observed in other libraries. Using Illumina and Ion Torrent sequencing and multiple biological replicates of amplification of Ph.D.-7 library, we identified a focused population of 770 ‘parasites’. In all, 197 sequences from this population have been identified in literature reports that used Ph.D.-7 library. Many of these enriched sequences have confirmed function (e.g. target binding capacity). The bias in the literature, thus, can be viewed as a selection with two different selection pressures: (i) target-binding selection, and (ii) amplification-induced selection. Enrichment of parasitic sequences could be minimized if amplification bias is removed. Here, we demonstrate that emulsion amplification in libraries of ∼106 diverse clones prevents the biased selection of parasitic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadim L Matochko
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada, Department of Bioengineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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97
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Pandey RB, Farmer BL. Distinction in binding of peptides (P2E) and its mutations (P2G, P2Q) to a graphene sheet via a hierarchical coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:164901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4825370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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98
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Camden AN, Barr SA, Berry RJ. Simulations of Peptide-Graphene Interactions in Explicit Water. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10691-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403505y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aerial N. Camden
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Stephen A. Barr
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Rajiv J. Berry
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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99
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Yadav A, Mishra P. Lowest Π–Π* electronic transitions in linear and two-dimensional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: enhanced electron density edge effect. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.830786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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100
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Yadav A, Mishra PC. Polyradicals of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as finite size models of graphene: highly open-shell nature, symmetry breaking, and enhanced-edge electron density. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8958-68. [PMID: 23941534 DOI: 10.1021/jp4058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Properties of polyradicals (all CH bonds dissociated) of benzene and certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. The occurrence of symmetry breaking is revealed in going from benzene and the PAHs to their polyradicals. Polyradicals would serve as finite size models of graphene with unpassivated edges in a more realistic way than the PAHs. Monoradicals (one CH bond dissociated) of benzene and all of the PAHs and higher radicals of benzene and one PAH (two to all CH bonds successively dissociated) were also investigated. Reliability of the methodology employed was ascertained by a comparison of our calculated single CH bond dissociation energy of benzene with the available previous experimental and theoretical results. Besides ground-state geometries, the aspects studied include single and successive CH bond dissociation energies, and electron density, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and spin density distributions. All of the monoradicals studied were found to have doublet spin multiplicity, while polyradicals with 4 to 16 rings and zigzag or mixed-type edges were found to have spin multiplicities varying from triplet to 11et. Bond lengths and bond angles of rings located at the edges are appreciably modified in going from PAHs to polyradicals. Electron density and spin density are found to be enhanced at the edges of monoradicals and polyradicals of PAHs, as found previously for PAHs. However, MEP maps of polyradicals have significantly different features from those of monoradicals and PAHs, which has a significant implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Yadav
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi - 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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